BMDO - 187 Phase I Selections from the 98.1 Solicitation

---------- BMDO ----------

187 Phase I Selections from the 98.1 Solicitation

(In Topic Number Order)

ADELPHI TECHNOLOGY, INC. 2181 Park Blvd. Palo Alto, CA 94306
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(650) 328-7337 Melvin A. Piestrup BMDO 98-001
Title:	Refractive X-ray Lenses for Directed-Energy Applications
Abstract:	This Small Business Innovation Research Phase I project will develop refractive x-ray lenses for medical, industrial, scientific, and directed-energy applications. Previously, ordinary optical refractive lenses were assumed to not work at x-ray wavelengths because refractive effects were very small. Reflective and grazing angle techniques are usually limited to the soft x-ray region of the spectrum. Recently, multiple small cylindrical holes acting as quasi-lenses have been shown by Adelphi and a another group to focus moderate x-ray energies (8-14 keV). These quasi-lenses have reduced apertures because of the cylindrical shape and x-ray absorption at their thickest parts. We propose to develop a compound refractive lens (CRL) with larger effective apertures capable of operating at harder x-ray wavelengths where medical, industrial and directed energy applications abound. To improve the CRL's gain and achieve shorter focal length CRLs and two-dimensional focusing, we will investigate optimum materials and hole parameters for the lens array and achieve an ideal lens' surface curvature. These refractive optics will have the advantages of small size, in-line operation, better cooling efficiency and fewer perturbations due to surface roughness than conventional grazing-angle x-ray optics.

APPLIED PHYSICAL ELECTRONICS, L. C. 12978 NW 90th St. Whitewater, KS 67154
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(316) 799-2763 Dr. Jon R. Mayes BMDO 98-001
Title:	Electro-magnetic Flak for Cruise and Sea Skimming Missile Defense
Abstract:	The electromagnetic directed energy method (lasers, particle beams, and high power microwaves) of defending against missiles relies on generating a large amount of energy at the defense site, locating the target, and then transporting a large fraction of that energy to the target along a line of sight at the speed of light, to either destroy or destabilize the threat at as long range as possible. Cruise and sea skimming missiles are the most difficult target to intercept at long range with line of sight weapons, such as lasers, beam weapons, and high power microwaves because of the near earth operation. Practical concerns require a hard kill, that is obvious destruction or destabilization of the target, rather than a soft target kill in which the guidance electronics or memory may be impaired, but invisible to the defense system. This proposal addresses these problems by establishing a long range defensive perimeter through delivery of a defensive package to a point near the path of the target missile where the defensive package then generates a repetitive, high power, ultra-wideband, electromagnetic impulse or EM-UWB. The EM generation package can be delivered to the target via inexpensive missile, projectile, or via a UAV. This approach can be termed electro-magnetic flak or EM-Flak and greatly reduces the difficulties in targeting, and in covering a large defensive perimeter and can serve as the first line of defense. These PROPRIETARY, compact Marx circuits can also be installed permanently to form a long range EM-Flak fence around military installations. Therefore, this proposal defines a PROPRIETARY, innovative, compact, relatively inexpensive embodiment of a Marx circuit that has the power to deliver several hundred megawatts of impulse power at tens of kilohertz pulse rate. The same Marx unit can be used as a defensive weapon on fighter aircraft, a jammer on UAV or as the pollution treatment source of corona in modern automobiles.

ASTROTERRA CORPORATION 11526 Sorrento Valley Road, Suite A San Diego, CA 92121
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(619) 792-8501 Eric Korevaar BMDO 98-001
Title:	Diode-Pumped Atomic Vapor Laser
Abstract:	The diode-pumped atomic vapor laser is a novel type of laser which takes advantage of the efficiencies of semiconductor lasers to provide a compact, efficient laser source capable of high power at blue and ultraviolet wavelengths, as well as red and infrared. In this laser, two semiconductor lasers at different wavelengths are used to excite atoms in a vapor cell to a high energy state. Photons are emitted when the atoms return to a lower state. Placing the cell in an optical resonant cavity produces a laser. The primary objective of this research is to demonstrate the principle of a diode-pumped atomic vapor laser by building a 761 nm laser using a cesium vapor cell with 852 nm and 794 nm semiconductor lasers for pumping. Measurements will be made of peak power, efficiency, and beam quality. After initial measurements are made, further tuning and measurements will be done to optimize the results. Once this is successful, preliminary work will begin on modifying the setup to produce a blue, UV, or mid-infrared laser.

ENERGY SCIENCE LABORATORIES, INC. 6888 Nancy Ridge Drive San Diego, CA 92121
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(619) 552-2034 Timothy R. Knowles BMDO 98-001
Title:	Lightweight Beam Dump
Abstract:	Beam dumps are necessary for absorbing excess power clipped from the beam for shaping it or for protecting structural components. Beam dumps used for megawatt-class lasers are large and can weigh tons. Current government programs aim to demonstrate high power laser operation in airborne and space-based platforms, where weight reduction of all components, including beam dumps, is critical. This project develops lightweight and compact beam dumps that are suited for flight as well as for terrestrial applications where dumps are rapidly moved into the beam. The design concept uses an innovative absorber coating that reduces the need for bulky cavities. High enthalpy materials are used for passive thermal control to eliminate the need for active cooling. Faster thermal recovery is anticipated. Phase l will fabricate and test materials coupons to investigate concept feasibility, materials will be offered for high power testing at outside laboratories, and a subscale demonstration component will be fabricated. Phase 2 would further develop the concept and fabricate prototype beam dump hardware for qualification and use in technology demonstrator programs.

FARR RESEARCH, INC. 614 Paseo Del Mar NE Albuquerque, NM 87123
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(505) 293-3886 Everett G. Farr BMDO 98-001
Title:	High-Voltage, High Rep-Rate UWB Source with Ferroelectric Trigger
Abstract:	We propose here a ferroelectric trigger for a UWB source with high voltages and operated at high rep rate. This trigger will be simpler and more reliable than existing designs, and will be implemented at lower cost. In addition, this trigger will allow operation at much higher rep rates than existing designs. Finally, the proposed switch will have a lower jitter than competing designs. During Phase I we will carry out an experimental program to demonstrate the feasibility of the trigger design. These experiments will be carried out at lower voltages and gas pressures than the final design, but they will be sufficient to demonstrate the principle. We will also design a suitable antenna to radiate the field, and we will estimate the field radiated from the combination source and antenna. The final product with be an integrated source and antenna with characteristics superior to those currently available.

HY-TECH RESEARCH CORPORATION 104 Centre Court Radford, VA 24141
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(540) 639-4019 Edward J. Yadlowsky, PhD BMDO 98-001
Title:	Development of a Soft X-ray Laser At 45 A Using A Z-Pinch Discharge To Photopump A1 XII With Si XIII
Abstract:	The broad applicability of soft x-ray lasers to metallurgy, dense plasma diagnostics, nano/micro lithography, study of biological cells, and directed energy weapons has prompted a widespread search for lasing media. Gain has been demonstrated in plasma Droduced by large high Dower optical laser systems and pulse power Z pinch systems or in smaller capillary discharges which have a limited energy output. The resonant photo excitation of helium like A1 ions by helium like Si ions is proposed to generate soft x-rays at 45 A. A novel technique will be used to generate the required two component plasma using a pulse power discharge. A coaxial geometry will be used to efficiently pump the A1 lasant surrounding the Si pump. This geometry is expected to reduce requirements on the pulse power system making low cost soft x-ray lasers possible.

IONIC SYSTEMS INC. 1400 N. Shoreline Blvd. Bldg. A-4 Mountain View, CA 94043
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(650) 961-4800 Ronald M. Kubacki BMDO 98-001
Title:	Plasma Deposited Photo-Oxidated Organosilicon Polymer to Produce Etch-Free, On-Chip, Low Loss, High Density, Optical Waveguides
Abstract:	Research indicates that optical losses with current waveguides are several times worse than fiber optical cables. Development of an on chip waveguide is hampered by evidence that etch generated sidewall damage causes interface scattering and is a major factor in reduced signal propogation. On-chip waveguides must integrate with a variety of device types and process conditions. For example, gallium arsenide based opto-electronic devices are sensitive to heat and plasma or dry etching. When process and device issues, such as building coupling structures, are viewed together, it is evident that the major hurtles to optical interconnect are practical process/material integration issues. Ionic Systems has over five years experience with room temperature plasma deposited low cost, organosilicon photo-oxidated compounds. We propose to take advantage of the index of refraction changes in the exposed and unexposed material to fabricate on-chip waveguides with no subsequent etching. This method of on-chip optical fabrication provides potential elimination of multiple deposition and patterning steps, and the waveguide thus generated will have excellent optical boundaries eliminating or drastically reducing losses during optical propagation. The terms high performance, low loss, and etch free are inseparable for this process. The variable index of refraction makes a new class of optical devices possible for integration of optical components such as prisms or gratings in the beam waveguide itself.

KESTREL CORPORATION 6624 Gulton Court NE Albuquerque, NM 87109
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(505) 345-2327 Dr. L. John Otten III BMDO 98-001
Title:	Atmospheric Turbulence Measurement System
Abstract:	In this Phase I SBIR a totally new, non intrusive optical method for making fundamental atmospheric turbulence measurements will be investigated. A correlation between the movement of a pair of thin beams is used to define the inner and outer scale size independent of any assumed turbulence model and to calculate the index of refraction coefficient. During the effort, extensions will be made to the underlying theory to adapt it to upper atmosphere ambient conditions and to determine the effect of a moving measurement platform. Once completed the models will be exercised to define the usable operating envelope. A set of laboratory experiments will then be accomplished that demonstrate the application of the technique to a moving platform and to demonstrate its use as a three dimensional measurement tool. From these results two conceptual designs for a dual thin beam atmospheric turbulence measurement system will be completed; one will operate from a balloon platform, the other from an aircraft.

LICOM TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 200 Innovation Blvd. Suite 236 State College, PA 16803
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(814) 234-4012 Edward J. Novitsky BMDO 98-001
Title:	Polarization Rotator Based on Chiral Smectic Liquid Crystals Utilizing Electroclinic Effect
Abstract:	The use of fast switching liquid crystals will be used to make an electrically controlled polarization rotator capable of rotating input polarized light by as much as 90 degrees. The principle of operation is based on an electrically controlled liquid crystal element that behaves essentially as a rotatable half wave plate. The focus of the work will be on characterizing the effectiveness of the electroclinic effect in chiral smectic liquid crystals with respect to its switching speed and polarization capabilities. The targeted goal would be to make a reliable liquid crystal component that can be used as a stand alone device or as a building block for more complex optical systems.

REYTECH, INC. 63140 Britta Street, C-100 Bend, OR 97701
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(541) 330-2370 Thomas A. Reynolds BMDO 98-001
Title:	A New Family of Optical Materials for High Power Optical Frequency Conversion
Abstract:	This Phase I Small Business Innovation Research project aims to develop a novel and highly versatile family of NLO crystals that may overcome the limitations of conventional technology. These materials are multifunctional and exhibit a number of unique properties that include, high nonlinearities, high damage thresholds, wide transparency range, are non-hygroscopic, and melt congruently. The unique structure type affords broad crystal engineering capabilities for tuning properties such as acceptance angles, birefringence, damage thresholds, and temperature bandwidths. In Phase I, ReyTech, Inc., will demonstrate feasibility by preparing small optical quality crystals and evaluate their optical properties. The most promising of these materials will be optimized in Phase II, in preparation for Phase III commercialization. The need for new optical materials is clearly evident from the substantial amount of time and money being devoted to this research by industry and government agencies. Although many NLO materials have been developed for specific applications, emerging technologies require new optical materials with specific properties. Essential to the growth of the photonics industry is the development of new laser materials and nonlinear optical (NLO) materials.

