DoD SBIR FY02.1 - SOLICITATION SELECTIONS w/ ABSTRACTS

DoD SBIR FY02.1 - SOLICITATION SELECTIONS w/ ABSTRACTS
Navy - Air Force - DARPA - MDA - DTRA - SOCOM - CBD - NIMA

---------- NAVY ----------

230 Phase I Selections from the 02.1 Solicitation

(In Topic Number Order)

GS ENGINEERING, INC. 22015 Coal Dock Rd. Hancock, MI 49930
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(906) 370-6832 Dr. Glen Simula NAVY 02-001 Selected for Award
Title:	Durability Improvement of Lightweight Track and Suspension Components for Armored Vehicles
Abstract:	GS Engineering, Inc. will develop several concepts of lightweight road wheels for the AAAV along with exploring wear options. The casting will include high pressure lost foam aluminum wheel castings, permanent mold castings, and aluminum forging for the structural road wheel. Advanced wear techniques including High Velocity Particle Compaction, Selectively Reinforced Silicon Carbide Whiskers, Titanium Composites, and typical Induction Hardened Steel will be placed as inserts on the wheel. This will allow for refurbishment of the road wheels when the elastomer wears out. The road wheel elastomer will be polyurethane. This Phase I investigation will allow concept weights, wear mechanisms, cost and risk to be evaluated. A secondary issue will be a preliminary investigation into selectively reinforced aluminum silicon carbide whiskers of the current AAAV forged aluminum track block using stronger alloys. The composite wear characteristics will allow the current shoe design to last longer at the current weight. A high pressure lost foam aluminum road wheel with high wear resistant inserts at the center guide wear location will result in a longer lasting, lower cost wheel than the current production wheel, at the same weight. This is desirable for the AAAV program to reduce O&S costs of the road wheels. Also, a selectively reinforced aluminum shoe body will last longer than the current track shoe at a higher initial cost, but a lower life cycle cost. Both of these technologies have direct applications to commercial off-road construction equipment, forestry, and automotive applications along with FCS applications.

MATERIAL SOLUTIONS INC. 826 Harold St. Moscow, ID 83843
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(208) 885-6743 Dr. Keith Prisbrey NAVY 02-001 Selected for Award
Title:	Durability Improvement of Lightweight Track and Suspension Components for Armored Vehicles by Using Ti-6Al-4V
Abstract:	The objective is to replace AAAV aluminum idler wheels with titanium to allow better wheel and spoke designs for mud-clogging prevention. Cost and weight limitations are the main constraint. The weight limitations will be met by designing the wheel using finite element calculations. Titanium is heavier, but since it is stronger, less is necessary, thus producing a wheel close to the current aluminum wheel's weight (perhaps lighter). The cost limitations will be met by using low- cost nanocrystalline Ti-6Al-4V powders produced from a recently patented mechanochemical process. The nanocrystalline quality of the titanium powders enables an advanced metal injection molding plus super plastic forming manufacturing method. 1)Advanced mechanochemical processing insures a domestic source of low cost titanium powder. The only other low cost titanium powders come from strategically vulnerable foreign sources (China, Ukraine). Some of these low cost sources have quality risks because they depend on secondary processing such as hydriding-dehydriding titanium scrap. By contrast our Ti-6Al-4V powder comes from a primary process through the direct mechanochemical reduction of TiCl4 + AlCl3 + VCl3 for quality control. 2) The idler wheel microstructure is nanocrystalline. This increases fatigue, strength, modulus, impact resistance, Poisson's ratio and lowers metal injection molding costs when compared to conventional titanium powders. 3) The manufacturing process of metal injection molding combined with low cost titanium powders has wide commercial application. For example, these titanium powders could replace much of the expanding stainless steel powder metallurgy market because the costs are almost equal.

MATERIALS & ELECTROCHEMICAL RESEARCH (MER) CORP. 7960 S. Kolb Rd. Tucson, AZ 85706
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(520) 574-1980 Dr. Roger Storm NAVY 02-001 Selected for Award
Title:	Durability Improvement of Lightweight Track and Suspension Components for Armored Vehicles
Abstract:	x x

OPTRA, INC 461 Boston Street Topsfield, MA 01983
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(978) 887-6600 Ms. Julia H. Rentz NAVY 02-002 Selected for Award
Title:	Compact Two-Band Thermographer for Remote Measurement of Skin Temperature
Abstract:	OPTRA proposes the development of a novel two-color imaging remote thermographer for skin temperature measurements at large standoffs. This system employs a unique optical layout that separates an infrared image into two spectral channels registered laterally on a single uncooled microbolometer focal plane array. The difference between corresponding pixels of the two images effectively quantifies the location of the center wavelength of the Planck profile associated with the temperature of the target. The sensor response is continuous and monotonic with temperature. We have carefully constructed the two infrared channels to minimize the effects of atmospheric water vapor in the measurement path and eliminate the effects of carbon dioxide. The difference technique also allows for the rejection of stray radiation common to both channels. This system offers spatial resolution of 10 cm at a standoff of 200 m with a projected ñ 1øC accuracy The anticipated benefits of the proposed system is the capability to accurately measure skin temperature at large standoffs in the presence of high humidity and ultimately rain and fog. Applications of the proposed system include skin temperature measurement within the military as well as for emergency response and medical use. Other applications include machine monitoring, perimeter surveillance, and remote monitoring of industrial equipment and chemical processes.

PHYSICAL SCIENCES INC. 20 New England Business Center Andover, MA 01810
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(978) 689-0003 Dr. William J. Marinelli NAVY 02-002 Selected for Award
Title:	Remote Thermographer to Measure Skin Temperatures
Abstract:	Physical Sciences Inc. (PSI), in conjunction with Spectral Sciences Inc. (SSI), proposes to develop a multispectral thermal imaging system, operating in the wavelength range from 7.6 to 10.5 mm, for the measurement of skin temperature to within ñ 1 deg C at ranges to 1 km. The multispectral imaging sensor is based on PSI's Adaptive Infrared Imaging Spectroradiometer system, now in development as part of the U.S. Army's Chemical Imaging Sensor. Critical to the achievement of the temperature measurement requirement is the need to accurately determine atmospheric attenuation of infrared radiation from the subject. In our concept multispectral infrared measurements in this wavelength region are used to measure water vapor absorption band intensities that, in conjunction with well-established models of atmospheric radiative transfer, can be used to estimate atmospheric attenuation to within 1 percent. Radiative transport modeling, used to provide real-time correction to the infrared imagery, is provided by SSI, this country's leader in such modeling and developers of the widely used MODTRAN code. The team will experimentally demonstrate the ability to acquire infrared imagery, with high spatial resolution, and to correct the imagery for atmospheric effects so as to provide a measure of skin temperature with an accuracy of ñ 1 deg C. If successful the proposed effort will lead to the development of a long range dermal imaging system for use with active denial systems and in combat care applications. The primary commercial customer will be the U.S. Defense Department, with secondary commercial markets in emergency management and medical thermal imaging.

VOXTEL INC. 2640 SW Georgian Place Portland, OR 97201
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(503) 421-4389 Mr. George M. Williams NAVY 02-002 Selected for Award
Title:	DUAL BAND INFRARED RADIOMETER FOR PRECISE BATTLEFIELD SKIN TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS
Abstract:	Voxtel Inc. proposes in this Phase I effort to develop and optimize for the battlefield environment, a miniature, robust, and reliable multi-band infrared radiometer that will remotely monitor vital physiological parameters and provide accurate measures of millimeter wave induced hyperthermia. Thermography is a well-established discipline, but in real world situations, the parameters governing heat transfer are variable and uncontrollable; variations in ambient conditions such as temperature, wind, rain, fog, background noise, etc., as well as the physiological state of the human subject, all reduce the accuracy of conventional thermography methods. To solve these problems, Voxtel will develop and integrate precise models of the temporal and spatial heat transfer mechanisms of the human body with and without EM induced hyperthermia, emissivity models of various obscurants, environmental and atmospheric models, and sensor and signal processing models. The result of this effort will be an optimize design of a precision, multi-band, infrared, imaging (BMI2R) radiometric instrument capable of high accuracy at a 200-meter or longer battlefield range. Our trade studies will include: 1) a baseline handheld, dual band, QWIP camera design contrasted with the performance of: 2) single and dual band HgCdTe and 3) a split window, uncooled LWIR microbolometer. A novel infrared face detection and tracking will augment the system. In addition to the mature applications of thermography such as industrial control, insulation test, the innovation is expected to improve the research, diagnostic, and clinical tools necessary for dosimetry, optical and cancer detection and RF induced thermal cancer therapy, bioeffects research and compliance measures for RF communications devices, skin welding, veterinary studies, and a variety of other medical, scientific, and industrial applications.

EUREKA AEROSPACE, LLC 400 Continental Blvd, 6th Floo El Segundo, CA 90245
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(310) 426-2160 Dr. James Tatoian NAVY 02-003 Selected for Award
Title:	Non-Lethal Area Denial to Vehicles
Abstract:	Eureka Aerospace proposes a novel approach for denying ground vehicles the entrance to selected area by stopping them using a microwave system for stopping vehicles(MSSV). The proposed system consists of high power source, such as magnetron and suitable antenna to direct the microwave energy towards the vehicle and bring the vehicle to rest, without causing permanent damage to the vehicle or pose any danger to humans. The MSSV can be deployed in a variety of places including (1) an airborne platform such as helicopter, or fixed-wing plane including the UAVs, (2) ground vehicle, such as a car, van or a truck or (3) ground-based utility pole or a tree. The proposed effort will focus on the parameter trade-off analysis to arrive to an optimal and practical operational HPMS, whose prototype will be tested in Phase II. The benefits include nonlethal approach to quickly and safely stop cars on roads and highways for law enforcement. In addition MSSV can effectively protect high priority state,local and commercial assets.

MISSION RESEARCH CORPORATION 735 State Street Santa Barbara, CA 93101
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(703) 339-6500 Dr. John A. Pasour NAVY 02-003 Selected for Award
Title:	Electromagnetic System for Non-Lethal Area Denial to Vehicles
Abstract:	The goal of this program is to develop a robust, practical system that uses electromagnetic energy to disable vehicles. Critical electronic components in most modern military and civilian vehicles can be damaged or disrupted by illuminating them with high power electromagnetic radiation. In this program, the emphasis is on dramatically reducing the size, weight, and power requirements of the system needed to generate and transmit sufficient electromagnetic energy to disable the targeted vehicle. During Phase I, analyses, computer simulations, design studies, and limited laboratory testing will be performed to study energy transmission and coupling details, optimize system configurations, and determine operational limitations of a practical device. A prototype system will be developed and field tested in Phase II. The system will provide an effective means of disabling vehicles. It can be installed in a semi-permanent configuration (e.g., for perimeter defense) or on mobile platforms (e.g., for pursuit or fast-response applications). Compared to conventional electromagnetic systems that have been studied for this application, the proposed system is much more compact, requires much less power, reduces the risk of fratricide, and allows increased stand-off distances. The system can be used for a broad range of other non-lethal military applications, including mine clearing, disabling small boats, and interrupting communications, command, and control facilities. It also can be used by civilian law enforcement agencies.

AQUA-DYNE, INC. 3620 W. 11th Street Houston, TX 77008
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(713) 864-6929 Mr. Mark Naedler NAVY 02-004 Selected for Award
Title:	Dual Sander/High-Pressure Water Cleaning (HP WC) Unit for Recoat Surface Preparation
Abstract:	The surface preparation industry has always had a need for selectively removing areas of coatings, which have lost their adhesion while maintaining the areas of soundly adhered coatings. Most recently, carefully blasting with grit or ultra-high pressure water have been the primary means to perform this procedure, although blasting can impair the integrity of sound coatings by fracturing their structure. New environmentally preferred water based coatings have increased the demand for surface preparation that don't remove the sound coatings since these new coatings don't adhere as well to bare surfaces as their solvent based predecessors. The proposed devise is a remotely controlled vertical wall climbing unit that uses a three-step method to prepare surfaces for recoat without damaging the areas of sound coatings. First, the surface is cleaned with 4,000psi (275 bar) water spray-jets to remove the bulk dirt and grim. Second, grit sanders scuff the areas of sound coating. Finally, 8,000psi (550 bar) water-jets thoroughly remove any dislodged coating or dirt. The All waste is captured beneath a vacuum shroud. The wall climber uses pneumatic winches to maneuver over large surfaces. This process will provide a better surface for recoat at a lower cost than equivalent existing methods. A dual sander/high-pressure water-cleaning unit can be used in commercial and military applications where sound coatings do not need to be stripped completely from the surface. It is a functional improvement over present blasting methods because there is no impact to fracture the coating's structure. The anticipated cleaning rate greatly exceeds current methods used on ship hulls, storage tanks, steel and concrete structures. It is expected that the unit's cost effectiveness and its environmental and ergonomic friendliness will make it a valuable tool for those preparing large surfaces for recoat. Shipyards, storage tank facilities and other large vessels requiring coatings are potential purchasers of the proposed unit. New coating technology is increasing the need for an alternative to blasting to the bare surface, further expanding the proposed unit's potential market.

TDA RESEARCH, INC. 12345 W. 52nd Ave. Wheat Ridge, CO 80033
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(303) 940-2317 Dr. Silvia Luebben NAVY 02-005 Selected for Award
Title:	Premixed Non-skid Media for Aviation Facility Flooring
Abstract:	Today's anti-slip coatings for industrial flooring consist of a multi-layer coating system with a surface-broadcasted grit element. The installation of such a coating is expensive and time-consuming, and broadcasting is the most labor-intensive part of the installation. Moreover, it is difficult to obtain a floor with homogeneous non-skid properties by broadcasting because of the uneven distribution of the grit. Inorganic grits such as aluminum oxide are not covalently bonded into the coating matrix and, therefore, they tend to chip off easily; the coating system wears out quickly and must be replaced or repaired every few months. To address these problems, reduce the cost and time of the installation and increase the lifetime of the applied flooring system, TDA Research, Inc. (TDA) will develop a new non-skid urethane coating with pre-mixed grit. The use of TDA's non-skid coating with pre-mixed grit will eliminate the need for broadcasting while reducing the floor installation time and cost. TDA's grit will be covalently cross-linked within the urethane matrix, considerably increasing the wear resistance and durability of the coating compared to the current system. This in turn will reduce the number of required repairs and re-applications. TDA's material will have immediate application as a non-skid coating for the Navy aviation hangers. The new non-skid coatings may find numerous other applications in civil aviation and as flooring system for chemical manufacturers, petrochemical plants, paper mills, wastewater plants, and other industrial applications. Other uses of non-skid coatings in the civil market include ship decks, ramps, aisles, walkways, steps, garages, swimming pools, and handicap zones.