SPECTRAGEN, INC. 1700 S. Mount Prospect Road #636B Des Plaines, IL 60018
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(847) 699-5850 Richard Jarman BMDO 98-001
Title:	Low-Loss, Transition-Metal Doped Zinc Chalcogenide Crystals for Near- and Mid-Infrared Solid-State Lasers
Abstract:	This proposal seeks to grow crystals of Cr:ZnSe and Co:ZnSe which will have low optical loss, using commercially available ZnSe substrates and thermal indiffusion of the dopant ions. Currently, there are no commercial suppliers of these-crystals which are excellent candidates for direct near-IR and mid-IR tunable, compact, diode-pumpable laser sources; of which, there are none currently available. The specific objectives are: 1, establish reaction conditions necessary for growth of low-loss Cr:ZnSe; 2, optimize dopant concentration by spectroscopic analysis, and characterize laser performance; 3, establish reaction conditions necessary for growth of Co:ZnSe; 4, Characterize spectroscopy of Co2+ in this material. Commercially available ZnSe single crystals will be used as starting materials, into which Cr2+ and Co2+ ions will be doped by thermal indiffusion from sources of Cr and Co in sealed vessels. Reaction variables such as temperature and time will be manipulated to determine the optimum conditions. Fluorescence spectra will be used to establish optimum doping levels. Laser operation will be demonstrated in the Cr:ZnSe using an existing pump source and cavity optics which were developed specifically for these materials.

TAMEK HITECH. INC. 1001 Fourth Avenue Plaza, Suite 3200 Seattle, WA 98154
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(253) 853-5852 Alexander M. Tolopa BMDO 98-001
Title:	High-Power Metal Ion Beam Source
Abstract:	The novel technique for metal (from Me^1+ to W^6+, Ta^6+) High-Power Ion Beam (HPIB) generation at accelerating voltages U=10-120 kV, ion currents I=5-20 kA, and pulse duration t=0.5-10 �s with the surface energy input dW=1-100 J/cm^2 will be designed during Phase I. In the reversed voltage mode such source generates an electron beam with currents I<60 kA. The compact (~1 m^3) source will generate HPIB with large spot-area (10-2000 cm^2). Metal HPIB generation, propagation and steering, charge neutralization, interaction with materials will be investigated, and lower HPIB energies required for surface modification will be determined in Phase II. Low voltage sources will be more convenient for industrial application. After HPIB irradiation metal microhardness can be increased in layers up to 150 �m thick with the rest target bulk keeping cold. Simultaneously, surface wear, erosion and corrosion resistance are improved also. Especially important that metal HPIB may be applied for treatment of small size and precision tools, e.g. blades, drills, dies, cutters with diameter smaller than 1-3 mm which are difficult to treat by other techniques. Main application of this program is to improve critical surface parts of space and missile structures. This technique may be also used for simulation of the EMP irradiation on the electronic devices, X-ray generation, even it may be placed at the airplanes and spacecraft for different experiments.

VANGUARD RESEARCH, INC. 10400 Eaton Place, Suite 450 Fairfax, VA 22030
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(505) 998-1920 Robert D. Sears BMDO 98-001
Title:	Directed Energy Concepts and Components
Abstract:	This proposal addresses the problem of utilizing spatial -hyperspectral imaging capabilities of space-borne sensors to detect and characterize regions of atmospheric turbulence and cirrus cloud clutter which may impact employment and/or performance of space based laser and airborne high energy laser weapons systems. Our concept for worldwide detection, characterization and mapping of atmospheric turbulence and cirrus clouds includes spectral and hyperspectral imagers operated in the W to MWIR spectral range in a virtual triangulation geometry. Spectral and hyperspectral imagery allows altitude sounding of atmospheric clutter from turbulence and cirrus clouds. Triangulation geometry allows precise altitude selection by cross correlation of the backscatter signals. The combination of altitude and Fourier-space background spectral discrimination will provide an altitude resolved measurement of atmospheric clutter from clear air turbulence and from cirrus clouds, both of which may affect performance of the SBL (Space Based Laser) and the Airborne Laser (ABL) systems.

APT AEROSPACE, INC. 3850 Topsail Drive Colorado Springs, CO 80918
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(719) 531-7537 Ronald W. Humble BMDO 98-002
Title:	Advanced Composite Structures Using a Dicyclopentadiene Based Polymer Resin System
Abstract:	BMDO has identified a need for high performance structures and propellant tanks for use in Kinetic Energy Kill (KEK) vehicles. APT Aerospace, Inc. has developed a unique system for polymerizing DiCycloPentaDiene (DCPD) monomer into a robust polymer suitable for many aerospace applications. This polymer has many excellent properties, including: high strength, amenable to fiber reinforcement, high impact strength and toughness, corrosion resistance, surface treatment with halogens, low monomer viscosity, low cost and good availability of the monomer, low outgassing, and is readily machineable. In addition, we propose to develop a new fiber reinforcement approach using Vapor Grown Carbon Fibers (VGCF). These fibers are micron sized, are extremely strong, and have high thermal conductivity. Because they can be easily mixed with polyDCPD, manufacturing can be simplified as compared with conventional fiber reinforced manufacturing. The high thermal conductivity means that composite parts will be very useful for high temperature and ablative structural applications such as for heat shields and rocket nozzles.

KB SCIENCES, INC. 3850 Topsail Drive Colorado Springs, CO 80918
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(719) 531-7537 Ronald W. Humble BMDO 98-002
Title:	Advanced, Non-Toxic, Bipropellant Rocket Engines Using Hypergolic Miscible Propellants
Abstract:	The DOD needs new rocket systems to support Kinetic-Energy-Kill Vehicle development, primarily in the areas of vehicle-divert and vehicle-boost. Conventional rocket approaches use solid propellants or hydrazine based systems. Solid rocket based systems are very inefficient and have extreme technical challenges in the area of hot-gas valving. Developing new hydrazine systems is becoming very difficult and expensive because of environmental/toxicity concerns. As an alternative, rocket grade hydrogen peroxide (RGHP) and an hypergolic fuel, using conventional non-toxic hypergolic miscible fuels (i.e. alcohols and ketones) with a homogenous catalyst, gives higher performance than solids, equivalent performance with hydrazine bipropellants and avoids the many technical and environmental difficulties of both conventional alternatives. In fact, the combustion temperature of these propellants is substantially lower than hydrazine bipropellants, making development and fabrication simpler. We propose looking at the development of a family of engine systems using these propellants. We have a good approach for doing this development. In particular, we will look at injector, cooling, and manufacturing issues.

MOUNTAIN AIRCRAFT COMPANY 1252 #B Poplar Avenue Sunnyvale, CA 94086
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(408) 720-1181 James Grote BMDO 98-002
Title:	Hydrogen Peroxide-Alcohol/Catalyst Bipropellant Rocket Engine
Abstract:	Mountain Aircraft Company proposes to design, develop and test a 150 Ibf hypergolic rocket engine which uses hydrogen peroxide oxidizer and non-toxic homogeneous miscible (alcohol based) fuel. The purpose of the tests will be to characterize the engine design, the performance and thermal properties of the engine using propellants and catalysts developed by and supplied by personnel from the Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division (NAWCWD), China Lake. This test program will build on the successful initial tests done using this propellant on small, subscale (15 Ibf) engines at the HMX Corporation test facility in Mojave CA, under a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) between the NAWCWD and HMX Corp., and will serve to characterize and establish the basic design approach for a larger, 1000 - 1500 Ibf engine to be developed in Phase II.

PRAGMATIC RESEARCH 688 N. Hedgecock Sq. Satellite Beach, FL 32937
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(407) 777-3444 George R. Legters, Ph. D. BMDO 98-002
Title:	Cluster Image Tracker for Spinning Focal-Plane
Abstract:	Given current gate array and/or microcontroller technologies, design a hardware processor which converts scanned focal plane target cluster images into a target track-file. The processor should handle target clusters as seen by a 480 Hz field rate focal plane rotating at 30 Hz. This processor should eventually fit onto a custom ASIC chip, if current single chip microcontrollers are not up to the task. A computer simulation will be developed to validate the multiple area-of-interest Kalman filter tracking algorithm. If time permits, hardware will be constructed and tested using simulated rotating target images displayed on a computer monitor.

X-L SPACE SYSTEMS P.O. Box 607 Grimes, IA 50111
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(515) 986-4321 Michael J. Carden BMDO 98-002
Title:	Concentration of Hydrogen Peroxide by Ambient Evaporation
Abstract:	X-L Space Systems proposes to build a new type of hydrogen peroxide concentrator for shipboard processing of dilute hydrogen peroxide into High Test Peroxide, suitable for use in the Theater Ballistic Missile Defense (TBMD) system, subsurface propulsion, and Coherent Oxygen-Iodine (COIL) Laser applications. This new process has been proven to work in a proof-of-concept device. The basic design of this evaporative device lends itself to simple operation and maint-enance. The unit automatically draws dilute hydrogen peroxide, processes it, and pumps it to a concentrate tank all without operator intervention or monitoring. This in direct contrast with cur t methods of peroxide concentrating, which require a heavy operator workload.

ASTROTERRA CORPORATION 11526 Sorrento Valley Road, Suite A San Diego, CA 92121
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(619) 792-8501 Ron Stieger BMDO 98-003
Title:	Photon Counting Communication Sensor
Abstract:	The objective of this research is to investigate the use of photon-counting avalanche photodiodes as a laser communication sensor. This detector technology allows reduction of the received optical power. The system will also incorporate a cesium atomic line filter to eliminate background light and a wavelength locked communication laser matched to the atomic line filter. This configuration will enable use of the extremely high gain of photon-counting avalanche photodiodes by reducing noise generated by background light. Conventional avalanche photodiodes utilize a lower gain and higher signal levels to provide an acceptable signal-to-noise ratio. The proposed detector will also require an innovative signal processing system to recover the received data. The photon-counting APD will output a pulse if a single photon is detected, if multiple photons are detected, or if a dark count event occurs, when no photons were detected. For this reason, the signal pulse will need to be divided into "bins," and the state of the input will be determined by how many bins contained detected photons. By contrast, conventional APDs have an analog output signal, and the decision process is based on the relative level of the output signal. This design is expected to produce an additional 12 dB of sensitivity over conventional avalanche photodiode technologies.

ASTROTERRA CORPORATION 11526 Sorrento Valley Road, Suite A San Diego, CA 92121
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(619) 792-8501 Scott Bloom BMDO 98-003
Title:	Picocellular Hybris Optical/RF Communications System
Abstract:	The ultimate objective of this research is to develop a low cost, high bandwidth, quickly deployable communications system. The system relies on 10-20 Mbps RF communications within a 100 m diameter cell size. The cells are interconnected with 622, Mbps optical crosslinks. The critical technology in making these cross links feasible with low installation cost is that they be self-aligning. In this Phase I SBIR we will demonstrate that we can design and build a self-aligning, reliable, all weather 100 m optical crosslink at low cost. In order to make the links self-aligning we will use a high peak power, low duty cycle infrared pulsed diode laser for a beacon signal. The detection will be performed with a simple quad cell tracker. Investigations of the optimal scanning algorithms will be performed. In addition, since the beacon laser is pulsed, range information for each base station node can be determined. We will investigate using this information along with encoder angle pointing information to permit very rapid alignment of new base station nodes into an existing mesh of base stations.