POLYMERIGHT, INC. 4404-C Enterprise Place, Fremont, CA 94538
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(510) 252-9090 Dr. Leonid Rappoport NAVY 02-006 Selected for Award
Title:	Polysulfide Modified Epoxy Novolac Cladding for Steel Immersion/Splash Zone Service
Abstract:	Environmentally-resistant, spray-applied, self-priming, fast-cure, flexible, edge-retentive, impact- and abrasion-resistant, polysulfide-modified epoxy novolac cladding for corrosion control of steel in immersion/splash zones is achieved using formulations containing epoxy novolac, urethane-epoxies and urethane-mercaptan resins with saturated hydrocarbon/polysulfide backbone, which are produced by polycondensation of saturated dimeric fatty acids and di(2-hydroxyethyl)disulfide. The molecular structure of cured cladding includes the following chemical blocks: * Cured epoxy structures, contributing high adhesion to steel; * Urethane groups, providing excellent wear resistance, toughness, oil/gasoline resistance, flexibility and chemical stability; * Multiple disulfide links producing high hydrophobicity, flexibility, oil/gasoline resistance, low glass transition temperature and reduced viscosity of resin; * Multiple ester groups contributing toughness, good UV and chemical resistance * Long saturated chains that contribute UV resistance hydrophobicity and flexibility/hardness of coating. POLYMERight will use technology that produces effective odorless mercaptan curing agents at relatively low cost from commercial precursors. Carefully controlled assembling of the chemical blocks will provide both tough and flexible cured polymers. This approach involves the creation of reactive resins with properties not currently available commercially. We expect these resins, and polymer formulations using them, to permit production by many companies of new castable polyurethanes, adhesives, coatings and sealants with improved properties. In addition to providing the improved cladding desired by the Navy, the technology developed under this SBIR will demonstrate the production and use of novel polymers having properties not now available in the market place. The newly developed resins employed, and the additional new polymers that can be made using them, will enable advantageous applications in fields such as: * Other protective coatings * Encapsulating and potting compounds for electrical and electronic components designed to serve in harsh environments * High dielectric materials for electrical insulation and radar systems * Sealants, barrier coatings, equipment linings, underwater coatings in construction, fuel handling, marine uses, etc. POLYMERight expects to both make polymer formulations for such commercial applications and to offer the resins themselves for sale to other formulators. The resulting broad availability of these resins, with the unique attributes they impart, will permit many formulators to develop better performing materials for their own spheres of activity at modest costs. This will have wide spread importance in many commercial areas of the economy.

POLYSPEC, L.P. 6614 Gant Road Houston, TX 77066
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(281) 397-0033 Mr. Paul H. Anderson NAVY 02-006 Selected for Award
Title:	Polysulfide Modified Epoxy Novolac Cladding for Steel Immersion/Splash Zone Service
Abstract:	The proposed Phase I research will develop a sprayable, self-priming, fast cure, flexible, edge retentive, impact and abrasion resistant, polysulfide modified epoxy Novolac cladding for steel immersion/splash zone service. Currently the coatings of steel waterfront structures have a life expectancy of 5 years splash zone service. Maintenance applied coatings give an additional 3 years service prior to reapplication. This required regular maintenance and repair cycle is costly. The initial application of a polysulfide modified epoxy novolac will extend the maintenance cycle, thereby reducing repair costs. Potential commercial applications will include bridges, roofing, bilges, bulkheads(sheet pile, pipe pile, H-piles, cranes, in/offshore petrochemical structures, water and waste water structures, industrial facilities, contaiment systems, mooring structures, and marine equipment.

TEXAS RESEARCH INSTITUTE AUSTIN, INC. 9063 Bee Caves Road Austin, TX 78733
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(512) 263-2101 Dr. George Hansen NAVY 02-006 Selected for Award
Title:	Polysulfide Modified Epoxy Novolac Cladding for Steel Immersion/Splash Zone Service
Abstract:	US Naval piers and offshore drilling platforms are common steel structures located in marine splash zones around the world. To provide adequate use life, these structures must be protected from persistent corrosion, with current coatings considered to be inadequate to meet the end-user's needs for protection and time between maintenance re-coats. TRI/Austin proposes development and production of a novel polysulfide-Novolac epoxy paint designed to be impact and abrasion resistant and have a useful life far in excess of currently used materials. A joint venture team consisting of TRI/Austin and Vickers Industrial Coatings will be assembled to develop this new product platform based on products already on the market. This team of coating engineers, scientists, and NACE professionals is highly motivated to bring this product into its current product line and is committed to demonstrating product scale-ability in manufacturing as a deliverable of the Phase I effort. The proposed work will result in development of an improved corrosion prevention coating for steel structures in the marine splash zone. This market represents significant business potential for members of the joint venture. The product to be developed will also provide a platform from which other markets can be derived such as storage tank and chemical reactor vessel linings, waste water effluent pipe lining, military hardware protective coatings, military and commercial ship exterior coatings, steel bridge coatings, marine-industrial facilities coatings and chemical plant and refinery protective coatings.

ZWEAVE, INC. 98 Greene Street New York, NY 10012
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(212) 343-3959 Ms. Laura McCann NAVY 02-008 Selected for Award
Title:	Three-Dimensional (3-D) Anthropometrie Data; Apparel Application Methods and Tools
Abstract:	Use of 3-D scanning systems for capture of human body dimensions is becoming prevalent. Incorporation of 3-D anthropometric data into the design process promises significant breakthroughs and benefits for a wide variety of industries and applications, including the Apparel industry. Despite clear customer satisfaction, quality, and cost benefits, however, the Apparel industry has been slow to adopt 3-D anthropometry in its design and manufacturing processes. This Phase 1 SBIR study will investigate new methods and tools that can help accelerate the incorporation of 3-D anthropometry into the Apparel industry design and manufacturing processes. The study will include an assessment of the typical design and manufacturing practices in use in the Apparel industry today, with emphasis on the use of sizing-related practices, information and tools. Industry research, interviews, "As-Is" business process descriptions, and assessment of the current technology landscape will be used to identify the factors inhibiting use of 3-D anthropometry. The study will identify and develop the conceptual design of new methods and tools to integrate 3-D anthropometry and identify and describe the key technical requirements for developing and integrating these solutions. Business, economic and technical feasibilities will be performed to assess the likelihood of industry adoption. Adoption of 3-D anthropometry will permit an Apparel manufacturer to respond to sophisticated customer expectations and drive more effective product development and supply chain workflows, while fostering a collaborative environment both within the enterprise and in the customer relationship. Those early adopters who have embraced mass customization are already experiencing higher gross profit margins, reduced inventory, fewer returns and increased customer satisfaction and intimacy. Accelerating this adoption rate is critical to the introduction of 3-D anthropometry in the industry.

ADVANCED MATERIALS AND DEVICES 4451 Lynnfield Way Reno, NV 89509
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(775) 826-8306 Mr. Gregory Hitchcock NAVY 02-009 Selected for Award
Title:	A Fail-Safe Controllable Magneto-Rheological Fluid Smart Pad/Damper System for Submarine Based Weapon Shock and Vibration Mitigation
Abstract:	The goal of the proposed Phase I effort is a feasibility study on the design and development of an innovative, fail-safe, controllable magneto-rheological fluid (MRF) smart pad for shock and vibration mitigation of Trident submarine based vertical launch weapon systems. The objective of this project is to explore the design feasibility of the proposed MRF shock absorber system which consists of a MRF material, a fail-safe MRF damper, and a control system. The effort includes preparation of a MRF material system suitable for this particular application. The properties of the base fluid and magnetic particles will be studied. In addition, a feasibility study of a novel MRF damper will be conducted in which the magnetic circuit and orifices will be designed to meet the shock pad requirements. Moreover, a robust control system that can provide accurate and fast response will be developed. Numerical simulations will be performed to demonstrate the capabilities of the MRF damper's dynamic force range and control design. The MRF shock pad design will be extensively evaluated against current elastomeric pad technology. Emphasis will also be placed on applicability to other emerging sectors especially automotive industry. Advanced weapon shock and vibration mitigation systems require reliable, fast responding, controllable devices with a broad range of damping forces to effectively reduce vibration during possible impacts. Modified versions of the new proposed MRF smart pad for Navy's Trident submarine based vertical launch weapon systems can potentially be used for other DoD applications, such as, vibration suppression of the U.S. Army's high mobility multi-purposed wheeled vehicles (HMMWV) and tanks in rough terrains, as well as helicopters' rotor systems, artillery and weapon recoil systems. In addition, the off-road application can be commercially pursued for sport utility vehicles, racing motorcycles and mountain bicycles in the public sector. The same technology can be extended to vibration mitigation in engine and transmission mounts, automotive shock absorbers, stabilizers for camera systems of new commercial satellites, automation and motion control for industrial manufacturing systems, and protective smart systems for building and bridges.

CSA ENGINEERING, INC. 2565 Leghorn Street Mountain View, CA 94043
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(650) 210-9000 Mr. Jason E. Lindler NAVY 02-009 Selected for Award
Title:	System for Reconfigurable Shock and Vibration Mitigation
Abstract:	Current attempts to enhance the ability of SSBNs to deploy guided missiles has created the opportunity to replace the existing pad-based missile shock isolation systems with those based on smart material technologies. The utilization of these advanced materials promises to deploy more modular, adaptable isolation systems that may be tuned to a broad class of current and future missiles. Working closely with our Naval contacts, CSA will develop a system requirements trade space that incorporates the isolation needs of several strategic and guided missiles. From these requirements we will then investigate the feasibility of various isolation technologies. These disciplines will range from passive VEM based solutions to fully "active" technologies that employ sensors, actuators and intelligent control. From these studies we will develop detailed component level and material-specific requirements that dictate device design and test. Out of these component requirements will come an assessment as to the best technology to employ in the real system. Our goal is to develop a shock isolation system whose shock attenuation exceeds that of the existing systems and yet can be easily tuned and reconfigured to several classes of ballistic and guided missiles. Beyond the stated application, the proposed system would be an invaluable tool for the transportation of high dollar items in air-borne, land or sea-borne platforms for both military and commercial applications.

ADVANCED ENERGY SYSTEMS, INC. 27 Industrial Blvd, Unit E Medford, NY 11763
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(609) 514-0315 Dr. Hans Bluem NAVY 02-010 Selected for Award
Title:	Improved High-Current Injector Design
Abstract:	With the achievement of 2.1 kW CW I R operation and an upgrade to10 kW in progress, free-electron lasers (FEL) are now a serious option for high-power, military and commercial applications. As specifically identified in the recent "Department of Defense Laser Master Plan", the key technology issue on the path to high-power FEL deployment is the demonstration of reliable, high-brightness, photocathode injector operation. A DC gun/superconducting accelerator combination provides the most promising and most mature path to efficient, weapon-level electron beam power. One of the primary issues identified with this type of gun is beam quality degradation for operation at weapon system charge levels that approach 1 nC per bunch or higher. Longitudinal phase space aberrations set in that can significantly reduce the lasing efficiency of the FEL. We are proposing to design a doubly resonant first accelerating cavity to both correct the development of this aberration and accelerate the electron beam for current levels that approach one ampere. The proposed design will represent a proof-of-principle demonstration. The discriminating attributes of FELs are their wide-band tunability, their implicit potential for very high-power operation and the intrinsic picosecond pulse structure that promises superior performance for certain applications. Significant military FEL directed energy weapon (DEW), countermeasure and communication applications exist at various power levels, which will benefit from the proposed SBIR project. Commercial applications spanning high-value-added micro-machining to low-value-added, high-throughput surface processing of metals and polymers have also been demonstrated and patented. Their immediate deployment is prevented only by the availability of a suitable, economic, high-power light source, to which development the present project contributes. The development of the proposed high-brightness, electron injector would provide a significant benefit in terms of improved efficiency and thus cost reduction for both the military and commercial FEL applications. In addition, the applications identified for material processing with radiation could lead to the development of new, on-shore, high-technology, environmentally-friendly manufacturing opportunities.

ENERGEN, INC. 17 D Sterling Road Billerica, MA 01862
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(978) 671-5400 Dr. Chad H. Joshi NAVY 02-010 Selected for Award
Title:	Active Vibration Control for Free Electron Laser Systems
Abstract:	The Navy is exploring the use of Free Electron Lasers (FEL) on ships for use in directed energy weapons. The potency of the laser based weaponry is directly related to vibration isolation from the floor and other sources. Active vibration control is preferred because of the stringent requirements on alignment and isolation over a broad range of frequencies. Energen, Inc. proposes to develop a high force support that provides active vibration damping based on magnetic `smart" material actuators The system consists of motion sensors that measures motion due to vibration, a high speed digital signal processor and high force actuators based on magnetic smart materials and capable of operating at cryogenic temperatures. In Phase I, Energen, Inc. will develop a prototype actuator and measure its performance characteristics and sensitivity, and develop a design for an optimal control system. The developed control systems will be able to actively damp vibrations in one dimension. In Phase I option, Energen, Inc. will investigate and develop low frequency velocity sensors operating at cryogenic temperatures. The control systems design for a 3-dimensional active vibration isolation platform will be developed. Active vibration control technology has a wide range of applications. The low frequency damping capability that will be developed under this program will be valuable for semiconductor processing equipment, sensitive instrumentation such as electron or tunneling microscopes, etc.

MISSION RESEARCH CORPORATION 735 State Street Santa Barbara, CA 93101
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(703) 339-6500 Dr. John A. Pasour NAVY 02-010 Selected for Award
Title:	FEL Efficiency Enhancement via Concurrent RF Acceleration
Abstract:	The goal of this program is to analyze, design, and develop an efficiency enhancement scheme for free-electron lasers (FELs). In the proposed technique, a radio-frequency (RF) electric field is superimposed on the FEL wiggler field to reaccelerate the electron beam as it loses energy. This reacceleration allows the electrons to remain in resonance with the wiggler and radiation fields over a longer distance, much as tapering the wiggler does in typical FEL enhancement schemes. The advantage to be gained by the RF acceleration technique is improved control of the longitudinal electron beam dynamics (minimization of beam energy spread). During Phase I, the primary focus will be on use of the lower frequency FEL resonance to accelerate the electrons in an applied RF field (inverse FEL mechanism). This approach will be contrasted with an alternative design in which an RF accelerating structure is added to the FEL interaction region. In Phase II, a preferred approach will be selected for detailed design, fabrication, and testing. Efficiency enhancement is crucial in high-average-power FELs, such as are being suggested for antiship cruise missile defense and other defense applications, as well as for industrial processing and other commercial uses. An important drawback of conventional tapered-wiggler efficiency enhancement is the large energy spread it imposes on the electrons, making subsequent acceleration or energy recovery very difficult. The concurrent RF acceleration approach proposed here can overcome this disadvantage, making the application of high-average-power FELs much more practical for both military and civilian uses.

RELIABILITY TOOLS & ANALYSES, INC. PMB 5029, 2231 Crystal Drive, Suite 500 Arlington, VA 22202
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(703) 780-6017 Mr. Reid Willis NAVY 02-011 Selected for Award
Title:	Battle Force Reliability Modeling and Simulation
Abstract:	This project consists of three related efforts. The first is to conduct research into the requirements, procedures, and algorithms needed to model the reliability aspects of a battle force of ships operating over a multiphase mission timeline. The second effort is to incorporate these results into the design of the Navy TIGER computer program for mission reliability prediction and analyses. The final effort is the implementation of the design to produce TIGER Force, a battle force-capable program with an intuitive user interface that will run on desktop host computers. The battle force-capable TIGER program will support engineering for reliability assurance of complex commercial systems. Examples of other applications are commercial airlines, electric utilities, and package delivery systems.

SOHAR INCORPORATED 8421 Wilshire Boulevard, Suite 201 Beverly Hills, CA 90211
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(323) 653-4717 Dr. Herbert Hecht NAVY 02-011 Selected for Award
Title:	Battle Force Reliability Modeling and Simulation
Abstract:	This research will define and implement enhancements to TIGER, the standard assessment tool used by the Navy to measure readiness in terms of operational availability. The current version can handle the thousands of components aboard a ship. However, it is not suited to modeling the massive task of Battle Force simulation and tradeoffs. In this research, we will identify the functional, user interface, and structural requirements to extend TIGER to modeling Battle Forces. The innovations in this research are algorithms for the aggregation of individual ship functions into group-level services. In addition, we will define user interface enhancements to reduce training and provide higher quality output. The result of the Phase I effort will be the definition of SuperTIGER, a tool to provide battle force level availability and reliability assessments, spare allowances, and related functions. The benefits of this research will be to update one of the most significant tools used by the Navy to predict operational availability, perform tradeoff analyses, and evaluate cost-effective sparing strategies. TIGER PLUS will be of value not only to the U.S. Navy but also to many Federal, State, and Local Government authorities responsible for maintenance planning, logistics support and sparing. In addition, TIGER PLUS will be of use to private entities with large investments in complex maintainable assets.

GENEX TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 10605 Concord Street, #500 Kensington, MD 20895
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(301) 962-6565 Dr. Jason Geng NAVY 02-012 Selected for Award
Title:	An Intelligent Omnidirectional Digital Video System for Shipboard Machinery Condition and Personnel Assessments
Abstract:	The primary objective of this SBIR is to develop and demonstrate an advanced omnidirectional digital video system that overcomes the shortcomings of existing technology for machinery condition and personnel assessments in a harsh shipboard environment. The proposed Omni-Guide system consists of a novel omnidirectional IR sensor for temperature measurement and human activity detection, a low-light visible PTZ camera for tracking human activity and for acquire facial image for face ID, an intelligent controller to coordinate actions of these two sensors, and a host computer to perform digital recording of both IR and visible imagery, event trigger actions, facial identification, database management, and alarm settings. Five major innovations in the proposed Omni-Guide system include (1) The highly sensitive omnidirectional IR sensor (2) Intelligently controlled PTZ low-light camera (3) 3D Facial Identification scheme (4) Registered 3D-IR-visible modalities (5) Intelligent Watchdog for Machinery Condition Assessment. The commercial market for the technologies to be developed under this SBIR is obviously sizable. The proposed Omni-Guide systems can be used in machinery condition and personnel activity assessment in factory or environmentally harsh areas. It also could be used in physically unacceptable or dangerous areas where direct human interaction is prohibited. In general, the technologies of omnidirectional imaging, low-light PTZ, 3D face ID and 3D-IR model can lead to significant advances in security enhancement for any types of military and civilian applications. These technologies can be used in other security applications, ranging from warehouse, train-stations, airports, Government facilities, corporations, sport events, to public and private schools in US, from elementary to university. The tragic event of 9/11 triggers tremendous interests in the security enhancement for all private sectors. We see great potentials for the commercial applications of the technologies developed under this SBIR project.

PHOTON-X, INC 102A Wynn Drive Huntsville, AL 35805
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(256) 704-3416 Mr. Blair Barbour NAVY 02-012 Selected for Award
Title:	Intelligent Video System for Condition Based Maintenance
Abstract:	The U.S. Navy has aggressively pursued the implementation of Smart Ship technology initiatives to achieve Total Ownership Cost (TOC) savings primarily through reduced manpower requirements. These reductions are enabled by innovative adaptation of Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) technologies, substantial changes in Policy and Procedures and new Maintenance methods such as Condition Based Maintenance (CBM). The team also brings a wealth of technical experience in state of the art spatial phase video development, passive 3D reconstruction, shadow penetration, hardware prototyping, and other applicable video sensing technologies. Photon-X team offers a new innovative video technology, which is capable of breaking down and recording the phase elements of the light in a revolutionary manner. Photon-X has developed a patented imaging process, which has demonstrated initial proof of concept for passive shadow/fog/haze penetration, passive 3D video processing/reconstruction, measurement of the structural changes in materials and enhanced biometric recognition and tracking. The Photon-X's innovations are: (1) Passive real-time personnel identification (Biometrics) and tracking using invisible passive tagging techniques. (2) Enhanced vision through rough environmental conditions, such as fog, haze and shadowed low light areas. (3) Visually detect structural changes in materials and automation of the machinery conditions using Photon-Xs intelligent phase based processing. The photon-X technology has multiple commercial markets, such as passive tracking with invisible barcodes and the intelligent 3D shape based video. Both of these technology directions offer tremendous market potential. Photon-X has patents pending for this technology and has formed a commercial spin-off company called Sport-X to rapidly develop the tagging technology for Sports tracking/broadcasting and enhanced interactive computer animation. The ability to non-obtrusively tag someone or something and both tracking it real-time and to identify each tag has been a long-term goal of researchers and commercial developers. Photon-X has spun-off a commercial venture dedicated to developing a tagging, tracking and identification optical bar code system to be used in the Sports and interactive gaming markets. The Sport-X mission is to develop non-intrusive tags that can be easily placed on athletes and other sports gear to track these elements for real-time analysis of the players performance, fatigue, weaknesses, etc., this can be used by coaches or by broadcasters as sports commentary. Shape based video or 3D vision has a desire by technologist as well as consumers around the world. And the fact that these cameras are intelligent and can develop object signatures, which are invariant to its look angle, will revolutionize the robotic vision market.

KAZAK COMPOSITES INCORPORATED 32 Cummings Park Woburn, MA 01801
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 932-5667 Dr. Jerome Fanucci NAVY 02-014 Selected for Award
Title:	Low Cost, Pultrusion-Based Composite Joiner Panel System with Simplified Installation
Abstract:	KaZaK Composites proposes, with Bath Iron Works and Newport News Shipbuilding, to develop and demonstrate a new joiner panel system that makes substantial material, configuration, manufacturing and installation process changes to the system currently in use on Naval vessels. At least two of the primary components, the joiner panel itself and the coaming, will be made from pultruded composites. Significant, cost-saving changes to techniques for attaching the coaming to the deck and the joiner panel to the coaming will be investigated. Alternatives to the current cut-and-fit technology for patching the curtain plate around many overhead obstructions will be studied. A key component of the Phase I work will be a demonstration of joiner panel pultrusion using KCI's 10-foot wide pultrusion machine. Advantages of pultrusion will include lower fabrication cost and the ability to make panels in arbitrarily long lengths. This will create a new installation cost and weight paradigm by reducing the number of joints. Phase I will terminate with a prototype demonstration, including a pultruded joiner panel, a new composite coaming, possibly a variation of the curtain plate, plus evaluation of new installation concepts. In the Option Phase we will perform FST and other key property tests. Successful completion of the proposed work will result in a light weight, low cost joiner panel system with a widespread market in both the commercial and military shipbuilding industry. KCI will work to adapt and apply the developed system to both new installations aboard CG-47, LPD-17, DDG-51, CVN-X and other platforms, as well for service life extension programs in the military and commercial world. More importantly for KCI and the Navy, use of large pultruded joiner panels on Naval vessels in a low risk application will provide an opportunity to demonstrate the significant cost saving potential of pultruding very large ship structure, compared to making similar structure by VARTM technology, without requiring the Navy to commit to installation of experimental composite parts in some difficult to replace mission-critical location of ship's structure. Success with the joiner panel product could represent the first step in the path to acceptance of a new material and process technology combination that will have a broad reaching effect on the future use of composites in shipbuilding.

WEBCORE TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 591 Congress Park Drive Dayton, OH 45459
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(937) 435-5034 Dr. Donald Klosterman NAVY 02-014 Selected for Award
Title:	Development of Lightweight, Fireproof Composite Joiner Panel for Navy Ship
Abstract:	This phase I SBIR project is focused on the development of lightweight, fireproof, damage-tolerant and affordable composite joiner panels for Navy ship. The Phase I work will demonstrate the feasibility of using WebCore's patented TYCOR fiber reinforced foam (FRF) core sandwich panel to meet the structural, fire and cost targets for this application. Phase I work will include composite joiner panel design requirements definition; design and fabrication of TYCOR composite panels; physical, mechanical and fire testing; design of attachments; and an optional task to design and fabricate a prototype joiner panel. WebCore will team up with Newport News Shipbuilding (now part of Northrop Grumman Ship Systems) to obtain the necesary design requirements and also to implement the technology in the Navy fleet. The proposed research will provide an affordable solution to the Navy by replacing heavy metal joiner panels with lightweight, fireproof composite panels. Fireproof and damage-tolerant composite panel can be used extensively in Navy ships to reduce the weight and cost of maintenance in many parts such as doors, scuttles and hatches as well as topside structures. The technology developed in this program has broad applications in marine, transportation, construction, industrial and aerospace market.

AGUILA TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 310 Via Vera Cruz, Suite 107 San Marcos, CA 92069
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(760) 752-1192 Dr. Y. Joon Lee NAVY 02-015 Selected for Award
Title:	Development of High Temperature Barrier Coating
Abstract:	The object of this proposal is a cost-effective coating to be used to guard bulkheads and other naval structures from exposure to high-temperatures during a fire event. Material is to be capable of withstanding the action of a flame while preventing the covered surface from reaching a temperature of 225-250øF above ambient temperature, meeting the requirements of UL 1709. The approach is to provide a high temperature coating with novel fillers and additives in a variety of paint compositions. Commercially available thermosetting resins, such as cyanate resin and aromatic epoxy resin, are good candidates as the resin matrix material. We propose to use a proprietary filler in the resin coating mix for thermal insulation. During a fire event, the filler will expand, resulting in a foamed resin composite structure. Ease of reparability of the coating is targeted as well as low maintenance and long service life. Feasibility demonstration shall include ease of installation, ease of removal, cost and anticipated service life expectancy. The paint will be especially tailored for use on new types of lightweight naval structural materials that require barrier coatings to prevent them from reaching elevated temperatures during a fire situation, which will significantly reduce their strength. One of the primary markets for this product is for the protection of bulkheads and various structures in naval vessels. Another somewhat smaller market is barrier coatings for fire insulation in power plants, chemical plants, and other industrial facilities.

METSS CORPORATION 300 Westdale Avenue Westerville, OH 43082
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(614) 797-2200 Dr. Donald Bigg NAVY 02-015 Selected for Award
Title:	Development of High Temperature Barrier Coating
Abstract:	METSS plans to develop an intumescent coating that can be applied and bonded to a steel structure that provides sufficient protection to keep the temperature of the steel below 325§F for at least 30 minutes. Two similar approaches will be examined for maximum cost and performance effectiveness. The first approach consists of a complex coating based on a polymeric binder. This coating will adhere strongly to steel, intumesce to form a strong, flake-resistant char foam that evolves heat absorbing water vapor and contains an infrared reflecting additive. This composition will contain hollow microspheres to reduce the density of the coating. Exfoliated nanoclays will be incorporated into the matrix polymer to strengthen the char foam. The second approach is a similarly complex ceramic-based coating. Ceramics do not burn, and therefore offer excellent fire resistance. Intumescent ceramic based coatings also release water, form an insulating foam, contain density reducing hollow microspheres, and IR reflecting additives. The most significant potential difference and the focus of the research relates to adhesion to the steel and the stability of the intumescent foam. The addition of IR reflecting additives represents a unique and significant addition to intumescent formulations. METSS proposal also addresses the critical issues of modifying both coatings systems to maximize adhesion to the steel, and the stability of the foam in order to meet the Navy's cost and performance goals. There are considerable benefits to developing a barrier coating system that prevents weakening of structural steel members during an intense fire. Fires, particularly those from petrochemical sources, produce very high temperatures and are similarly energetic. As such, they cannot only destroy combustible materials and structures, but also weaken nonflammable support structures such as steel. There are very significant material, structure, and life savings that can be realized by limiting the damage to structural members during an intense fire. The longer a structure can survive the greater the possibility of saving life and the structure. The Navy is not the only potential beneficiary of the development of high temperature barrier coatings. Commercial ships, cruise ships, oil platforms, petroleum processing facilities, chemical processing plants, commercial buildings, and hotels are among the structures that can benefit from improved fire barriers.

MAINSTREAM ENGINEERING CORPORATION 200 Yellow Place, Pines Industrial Center Rockledge, FL 32955
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(321) 631-3550 Mr. Lawrence R. Grzyll NAVY 02-016 Selected for Award
Title:	Demonstration of an Autocascade Cryocooler for Rapid Cooldown of OASIS Towed Bodies
Abstract:	The goal of the Phase I effort is to demonstrate Mainstream's innovative multi-stage autocascade refrigeration technology as a portable, temporary cooling system that could interface with an Organic Airborne and Surface Influence Sweep (OASIS) towed body to quickly cool the system and decrease the preparation time required to deploy it. Mainstream's autocascade refrigeration system incorporates several innovative technologies to provide high reliability and high efficiency in a shipboard and flightdeck environment. Previous demonstration experiments have shown that this technology has efficiencies as high as 20% of Carnot. The military application for this technology is of great importance to the Navy. There are also significant commercial applications for this technology. The immediate market for these systems are medical and biological laboratories and test facilities where the 1997 sales are between 20 and 40 million dollars. The semi-conductor industry, which uses cryocoolers for condensing impurities from gas streams used in wafer manufacture, is also very attractive.