BREWER SCIENCE, INC. 2401 Brewer Drive, P.O. Box GG Rolla, MO 65401
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(573) 364-0300 Dr. Douglas Guerrero BMDO 98-003
Title:	Development of Uncooled Microbolometer Arrays for IR Imaging
Abstract:	Ion-implanted, thin polymer films exhibit a large temperature coefficient of resistance which suggests their application in microbolometer arrays used for infrared ( IR) imaging and temperature mapping. Compared to current microbolometer designs which require a series of difficult deposition steps, an ion-implanted polymer-based device requires only a single layer which can be applied by spin coating and then, after ion implantation, can be easily patterned by plasma etching. Freestanding microbolometers can be prepared by simple sacrificial layer processes to increase thermal isolation and improve device sensitivity. In Phase I, we will fabricate planar microbolometer arrays using an ion--implanted polymer film as the active device material. The arrays will be characterized against specific physical and electrical design criteria with a goal of optimizing a test structure that can be use in a prototype IR imaging device. Two key electrical parameters, resistivity and TCR, Will be optimized to ultimately provide high sensitivity, response, resolution, and stability. Ion-implanted polymer microbolometers potentially offer greater sensitivity than current designs because of their low thermal mass and superior heat capacity and thermal conductivity properties. These features combined with the simple fabrication requirements open the possibility for producing low cost, uncooled IR focal plane detector arrays for a variety of military and civilian applications.

CLEVELAND CRYSTALS, INC. 19306 Redwood Avenue Cleveland, OH 44110
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(440) 461-1384 Jon R. Leist BMDO 98-003
Title:	CdSe - - A Broadband Nuclear Detector Material
Abstract:	CdSe, a wide bandgap semiconductor, combining high resistivity, good carrier trans-port properties, and large average Z number is ideal for use as a room-temperature x-ray and y-ray detector. In the x-ray regime, the large bandgap (-1.7 eV) of GdSe eliminates the need to cool the crystal in order to reduce thermal noise. Si and Ge detectors must be cryogenically cooled, which precludes their use in portable systems. CdSe is a promising alternative to CdTe and HgI2 y-ray detectors. CdSe detectors exhibit no polari-zation under bias in contrast to the high resistivity Cl-doped CdTe; they are also superior to HgI2 in terms of carrier mobilities as well as thermal. chemical, and mechanical stability. However, the presence of electron traps in CdSe due to Cu and Ag impurities is the limiting factor responsible for preventing its use as a room-temperature nuclear radiation detector. During Phase I, improved purity and resistivity CdSe would be grown. The goal would be at least two orders of magnitude improvement in these properties. The resistivity, mobility-lifetime products, and impurity levels of the material would be characterized for use in nuclear radiation detectors. Detectors would be fabricated and evaluated in terms of energy resolution and counting efficiency. Phase II would target continued material improvements along with contacting and fabrication issues unique to CdSe.

COHERENT TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 655 Aspen Ridge Dr. Lafayette, CO 80026
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(303) 604-2000 Robert C. Stoneman BMDO 98-003
Title:	Multi-Function Eyesafe Diode-Pumped Solid-State Laser Source
Abstract:	Coherent Technologies, Inc. proposes to develop an eyesafe diode-pumped solid-state laser source with multi-functional capabilities and significantly reduced weight, volume, and prime power requirements compared with existing systems. The low weight, small size, and high efficiency of the system, resulting from a novel design with dramatically reduced cooling requirements compared with existing eyesafe transmitters, make it suitable for airborne and spaceborne applications and other environments for which compactness is required. The laser transmitter, operating in the eyesafe band with excellent atmospheric transmission, delivers Q-switched pulses with an average optical power of 10 W while consuming only 200 W of prime power (i.e. 5 % wallplug efficiency). Multi-functional operation, with hard target range and microdoppler (vibration) measurement capabilities, is made possible by the low intrinsic heat load in the laser medium. The low heat load allows variation of the laser pulse repetition frequency over wide ranges, including operation at 50 mJ pulse energy at a pulse repetition frequency of 200 Hz, and single-shot "pulse-on-demand" operation. In contrast to existing eyesafe laser systems, the reduced cooling requirement in the proposed system eliminates the need for liquid coolants. The modular, fiber-pumped, low heat-load design results in a compact low-weight laser head.

CREARE, INC. Etna Road, P.O. Box 71 Hanover, NH 03755
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(603) 643-3800 Dr. Michael G. Izenson BMDO 98-003
Title:	Compact, Reliable Compressor For Closed-Cycle JT Cryocoolers
Abstract:	Cryogenically cooled, infrared sensors are a vital component in military targeting and guidance systems. Existing coolers cannot meet the needs of future systems, particularly in applications where high reliability, continuous cooling, and rapid cooldown are essential. We propose an innovative compressor that will enable closed cycle Joule-Thomson (JT) cryocoolers to operate reliably and efficiently while providing fast cooling for IR sensors. In Phase I we will prove the feasibility of the compressor by building and testing a prototypical drive system, demonstrating the compression performance, and identifying by test the optimal refrigerant for the JT cycle. In Phase II we will build a complete prototype compressor and demonstrate its operation as part of a cryogenic cooling system.

DATA FUSION CORPORATION 9035 Wadsworth Parkway, Suite 1260 Westminster, CO 80021
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(303) 421-7994 Dr. Wolfgang Kober BMDO 98-003
Title:	Sensors (Microwave)
Abstract:	Data Fusion Corporation (DFC) and Technology Service Corporation (TSC) propose to develop a novel, cost-effective solution to building radar systems. This system uses multiple cheaper, lower-PRF transmitters to create the equivalent of a more expensive higher-PRF system. In addition to achieving the cost advantages of not requiring the more expensive Gridded Traveling Wave Tubes (GTWTs) to achieve higher-PRFs, the proposed transmitter system will also reap the porcessing ambiguity--related benefits of both lower-PRF and higher-PRF systems simultaneously.

GENEX TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 10605 Concord Street, Suite 500 Kensington, MD 20895
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(301) 571-5191 Dr. Z. Jason Geng BMDO 98-003
Title:	A High-Speed Full Frame Laser 3D Imager
Abstract:	High-speed three-dimensional (3D) imaging of objects and targets is a very important functionality of advanced sensor systems in both military and civilian applications. This capability can provide many BMDO systems with a leapfrog performance advance in target detection, identification, classification, tracking, and kill determination. The 3D imaging techniques also have enormous commercial market, ranging from 3D TV, virtual reality, 3D modeling and simulation, Internet, industrial inspection, vehicle navigation, robotics and teleoperation, to medical imaging, dental measurement, appeal and footwear industries. Although many 3D imaging techniques have been developed in the past, most of them can only provide 3D measurement of single point or single line on objects, in one measurement. None of 3D imaging systems currently available on the market can provide "snap-shot" full-frame ID images in real-time at a video rate. These systems therefore can not be used in high-speed 3D imaging applications. This proposed SBIR effort-seeks to provide a leapfrog advance for scanning laser based 3D imaging technology. The approach we proposed, dubbed as the Double Flash 3D (DF3D) Imager, is able to acquire full-frame 3D images of objects in a scene at CCD camera's frame rate (30 fps or faster), a capability that no other 3D imaging sensor can provide presently.

INNOVATIVE RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY 843 Yale Street Santa Monica, CA 90403
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(310) 828-4538 Dr. W. A. Peebles BMDO 98-003
Title:	Sparse Array Radiometric Imaging (SARI) using an Electronic Mirror
Abstract:	A high resolution, millimeter-wave radiometric imaging system with the ability to penetrate obscurants (rain, clouds, dust, sand and smoke) is a highly attractive surveillance tool with broad application to satellite, uninhabited aerial vehicle (UAV) and other military and commercial platforms. Achievement of such a system through application of conventional interferometric or sparse aperture techniques has been shown impractical for many potential applications. This is due to the inherent difficulty of simultaneously satisfying field of view (FOV) and image quality requirements while also maintaining acceptable weight, power and computational limits - this is especially true for satellites and UAV platforms. In response, IR&T has developed an innovative solution to this severe limitation through the use of an "electronic mirror". The Phase I/II Program will demonstrate, for the first time, the new concept of a beam-steerable, sparse array imaging interferometer for application to millimeter-wave radiometric imaging. The electronic mirror allows fewer, higher gain elements thereby reducing the overall antenna weight, power consumption and data analysis complexity. The electronic mirror provides the necessary control to increase the FOV while also providing flexibility to optimize image acquisition and quality in varying weather and tactical situations. The electronic mirror consists of an array of monolithic, solid-state, varactor diodes together with antennas and bias lines. The incident electromagnetic wave is steered through a progressive phase shift introduced across the array through a simple bias voltage. Monolithic fabrication results in the low-cost, high reliability essential for both the proposed military as well as commercial applications.

LIGHTWAVE ELECTRONICS CORPORATION 1161 San Antonio Road Mountain View, CA 94043
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(650) 526-1281 Lawrence E. Myers BMDO 98-003
Title:	Solid-state UV/Visible Laser Sources Using PPLT
Abstract:	Frequency up-conversion of diode-pumped solid-state lasers is an important means of ultraviolet and visible light generation. Efficient conversion of these low-peak-power lasers in the IR and visible range has been significantly improved by the emerging material periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN). However, PPLN is not transparent below 350 nm. In this Phase 1 program, we will develop the material periodically poled lithium tantalate (PPLT). This material is similar to PPLN but it has transparency down to <280 nm. This material will combine the high gain, engineerable properties, and substrate quality found in PPLN with operation in the important spectral around 300-350 nm. The long-range goal is to develop sources in the 260-360 nm range with power levels around 100 mW and packaging suitable for inclusion in sensor systems and other commercial instruments. The specific demonstration undertaken in this Phase I effort will involve frequency conversion of diode-pumped solid-state Nd:crystal lasers. The approach is also compatible with direct frequency conversion of diode lasers. These W sources will have the capability to replace existing gas laser technologies with substantial improvements in efficiency, compactness, reliability, and cost resulting in improved performance and utility of biomedical instruments.

M & D TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION 9 Renfro Road Somerset, NJ 08873
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(908) 271-9090 Shaohua Liang BMDO 98-003
Title:	Smart Sensors for Imaging Applications
Abstract:	ZnO material is a wide bandgap semiconductor and a piezoelectric material as well. ZnO is compatible with current Si process technology. Large area, high quality ZnO films can be deposited by MOCVD technique on various substrates, such as sapphire and Si at low growth temperature. We propose to develop a new smart sensor technology by integration of multifunctional ZnO sensors with Si IC for imaging applications. In this Small Business Innovation Research Phase I project, we propose to grow high quality, epitaxial ZnO films on sapphire substrates using advanced MOCVD technique at low growth temperature. ZnO MSM and Schottky type of photodetectors and photodetector arrays will be fabricated and characterized. P-type doping of ZnO films using N ions will be investigated as well in proposed Phase I program. Our Phase II efforts will be focused on the smart sensors by integration of the ZnO sensor with Si IC. We plan to commercialize the ZnO smart sensors in Phase III. Low power, portable, compact, multifunctional, monolithic ZnO smart sensor arrays (integrated with Si IC) are the optimum goal of the proposed work. The success of the project will enhance US defense capability and broaden sensor commercial market.