DYNAMICS TECHNOLOGY, INC. 21311 Hawthorne Blvd., Suite 300 Torrance, CA 90503
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(310) 543-5433 Dr. Enson Chang NAVY 02-017 Selected for Award
Title:	Classification Enhanced Target Tracking
Abstract:	Anti-submarine warfare in shallow water is notoriously difficult, especially against low/no-doppler targets. Tracking is a useful means for differentiating a candidate contact from clutter tracks. However, weak target returns and high false alarm rates in the littoral often result in large number of false tracks and operator saturation. Current tracker-classifiers such as the ETC operate in a sequential mode with tracking preceding classification. A feedback loop that passes contact classification information back to the tracker can prune the number of false alarms significantly. Furthermore, certain contact features (e.g., its orientation) can be incorporated into the tracker's state vector to improve tracking performance. These and other potentially viable architectures are obviously more effective if the system has sufficient spatial resolution to resolve contact features. We propose to use our high-fidelity target and environmental simulations to assess the feasibility of several classification-enhanced tracking architectures based on the high azimuthal resolution offered by synthetic aperture processing. The enhanced tracking and classification techniques will find direct applications in any government and commercial activities that require active sonar, e.g., harbor surveillance and security, rapid coastal bathymetric mapping, location and characterization of environmental dumping in both U.S. and international waters, petrochemical and mineral exploration, harbor surveys for industrial and municipal outfall installation, and underwater search and recovery operations.

ORINCON CORPORATION 9363 Towne Centre Drive San Diego, CA 92121
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(858) 455-5530 Mr. Mike Kurnow NAVY 02-018 Selected for Award
Title:	Statistical Operator Workload Allocation to Maintain USW Performance
Abstract:	A major driver in total cost of ownership of Navy's surface combatants is the cost of manning the platforms. Reducing USW manning is an exceptionally difficult area ORINCON is already working under IUSW 21 automation. However, workstation automation addressed by that program provides no systematic methodology to allocate available operator workload to tasks both tactically significant and necessary to maintain acceptable performance. Additionally, all focus is on single manned USW operations without consideration for operators to flex and perform as a team. This SBIR will investigate and add innovative techniques for directing operator attention to high probability of importance actions which increase total performance of the USW system. Specifically, we will draw the operator's attention to areas having higher likelihood of a threat, insure his awareness of how well the underlying automated DCL is operating, and direct his attention to areas needing assistance. Methods for insitu grouping of automated DCL outputs into families will be investigated. Initial focus will be on the DCL problem, leaving work on other aspects of the USW workload until Phase II. We will also look at methods and rationale for distributing work across multiple operators with differing proficiency levels by extending workstation automation capabilities and doctrine already developed by ORINCON and TecFocus for IUSW-21. By using the existing IUSW-21 workstation automation as a starting point for this effort, the risk in accomplishing program objectives is reduced while the immediate benefit to the Navy is maximized. This Phase I SBIR effort will provide a demonstrable foundation for Phase II effort that will result in a comprehensive, automated, distributed, statistical USW workload capability integrated into IUSW-21 workstations and available for integration into continuing IUSW-21 ADM developments. The development and integration of statistical workload management techniques within the TAIPE technology intelligent user interface framework can be applied to numerous military and commercial domains that require an intelligent interactive control of complex systems by human operators, such as, power plant operations, space station operations, and advanced military C4ISR systems.

DESKIN RESEARCH GROUP, INC. 555 E. Weddell Drive Sunnyvale, CA 94089
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(408) 400-8036 Dr. James M. Marshall NAVY 02-019 Selected for Award
Title:	Robust Ultra High Frequency (UHF) Satellite Communications Protocol for UUVs
Abstract:	A program is proposed that is intended to develop recommended signaling technique(s), protocols and a system architecture that will permit robust UHF SATCOM communications to UUV platforms under adverse sea state conditions as high as sea state 4. The outage problems encountered on UUVs are similar in nature to outages encountered on UHF MSS Satellite links. This effort will apply the design and protocol development experience from a commercial UHF packet communications MSS satellite program to the UUV problem. Message delivery reliability and messaging services requirements are similar in nature to the UUV problem. It is anticipated that the results of this program in developing a robust link protocol will be mutually beneficial to the Navy as well as commercial MSS SATCOM. A second phase of this program will provide a technology demonstration under controlled laboratory conditions. A third phase will provide a prototype system for integration and testing into a UUV test vehicle. The proposed program affords the Navy the opportunity to solve both the washover problem and the robust link reliability problem of the UUV environment. The UUV environment while unique, does offer an opportunity to solve similar communication link problems that are encountered on mobile satellite networks. For example, the washover outage is similar to underpass outages of terrestrial ground mobile satellite links. This is not an area most commercial satellite developers would be focused on, but it is relevant to the class of MSS Satellites that DRG has developed. It is anticipated that the results of this program in developing a robust link protocol will be mutually beneficial to the Navy as well as commercial MSS SATCOM.

WAVIX, INCORPORATED 8100 Professional Place, Suite 205 Landover, MD 20785
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(301) 459-6682 Dr. Jeffrey N. Shaumeyer NAVY 02-019 Selected for Award
Title:	Robust Ultra High Frequency (UHF) Satellite Communications Protocol for UUVs
Abstract:	Wavix proposes to capitalize on its unique combination of expertise in satellite communications and oceanographic systems to develop an optimized-protocol solution to the problem of RF satellite communications in disadvantaged marine environments. Our solution will invoke a diverse but coordinated array of noise-mitigation techniques that function at the lowest levels of the 7-layer OSI Model, namely, the Physical Layer and the Link Layer of the protocol. In this Phase-I effort we will characterize the physical marine environment for the requirements it places on RF systems. Working from those requirements, we will develop a parameterized conceptual model for low-level protocols that addresses the degraded performance faced by maritime users. We will also consider compatible error-reduction strategies and approaches to embedding higher-level protocols that can further increase data-transmission efficiency. In modeling the low-level protocol, our requirements analysis will go beyond just noise characteristics. We also will consider constraints imposed by the physical limitations of the application, e.g., small UUVs or profiling buoys of limited power, weight, and size, as well as compatibility with existing UHF SATCOM systems. Wavix has an ongoing business in satellite communications, with our current major customer being users of e-mail services in developing countries. Our intention from the start was, and remains, to serve the oceanographic community with a system that can retrieve data from buoys. The system we currently have in place is achieving this goal but with some serious limitations. The protocol envisioned for this effort will increase our link margins somewhat allowing us to decrease antenna size enough to serve a larger customer base. In addition, it will allow us to increase our current system capacity as well as the density of users in any particular location. There are other niche markets that such a system can serve that, when aggregated, become a significant opportunity. There is a high demand world-wide for inexpensive data transmission services. By dropping the price for such services, many new markets will open, such as providing inexpensive e-mail and data services on ships for crew and passengers and supporting Arctic, Antarctic, and other scientific research in remote areas. A satellite system designed to serve oceanographic research can easily accommodate these other niche markets.

CONTINENTAL CONTROLS AND DESIGN, INC. 1921 N. Gaffey Suite J San Pedro, CA 90731
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(310) 831-8669 Mr. James P. Hynes NAVY 02-020 Selected for Award
Title:	Remote Controlled Non-Gasoline Burning Water Craft
Abstract:	In this project we investigate non-gasoline burning, remote controlled, high speed surface craft. The possibilities include an improved Roboski, modified for heavy fuel. Orbital Engines designs and oversees the manufacture of direct injection fuel management systems for many of the current PWC manufacturers. They will help us modify the injection and ignition maps, and recommend compression changes for jp5 and DFM fuel. We also consider slightly smaller (<200lb) craft, powered by 50-100cc stochiometric homogeneous charge combustion ignition engines. That's a fancy name for the `model airplane diesel' that was developed almost 50 years ago. As a third option, we investigate a 16' target based on a COTS diesel stern drive or outboard. Working as much as possible with existing technology, and teaming with good people, we should be able to demonstrate multiple solutions in Phase 1 Everybody in the defense field is looking for non-gasoline burning engines. Both the air-assisted direct injection, and the stochiometric HCCI approaches are promising approaches.

GSE, INC. 219 East Enterprise St., P.O. Box 7743 Incline Village, NV 89450
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(775) 831-3917 Mr. Greg Stevenson NAVY 02-020 Selected for Award
Title:	Remote Controlled Non-Gasoline Burning Water Craft
Abstract:	Current DoD policy prohibits the procurement of future combat systems dependent on gasoline type fuels, while simultaneously Congress strongly supports DoD acquisitions that are based on Commercial off-the-shelf solutions. Commercial recreational equipment such as Personal Watercraft and outboard motors have high-speed performance, fitted with optimum lightweight, compact, efficient transmission and propeller designs. Near term federal regulations mandated by the EPA have influenced PWC and outboard manufactures to convert high-end 2-cycle gasoline powerplants to Direct Cylinder Fuel Injection. (i.e.: OMC-FICHT or Mercury orbital). These spark injection (SI) technologies have greatly reduced the emissions of 2-cycle engines operating on gasoline, but are limited in performance on kerosene based fuels such as Diesel #2. This proposal outlines a true multi-fuel compression ignition (CI) technology that operates at speeds comparable to existing gasoline SI engines up to 8,000 RPM. The brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) of the CI cycle is 75-80% of the SI cycle at the same RPM. Therefore the proposed approach operates at high speed on multi-fuels enabling direct injection with a comparable specific output. Since the CI cycle is immune to detonation of low octane kerosene fuel, higher power is immediately available through the adoption of some form of supercharge. Both military and commercial applications will benefit directly with a high-speed diesel technology yielding a specific weight ratio comparable to current gasoline engines. The ability to operate a small diesel at high speed represents the potential for a paradigm shift in commercial applications that are to vast to list.

AIR CYCLE CORPORATION 2000 S. 25th Avenue, Suite C Broadview, IL 60155
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(708) 344-7860 Mr. Richard Beierwaltes NAVY 02-021 Selected for Award
Title:	Fluorescent Light Compression/Containment
Abstract:	Disposal of spent fluorescent lamps everywhere, and on ships in particular, is made difficult by the hazardous levels of both liquid and vaporous mercury they contain. Existing practice is storing whole lamps for on-shore disposal, which is both expensive and dangerous - storage space, unnecessary handling, accidental breakage (due to the handling of long tubes of glass in confined areas) with related vapor releases, and higher final disposal cost are common deterrents. We propose a drum-mounted, lamp-crushing machine with powder and mercury vapor capture to allow for safe and clean compacting of spent lamps at sea. The machine will be simple to operate, durable and extremely compact: machine and the waste container combined will be no larger than 24x34x40" high. Having manufactured and sold more than 3000 lamp crushing systems worldwide, we will draw on our ten plus years of experience to optimize a system for the Navy. Air Cycle proposes either a secondary on-ship purifying system designed to remove remaining mercury from the containerized lamp waste or a low cost nationwide recycling program currently offered by Air Cycle to pick up, transport, and recycle the lamp waste at designated, permitted recycling facilities. Because we are already a commercial business manufacturing lamp crushers, we can immediately capitalize on the products that will come out of this effort.

RISSER TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING COMPANY 2724 W. Palomino Dr. Chandler, AZ 85224
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(480) 755-4554 Mr. Scott J. Risser NAVY 02-021 Selected for Award
Title:	Fluorescent Light Compression/Containment
Abstract:	A low cost fluorescent light bulb processing system having a very small footprint less than an average students desk has been proposed. The system will render the solid components of the bulb non-hazardous for recycling or disposal in a typical refuse landfill. The system crushes the bulb and removes the mercury contained in them. The processed bulb is disposed in a non-hazardous metal receptacle for recycling or disposal. The mercury is verified to be in the elemental form using an R-TEC proprietary reactor system and fixed on a solid substrate for subsequent recovery or disposal as hazardous material. The system allows the Navy to dispose of spent fluorescent light bulbs in an environmentally and hygienically acceptable method that saves space on-board ship and can be used at land bases as well. Fluorescent light bulbs provide some of the most efficient white light of any electric light source. However, the mechanism producing the light utilizes a hazardous material, mercury. This ingredient requires that the spent bulb be land filled as hazardous waste. An efficient, cost and space effective processing system that can remove and efficiently immobilize the mercury from the bulb material would allow the glass and metal to be disposed as non-hazardous refuse or be recycled. The mercury could be reclaimed or land filled. The danger of breakage and the hassles of storage of large quantities of bulbs before land filling would be eliminated. This is of major benefit to both the environment and the large quantity fluorescent bulb user.

BMH ASSOCIATES, INC. 5365 Robin Hood Road, Suite 100 Norfolk, VA 23513
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(757) 857-5670 Dr. David Cavitt NAVY 02-022 Selected for Award
Title:	Front-end Controller for an Intelligent Synthetic Forces Simulation Engine
Abstract:	The Battle Force Tactical Training (BFTT) system provides realistic, high-stress combat team training. Current implementation relies upon pre-scripted simulation in the synthetic battlespace, resulting in rigid and non-interactive behavior. JSAF models have been integrated into BFTT to begin addressing limitations. However, BFTT must be further enhanced to 1) provide an operator interface to facilitate dynamic instantiation, monitoring and tasking ISF entities; and 2) improve representation and reasoning capabilities of ISF entities. This paper proposes developing a "distributed reasoning" architecture to support new behavioral component integration and take advantage of technologies and approaches not supported by JSAF. These "plug-able" behavioral entities will be attached to BFTT via an HLA "bus" and will drive existing JSAF physical models via the SAF Generic Model Interface. Exploring this new architecture and as proof of concept, a well-understood/simple behavioral model will be re-implemented using LISA, an open source platform supporting intelligent software agent development. Finally, to support operator interaction, a dynamic, enhanced representation of entity subsystems will be developed. This capability will allow BFTT to 1) observe or manipulate a synthetic entity's reasoning and behavioral models interactively; and 2) add/remove behaviors during runtime. The proposed architecture will significantly enhance the combat training environment. A distributed reasoning environment that leverages existing JSAF physical models provides an opportunity to develop more powerful and sophisticated behavioral and reasoning components that can take advantage of a wide array of applied AI technologies.

MAK TECHNOLOGIES 185 Alewife Brook Parkway Cambridge, MA 02138
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(617) 876-8085 Mr. Kevin Johnson NAVY 02-022 Selected for Award
Title:	Front-end Controller for an Intelligent Synthetic Forces Simulation Engine
Abstract:	The Battle Force Tactical Training (BFTT) System is currently being deployed and used aboard US Navy ships to provide realistic combat training. The BFTT instructors provide pre-scripted scenarios to students based on training objectives. The setup of these pre-scripted scenarios is labor intensive, and the execution of the scenario is fairly brittle, requiring significant intervention by instructors to keep the scenario believable. Significant improvement in training value, and significant reduction in instructor time spent crafting, customizing, and running exercises can be enjoyed through the development of more advanced technologies in exercise setup, and computer generated entity intelligence. MAK will develop new versions of its COTS product line to meet the needs of the BFTT program. The underlying VR-Link toolkit will be FOM-mapped for the NTMF, thereby making all MAK products NMTF compliant. A Subsurface Stealth will be derived from the MAK Stealth for underwater 3D visualization, and an Automated Laydown Engine will be developed on the VR-Forces CGF toolkit, to include adaptable behaviors for Naval vessels, and high-level behavioral interface for the user. In addition, MAK will make its current scenario file format generic and propose it as an industry standard in the SISO process. This effort will result in several benefits that will help the BFTT program and the Navy in general going forward. An NTMF compliant product line will exist. A well-known developer?s toolkit (VR-Link) will enable other simulation developers to make NTMF compliant federates. A COTS replacement for JSAF, with a much friendlier user interface, will make the lives of BFTT instructors much easier, and an industry-wide standard for CGF scenario interchange will enable scenarios to be swapped between CGFs. By the end of Phase II, we expect to have the following accomplishments commercialized and institutionalized not only within the BFTT program, but benefiting the entire Navy: 1. NTMF Compliant VR-Link, 2. NTMF Compliant VR-Forces toolkit, 3. NTMF version of Stealth, 4. NTMF version of PVD, 5. NTMF version of Data Logger, 6. Industry standard scenario file format.