MATERIALS MODIFICATION, INC. 2929 Eskridge Road, P-1, Eskridge Center Fairfax, VA 22031
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(703) 560-1371 M.S. Krupashankara BMDO 98-003
Title:	Rapid Near Net Shape Processing of Transparent ALON Windows and Domes
Abstract:	Infrared transparent domes for missiles require a multi-mode system of electromagnetic guidance. In recent-years efforts have been concentrated on maximizing the resolution of such detector materials and provide sensor guidance systems between the W. visible and the mid IR ranges. With a higher thermal shock resistance than any available optical material, sapphire is the material of choice, but displays optical anisotropy, which leads to significant scatter. Aluminum oxy-nitride based optical materials are its ideal replacement, since it has a cubic symmetry, which results in isotropic properties and displays ~>80% in line transmission in the visible and near infrared regions (0.3um - 5.0um). Unfortunately, AlON suffers from compositional inhomogeneity due to incomplete reactive sintering, and unstable mechanical properties resulting from catastrophic grain growth owing to high sintering times (20-100 hours). In this Phase I effort MMI proposes to synthesize gamnsa-AlON and consolidate near net shapes to full densities in less than 5 minutes. The consolidated part will further be polished to a roughness of

MITCHELL/STIRLING 151 Alvarado Rd. Berkeley, CA 94705
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(510) 845-2528 Matthew P. Mitchell BMDO 98-003
Title:	Dynamic Heat Exchanger for Pulse Tube Cryocooler
Abstract:	Pulse tube cryocoolers are the cutting edge of regenerative cryocooler development. A series of recent improvements (the orifice, various bypass arrangements) have brought pulse tube cooler performance into the range of Stirling and Gifford-McMahon coolers. A bi-directional Ranque/Hilsch vortex tube performs the functions of both heat-rejecting heat exchanger and orifice, offering further improvement in pulse tube performance. The bi-directional double Ranque/Hilsch vortex tube uses work that otherwise would be wasted in the pulse tube cooler's orifice to refrigerate the warm end of the pulse tube. The resulting temperature drop translates to an improvement in cooler capacity, efficiency and attainable no-load temperature. This novel device is simple, rugged and inexpensive; it has no moving parts. Preliminary experimental work demonstrates that a bi-directional Ranque/Hilsch vortex tube can be fabricated. Computer modeling shows that reduction of the heat -rejection temperature at the warm end of a pulse tube improves cooler performance, with greater improvement under higher load conditions. The technical challenge is to understand and optimize the relationship between vortex tube component dimensions and fluid flow requirements of a pulse tube cooler so as to achieve maximum performance improvement.

NANOMATERIALS RESEARCH CORPORATION 2849 East Elvira Rd Tucson, AZ 85706
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(520) 294-7115 Tapesh Yadav, Ph.D. BMDO 98-003
Title:	Band-gap Engineered Visible Radiation Sensors
Abstract:	Visible radiation detectors are enabling technology and are the basis for many military and commercial applications either in use or as proposed. Conventional sensors based on properties of Il-VI compounds are unfortunately temperature sensitive, time varying, and slow. This program seeks to overcome these limitations by developing visible radiation sensors from proprietary nanostructured materials. During Phase I, Nanomaterials Research Corporation (NRC) will demonstrate the proof-of--concept. Phase 11 will develop, optimize and field test prototype visible radiation sensors. Phase 111 will commercialize the technology.

NZ APPLIED TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION 8-A, Gill St. Woburn, MA 01801
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 935-0300 Dr. Long De Zhu BMDO 98-003
Title:	Integrated Focal Plane Imaging Sensors Sensitive in 200-300 nm UV Band
Abstract:	An approach exploring a new novel wide bandgap semiconductor instead of AlGaN for solar blind UV detectors and imaging sensors sensitive in 200-300 nm wavelengths is proposed. The excellent properties of the new material such as bandgap cut-off wavelength of 281 nm, tunability of the bandgap, high resistivity and transparency in visible spectrum hold promise for successful fabrication of UV detectors. Al-free nature of the crystal could alleviates the problems associated with Al0,5GaO,5N. Growth of the novel crystal on Si(l 11) substrate via an intermediate 3C-SiC(l 11) offers advantages in terms of low cost, large area as well as the prospect of monolithic integration of the sensors with Si IC and SiC devices. The exact lattice match of the new material with SiC promises growth of detector quality material. Availability of n- and p-type conducting p-SiC film on silicon permits design of the sensors with vertical configuration. In Phase I, attention will be focused on growth of the new crystal on 3C-SiC(lll)/Si(lll) substrate and estimation of the feasibility of the UV detectors.

OPTICAL E.T.C., INC. 3077-K Leeman Ferry Rd. Huntsville, AL 35801
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(205) 880-8207 R. Barry Johnson BMDO 98-003
Title:	Affordable, High-Performance Infrared Resistive Array Technology for the Stimualtion of Infrared Targets and Scenes in a Test and Evaluation Environme
Abstract:	For over two decades, researchers have investigated a wide variety of technologies for use as a real-time infrared scene generator. The key element necessary to develop a practical and cost effective infrared scene projector for test and evaluation of infrared sensors and seekers is a real-time thermal infrared scene generation device. During the past several years, the most promising technology to meet the myriad of infrared scene projection applications appears to be the silicon micromachined resistive -array approach where each thermal pixel is created by a micro-scale resistor. The principal objectives of this proposed effort by Optical E.T.C., Inc. (OETC) are to (I) investigate alternative technologies that could lead to the fabrication of affordable, rugged, uniform, and efficient high-performance emissive resistive thermal pixel arrays (TPA) and (2) begin exploring the potential for joining together multiple TPAs to produce a larger format TPA. The baseline TPA architecture to be considered will be based upon planar silicon micromachined CMOS technology. This research is relevant to the development of TPA technology for inclusion in a cost-effective high-fidelity, real-time infrared scene projector as an element of infrared sensor/seeker test and evaluation at Government and various commercial facilities.

OPTIVISION, INC. 3450 Hillview Ave. Palo Alto, CA 94394
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(650) 855-0225 Dr. Richard A. Hill BMDO 98-003
Title:	High Dynamic Range, Wide Bandwith Photodetectors
Abstract:	Wide bandwidth, high dynamic range photodetectors are required for a variety of military and commercial applications, including high dynamic range optical links and photonically controlled phased array radar antennas. To meet this need, Optivision proposes to design and develop photodetectors capable of high speed, high power operation. These detectors will be capable of delivering several watts of RF power without the need for external microwave amplifiers and the associated complexities. In addition, the development of a linear, high speed, high power photodetector will greatly increase the achievable dynamic range of photonic analog links. The approach utilized to realize these devices relies on the combination of multiple high speed detectors and a suitable network following the detectors to effectively sum the individual photocurrents or detected power without affecting the high speed performance of the devices. This approach allows the use of conventional high speed detectors and avoids saturation effects by distributing the incident optical power over multiple devices. During the Phase I effort Optivision will: (1) investigate government and commercial applications requirements, (2) theoretically model various device architectures, (3) compare the feasibility of different design approaches, (4) fabricate and test a prototype device, and (5) perform a high level design for a device to be built during the Phase II effort.

PHYSICS INNOVATIONS, INC. P.O. Box 2171 Inver Grove Heigh, MN 55076
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(612) 455-0565 Cornell S.L. Chun BMDO 98-003
Title:	Microscale waveplates for infrared imaging
Abstract:	When light radiates from the surface of a man-made object, the radiation is often polarized. The polarization components contain information about the spatial orientation of the surface elements. The polarization components may also reveal the material and surface roughness of the surface elements. Researchers have recognized the potential usefulness of imaging polarization data for target detection and identification. However, only recently has the imaging of polarization data in real time been practical. Physics Innovations Inc. has developed a thermal imaging sensor which images intensity and linear polarization data. In the proposed project, we will develop novel microscale waveplates and sensors which will image, in real time, circular polarization data. Circular polarization imaging is complementary to linear polarization imaging. When radiation, from the smooth surface of a man-made object, is primarily thermal emission, then linear polarization is significant. When the radiation is primarily reflection off the surface, then circular polarization is expected to be significant. The proposed sensor can be compact and would be suitable for use for target discrimination in ballistic missile defense systems. This sensor also has applications in synthetic vision for aircraft and automobiles, remote sensing, and quality inspection in circuit board manufacturing.

POULOS TECHNICAL SERVICES INC. 7 Waterbury Court Allentown, NJ 08501
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(609) 758-8898 Arthur T. Poulos BMDO 98-003
Title:	Tunable Mid-Infrared Filters Based on Lithographically Fabricated Metal Meshes
Abstract:	Development of a high performance electronically tunable optical filter for the mid-infrared "fingerprint" region would be a breakthrough enabling technology for spectral imaging, chemical vapor sensing and numerous other remote sensing applications. Tunable Fabry-Perot (F-P) filters have desirable features of high throughput (much needed in the mid-IR region where detectors are of low sensitivity), high resolution, fast-scanning capability, and applicability to 2-D scene spectral imaging. However, F-P filters are difficult to fabricate for the mid-IR region. Homogeneous metal films cannot be used due to high absorptivity, and multi-layer dielectric films are difficult to fabricate, are limited by available materials, and may not exhibit sufficiently high reflectance for desired high finesse. This project offers a novel approach to the development of tunable F-P filters for the mid-IR spectral range. The properties of the proposed F-P are essentially independent of fabrication material, but are instead dependent on the geometrical pattern and its dimensions. Furthermore, the proposed fabrication technique uses standard lithographic methods, which impart cost efficiency and excellent quality control. In Phase I, test filter elements will be fabricated and transmission properties of a breadboard tunable filter will be measured and compared to theoretical expectations. This technology will enable fabrication of low cost/high performance tunable infrared filters for the addition of spectral selectivity to numerous sensing platforms.

PROCESS INSTRUMENTS, INC. 825 North 300 West, Suite 225 Salt Lake City, UT 84103
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(801) 322-1235 Lee M. Smith, Ph. D. BMDO 98-003
Title:	High-Power, Frequency-Stabilized Diode Laser for Raman Spectroscopy
Abstract:	We propose to develop intermediate to high power (.1 to 4 W), frequency- stable diode lasers with high modulation capability and long life. Our approach can provide fixed-frequency radiation sources for 1 pace-based ballistic missile defense applications. To demonstrate the technology we will develop a compact, lightweight, relatively inexpensive, proprietary external-cavity-stabilized diode laser array with high power that can be used for Raman spectroscopy. Our approach offers a simple, reliable laser source with no moving parts for reduced maintenance and good stability and, most importantly, that is affordable for many military and industrial applications. Since our external-cavity technology can be used with any existing high power diode array, the technology offers a large wavelength selection. Research with lower power (

RADIANT RESEARCH INC. 9430 Research Blvd., Echelon IV,Suite 305 Austin, TX 78759
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(512) 338-4670 Suning Tang, Ph.D. BMDO 98-003
Title:	Ultra Long Compact Polymer-Based Waveguide Circuits for Multi-link Optical True-Time-Delay Lines Using WDM Technique
Abstract:	Photonic phased array antenna (PPA) represents one of the most critical technologies for both ballistic missile defense and civilian wireless communications. In this program, Radiant Research, Inc. (RRI) proposes a novel high packaging density true-time-delay (TTD) module for a wideband phased array antenna up to 100 GHz. The proposed photolithographically defined ultra-low-loss polymeric waveguides provide us the only solution for achieving ultra long delay time over tens of nsec with ultra fine resolution of less than 1 ps. Such a monolithic integrated module not only reduces the cost associated with optoelectronic packaging, but also reduces the system payload with an improved reliability. The two-dimensionally distributed polymer waveguide holograms tap the optically-encoded microwave signal with an appropriate delay time equal to the time of flight along the waveguide. Multiple simultaneous communication links can be simply provided by employing multiple directly modulated laser diodes in the same waveguide delay line based on wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) technique. The proposed TTD module is expected to have an significantly improved performance at a reduced cost, weight, payload and power consumption in a compact integrated structure, which is highly desired for airborne and space-borne applications. All these unique features will be demonstrated by the end of Phase I.

RADIANT RESEARCH, INC. 9430 Research Blvd., Echelon IV,Suite 305 Austin, TX 78759
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(512) 338-4521 Jeffery J. Maki BMDO 98-003
Title:	Molecular-Chirality Sensor using an Electro-Optic-Polymer-Based Circular-Polarization Modulator
Abstract:	The proposed innovation is a miniaturized circular-polarization-state (CPS) modulator for producing a laser beam that alternates in time between left- and right-hand-circular (LHC/RHC) states of polarization, which would replace bulky photoelastic, liquid-crystal, and inorganic-crystal polarization modulators. Innovative is its use of a single-mode polymer waveguide with a controllable amount of birefringence, via the electro-optic effect, to adjust the polarization state of a laser beam. It has a very small mass, low power consumption, and very compact size. Other desirable attributes are its use of no moving parts, no expensive birefringent crystals (e.g., calcite), low voltages (~10 V), and a single high-speed driving-voltage source. Furthermore, it can operate at arbitrary speeds up to 101s of GHz and has an adjustable wavelength of operation (i.e., 700-1600 nm). The innovation will form the central portion of sensors for detecting chirality. A signature of chirality is natural optical activity, where light passing through chiral materials exhibits circular dichroism and optical rotatory dispersion. Related effects can also occur in reflected light, where for instance the magnitude of the reflectivity can be different for LHC and RHC light. Most biological material is chiral. Thus the proposed modulator would aid in target recognition, since a remote sensor based upon it would be able to discern biological materials from typically achiral man-made materials used in camouflage. Key to detecting chirality is a source of both LHC and RHC light of high purity, which the proposed innovation provides.

RADIATION MONITORING DEVICES, INC. 44 Hunt Street Watertown, MA 02172
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(617) 926-1167 Kanai S. Shah BMDO 98-003
Title:	New Imaging X-Ray Sensor Technology for Real-Time Nondestructive Testing
Abstract:	X-ray imaging is an important technique which is used in variety of applications such as general radiology in medicine, astronomical observations, non-destructive testing, X-ray diffraction for materials studies and others. The ability of X-rays to penetrate deep in to matter allows investigation of interior components with possibility of real-time dynamic studies. However, while significant advances have been made in X-ray sources as well as image processing steps, the X-ray detectors remain a limiting step in many of applications Important requirements for the X-ray detectors used in such applications include large area (z 20 cm x 20 cm), high resolution (100-200 1lm), wide dynamic range (104), high sensitivity, and low cost. Ability to provide real-time images is an additional requirement in some applications. To address this, we propose to develop a solid state, large area, high resolution imaging detector by combining the semiconductor film (lead iodide, PbI2) technology being developed at RMD with the large format amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) readout technology which has been developed by our collaborators at OIS in Troy, Michigan. The detectors are expected to be useful in both static as well dynamic (or real-time) X-ray imaging applications and thus will have far reaching utility in advancing X-ray imaging.

RAMAR CORPORATION 71 Lyman Street Northborough, MA 01532
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(508) 393-4225 Amaresh Mahapatra BMDO 98-003
Title:	Sensors - IR(>0.9 microns)
Abstract:	We propose the use of poled silics fibers with electrooptic constant of the order of 10 to 20 pm/V for use in distributed optical sensors and communication applications. Recent work has shown that thermal poling of silica optical fibers exhibits second order nonlinearities. This fiber phenomena promises to have far reaching impact on all aspects of fiber communications. such as in-line modulators, second harmonic generation, distributes sensors, tunable fiber gratings and wavelength division multiplexing devices with the advantage of low loss and long interaction length. However, several problems need to be addressed before this phenomena can be harnessed for commercial applications. Therefore, we propose methods for, enhancing the electrooptic constant, stabilization of the built-in dipole moment with time and temperature, demonstration of a novel modulator concept which does not require a reference fiber, and a novel method of reproducibly side polishing a fiber to within a micron of the core which is essential for effective poling.

SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING SERVICES, INC. 4032 Blackburn Ln. Burtonsville, MD 20866
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(301) 989-1896 Dr. Coorg R. Prasad BMDO 98-003
Title:	A High Efficiency, Compact, Broadly Tunable, Frequency Agile mid-Infrared Laser Source
Abstract:	Frequency agile infrared lasers are required in many defense applications, where compactness and energy efficiency are of overriding importance, for wide deployment in the field. We propose to develop an innovative, simple and compact, pump-tuned, frequency agile infrared laser that is based on a quasi phase-matched periodically poled RTA (PPRTA) optical parametric oscillator pumped by a diode-pumped tunable solid state Yb:YAG laser. High laser efficiency (>608) is obtained by utilizing Yb:YAG, for which the quantum deficit between the pump diode (968nm) and laser output wavelength is the smallest among solid state laser materials. Furthermore it is moderately tunable (1.02-1.07ym). Frequency agility and a broad IR OPO tuning range (1.5-5ym) are obtained by utilizing a PPRTA OPO with poling periods of 35-40pm and rapidly tuning the pump wavelength between 1.02-1.06ym. Both the laser and OPO allow convenient energy scaling, and our goal is to obtain a moderate energy 1-2mJ/pulse in the infrared at lkHz with a wall plug efficiency exceeding 2t. In Phase I a comprehensive design of the frequency agile laser will be performed in addition to feasibility demonstration with a bread-board system. In Phase II, a prototype compact IR laser with operating at lkHz will be built and demonstrated.

SOLID STATE SCIENTIFIC CORPORATION 210 Brook Village Road, Suite 38 Nashua, NH 03062
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(603) 465-5686 Dr. Prabha Tedrow BMDO 98-003
Title:	Uncooled LWIR Thermal Imaging Using Schottky Diodes
Abstract:	Solid State Scientific Corporation (SSSC) has developed the theory of operation for the Thermonic Thermal Detector (TTD) for uncooled infrared sensing of 8 to 14 um radiation based on a schottky diode sensing element. In addition, SSSC has fabricated sample detectors with electrical characteristics that correspond to an NEDT of 6 mK, if integrated with a state of the art microbolometer multiplexer. The predicted NEDT of the TTD is thus 7 times more sensitive than the current state of the art VOx microbolometer. The thermionic thermal detector is a new type of device whose operation is not related to classic photoemissive Schottky diode photon detectors. The TTD operates uncooled with the individual elements thermally isolated (as in a microbolometer), and uses a reverse bias Schottky diode as the sensing element. For a fixed bias voltage and Schottky barrier height, the magnitude of the reverse bias current from the diode is a measure of the diode temperature. Since the reverse bias current is a Schottky diode is exponentially dependent on the temperature of the detector, it has a high temperature coefficient.

SSG, INC. 65 Jonspin Rd. Wilmington, MA 01887
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(978) 694-9991 Holger Luther BMDO 98-003
Title:	Micro Attitude Star Tracking (MAST) Sensor
Abstract:	Conventional attitude sensing consists of a two step approach where a low bandwidth star sensor provides inertial attitude updates to a high bandwidth gyro. This approach has 4 major drawbacks: (expense, mass, power and limited bandwidth). SSG is proposing a revolutionary approach to attitude measurement that capitalizes on our extensive optics and precision mechanism experience. This Micro Attitude Star Tracking (MAST) sensor overcomes the disadvantages of the current attitude measurement approach with the possibility of providing accurate (1's of arc-sec), high bandwidth attitude data (1000's of HzA) with a low mass (1's of kg) low power (10's of W) and Low cost ($100k's) in a small package.

SUNDYE 7 Willow Dr. Townsend, MA 01469
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(978) 597-5146 Harry Clark BMDO 98-003
Title:	A Paradigm Shift in Infrared Imaging
Abstract:	Progress made in infrared imaging systems in recent years has been remarkable. Despite the high cost and limited size, systems based on materials such as silicon germanium or antimonides have produced adequate quantum efficiencies, dark current, full well capacity and frame rates such that military systems as well as commercial products are now available. Unfortunately high cost and limited size are inherent parameters in these devices. This is due to the high cost and limited surface area available of single crystal epitaxial wafers. These carrier substrates are limited to the diameter of the bulk crystal boule from which they are cut. Raw materials and processing costs for these wafers are extremely expensive and cost reduction cannot be viewed as realistic in these systems. We propose an entirely new approach to imaging in the infrared range whose raw materials cost will be an order of magnitude lower than conventional systems. We expect quantum efficiencies rivaling or exceeding these traditional systems. Inherent in our approach is the ability to produce imaging systems that are not constrained by the size of a single crystal wafer but instead are scaleable to dimensions that can be measured in square feet. Using our approach detection out to 3 microns and beyond is expected.

SVT ASSOCIATES, INC. 7620 Executive Dr. Eden Prairie, MN 55344
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(612) 934-2100 James M. Van Hove BMDO 98-003
Title:	AlGaN Solar Blind UV Focal Plane Arrays (UVFPA)
Abstract:	This proposal addresses the significant need for high power and high temperature transistors. A major innovation is needed to produce power devices which can operate at high temperatures (400 �C), withstand high voltages (> 500 V) and operate at high current levels without special cooling. SVT Associates proposes to meet this need with a heterojunction bipolar junction transistor (HBT) fabricated from Aluminum Gallium Nitride (AlGaN). The basic electrical and thermal properties of Nitride materials are ideal for this application. The quality of existing P type GaN, however, is insufficient to make low leakage, low on resistance, high breakdown voltage GaN PN junctions. We propose to demonstrate improved quality P type GaN for these applications using an unique doping source in atomic nitrogen molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). If successful, the process will be used in Phase II to fabricate 1) GaN PN rectifiers and 2) AlGaN Heterojunction Bipolar transistors (HBT) for high power applications.

TACAN CORPORATION 2330 Faraday Ave. Carlsbad, CA 92008
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(760) 438-1010 Charles M. Morrison BMDO 98-003
Title:	Multispectral Sensor/Focal Plane Array Composed of Stacked Thin Film Metal-Semiconductor-Metal Photodetectors
Abstract:	Epitaxial liftoff and grafting technologies offer excellent opportunities for new compact designs of multispectral optical sensing devices covering simultaneously two or more bands across the visible and the near-, mid-, and long-wavelength infrared regimes. Epitaxial liftoff technology can be used to separate the thin epitaxial semiconductor layers containing metal-semiconductor-metal photodetector devices from their epitaxial growth substrates. These thin films (less than 1 mm thick) can then be stacked by grafting techniques onto host substrates in a variety of ways to provide increased functionality without the impediments of lattice mismatches between the membranes. Thus, photodetectors from different materials systems, each tailored for specific wavelength sensing, can be aligned and laminated over each other creating efficient multispectral sensors which collect spectral and spacial data simultaneously. Each semiconductor membrane layer can have its own amplifier/processor, and be individually accessible. This concept can be easily extended to focal-plane array applications. Already at TACAN Corporation, thin film membranes of various semiconductors containing arrays of more than 100 active photodetector devices have been grafted onto a variety of host substrates. By using transparent polyimide separators, independent operation of each level of stacked thin film arrays of photodetectors can provide simultaneous multispectral images.