DIVERSIFIED TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 35 Wiggins Ave. Bedford, MA 01730
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 275-9444 Dr. Ian Roth NAVY 02-023 Selected for Award
Title:	Shipboard Power Conversion
Abstract:	Legacy electronics require 400-Hz power, and need a frequency converter to operate with 60-Hz ship power. A converter is specifically needed for submarine weapon systems. This converter should produce low conducted and radiated emission, should be sufficiently cooled, and should deliver a well-regulated output into transient and non-linear loads. DTI will develop a switching frequency converter that meets these specifications. This will be done by using high-frequency switching, well-designed filters, high-gain feedback with a large phase margin, and mounting all power components on a cold plate. The Weapon Power Converter developed under this SBIR will completely meet the specific power-converter specifications, as well as the Navy's overall need for reliable, safe, and maintainable electronics systems. This approach will also provide a cost-effective solution for other frequency converter requirements - in the military, and for commercial applications where frequency conversion is required, such as between 50 and 60 Hz, and various military and commercial aircraft support. Furthermore, the controls developed here, in conjunction with DTI's high-voltage switching technology, are applicable to a wide range of commercial and military power-conditioning and control applications, including power factor correction, VAR compensation, and Flexible AC Transmission Systems.

SATCON TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 161 First Street Cambridge, MA 02142
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(617) 349-0114 Mr. Andrew Barnett NAVY 02-023 Selected for Award
Title:	Shipboard Power Conversion
Abstract:	SatCon Technology Corporation proposes to develop a modular, expandable 60 Hz to 400 Hz power converter system for shipboard power conversion applications. The proposal objectives in support of this converter are twofold. The primary objective will be to implement a converter that meets the output power, voltage regulation, transient response, and nonlinear load requirements defined by Navy SBIR # N02-023 and the references given by that SBIR, specifically Reference 2, "Weapon Power Converter Procurement Specification, dated 5/15/01". The second objective will be to implement a modular control topology that will allow for parallel operation of multiple converters into a common load while maintaining independent control and operation of the individual converters. In this manner higher power 400 Hz load requirements can be met by parallel connection of multiple converters into the common load while drawing power from a single common 60 Hz source. The modular, stackable design will allow multiple 60 Hz to 400 Hz converters to be connected in parallel to meet higher power load requirements. Independent control of each converter will minimize unwanted interactions and circulation of power between individual converters and will allow each converter to source an equal portion of the net load. The control topology can be applied to higher power converters as well, increasing system flexibility. The primary commercial use of the resulting converter will be for Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) applications. This will require a change in output frequency from the 400 Hz requirement however this is a minor control issue. SatCon in fact produces an in-line UPS, rated at 100KVA steady state and 150KVA peak, that combines a 480 Volt three phase input with a low voltage dc input from a battery or similar energy storage device to provide uninterruptible 480 Volt three phase 60 Hz power. The control topology that will be developed under this proposal is directly applicable to this and other higher power converters. The ability to independently stack multiple converters in parallel will significantly enhance the market potential of SatCon's in-line UPS product line. The baseline low power 60 Hz to 400 Hz converters could be adapted to UPS applications for critical point loads, with varying power levels met by stacking the proper number of converters in parallel.

PROGENY SYSTEMS CORPORATION 8809 Sudley Road, Suite 101 Manassas, VA 20110
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(703) 368-6107 Mr. Michael W. Redden NAVY 02-024 Selected for Award
Title:	Automated/Simplified Weapons OMI
Abstract:	Consistent with the NAVSEA identified need for reducing the timeline from target acquisition to time of fire, Progeny Systems Corporation is pleased to propose the development of streamlined displays, a knowledge based computing tool kit and remote display access for achieving this goal. By approaching this need with a three pronged approach, we feel that we can best meet the needs of NAVSEA and the fleet in enhancing weapon employment.Among the expected favorable characteristics are: (1) De-clutter/Streamline current Combat Control Displays to enhance "user friendliness" and speed weapon employment; (2) Shorten the number of manual steps required by an operator; (3) Integrate disparate data sources into a machine recommended set of tactics that can be approved/modified by an operator; (4) Update current displays into a more modern/adaptable display software language; and (5) Provide remote/wireless access to decision makers both within the attack center as well as at other locations. The results of this SBIR effort are expected to be widely applicable to both commercial facilities that can use or are currently using expert system technology as well as all current U.S. and foreign maritime assets.

MIKEL, INC 2050 W. Warm Springs Rd, #1923 Henderson, NV 89014
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(702) 521-4020 Mr. Brian Guimond NAVY 02-025 Selected for Award
Title:	Non-collinear Wave-front Curvature Range Measurement
Abstract:	Improvements in wave front curvature (WFC) techniques to account for non-collinear sensor placements will decrease acquisition costs associated with submarine WFC ranging systems. Because the number and placement of sensors is not constrained to be collinear, improved target localization coverage and accuracy is achievable at reduced cost. This work will specifically develop time difference of arrival (TDOA) estimation algorithms using generalized cross correlators, matched filters and leading edge detectors. Target localization algorithms will be developed that estimate the target's range, bearing and depression elevation angle based on the TDOAs measured from non-collinear sensor pairs. The localization algorithms will consider the number of sensor placements as well as varying sound speed profiles and inexact knowledge of the hydrophone postions when processing the TDOAs to determine target range, bearing and depression/elevation angle. A laboratory simulation will be developed to test the performance of the TDOA and target localization estimation algorithms. Finally, a sensitivity analysis will be peformed using monte carlo methods to determine target localization accuracy as a function of target geometry, TDOA accuracy, number of hydrophones and hydrophone spacing/geometry. The use of TDOA estimation for localization of moving objects has been successfully utilized in systems such as GPS and LORAN. It is expected that the successful development of an underwater "GPS like system" for tracking acoustic emissions of stationary and moving underwater objects will have great applicabity in marine mammal as well as oil and gas exploration activities including underwater seismic measurements.

OCEAN ACOUSTICAL SERVICES AND INSTRUMENTATION SYST 5 Militia Drive Lexington, MA 02421
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 862-8339 Philip Abbot NAVY 02-025 Selected for Award
Title:	Non-collinear Wave-front Curvature Range Measurement
Abstract:	Present submarine passive sonars utilize collinearly located sensors to obtain target range by the method of Wavefront Curvature Ranging (WCR). The requirement for sensor collinearity creates difficult and costly installation problems. Thus, the goal of the proposed effort is to demonstrate the technical feasibility of using non-collinear sensors and a WCR method to obtain range, bearing and D/E estimates of incoming threat targets in the frequency range of 1 kHz to 100 kHz. The feasibility will address the following issues: 1) basic physics and geometry, including range, accuracy, sensor number, location; 2) acoustics, signal and noise, including time delay estimation, signal properties, sensor properties, shallow water environments, sensor backing impedance; and 3) advanced signal processing techniques. Also, practical system issues such as optimizing the use of onboard sensors, system architecture and integration, and cost-benefit tradeoffs will be evaluated. A preliminary design for a cost-effective, reliable, and robust acoustic intercept (AI) system will be developed. The system will likely utilize the existing AN/WSQ-9 sensors working in conjunction with other sensors. A plan to demonstrate the system feasibility will be provided for the Phase II effort. The end benefit is a significantly improved Acoustic Intercept System for the protection of submarines.

IDOLON TECHNOLOGIES 72 Stone Place Melrose, MA 02176
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 665-9200 Mr. George Hovorka NAVY 02-026 Selected for Award
Title:	Sealing Method for Odor Barrier Bags (OBBs)
Abstract:	The requirement for an inexpensive portable odor barrier bag sealer arises from the need to reliably close these bags in a variety of Navy shipboard applications. The objective of the Phase 1 is to determine the feasibility of a lightweight and portable odor bag sealer that will be highly reliable, lightweight, quiet and low-cost. This device will have a simple user interface and rugged construction. It is a further objective to demonstrate the feasibility of a "smart sealer" system that is able to automatically compensate for variations in the odor barrier bag and the environment in which the bag is sealed. The aim of the proposed program is to build a prototype unit and evaluate it under a variety of realistic operational scenarios. The results of this work are expected to be a odor barrier bag sealing system that can be used in a variety of military situations. The application of this device will also include commercial food service and will have applications in industry where a reliable device with a simple user interface is required.

TEXAS RESEARCH INSTITUTE AUSTIN, INC. 9063 Bee Caves Road Austin, TX 78733
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(512) 263-2101 Dr. M. Dingus/Mr. P. Hall NAVY 02-026 Selected for Award
Title:	Sealing Method for Odor Barrier Bags (OBBs)
Abstract:	The U. S. Navy has a requirement to meet the provisions of the Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships (APPS) before the current exemption for submarines expires. Currently, plastic waste is compacted inside an Odor Barrier Bag (OBB), then placed inside another OBB, heat sealed, and stored or ejected. The OBBs, when sealed properly, have kept noxious odors from being released. The Doboy electric heat sealer currently used to make the seals is difficult to use, inconsistent, expensive, loud, unreliable, and requires too much skill. TRI/Austin proposes to develop a sealing approach especially for submarines and other Naval vessels required to seal plastic waste in OBBs. Naval vessels have a wide array of power sources available. TRI will examine the feasibility of using a submarine specific sealer powered by electricity, compressed air, or other sources. A steam powered sealer will also be examined for applications where steam is available in the galley area such as surface ships. Alternative approaches, such as mechanical seals and enhanced adhesive technology, will be considered as well. The ideal approach will allow Naval vessels to achieve their mission, meet the requirements of APPS, and provide enhanced quality of life for sailors. A shipboard compatible heat sealer will be developed to meet the unique demands of shipboard use. This device will be designed with few moving parts, contributing to greater reliability, and the device will be repairable onboard and require no skill to use effectively. The same benefits will be useful on all Navy and Coast Guard vessels, plus commercial and NATO naval ships around the world.

B&B ENGINEERING 78349 Kistler Way Palm Desert, CA 92211
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(760) 200-4406 Dr. Robert A. Sielski NAVY 02-027 Selected for Award
Title:	Submarine Rescue Chamber/Hold-down Installation Via Underwater Friction Stud Welding Using Atmospheric Diving Systems
Abstract: Abstract not available...

DIGITAL SYSTEM RESOURCES, INC. 12450 Fair Lakes Circle, Suite 625 Fairfax, VA 22033
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(703) 263-2889 Dr. Bill Mahood NAVY 02-028 Selected for Award
Title:	Advance Algorithm for Total Ship Monitoring Improvements
Abstract:	The Navy has recently exerted a focused management effort TSMS for submarines, resulting in significant progress in several areas. TSMS functionality includes noise detection, noise localization, and extrapolation of measured noise to far field vulnerability. Due to limited research and development funding, none of these functional areas has received concerted attention for algorithmic improvement since the implementation of existing TSMS baselines. In our view TSMS is not primarily an analysis workstation but a tactical tool to identify acoustic vulnerabilities as promptly and quantitatively as possible, and to identify actions required for mitigation. While the current baseline makes it a valuable measurement and diagnostic asset, it has potential to be a prominent tool used establish and maintain tactical control against threat submarines. DSR intends to focus on the goals of making TSMS more tactically useful and less operator intensive. This SBIR topic presents an opportunity to explore and develop significant improvements to the TSMS functional capabilities. The opportunity for transition of any developed improvements is especially good since the modularity of the current TSMS COTS-based software baseline can support a wide range of processing improvements flexibly and without architectural impact. DSR proposes to identify improvements in five specific areas of TSMS performance: ú More rigorous transient detection and characterization, integrating data from accelerometers and hydrophones; ú Automated classification and identification of offending steady state and transient signals; ú More automated localization of offending signals, integrating data from accelerometers and hydrophones; ú Improved estimation of far field tactical vulnerability from own ship noise; and ú Identification of simplified and more tactically useful OMI.

ALPHATECH, INC. 50 Mall Road Burlington, MA 01803
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 273-3388 Dr. Peter B. Weichman NAVY 02-029 Selected for Award
Title:	Non-Gaussian Likelihood Detectors for Broadband Active Sonar
Abstract:	In shallow water environments or using broadband processing, sonar signals can exhibit highly non-Gaussian noise statistics due to the discrete nature of the background returns from different clutter elements in different range/bearing resolution cells. Optimal likelihood detectors rely crucially on accurate noise statistics estimation, and poor fits to an assumed Gaussian PDF can lead to increased false alarm rates when the true PDF is heavy tailed. We will implement both empirical and physics-based models of non-Gaussian clutter statistics, in order in improved likelihood detectors. For example, physics-based forms for bottom reverberation statistics may be derived from assumed forms for the scale-dependent surface roughness spectra, which also provide models for statistical correlation between different range cells. SIRV or Gaussian mixture model parameterizations will be used to construct rapidly computable analytic or semi-analytic forms for the PDF. Our approach smoothly interpolates between the low frequency regime (100 Hz to 1000 Hz) to mid and high frequency ranges. This is because our acoustic models have natural low, middle and high frequency implementations, and because of the adaptive nature of our models for the clutter returns. We also propose to develop criteria to optimize active waveforms for improved suppression of clutter interference. The improved detection performance of broadband active sonar systems equipped with algorithms capable of exploiting the non-Gaussian statistics of the shallow water littorals promise to provide great benefits to the government and private sector. Some of the areas where the increased performance of sonars will be of benefit include search and rescue, harbor safety, fish finding and marine resource management, drug interdiction, and a variety of other Coast Guard related activities. The generality of the approach will also allow direct application of our results to high-resolution radar problems.