WAVEBAND CORPORATION 375 Van Ness Avenue, Suite 1105 Torrance, CA 90501
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(310) 212-7808 Dr. Lev. Sadovnik BMDO 98-003
Title:	Fabrication of Millimeter Wave Integrated Circuits Using Photonic Band Gap Confinement
Abstract:	This project is aimed at the design and eventual fabrication (in Phase II) of microwave and millimeter-wave components utilizing Photonic Band Gap Structures. Current trends in device miniaturization and integration, especially in the development of microwave monolithic integrated circuits, calls for flexible, arbitrarily shaped and curved interconnects. Standard dielectric waveguides and microstrip lines, when bent, are subject to prohibitive losses. To address this problem, WaveBand Corporation proposes to confine the wave guiding path in a substrate with a Photonic Band Gap structure in a manner that will result in the guided mode being localized within the band gap. The Phase I research will center on theoretical investigation of the smallest attainable losses in a bent waveguide with Photonic Band Gap Confinement as compared to a standard waveguide. The best suitable structure will be analyzed and preliminary waveguide confinement experiments will be conducted at a millimeter wave (MMW) frequency in order to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed approach.

AET CRYOGENICS 155-B New Boston Street Woburn, MA 01801
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(617) 932-3221 James F. Maguire BMDO 98-005
Title:	Proposal for the Development of a Pulse Tube Refrigerator for Cooling High Power RF Arrays
Abstract:	The need for a higher power radar system has been developing over the past several years and it has become apparent that cooled power conversion systems will provide significant benefits in system size, weight, and transportability. This proposal addresses a electronics cooling system for the power electronics specifically tailored to the temperature, power, and environmental requirements of such radar systems. The cooling system design and sub-scale proof of principle will be accomplished in phase 1. High power density, high efficiency power conversion electronics are currently under construction by American Superconductor under an existing contract. Phase 11 of the proposed program will provide a cooling system directly applicable to these electronics.

AMERICAN SUPERCONDUCTOR CORPORATION 2 Technology Drive Westborough, MA 01581
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(508) 836-4200 Dr. C.L.H. Thieme BMDO 98-005
Title:	Oxidation Resistant, Non-Magnetic Substrates for YBCO Coated Conductors
Abstract:	This DOE SBIR proposal explores cost effective production of non-magnetic substrates which will have a major role in the production of YBCO coated conductors. Deformation textured substrates offer a cost-effective way of texturing. The substrate will be produced using inexpensive raw materials and processing. A novel feature is the production of a solid solution alloy with an excellent cube texture and oxidation resistance. This substrate will be used for the deposition of YBCO by means of an inexpensive solution process. The achievement of program goals can lead to a much sought scaleable method for producing long lengths of YBCO high-temperature superconductor wire that enables commercial development of a host of applications. The proposed process can effect commercially viable conductor that is both inexpensive to manufacture and inexpensive to operate because it maintains high current density in high magnetic fields, allowing utilization of dramatically cheaper cooling techniques in the 50 to 77K range. The Proposal is directed towards the production of long lengths of wide non-magnetic metallic substrates in foil form with composite buffer layers, suitable for YBCO deposition using a cheap MOD process. It uses industrial scale processing, and aims at a deformation process that can be directly used for large scale YBCO coated conductor production.

APPLIED SCIENCES, INC. P.O. Box 164284 Austin, TX 78716
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(937) 766-2020 Ronald L. Jacobsen BMDO 98-005
Title:	High Temperature Solar Cell Contacts
Abstract:	Inexpensive solar cell contacts can be made using silicone or epoxy materials with carbon nanostructure additives to improve electrical conductivity at high temperature. This overcomes the problems associated with metal-additive silicones and epoxies, which tend to lose their electrical conductivity enhancements as the temperature increases, thereby diminishing; their usefulness as a solar cell electrical conduct. Because highly conductive carbon fib r can be fabricated with an extremely high aspect ratio (L/D > 5000), bonding material incorporating this fiber will have an internal conductive network within it, assuring that electrical contact will be maintained as the material expands thermally.

APPLIED THIN FILMS, INC. 1840 Oak Avenue, Suite 102 Evanston, IL 60201
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(847) 491-7805 Paul DeLuca BMDO 98-005
Title:	A Novel Sputtering Technique for Deposition of Robust Buffer Layers Suitable for HTS Technology
Abstract:	The objective of this proposed effort is to identify and develop new and robust buffer layer materials for the recently developed metal-coated YBCO superconducting tape technology. While the current choice of yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and cerium oxide as buffer layers has been appropriate for demonstration of coated tapes with current densities over 106 A/cm2, they may not serve all the required functions and are probably not suitable for production of tapes in long lengths. Hence, we believe, alternate buffer layers with suitable "engineering" properties will be needed for practical implementation in advanced power sources and power conditioning devices. The phase I effort will involve deposition of biaxially-oriented buffer layers on non-textured Hastelloy substrates using a novel dual magnetron oblique sputtering (DMOS). Suitably thick YBCO layers (up to a micron) will be overgrown on buffer-coated metal tapes using pulsed laser deposition. Material characterization of the coated specimens will be done using SEM, x-ray diffraction (pole figure analysis & phi-scans), and transmission electron microscopy. Magnetic susceptibility measurements will be carried out on the YBCO-coated specimens for testing their current.

CERAMPHYSICS, INC. 921 Eastwind Drive, Suite 110 Westerville, OH 43081
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(614) 882-2231 Dr. Willliam N. Lawless BMDO 98-005
Title:	Ceramic Dielectric Compositons For Capacitor Applications In The 120-240 K Range
Abstract:	A six-month, $91,305 Phase I SBIR program is proposed to perform ceramic-composition R&D aimed at cryogenic capacitors for the 120 - 240 K temperature range. Candidate compositions from three families of ceramics will be made under subcontract by NexTech Mat'ls Ltd and measured by CeramPhysics, 120 - 240 K (dielectric constant, loss tangent, frequency dependence, electric-field dependence, dielectric relaxation time). All compositions studied can be manufactured into multilayer ceramic capacitors. The measured database will be analyzed according to a Figure of Merit to downselect four to six optimum compos-itions. These compositions will be recommended for manufacturing development in a Phase II program in collaboration with an identified manufacturer of multilayer ceramic capacitors.

EIKOS, LLC 89 Richmond Street Raynham, MA 02767
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(508) 880-0007 Dr. Paul Winsor, IV BMDO 98-005
Title:	High Energy Density Capacitors using Phosphine Oxide Dielectrics and Chemical Graft Electrodes
Abstract:	Eikos has proposed to develop a high energy density pulse power capacitor based on use of Polyphosphine Oxide Arylene Ether polymers. The ultra-high energy density will be achieved not only by the high dielectric constant of the polymer but also by development of a novel chemical graft polymer Zgapless" electrode. Enhancements in electrode stability, power density, and stored energy density are potential results of incorporation of a chemically grafted conducting polymer as an electrode. These capacitor dielectric and electrode developments are expected to result in dramatic increases of dielectric energy storage to greater than 20 J/cc for high voltage energy discharge capacitors.

ENERGEN, INC. 7 Riverside Avenue Bedford, MA 01730
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(978) 671-5400 Chad H. Joshi BMDO 98-005
Title:	A Cryogenic Refrigeration System for Superconducting Generators
Abstract:	Superconducting rotating machinery has been proposed as a means of achieving greater efficiency in electrical power generation and utilization. Furthermore, superconducting generators and motors have the potential to be more compact thereby increasing the flexibility of system designs as well as potentially reducing manufacturing costs. However, commercialization of this technology is gated by the availability of affordable, reliable cooling systems needed to maintain the superconductor at low temperatures. Energen, Inc. proposes to design and demonstrate a Stirling cycle cryocooler that can be shaft-mounted to provide cooling to the rotating field windings of synchronous generators and motors. The single-stage cryocooler will provide 10 W cooling capacity at 77 K and use many off-the-shelf components to maintain affordability.

EPITAXIAL LABORATORY, INC. 25 East Loop Road Stony Brook, NY 11790
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(516) 444-6114 W.-Y. Hwang BMDO 98-005
Title:	High Performance 2.5 Micron InGaAs/InP TPV Cells Based on Novel Buffer Technology
Abstract:	Due to a mature material growth and processing technology of InP and InGaAs, lattice-mismatched 2.5 um(0.55 ev )InGaAs/InP is identified as the most promising Thermophotovoltaic(TPV) material system for the next generation of monolithic interconnected modules(MIMs). Compared to GaSb and quaternary InGaAsSb, InP and InGaAs offer many critical advantages; (l)the existence of semi-insulating InP substrate enabling MIMs development(GaSb does not have semi-insulating form), and (2)proven high temperature reliability of InGaAs. The reliability of the meta-stable quaternaly InGaAsSb at high TPV operating environment is a concern, due to a large miscibility gap, and the ability to use InGaAsSb/GaSb materials in the MIMs is not proven yet. However, the performance of 0.55 ev InGaAs/InP TPV cell is still inferior than dislocation free 0.74 ev lattice-matched InGaAs/lnP cell due to the high density of mismatch generated threading dislocations. ELI proposes a novel approach to incorporate a new composition graded buffer layer (CGBL) to reduce/eliminate the threading dislocation and dramatically improve the performance of 0.55 ev InGaAs/InP TPV cells and MIMs. In phase I, design and growth of the novel buffers will be carried out, and improved TPV will be demonstrated. The optimization of CGBL and high performance TPV will be realized in phase II.

FRACTAL SYSTEMS, INC. 14200 Carlson Circle Tampa, FL 33626
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(813) 854-4332 Dr. Mahmoud Aldissi BMDO 98-005
Title:	Advanced Capacitors For Miniaturized Munition Fuzing
Abstract:	In the proposed program, thin-film capacitors will be developed based on low-cost transition metal nitrides for miniaturized munition fuzing as well as several other applications with high power and voltage requirements With transition metal nitrides having conductivity values similar to their corresponding metal and an unprecedented high surface area that will be achieved through our approach, high power as well as high energy densities are likely to be achieved. The combination of high surface area thin-film electrodes with an aqueous alkaline electrolyte will result in a low ESR. Our approach should also result in strong adhesion between the electrode film and the current collector. As a result of having robust electrode assembly, the cycle life shall be improved compared to electrodes fabricated using conventional techniques. During Phase I, we will develop the electrode growth technique on metallic and conductive polymer substrates. The materials will be characterized using microscopy, transport and electrochemical techniques, including testing in capacitors. The Phase It program will expand on the materials fabrication to reach optimal characteristics for our application. Extensive capacitor assembly (symmetric and hybrid) and characterization will take place during this Phase in collaboration with Evans Capacitor Co., who will be marketing the technology.

INORGANIC SPECIALISTS P.O. Box 181 Miamisburg, OH 45343
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(937) 865-4491 David W. Firsich BMDO 98-005
Title:	Carbon Foam and Pseudocapacitance Technology
Abstract:	Electrochemical capacitors (supercapacitors) are rechargeable devices which deliver high powers for limited periods. The objective of this proposal is to provide new, low-cost approaches for significantly increasing the power and energy storage of carbon supercapacitors. We do this in two ways: A) We improve power by preparing carbon in the form of a contiguous, conductive foam structure. This is done with novel technology: a polymer powder is simply pressed into a compact and carbonized. B) We improve energy by modifying the carbon surface with groups which undergo redox reactions (i.e., they provide pseudocapacitance). One proprietary surface modification from our lab has been shown to increase carbon's energy storage by as much as 100% in aqueous electrolytes. The Phase I work consists of: a) Enhancing the power properties of our carbon foam by tailoring its pore size distribution. b) Determining the feasibility of mass-producing carbon foam in thin wafer form. c) Preparation and testing of an aqueous prototype. D) Testing a new surface modification concept designed to provide pseudocapacitance in organic electrolytes.

INTERFACE STUDIES 27 East Mountain Katonah, NY 10536
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(914) 242-2042 John L. Freeouf BMDO 98-005
Title:	Suppression of Step Bunching During High Temperature Anneals of SiC
Abstract:	Many approaches to realizing the full potential of the Power Electronic Building Block rely upon the remarkable electronic properties of SiC. Almost all of these involve high temperature treatment of SiC, whether for growth, oxidation, or implant activation anneal. Unfortunately, under high temperature processing this material has demonstrated the occurrence of step bunching. This surface/interface roughness of course leads to increased carrier scattering, thereby degrading device performance. In general, the technique of reflectance anisotropy spectroscopy is sensitive to reduced symmetry at the surface, including steps; increased signal at some critical points has been found to be associated with step-like surface structures. However, the critical points for SiC occur for hvo 6eV, which is inaccessible to normal spectrometers. We therefore propose to develop a new means to characterize this surface/interface. This tool, Far Ultraviolet Reflectance Anisotropy Spectroscopy, offers promise of improved characterization of SiC surfaces, as well as those of other wide bandgap semiconductors such as GaN. This technique permits us to characterize step bunching as it occurs, as it is a non-contact optical technique permitting remote access.

K TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 500 Office Center Drive, Suite 250 Fort Washington, PA 19034
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(703) 426-0320 Mark J. Montesano BMDO 98-005
Title:	Thermal Management Material Development for High Density Electric Batteries
Abstract:	Charging and discharging inefficiencies of spaceborne and airborne battery cell designs result in significant heat dissipation. A closely packed battery of these cells poses a heat removal problem. The efficient removal of this energy is critical in maintaining target operation temperatures. Thermal pyrolytic graphite (TPG) is a highly aligned crystalline graphite with an in-plane thermal conductivity of 1700 W/mK. Encapsulating TPG within a carbon fiber encapsulant results in a high conductivity (> 1000 W/mK), low mass density (< 2.0 g/cm3) material system. The isotropic in-plane conductivity of the TPG will increase the composite thermal performance by 300% over typical K1100/Polymer composites. In addition to high specific conductivity, the proposed material system can have tailored thermal expansion and stiffness properties. The objective of this Phase I program is to determine the feasibility of using the carbon fiber encapsulated TPG material in airborne and spaceborne battery structure designs through the development and evaluation of material samples. The program will establish, through sample evaluation, key design, fabrication, and performance characteristics.

LITHIUM POWER TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 3610 Cresswell Court Missouri City, TX 77459
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(409) 848-4450 Dr. M. Z. A. Munshi BMDO 98-005
Title:	Very Thin Film Rechargeable Batteries
Abstract:	The objective of this Phase 1 program is to perform research and development on new designs of lithium solid state batteries, specifically lithium polymer electrolyte battery (including novel methods of fabrication) with useful levels of specific power and specific energy, high reliability, very high cycle life and low cost, when compared with presently available lithium batteries. This can be achieved by designing very thin film electrode and electrolyte structures which will overcome kinetic constraints on the specific power, cycling efficiency and capacity utilization. The proposed work addresses surface modifications of the electrode structures preventing dendritic growths and changes in electrode surface area. The results of this investigation will help assess the utility of the very thin film ionically conducting lithium polymer electrolytes and very thin film cathodes in mass manufacture/cost-effective practical batteries.

PC KRAUSE AND ASSOCIATES, INC. 3016 Covington St. West Lafayette, IN 47906
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(765) 494-3434 Steven F. Glover BMDO 98-005
Title:	Cyrogenic System Stability
Abstract:	Cryogenic components are being proposed for a ground-transportable radar (GTR) systems. Incorporating low-loss components into power-electronic based systems is a concern from the standpoint of system stability due to the inherent low resistance of the cryogenic components which may tend to destabilize the system due to reduced damping. The purpose of the work proposed herein is first to investigate the stability of this type of GTR system. This is to be accomplished by first defining a baseline GRT system configuration and then determining the parameters, and the variation thereof, in order to approximate the operating characteristics of the proposed cryogenic GTR. The overall goal, however, is to conduct a first-look into optimizing performance, weight, and cost of a GTR system in regard to system stability. Optimization studies will focus first on small-disturbance stability and then on large-excursion stability with a pulsed load present. During this research, a new and innovative means of eliminating negative- impedance instability, which has recently been shown to be effective on a noncryogenic power- electronic based system, will be considered as a means of reducing the weight requirements by decreasing the number and size of the system capacitors for a low-loss GTR system. The possible use of this stabilizer control in a pulsed-load environment has not been investigated. Moreover, the possible interaction of the various system controllers, including the stabilizer control, will be investigated with a focus on achieving optimum system performance through appropriate coordination or modification of the system controllers.

TAITECH INC. 2372 Lakeview Drive, Suite H Beavercreek, OH 45431
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(937) 255-4141 Dr. Samhita Dasgupta BMDO 98-005
Title:	Optically Activated Power Switch for Electric Actuator Control Applications
Abstract:	Silicon carbide power electronics will figure into a variety of Air Force missions such as enabling the development of more electric aircraft and advancing the development of supersonic and hypersonic aerospace vehicles, which require advanced control electronics and sensors. A true FBL(Fly-by-light)/PBW(Power-By-wire) system will require a simple light weight interface where an optical signal, will provide control signal to the power electronics of the electrical actuator and the feedback from the actuator and the motor control. With the present technology, the gap still lies in the immaturity of the optical technology in controlling the high power switches. Here we are proposing to develop a light activated IGBT device which would control the acturate and measure the output device position for feedback. Advantage of the light activation is the high tolerance to electro rnagnetic interference(ES) and the complete isolation of the gate circuit to load circuit. In the Phase I portion of the research program, we will fabricate the IGBT device and switching properties of the device will be demonstrated using optical triggering. A typical transistor characteristic of drain current as a function of gate voltage for both dark current and for avalanche gain will be measured. The result obtained from such device will enable the present technology to aim for higher breakdown voltage, switching frequencies, lower on state voltage drops and faster turn on and isolation from load and also triggering with the least optical energy. In Phase II of the program, performance of this device in controlling an actuator will be demonstrated.

TPL, INC. 3921 Academy Parkway North, NE Albuquerque, NM 87109
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(505) 342-4437 Kirk M. Slenes, M.S. BMDO 98-005
Title:	High Energy Density Capacitor Development
Abstract:	The development of high energy storage systems with reduced size and weight are important for tactical and strategic pulsed power applications such as: electric armor, electric guns, high power microwave sources and ballistic missile applications. The dielectric energy storage density of pulsed power materials must be increased to provide feasibility or improve performance of these systems. TPL has developed a dielectric polymer capable of an energy density of 7.5 J/cc. This performance represents a factor of four over that of state-of-the-art capacitor materials. Based on measured properties of TPL's polymer film in its current configuration it is expected that capacitors can be fabricated with energy densities in excess of 4.0 J/cc. TPL proposes a Phase I effort to demonstrate the performance of their recently developed dielectric film in a rolled capacitor configuration. TPL will work in collaboration with Aerovox Corp. to develop fabrication processes for capacitor construction utilizing TPL's film and will establish a full range of device performance characteristics. It is anticipated that this program will establish the high energy density capabilities of TPL's film in a capacitor and provide the groundwork for development of prototype devices in a number of pulsed power systems.

UES, INC. 4401 Dayton-Xenia Rd Dayton, OH 45432
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(937) 255-6940 Dr. Rama Nekkanti BMDO 98-005
Title:	Development of Buffer Layers for high Temperature Coated Superconductors on Textured Nickel Alloy Substrates
Abstract:	Surface-coated YBCO on textured polycrystalline metal conductors have been shown to carry high current densities in high magnetic fields-at 77 K. While nickel substrates have shown promise, they suffer from poor strength and oxidation resistance, which act as barriers towards development of long length conductors. UES along with its team partner Intermagnetics is developing alternate substrate materials based on nickel alloys that are strong, oxidation resistant and non-magnetic. Suitable buffer layers will be deposited on the newly developed nickel alloy substrates to demonstrate the improvements in the quality of the buffer layers due to improved oxidation resistance of the new alloy substrates. The program will also examine the technological issues related to the processing of the buffer layers on the new alternate substrates. The success of the proposed program would result in a high performance HTS that would also be cost effective.

BUSEK COMPANY INC. 11 Tech Circle Natick, MA 01760
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(508) 655-5565 Dr. W. Guss BMDO 98-006
Title:	Xenon Production by Iodine Transmutation
Abstract:	Electrostatic thrusters are the likely choice for station keeping of the new generation of small communication satellites. Xenon is the fuel of choice for these thrusters because of its high mass and low ionization potential. Existing worldwide xenon production will not permit fueling of more than a small fraction of the projected satellite population unless significant price increase of Xe is realized to justify higher production capacity. A convenient alternative to Xe production through air liquefaction is a proprietary technique proposed herein. Xenon produced in this manner can generate extremely high purity xenon. The Phase I program provides a conceptual design of a large-scale facility and a proof-of-principle experiment. Comparison will be made between cryogenically produced xenon and bulk production by the proposed method.

ELECTROFORMED NICKEL, INC. 785 Martin Road Huntsville, AL 35824
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(205) 461-1998 Glenn Malone BMDO 98-006
Title:	Innovative Fabrication Techniques for Aerospace Propellant and Pressurant Tanks
Abstract:	To be economically attractive, weight and performance for small earth-to-orbit launch systems and station keeping space vehicles must be improved at significantly lower costs, while maintaining required payloads. A major weight and cost factor in any of these devices is the tankage for propellants and pressurant gases. Innovative and proven manufacturing technologies such as electroforming have been overlooked as means meeting these needs. It offers the means to fabricate seamless tanks with no property degrading welds. In conjunction with filament winding, electroforming can produce improved tanks in greatly reduced time frams because it can produce the mat-erial and the net shape simultaneously. Nickel-low cobalt alloys are currently avail-able through electroforming with yield strengths in the 100 to 150 ksi range. Efforts to develop titanium electroforming are expected to enhance the competitiveness of electroforming to produce much lighter tankage by virtue of the low density of this metal. Capability to electrodeposit bonded liners in filament wound outer shells will provide further fabrication innovations for the tank designer.