KAZAK COMPOSITES INCORPORATED 32 Cummings Park Woburn, MA 01801
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 932-5667 Dr. Jerome Fanucci NAVY 02-030 Selected for Award
Title:	Simplified, Low Cost, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Recovery System
Abstract:	The Navy is rapidly committing to Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in support of fleet operations. Current systems for recovering these vehicles are difficult and labor intensive to employ. KCI, working with Bath Iron Works, proposes to design and build a new UAV recovery device that serves three purposes: launch, recovery and transport. The concept, essentially a multi-functional wheeled platform incorporating a unique, low cost arresting mechanism to capture and hold the landing UAV, will be made using a combination of stainless steel and pultruded composite structural elements fabricated by KCI for this application. We will draw heavily on experience gained in the design and fabrication of a similar multifunctional system for the Air Force. Our proposed capture system will eliminate the need for the 100 pound device currently carried by the specified baseline vehicle, greatly increasing its effective payload. In Phase I KCI will work directly with BIW to conceive and iterate various system alternatives, compare them with our baseline system, and discuss the best of the alternative with the Navy. We will also develop test methods, fabricate test specimens and perform experimental studies to determine the effectiveness of our proposed vehicle arresting system. KCI's proposed solution for the UAV recovery problem will provide the Navy with a low cost, light weight, corrosion resistant platform that greatly reduces manpower required to launch and recover UAVs. A side benefit of KCI's unique method for capturing the UAV is the elimination of the need for a 100 pound probe on the vehicle, greatly increasing the payload of the UAV. The proposed capture system technology has direct application to other hardware programs currently underway at KCI.

SYSTEMS PLANNING AND ANALYSIS, INC. 7331 Hanover Pkwy, Suite D Greenbelt, MD 20770
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(301) 474-1310 Dr. Jason S. Kiddy NAVY 02-030 Selected for Award
Title:	Advanced Ship/UAV Recovery, Securing and Handling Interface
Abstract:	Systems Planning and Analysis, Inc. (SPA) proposes to develop a novel shipboard recovery, securing, and handling interface for the VTUAV and other helicopter systems. This system will be designed to effectively recover the landing UAV without human intervention. During the Phase I effort, the effectiveness of the automatic guidance and securing systems will be analyzed and demonstrated. Handling and transportation of the aircraft will also be possible without disengaging the securing mechanism. Furthermore, the proposed system will overcome a major deficiency in current systems by requiring the aircraft to be outfitted with only a securing pin in place of 200 lb grappling hook. Use of a single attachment point will allow for the aircraft to be easily rotated into the wind during takeoffs. Furthermore, the handling system will have a limited logistical burden and can be integrated with little to no modification of the existing ship structure. The proposed system will provide benefits for all shipboard helicopter flight operations. This low-cost, simplistic recovery, securing, and handling system will benefit both military and commercial helicopter operators. The proposed system is especially attractive as a retrofit to current vessels which have limited resources or use of helicopters where a more advanced recovery system is economically prohibitive.

AGILE SYSTEMS, INC 3050 Clover Road Bethel, OH 45106
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(513) 734-7009 Mr. James P. Karlen NAVY 02-031 Selected for Award
Title:	Automated Bin-Picking and Package Delivery System
Abstract:	Opportunities exist to use sensor-guided robotic manipulator systems on future surface combatants to automate the process of breaking-out palletized loads into individual packages and items, and to assemble mixed loads of such goods--to order--for delivery to end-users aboard ship. The system envisioned will be capable of handling provisions, consumables, spare parts and similar commodities originally delivered to the ship and stowed in storerooms on pallets or in containers. It will be designed such that the "hand-off" of packages from automation system to sailor assures crew safety and system reliability in high seas, and to be cost-effective. In Phase I, the preliminary design will be developed and its feasibility established through engineering and process analyses. In Phase II, an operational prototype of the bin-picking system will be built using commercial manipulators for laboratory tests and demonstrations, and designs for a shipboard model will be developed. In Phase III, a shipboard system will be built for tests on a Ship Motion Simulator and, ultimately, for sea trials. This automated bin-picking and package delivery system will be designed to be fully compatible with the NAVSTORS automated stowage and retrieval system and the Universal Loading Tray. - Reduced crew workload associated with shipboard palletized load break-out, package distribution and inventory control. - Enhanced crew safety during strike-down operations in high seas. - Robotic bin-picking systems for industrial applications.

BENEDICT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. 3660 Hartsfield Road Tallahassee, FL 32303
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(850) 576-1176 Mr. Charles E. Benedict, Ph.D.,P.E. NAVY 02-031 Selected for Award
Title:	Automated Shipboard Provisions and Material Transfer System
Abstract:	Automated storage and retrieval systems have proven effective methods of increasing efficiency and lowering overhead costs in many land-based industries. Implementing such systems in Navy Destroyer class ships is the objective of the next generation DDX. Automated or semi-automated storage and retrieval systems (AS/RS) improve the efficiency of and reduce manpower required for storing, retrieving and tracking inventory. An (AS/RS) decreases time needed to re-supply the ship and retrieve supplies on demand, while increasing the stowage capacity of the ship, a direct result from more efficient use of manpower and space in the cargo hold. Before a system concept can be developed to fit (or retrofit) the destroyer or any vessel, a thorough spatial analysis must be performed to assess feasibility. This analysis will allow insight into design content selection, clearly show features most critical for a successful systems operation, and provide information for simulating the entire system. Thus, development time and cost of the scaled model in Phase II will be reduced, allowing for more effective design effort to be spent on creating an evolutionary, cost effective, rugged, user-friendly, and operationally reliable AS/RS, which satisfies shipboard constraints and restrictions. No strike down is required. Development of this automated or semi-automated storage/retrieval system AS/AR as described in this proposal will benefit many existing industries by providing a low cost, reliable system, which will improve inventory tracking and maximize storage density. Currently, billions of dollars are spent annually on the installation, maintenance and management of inventory through the use of existing storage and material retrieval system. The simplicity of the proposal concept, coupled with its multidirectional capability by use of multiple transporters will enable many businesses to automat3e their material handling of inventory, whereas in the past this was cost prohibited. Thus, they will become more cost competitive and profitable. Industries that will benefit include but are not limited to: military logistics commands, distribution warehouses, assembly lines, baggage handling (both airline and cruise ship), and parcel/package services such as FedEx, UPS, and the U.S. Postal Service. This system will also translate into future applications in the medical industry for homebound and handicap patient mobility.

FOSTER-MILLER, INC. 350 Second Ave. Waltham, MA 02451
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 684-4096 Mr. William Leary NAVY 02-031 Selected for Award
Title:	Automating the Navy's Provision and Material Transfer System
Abstract:	Foster-Miller proposes to develop a plan to automate a portion of the Navy's existing provision and material transfer system. Current methodologies used in material and provision transfer onto and within Navy ships are manpower intensive, sometimes unsafe, and don't utilize the more modern equipment and automation processes found in private industry. Furthermore, the readiness of the Navy is diminished through an inefficient flow of material and provisions through the system. Total asset visibility, through an automated information system, is the enabling technology for an automated PTS. Foster-Miller will explore current DOD and private sector initiatives to develop wireless asset tracking methods. A high-level automation solution will be developed in Phase I that will utilize a state-of-the-art wireless asset tracking system. Simulation modeling will be utilized as a tool for optimizing material flow and processes within the proposed PTS solution. This system will be the basis for a laboratory prototype to be built and demonstrated in a Phase II program. (P-020166) Automation of the Navy's provision and material transfer system will reduce the highly intensive manpower operations currently in place, improve safety, improve planning and logistics, utilize space more efficiently, reduce signature impacts, reduce outfitting requirements, and improve overall readiness. Potential opportunities exist for utilizing asset identification and automation in all material transfer operations within the DOD and commercial sector.

ADVANCED ROTORCRAFT TECHNOLOGY, INC. 1685 Plymouth Street, Suite 250 Mountain View, CA 94043
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(650) 968-1464 Dr. Chengjian He NAVY 02-032 Selected for Award
Title:	Modeling Tool for Design, Manning, and Training of Shipboard Aircraft Operations
Abstract:	Increased reliance on shipboard deployment of aircraft in modern combat operations has placed increased demands on the efficiency and safety of shipboard aircraft operations. The ability to optimize design parameters early in the development cycle can result in considerable savings. A shipboard aircraft operations modeling and simulation tool is needed to provide early evaluation and modification of design variables to facilitate safe and efficient shipboard aircraft operations with minimal cost. The operational scenarios modeled with this tool will also be valuable training aids for shipboard personnel. ART has developed FLIGHTLAB, the leading commercial modeling and simulation tool for rotorcraft. Under recent Navy SBIRs, specialized capabilities to model the Dynamic Interface phenomena of shipboard landing have been added to FLIGHTLAB, in support of Shipboard flight testing. Operational scenarios using detailed rotorcraft dynamics models and a nonlinear ship dynamics model in FLIGHTLAB are being used to evaluate operating limits. ART's visualization products, PilotStation and FL_PLAYBACK, provide three dimensional rendering, animation and replay of the scenarios modeled in FLIGHTLAB to aid in assessing their safety and efficiency. Under this Phase I SBIR, ART proposes to expand FLIGHTLAB's shipboard modeling and simulation to address the impact of modifications in the ship's design on shipboard aircraft operations. Graphical editing tools can be used to interactively alter the ship's geometry and the revised parameters can be accessed by FLIGHTLAB and PilotStation to explore the effect on the ship's airwake and on the ship's dynamic response to sea state. Under Phase II, combat operations and the modeling and animation of human resources will be added, a training application will be developed, and the ship design capability will be expanded. The proposed effort is a logical extension of FLIGHTLAB's existing ship/aircraft modeling capability and will result in a new product with significant commercial potential. A modeling and simulation tool for the design of ships and shipboard operations to support aviation will allow the design to be optimized early in the life cycle, resulting in significant cost savings. The utilization of the design tool to create training applications will improve safety and operational efficiency. Potential customers for the design tool include research and development organizations, Government acquisition organizations, and commercial organizations involved in the development of new ships to support aircraft operations. The training tool should be of use to all personnel involved in shipboard aircraft operations both individually and networked for collective training. The tool can also support design and training for aircraft operations on offshore platforms and be used to optimize aircraft for shipboard operations.

SONALYSTS, INC. 215 Parkway North, P.O. Box 280 Waterford, CT 06385
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(860) 326-3770 Mr. Daniel L. Bowden NAVY 02-032 Selected for Award
Title:	Modeling Tool for Design, Manning, and Training of Shipboard Aircraft Operations
Abstract:	Sonalysts, Inc. proposes to develop a networked modeling tool to demonstrate design, manning, and training of shipboard aircraft operations. This project will leverage Sonalysts' commercial naval simulation technology to provide computations, graphics, video capture, and simulation for shipboard aviation operations model. This proof of concept will demonstrate the ability to simulate a variety of fixed wing, rotary, and unmanned aircraft during launch, recovery, and ground handling operations from different types of surface combat ships. This simulation will allow the user access to a 3-D camera view of the aircraft during these aircraft operations to determine structural interference, effects of ship's motion in various sea states, visibility and weather conditions. The Naval combat environment is included in the simulation for own-ship and associated aircraft to experience combat damage from other ships, aircraft, and ground-based objects. The proof of concept will include the ability to create and modify ship's geometry required in this simulation. Finally, this tool will demonstrate that the model development and execution processes can be bundled into a compact package for use during concept design. The application tool will be of a modular design to incorporate modifications and updates with changes in functionality, technology, and missions. Potential benefits derived from this research project will have applications to other military, government and commercial interests involving air operations. This concept design model could prove beneficial to U.S. Coast Guard, National Guard, police departments, federal agencies, and commercial aviation companies operating fixed wing and/or helicopter aircraft from a training perspective. The ability to conduct networked training using a computer-based simulation would benefit both individual and team training. Sonalysts, with a history of commercial military simulations, believes this project has strong potential to market as a software development kit option for a future commercial simulation product.

ALLIED SYSTEMS COMPANY 2300 Oregon St. Sherwood, OR 97140
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(503) 625-2560 Mr. Robert Nourse NAVY 02-033 Selected for Award
Title:	Automated Handling Systems for Launch and Recovery of Offboard Vehicles
Abstract:	The objective of this proposal is to describe an automated (or semi-automated) lightweight, low-cost handling system for lauch & recovery of offboard vehicles which can be fitted to existing Navy ships or designed into new classes of ships. Many of the systems required for this effort are either in preliminary development of have been developed. It is intended that by combining existing offboard handling techniques and integrating new technologies, a suitable system can be offered and demonstrated in a reasonable amount of time. The non-hydraulic systems to be developed and demonstrated as a result of this using modern Direct Torque Control variable-speed electric drives and Remote-controlled automation control systems. Reduced manning, safer handling and reduced total ownership costs with the proposed electric systems. Constant tension/heave compensation systems and pendulation control impose less shock on handling equipment and offboard vehicles (e.g. RIB's, Remote Minehunting Systems, ORCA semisubmersibles, and oceanographic research & exploration devices. Potential commercial applications include subsea exploration, oceanographic research, undersea mining, oil & gas exploration and multi-mission small boat handling for diving, rescue and related activities).

INTELLIGENT AUTOMATION, INC. 7519 Standish Place, Suite 200 Rockville, MD 20855
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(301) 222-0444 Dr. Donald Myers NAVY 02-033 Selected for Award
Title:	"Flying Carpet" Offboard Launch and Recovery System
Abstract:	A ship maintenance system, the "Flying Carpet" (FC), is being prototyped at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. FC is a work platform suspended by powered cables from the side of a dry dock to permit rapid placement of personnel and loads at the bow, stern, or sides of a ship. During this proposed SBIR program, Intelligent Automation, Inc. (IAI) will adapt the FC mechanism to launch and recovery of offboard vehicles. The FC systems offers several unique advantages, including complete six-degree-of-freedom control of the vehicle and the ability to actively control the stiffness of the vehicle carrier when contacting the vehicle. The FC also ensures stability against wind gusts and high sea states. To automate recover, we propose to investigate the use of a novel communications system that supports both two-way communications and range measurement. In Phase I IAI will produce a realistic dynamic simulation of the device in operational launch and recovery retrofitted to an existing ship. Automated handling systems are in great demand throughout industry; the oil exploration industry in particular employs a large number of off board vehicles and would have a use for such a system.

BEACON INTERACTIVE SYSTEMS 30 Spinelli Place Cambridge, MA 02138
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(617) 441-9229 Ms. ML Mackey NAVY 02-034 Selected for Award
Title:	Scalability and Reusability Methods for Intelligent Tutors and Job Performance Aids for the Maintenance of Reduced Manning Ships
Abstract:	Phase I of this solicitation sets the groundwork for the creation of an integrated intelligent tutoring and JPA solution. The work accomplished here addresses not only the status of the broader technical and business marketplaces, but also the specific needs of a sample system. By taking this multi-path approach, the solution will be on-topic for the Navy as well as for commercial organizations. At the heart of Phase I is the performance of a functional specification, or needs analysis, focused on a sample system. This in-depth analysis provides real-world basis for the development of patterns and methodologies used in creating a broad-based solution, one that can work in any type of environment and to any scale. Using a diverse team of engineers, analysts and scientists, methodologies for reusability, scalability, multi-modal information presentation, and porting will be developed. Phase I also includes a review of current marketplace initiatives such as SCORM in order to ensure compatibility, modularity and reusability. As a final step, Phase I will result in a conceptual design that takes into consideration not only research and methodologies, but also the capabilities of the chosen host application for meeting real-world needs. The anticipated benefits of this Phase I proposal is to take the results and create a commercially viable product for an immense and growing need. Based on a study by IDC, the market for E-learning solutions is growing at over 80% per year. The innovativeness of an integrated approach of learning and JPA in a multi-modal environment makes for a compelling market solution. Today, companies are looking for ways to cut costs, increase efficiency and provide better customer service as a way of increasing sales. By creating a dynamic and flexible system that combines on-demand intelligent tutors with contextual job performance aids, many companies will benefit. Beacon Interactive Systems is in an excellent position to provide this type of solution. Since our founding, we have been developing workflow, content delivery, collaboration and data sharing software systems in a variety of commercial environments. These systems have involved presenting data and information in a multi-modal environment, whether text, graphics, video or audio. Using our development capabilities in both software and hardware, we expect to push the envelope with ADL and SCORM and take it beyond simple training capabilities into the operational aspects of an organization, adding to the feasibility of commercialization.

MICRO ANALYSIS AND DESIGN, INC. 4949 Pearl East Circle, Suite 300 Boulder, CO 80301
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(517) 347-6117 Dr. Thomas Carolan NAVY 02-034 Selected for Award
Title:	Scalability and Reusability Methods for Intelligent Tutors and Job Performance Aids for the Maintenance of Reduced Manning Ships
Abstract:	The focus of this Phase I SBIR effort will be to research and develop a conceptual design for an integrated training and job performance aid system to target maintenance tasks aboard the reduced manning ships that are the future of the U.S. Navy. The ultimate tool that will result from this effort will be called the Maintenance Assistance and Training (MAT) package. This tool will include software modules that function, as both on demand training materials as well as real time job performance aids for specific maintenance tasks. The goal of MAT will be to provide an extensible software system composed of multiple levels of maintenance tasks (component to platform level) that can be utilized by maintenance personnel to not only improve their ability to perform required maintenance tasks, but also to function in a real time maintenance situation and provide the information required to perform the maintenance tasks. The final MAT system will be easily extensible to include new systems introduced to the ship, multiple levels of maintenance tasking and be capable of being deployed on reduced manning ships with minimal impact to the ship's computing resources. The research and development effort undertaken in Phase I of this SBIR has many potential benefits to both DoD and commercial organizations. Through the extensive research into creating an on-demand training and job performance aid system that is scalable, with reusable content that combines intelligent tutor methodology with what the latest developments in distance learning architecture and hands free computing the resulting system will represent a leap forward in JPA's and on demand training for maintenance tasks. The methods developed in the creation of MAT will be easily transferable to industrial maintenance environments where training is infrequent and job performance aids are not readily available.

SONALYSTS, INC. 215 Parkway North, P.O. Box 280 Waterford, CT 06385
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(860) 326-3760 Mr. John L. Wayne NAVY 02-034 Selected for Award
Title:	Scalability and Reusability Methods for Intelligent Tutors and Job Performance Aids for the Maintenance of Reduced Manning Ships
Abstract:	This Phase I effort will include a detailed methodology for the dual-use application of an intelligent tutoring system Domain Expert that supports training, and that also functions as an Intelligent Agent that supports performance in a maintenance setting. Techniques for scaling Domain Expert software to support training from system- to component-level will be examined. The Tactical Readiness Instruction, Authoring, and Delivery (TRIAD) delivery mechanism will be used to provide electronic documentation support in both training and performance support settings. Sonalysts ExpertTrainTM simulation-based intelligent tutoring technology will be leveraged to support design of the Domain Expert/Intelligent Agent and Learner Model. Phase II will include development of a prototype training/performance support system for maintenance tasks. This research will significantly contribute to the cost-effective development of training and performance support applications for a given domain. In other words, if the decision is made to build an Intelligent Agent to provide performance support in a certain domain, then that same software can be used (with minimal modification) to provide training support in the same domain; and vice-versa. We expect that the technology developed under this SBIR topic will be employed in future naval ships (DD (X), CVNX, etc.), and within the Navy's afloat- and shore-based maintenance and training infrastructures.

APPLIED ORDNANCE TECHNOLOGY 103 Paul Mellon Court, Suite A Waldorf, MD 20602
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(301) 863-0422 Mr. William A. Schroeder NAVY 02-035 Selected for Award
Title:	Integrated Ship Environmental Management System (IS-EMS)
Abstract:	Phase I will define the requirements and architecture of a shipboard environmental compliance information and tracking system that is web-enabled and supported by a shore side website for information aggregation and dissemination based on extensive prior experience with web and/or GIS-enabled technologies in an environmental analysis and documentation environment. The objective of this research project is to develop a software tool that will facilitate and enable the development and use of a functional Environmental Management System (EMS) for the management and assessment of the operating ship environmental responsibilities. The intended result of the Integrated Ship Environmental Management System (IS-EMS) is to improve ship environmental performance, provide current and updated environmental requirements and regulations, Navy policy, crewmember responsibilities, and reporting features to streamline shipboard environmental workload. The maritime industry is required to implement Safety Management Systems by the International Safety Management Code. These systems must include pollution prevention management, and are very similar to EMS. The maritime industry could benefit from an EMS capability. A Navy generated IS-EMS system would have great benefit to the commercial fleets and an even greater benefit to the environments of the states and ports involved. The potential for future applications of the software/website concepts developed during Phase I include expanded functionality for Navy use, adoption for other government and commercial fleets and cruise line industry, and adoption for the offshore oil industry.

GEOMET TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 20251 Century Blvd., Suite 300 Germantown, MD 20874
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(301) 428-9898 Mr. Mark Stunder NAVY 02-035 Selected for Award
Title:	Integrated Ship Environmental Management System (IS-EMS)
Abstract:	A naval ship in the 21st Century will be faced with increased environmental regulations and sailor environmental burdens, while having to maintain mission readiness. In addition, the advancement of Pollution Prevention (P2) type technology will also help environmental efficiency, yet increase and complicate the overall environmental burden. Thus, the deployment of IS-EMS is focused on reducing the environmental burden through a series of functional modules designed to meet compliance and other goals. In addition, linkages to onboard sensors or alarms will allow the Afloat Environmental Protection Officer (AEPC)and others the ability to monitor the environmental situation. Meeting INSURV or self assessment type requirements on the environmental side will also be a priority. An architecture utilizing Palm/PDAtechnology coupled with server database development should allow IS-EMS maximum flexibility with respect to sailor usage, expansion and fleet deployment. IS-EMS will allow sailors to reduce their environmental work burden through a variety of means including providing an easy way for compliance tracking and paperwork production. IS-EMS will allow for better tracking of maintenance needs including assisting in the inspection process as well as assist in tracking personnel training needs and emergency related items. Commercial applications of IS-EMS clearly point to use by cruise lines who face similar yet sometimes different maritime environmental regulations. Additional users could include the merchant marine fleet worldwide.

SONALYSTS, INC. 215 Parkway North, P.O. Box 280 Waterford, CT 06385
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(860) 326-3809 Mr. John Carlson NAVY 02-035 Selected for Award
Title:	Integrated Ship Environmental Management System (IS-EMS)
Abstract:	The Phase I effort will include a detailed analysis identifying the fundamental requirements needed to effectively develop an Integrated Ship Environmental Management System (IS-EMS). A ship to shore infrastructure will be defined that will accommodate individual, ship-and shore-based environmental policy requirements within a PC-based software system. It will employ a seamless combination of policy compliance, program management, automatic feedback and connectivity. Sonalysts will examine several Sonalysts' technologies as well as EMS technologies during the Phase I study for potential leverage into the Phase II prototype system. These include: TRIADT, wXstationT as well as representative, robust EMS systems. Phase II will include development of a small-scale IS-EMS system focused on a shipboard safety organization. This research will significantly contribute to development of a fully functional IS-EMS system that will support individual and team training and policy compliance within a total ship-to-shore environment. We anticipate that the technology developed under this SBIR topic will be employed in future naval ships (DD-X, CVNX, etc.) as well as back-fitted into current platforms, and within the Navy's shore-based environmental policy monitoring infrastructure.

CARLOW INTERNATIONAL INCORPORATED 20856 Waterbeach Pl Potomac Falls, VA 20165
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(703) 444-4666 Dr. Thomas B. Malone NAVY 02-036 Selected for Award
Title:	Engineering Control Human Performance Tool to Enhance Situational Awareness
Abstract:	The objective of this effort is to develop and demonstrate an automated tool designated the Engineering Manning, Business processes, interaction with Automation, and Requirements for Knowledge (EMBARK) tool. EMBARK will enhance the ability of human systems integration (HSI) professionals and systems engineers to identify shipboard engineering operational tasks in which a high potential for human overload and error can be expected, and to develop solutions in the form of prototype displays that will provide needed information and situational awareness while reducing cognitive workload and human error potential. The EMBARK tool will also address the enhancement of situation awareness and human performance achieved through an optimal interaction between the operator and the automation. The objectives of the Phase I effort are to (a) develop requirements and conceptual design for the EMBARK tool; (b) develop prototype user interfaces for the tool; and (c) conduct a limited demonstration of the operation of the tool. This tool will support early HSI analysis to assess workloads, manning and human performance of commercial as well as military systems with significantly reduced time, effort and cost of the analysis. Potential commercial applications include commercial shipping, maritime and offshore systems, manufacturing plants, electrical power plants, chemical and pharmaceutical plants, and any other commercial enterprise where manpower reduction and human performance improvement is a priority.

MICRO ANALYSIS AND DESIGN, INC. 4949 Pearl East Circle, Suite 300 Boulder, CO 80301
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(303) 442-6947 Ms. Beth Plott NAVY 02-036 Selected for Award
Title:	Engineering Control Human Performance Tool to Enhance Situational Awareness
Abstract:	Reductions in crew sizes and the increased use of autonomous machinery control have caused the crewmember to become more of a supervisory controller, where a computer makes complex transformations on system data to produce integrated (chunked) displays for the human, or retransforms crewmember commands to generate detailed control actions. In this environment, it is critical for humans to know how and when to intervene. When humans do not attend to the information display or fail to recognize that status changes shown in the display require intervention, or when cognitive workload is so high that they miss a critical signal, they are not maintaining adequate situational awareness. Therefore, it is imperative to evaluate display/controller interaction to determine whether the human can reasonably maintain adequate situational awareness to prevent omissions and errors. This project will design and prototype a tool that can be used by HSI professionals to identify tasks that have a high potential for human overload and error. The proposed tool can be iteratively used to design and evaluate the interfaces that provide information in shipboard supervisory control systems to maximize the probability that the operator will maintain adequate situational awareness and respond appropriately. The issues that are currently driving the acquisition of military and commercial hardware systems are those that revolve around personnel costs, system performance, and safety. Designers and manufacturers of advanced commercial systems must respond to the pressure to be more cost effective without sacrificing efficiency and safety. The proposed software tool will advance the state of the art in human systems integration technology because information about the ability of sailors to detect, process, and comprehend information presented in complex displays will be used to impact system design. This will result in a more effective force under today's reality of the shift from being an engineer/operator to having supervisory control over multiple autonomous systems.

AMERICAN GNC CORPORATION 888 Easy Street Simi Valley, CA 93065
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(805) 582-0582 Mr. Harlis Brend NAVY 02-037 Selected for Award
Title:	Low-Cost Wireless Shipboard Local Area Network Management
Abstract:	The object of this project is to develop an integrated approach for automatic configuration management of shipboard physical systems and related information by exploiting shipboard wireless local area networks (WLAN). This innovative approach will facilitate a reduction in total ownership cost by reducing shipboard workload and enable simplified technology and other shipboard upgrades due to streamlined configuration management. Wireless configuration based on the physical layer and network layer will be designed, which takes advantage of the features of the newer IPv6. Shipboard wireless systems offer adaptability for COTS technology refresh over long shipboard lifecycles and are particularly applicable for collecting system data/information from multiple remotely located systems and for mobile access to computer networks. An automatic shipboard wireless configuration management system using WCM tags would find utility in any system with a wireless LAN such as a building for tracking high value equipment, an off-shore oil platform tracking parts and components, an commercial aircraft tracking components and their maintenance records.

ARCHITECTURE TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 9971 Valley View Road Eden Prairie, MN 55344
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(952) 829-5864 Mr. Jordan C. Bonney NAVY 02-037 Selected for Award
Title:	Shipboard Wireless Management, Repair, and Tracking System (SWiM-RTS)
Abstract:	This proposal presents a new method for tracking large numbers of assets with RFID tags using wireless-LAN technology. An innovative approach to dispersing RFID readers and wireless LAN nodes is presented, as is an approach to a fully-wireless LAN infrastructure. The end user of the proposed system accesses information relating to an RFID tag from a handheld computer. While this handheld computer is not directly connected to an RFID reader, the wireless-LAN infrastructure enables the handheld computer to gather information from nearby readers and in turn fetch associated asset information. An innovative method for providing visual feedback from queried assets is also presented. SWiM-RTS is intended to provide a complete asset tracking and maintenance-information system for shipboard environments. The concept is easily adaptable to any asset-tracking environment, especially those that can benefit from wireless LAN technology. The technology that allows a user with no RFID reader to gather information on assets within close proximity to the user is expected to be marketed through the proposing firm's commercial-software distribution channels. Design and implementation of similar systems is expected to be marketed as a consulting service.