ENIGMATICS, INC. 3011 Ordway Street, NW, P.O. Box 39111 Washington, DC 20008
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(202) 244-4392 David L. Book BMDO 98-006
Title:	Small Vector Thrust Pulsed Detonation Rocket Engine (VTPDRE) for EKV and Low-Mass Interceptors
Abstract:	This SBIR Phase I proposal is aimed at development of propulsion systems for EKV and divert. propulsion systems for low-mass interceptors that will use Vector Thrust Pulsed Detonation Rocket Engine (VTPDRE) technology. Use of PDRE will increase power density, enhance modularity, and reduce cost. Further improvements will be realized by introducing configurations with multiple PDREs and non-mechanical thrust vectoring, which wilt lead to improved engine maneuverability, reliability, and efficiency. The proposed propulsion system is based on a new engine concept that provides higher specific impulse than rockets or turbojets. It is more efficient than conventional engines because of its constant-volume, nonsteady operating cycle and has no moving parts in the power production section. In PDREs a detonation wave is initiated-in a mixture o� oxidizer and fuel and propagates axially in the detonation chamber. Thrust is generated when the wave impinges on the thrust wall. The use of multiple chambers allows thrust vectoring and enhances maneuverability, engine reliability, and efficiency. PDREs avoid the power density limitations of electric power generation and the low specific impulse of solid propellants. We will develop and demonstrate a low-cost propulsion system that can be used for existing systems and adapted to future advanced programs.

HYPER-THERM HIGH-TEMPERATURE COMPOSITES, 18411 Gothard Street, Units B&C Huntington Beach, CA 92648
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(714) 375-4085 Robert J. ShinavskiI, Ph. BMDO 98-006
Title:	Miniature, Axisymmetric Nanolayered Ceramic Composite Liquid Rocket Thruster
Abstract:	Low-cost microspacecraft systems being considered for future development will require a variety of mini- to micro-sized liquid propellant rocket engines for orbit insertion, planetary descent and ascent, reaction control, and precision station-keeping. Currently proposed miniature and micropropulsion devices are prime candidates for the application of "cutting-edge" nanostructural composite materials to satisfy the increased performance requirements gained from energetic, high specific impulse propellant mixtures without the need for active cooling. Recent advances in the development of chemical vapor deposited (CVD) nanolayered composites and fabrication techniques offer promise to increase micro-device performance beyond that achievable with currently proposed materials and fabrication techniques. The objective of this Phase I program is to demonstrate the feasibility of producing miniature, axisymmetric liquid bi-propellant rocket thrusters from nanolayered ceramic composites in an effort to overcome the limitations of existing designs, materials and fabrication techniques. CVD-based SiC is selected as the primary material constituent because of its low thermal expansivity, high thermal conductivity, and outstanding high-temperature mechanical properties and oxidation resistance. Minor nanolayering constituents will be selected for empirical evaluation based on their: (1) known ability to effectively interrupt the SiC deposition epitaxy, thereby increasing strength and thermal shock resistance by controlling grain refinement; and (2) propensity to provide beneficial elastic modulus mismatch, thereby further increasing strength and fracture toughness by limiting dislocation motion. Following the development of a viable composite system, miniature thrusters with integral impinging-stream injectors will be fabricated and delivered to BMDO for further evaluation.

NEW ENGLAND SPACE WORKS, INC. 24 Swift Road Framingham, MA 01702
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(508) 626-0467 Lynn B. Olson BMDO 98-006
Title:	A More Efficient RF Plasma Electric Thruster
Abstract:	New England Space Works proposes a more efficient RF plasma electric thruster. RF plasma thrusters have many advantages over other electric propulsion types. Specific impulse is higher than for electrothermal thrusters. There are no electrodes or grids in contact with the plasma, so thruster lifetime should be better than other schemes. The simple plasma geometry leads to easy scaling to larger or smaller thrusters. Power densities can be much higher than for electrostatic ion thrusters (greater than a factor of 100) because there is no space charge limit on density. In spite of these advantages, RF plasma thrusters have not come into use in electric propulsion because of poor measured efficiency in tests. New England Space Works proposes an innovation to the RF plasma thruster which should greatly increase its efficiency.

SPACE POWER, INCORPORATED 621 River Oaks Parkway San Jose, CA 95134
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(408) 434-9500 Dr. Christian Lazarovici BMDO 98-006
Title:	Ultra-Compact, High Power Density Power Processing for Small Hall Effect Thrusters
Abstract:	Satellite builders indicate that electric propulsion for stationkeeping and orbit transfer is needed. An unprecedented demand is expected for low power thruster modules, with emphasis placed on low mass, high power density, compactness, power expandability, and reduced cost for system components. The work in this proposal will demonstrate the feasibility of an ultra-compact, high power density, and low cost PPU for the 100W class HET, with built-in expandability for a broad power range. SPI proposes a modular concept, employing high power density DC-to-DC converters, which will allow for miniature PPU construction featuring redundancy, expandability and short time-to-market. A radiation hard space qualified high power density DC-to-DC converter is needed for this approach. Existing suppliers of DC-to-DC converters do not produce this type of converter, but SPI is developing a space qualified module based on a commercial version. During Phase I, SPI will design, build, and qualify a breadboard PPU for low power HETs. The Discharge Power Supply mass is anticipated to be less than 400 grams with 2N redundancy and the mass of the PPU system will be assessed by the operational modes of the thruster, which will be determined in the course of the work. A Development and Validation Plan to build and qualify an Engineering Model PPU into Phase II will be defined in Phase I.

CAPITAL TECHNOLOGIES MANAGEMENT, INC. 2575 Cobb International Blvd., Suite A Kennesaw, GA 30152
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(770) 499-7503 Dr. Tom Mahefkey BMDO 98-007
Title:	Novel Solid State Heat Pipe
Abstract:	This proposal addresses development and characterization of a novel multi-layer solid state heat pipe. Prototypes of the device have already demonstrated radial and axial heat fluxes and transport limits comparable to conventional state-of-the-art heat pipes. The anticipated benefits of the device as compared to conventional heat pipes are substantial. It is relatively easy and inexpensive to manufacture, operates over a broad temperature range with a single low vapor pressure working medium, and appears to be both reliable and long- lived. The theory of operation and limits of performance of this device are incomplete at this time, and represent two of the technical goals to be pursued under this Phase I effort.

DYNATHERM CORPORATION 1 Beaver Court, P.O. Box 398 Hunt Valley, MD 21030
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(410) 584-7500 Michael N. Nikitkin BMDO 98-007
Title:	Cascaded Cryogenic Flexible Loop Heat Pipes (P12-2511)
Abstract:	Future spacecraft will require efficient heat transport at 60K Or lower, and will require flexible and thermal diode features. Cryogenic flexible heat pipes and capillary pumped loops have been developed, but are not capable of adverse tilt operation and rapid, autonomous startup. Loop heat pipes with advanced fine pore evaporator wicks show promise for meeting future needs, provided that rapid, autonomous startup can be achieved. It is proposed to develop a cascaded loop heat pipe that will operate autonomously between ambient and 65K in Phase 1. The Phase II work effort will extend the range of operation to between 15K and 25K. In Phase 1, a propylene loop heat pipe will be integrated with an oxygen or nitrogen loop heat pipe into a cascaded array for reliable, rapid startup. This approach has been demonstrated for conventional heat pipes but has not been explored for loop heat pipes. This device will function as a heat pipe continuously between 65K and 300K or greater and will operate as a thermal diode and provide a flexible transport section.

METAL MATRIX CAST COMPOSITES, INC. (MMCC 101 Clematis Ave, #1 Waltham, MA 02154
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 893-4449 James Cornie, PhD BMDO 98-007
Title:	Graphite Fiber Reinforced Al and Cu Alloys for Replacement of W/Cu in Electronic Thermal Mangement -
Abstract:	Graphite/Al phased array antenna rnodules will reduce rnodule launch mass from 154 kg (for W/Cu modules) to 19.7 kg. At $40,000/kg launch rnass, savings would be $5,400,000/launch. A team of users, graphite suppliers, casting house, and evaluation/analytical organizations, will develop and bring to commerical readiness Gr/Al and Gr/Cu composites for electronic thermal management applications. Technical objectives are: 1) Reduce launch mass of antenna modules by a factor of 7. 2) Increase the thermal conductivity by 40%. 3) Engineer the coefficient of thermal expansion to match the die, PCB, or ceramic substrate. 4) Reduce processing costs by half. MMCC's Advanced Pressure Infiltration Casting process (APICTM ) will be used to cast prototypes and evaluation coupons. MMCC's new low cost carbon matrix composite tooling will slash tooling materials processing cost by a factor of 10 and lead to commercialization. Micromechanical models will be applied toward materials design and definition of matrix alloys and heat treatment schedules to provide dimensional stability during processing and thermal cycling. Prototype modules for MILSATCOM phased array antenna will be manufactured to demonstrate the Gr/Al technology. A major electronic packaging house will specify a Gr/Cu prototype component for an application requiring high temperature brazing to ceramic substrates.

ORMET CORPORATION 2236 Rutherford Road, Suite 109 Carlsbad, CA 92008
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(760) 931-7067 Xiaomei Xi BMDO 98-007
Title:	Compact, High Performance Thermelectric Modules for Thermal Management of Electronic Packaging
Abstract:	As electronic devices become smaller, faster and more complex, their need for high heat dissipation turns into a pressing concern. Cumbersome cooling systems such as large heat sinks, forced air cooling and fluid cooling are impractical and need to be replaced by alternative, small size, light weight thermal management techniques. Particularly promising in this respect are thermoelectric modules due to their relatively light weight and potential for high heat dissipation. However, up to now, conventional thermoelectric materials and fabrication techniques have been costly and incapable of producing small size, high efficiency thermoelectric modules. This proposal suggests a novel set of composite thermoelectric materials as well as suitable designs that can be used to fabricate compact, high performance, light weight thermoelectric modules. The advantages of these novel thermoelectric materials are low cost, high productivity, low temperature process and capable of producing small size, high efficiency thermoelectric modules. These modules can be fabricated as individual thermoelectric modules as well as integrated into the electronic or other component that requires cooling to gain maximum effectiveness with minimum additional space. The fabrication techniques that will be used to fabricate high performance, compact thermoelectric modules are already established and will be modified for this application.

THERMACORE, INC. 780 Eden Rd. Lancaster, PA 17601
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(717) 569-6551 Dmitry Khrustalev BMDO 98-007
Title:	Miniature High Flux Heat Pipes for Cooling of Electronics
Abstract:	Modern electronic devices dissipate significant amounts of thermal energy at comparatively high heat fluxes up to 200 W/cm2 . Thermal management of power electronics will be very important not only for existing and future DOD applications but also for the success of the electric car, more efficient electric power distribution systems, etc. Heat pipes have been successfully used for cooling of various electric components. Thermacore manufactures miniature heat pipes that can withstand heat fluxes up to 50 W/cm2 on the evaporator wall. However, miniature heat pipes with higher heat fluxes, capable of operating at any orientation in gravity field are yet to be developed. The proposed program will develop innovative high heat flux miniature heat pipes tolerant to accelerations and vibrations, using combined capillary structures with porous metal elements. Prototype miniature heat pipes will be fabricated. Additional benefit of this Phase I program will be the initiation of mathematical modeling of major heat and mass transfer mechanisms in high heat flux two-phase systems, which will be continued and used in the Phase 11 work for optimization of performance characteristics of high heat flux heat pipes.

APPLIED SCIENCES, INC. P.O. Box 164284 Austin, TX 78716
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(937) 766-2020 Ronald L. Jacobsen BMDO 98-008