DIGITAL SYSTEM RESOURCES, INC. 12450 Fair Lakes Circle, Suite 625 Fairfax, VA 22033
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(808) 338-1647 Mr. Charles Walton NAVY 02-037 Selected for Award
Title:	Low-Cost Automatic Shipboard Wireless Configuration Management
Abstract:	The objective of this SBIR is to demonstrate an inexpensive, open architecture and accurate ship based automated Configuration Management (C/M) System. This system will employ wireless Automatic Identification Technology (AIT) such as passive Radio Frequency Identification Devices (RFID) or Real Time Location System (RTLS). These AIT devices are read/write addressable and will internally store National Stock Number (NSN), Part Number, Model Number, Modification Number and other O&M data as allowed by addressable storage on the device. These devices when interrogated by a fixed array or mobile tag readers are merged into a single cohesive C/M database. The middleware platform serves to universally communicate with different types of RFID technologies and provide for navigational cross-referencing to ship's Operations & Maintenance (O&M) databases. Middleware will be designed using a "customer's based approach for establishing requirements". Middleware allows technology refresh, cost competitiveness and seamless integration with existing C/M databases. This system will simplify current shipboard C/M administration/validation, reduce manual human interaction with numerous databases, forms and documentation. The goal is to reduce manpower, data entry errors, improve integrity of the ship's C/M database(s) and ultimately provide for sustained operational readiness. The proposed Phase I investigation is expected to yield strategies for exploiting the capabilities of a DSR Middleware- (MW) based solution. MW will provide a mechanism for rapidly porting and scaling application software to new hardware platforms. Our approach will demonstrate the feasibility of using an open architecture/middleware to facilitate the most prudent selection of AIT hardware. DSR's open system and middleware-based technical approach enables N-tier software architectures that strongly encourage the use of open source and open specifications for all system interfaces. Published interfaces for components will enable a "plug and work" architecture that allows the middleware to rapidly absorb and adapt new devices and will enable the seamless integration of new technology components as they become commercially available. Vendors will work to isolate individual proprietary technology dependencies and strive to cooperate and share the open source interfaces for applications that have an open source specification, such as Automated Wireless Shipboard Configuration Management.

WILLIAMS-PYRO,INC. 2721 White Settlement Rd Fort Worth, TX 76107
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(817) 335-1147 Mr. Kartik Moorthy NAVY 02-037 Selected for Award
Title:	Low-Cost Automatic Shipboard Wireless Configuration Management
Abstract:	This proposal focuses on decreasing total ownership costs of Naval ships by reducing shipboard workload. Specifically, there is emphasis on the development of an automatic configuration management system for physical shipboard systems, using prevailing wireless location area networks (WLAN) technology. This proposal builds on the extensive experience of Williams-Pyro, Inc. and our ongoing working relationship with Bath Iron Works. The proposed structure consists of passive wireless configuration management (WCM) Tags for rugged and robust shipboard handling and neural networks featuring a new Discrete Event Controller based on matrices designed to dynamically detect the addition/deletion of equipment from the existing setup and perform failure diagnosis and fault prognosis. The system will employ an industry-standard Open Systems Architecture for seamless integration of the WCM Tag information into the WLAN. The Tags will be designed to permit distributed use for ship systems. Commercialization at WPI is generally a five-step process after technology development. The first step is to host a product demonstration at WPI's in-house laboratory for the U.S. Navy and Bath Iron Works. Second, our system will undergo a field test on Navy ships. The third step is a trial production to supply a test market. Because WPI will be manufacturing its own parts throughout the development process, there will be no delay in preparing a suitable manufacturing facility or training technicians. Fourth, WPI's marketing department will investigate alternative product applications. WPI's relationship with companies in these markets will be especially useful in determining a good product fit. The final commercialization step is full production and product launch. As the components of our system are largely inexpensive, initial cost estimates indicate the price of the system should be reasonable for the intended consumer, and may decrease as systems are mass produced. Enabled by our extensive facilities and experienced personnel, WPI will develop, market, and manufacture the WCM Tags and readers in house. With more than 200 products on the market, WPI possesses the experience, expertise, and resources to drive this solution from the concept level to a commercialized product.

Q-DOT, INC. 1069 Elkton Drive Colorado Springs, CO 80907
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(719) 590-1112 Mr. Michael E. Harrell NAVY 02-038 Selected for Award
Title:	Bandpass, Delta-Sigma, Analog-to-Digital Converter (BP Delta-Sigma ADC) for advanced Digital Array Radar (DAR) (9611)
Abstract:	Q-DOT proposes to develop a BP delta-sigma ADC in 120 GHz SiGe for use in advanced DAR. IBM's 7HP SiGe BiCMOS process enables the integration of a complete ADC modulator plus support circuitry (e.g., laser diode driver) on a single small, inexpensive silicon chip. It's small size, low power dissipation, and low cost permit this high-performance ADC to be included in the T/R module for each array element! Its single-bit digital output supports data transmission via COTS optical fiber components. Together with a single-bit delta-sigma DAC (under development separately by Q-DOT), the entire signal interface to the T/R module comprises two, single-bit streams of digital data. The ADC (and DAC) combined with wide bandwidth, one-bit delta-sigma, true-time-delay, digital beamforming will yield an innovative, high-performance, low-cost, multi-function DAR. The BP delta-sigma ADC will be conceptually designed in Phase I to assess its performance. It will be designed and fabricated in Phase II and integrated into a demonstration system in Phase III. The BP delta-sigma ADC technology will enhance the capability of radar for commercial aviation on aircraft and on the ground. It will enable Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) reception on moving vehicles (e.g., automobiles). Single ADCs will enable highly versatile, software-configured receivers for communications hand-sets and base stations.

SOPHIA WIRELESS, INC. 14225-C Sullyfield Circle Chantilly, VA 20151
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(703) 961-9573 Dr. Philip Koh NAVY 02-038 Selected for Award
Title:	High Power, High Frequency Amplifiers
Abstract:	A new power amplifier architecture is proposed which will give significantly higher power at higher frequencies than is currently available. Wireless base stations for 3 GHz and 5 GHz unlicensed bands, aviation radar.

MIKROS SYSTEMS CORPORATION 707 Alexander Road, Building 2, Suite 208 Princeton, NJ 08540
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(610) 687-2255 Mr. David C. Bryan NAVY 02-039 Selected for Award
Title:	Multiple Function Distributed Test and Analysis Tool
Abstract:	This project will focus on developing standardized test equipment and testing processes, using modern software techniques enabled by recent advances in information technology, to provide a foundation for new methods of system maintenance, alignment, fault detection and isolation. The long-term goals for the new testing approach to be developed by this project are: ú Increased readiness through reduced maintenance downtime ú Increased system reliability through predictive failure analysis and proactive remediation ú More efficient and effective use of technical manpower through increased automation, distance support and interactive training. Specifically, this effort will use the AN/SPY-1 AEGIS Radar as the testbed to accomplish the following five things: ú Develop an automated "smart" capability for troubleshooting and repair ú Develop a data collection capability for alignment and maintenance efforts ú Reduce alignment and calibration time ú Develop an interactive capability for distance support ú Develop an interactive training capability. The techniques to be investigated could reduce the complexity and time required for calibration and alignment of complex systems as diverse as PCS and cellular communications systems, broadcasting systems, commercial radar and air traffic control, automated assembly lines and remote monitoring systems.

TECHNOLOGY SERVICE CORPORATION 11400 West Olympic Blvd., Suite 300 Los Angeles, CA 90064
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(812) 336-7576 Mr. Robert C. English NAVY 02-039 Selected for Award
Title:	Multiple Function Distributed Test and Analysis Tool
Abstract:	TSC proposes an Active Maintenance and Sustainability Support (AMaSS) system. AMaSS is based on the concept of a Critical Item (CI), defined as "a component or a product whose failure can significantly affect safety, operating success or repair/replacement costs." AMaSS will allow technical personnel to collect complex electronic system characteristics from each CI through remote monitoring, and analyze the data to identify degraded performance and incipient failures. AMaSS provides the following benefits: assists Fleet personnel in identifying problems that threatening Combat System availability, provides Sailors with precise information on impending component failures, augments Sailor's skills with expert shore-based support, increases component life through proactive maintenance strategies, and provides Fleet-wide trending information that can improve system readiness and reduce life cycle costs. Phase I will identify the CIs for the AN/SPY-1 D(V), develop CI performance indicators, i.e., a single signal, or a series of signals that AMaSS can combine, to determine whether a component has failed or needs adjustment, establish the requirements to send AMaSS information over the Navy Remote Support System (NRSS), and develop an assistance package for the Sailor based on the AN/PSM-93 (V)test set and support from shore-based experts via the NRSS. The Active Monitoring and Sustainability Support (AMaSS) system will help users of complex, single-purpose electronic equipment reduce manning costs while maintaining a high level of system availability. AMaSS is directly applicable to critical government systems such as FAA ASRs, and to private companies relying on complex electronic monitoring equipment to ensure continuous high quality production, e.g., semiconductor industry, paper production, and continuous casting facilities. Failures in these complex systems can have catastrophic consequences. Reactive solutions to problems are expensive, requiring unplanned tasking of skilled and expensive personnel. AMaSS offers equipment maintainers a proactive solution to both the criticality issue and the cost issue. AMaSS active monitoring of key components, its provision for feedback to support personnel, and its ability to analyze data over time and across installations will reduce maintenance costs, improve system performance, and raise availability.

APTIMA, INC. 12 Gill Street, Suite 1400 Woburn, MA 01801
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 496-2428 Dr. Gavan Lintern NAVY 02-040 Selected for Award
Title:	Multi-Function Displays for Warfighter Consolidation
Abstract:	The Navy is under pressure to reduce staffing levels on its combat ships. However, current displays are designed to support single-functions, which makes it difficult to reduce manning without limiting the crew's ability to perform the current number of combat functions. New multi-function displays are needed to allow smaller crews to perform a greater number of functions. We propose a revolutionary approach to interface design for multifunctional systems, drawing on the techniques of Cognitive Work Analysis and Ecological Interface Design, to design a multi-function interface tailored for two mission areas within a modern US Navy warship. Tentatively, we propose that these be time-critical targeting and damage control. The interface will be structured on the basis of functional properties identified by application of Cognitive Work Analysis. In Phase I of this project we will demonstrate the integration of Cognitive Work Analysis methods and tools to produce a prototype interface that spans two disparate work functional areas. In Phase II we will extend that analysis and design effort to resolve issues related to the shared, distributed and dynamic nature of the work and we will evaluate the effectiveness of our interface design as it impacts worker effectiveness. There is a virtually unlimited market for methods and tools that can increase the productivity of workers interacting with complex systems of systems. Tools for the creation of computer-based multi-function interfaces will directly benefit, for example, military C2 centers, air traffic control centers, hospitals, virtual manufacturing environments, managers of corporate databases, and both military and commercial maintenance operations.

MAK TECHNOLOGIES 185 Alewife Brook Parkway Cambridge, MA 02138
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(617) 876-8085 Mr. Kevin Johnson NAVY 02-040 Selected for Award
Title:	Multi-Function Display System for Warfighter Consolidation
Abstract:	MŽK Technologies, along with the Fraunhofer Center for Research in Computer Graphics, propose to develop a display management architecture to manage and display information to support multiple roles on a single display. The Multi-Function Display System (MFDS) design will be based on an open architecture approach, using agent and knowledge base technology to manage the data inputs and information displayed. In Phase I we will design the Multi-Function Display System, which will then be prototyped during Phase II. We propose to base the system architecture on the Fraunhofer CRCG Decision-Centered Visualization (DCV) design. This will be augmented with an internal, HLA-based communications architecture for the data input and information display to facilitate distributed processing and embedded training requirements. The primary Phase II deliverable will be a prototype system, based on the Phase I design, for managing multiple, simultaneous, synchronized, intelligent displays. The proposed effort will leverage COTS, standards-based, visualization software, reducing cost, development time, and risk. Recent research has achieved advances in information and knowledge management, and information display management that can provide a direct benefit toward this effort. MŽK is currently working with the US Army CECOM to develop a display management toolkit for C4ISR displays. Fraunhofer CRCG has performed research and developed prototypes for advanced displays and agent-based information management. The proposed MFDS has the following benefits: 1. Increased effectiveness of reduced number of watchstanders by enabling consolidation of displays into integrated, intuitive presentations. 2. Reduction of decision times by timely presentation of mission-relevant and mission-critical information. 3. Reduction of role-specific stations via multiple uses of displays based on roles and situation assessment. Leveraging MŽK?s COTS PVD, Stealth and CGF software, Fraunhofer CRCG?s visualization and DCV architecture work, and MŽK?s extensive experience supporting commercial-grade software toolkits has the following benefits: 1. Increased capability of the proposed multi-function display system due to the $2M internal, product funding commitment MŽK has made to these products. 2. Increased viability of the proposed multi-function display system due to MŽK?s best-commercial-practices design, implementation, documentation, and support capability. 3. Low cost, time, and risk via extensive leverage of non-developmental software.

PATHFINDER SYSTEMS, INC. 200 Union Blvd., Suite 300 Lakewood, CO 80228
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(303) 763-8660 Mrs. Sheila Jaszlics NAVY 02-040 Selected for Award
Title:	IMAN - Intelligent Information Management System
Abstract:	We will develop an information management system that provides an efficient and fully synthesized picture of the Battlespace to support successful naval operation execution. We call our system the Intelligent Information Management System (IMAN). IMAN will use a distributed architecture of intelligent agents that will assist naval personnel in the execution of their duties. These intelligent agents will execute a variety of user defined data analysis and fusion tasks to reduce manning requirements on US Navy ships. Innovative display technologies will include two-dimensional, three-dimensional and augmented reality displays that will portray the state of the Battlespace to the users. The first application of the technology will be to support CIC operations onboard Arleigh Burke DDG-51 class destroyers. It is anticipated that this effort will result in the development of a set of information management and display technologies that will reduce manning requirements on US Navy ships. The IMAN system will provide an enhanced view of the battlespace that will translate into missions successfully executed with fewer resources and longer lasting results. The technology can be directly applied to transportation systems, command and control systems for other military services as well as the management of large-scale amusement parks and power plants.

NANOENGINEERING CO. 23 Sundown Way Dawsonville, GA 30534
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(706) 216-4930 Mr. Jerome J. Schmitt NAVY 02-041 Selected for Award
Title:	Radar Technology/Unit Cost Reduction
Abstract:	Recent pioneering work in the field of electrically tunable ferroelectric thin-film microwave devices provides compelling motivation to develop low cost manufacturing methods that will enable practical uses of these devices in commercial and defense electronic systems. NanoEngineering is a new company with a focus on engineering improved manufacturing methods for advanced electronic materials and devices. In this Phase I project, we plan to adapt for the purposes of microwave device fabrication a newly available, production-proven large wafer (200-mm) thin film process tool that was originally developed for the silicon integrated circuit industry. This project will be carried out in collaboration with the process tool company. Phase I materials and device will be tested and evaluated by the Naval Research Lab under subcontract. Success in Phase I will provide technical demonstrations that will point the way toward manufacturing process and device performance optimization in Phases II and III. During Phase I we will seek to identify a test vehicle application, in collaboration with a leading defense radar system OEM that will lead to technology insertion early in Phase III. Candidate radar applications include phase shifters and notch filters. There are also significant potential uses in the telecommunications and automotive industries. The work could produce lower cost, higher peformance tunable microwave system devices for applications in phased-array antenna, tunable filters and other components for radar and radio systems for use in defense, automotive and telecommunications systems.

PEREGRINE SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION 6175 Nancy Ridge Drive San Diego, CA 92021
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(858) 455-0660 Dr. Ron Reedy NAVY 02-041 Selected for Award
Title:	Single Chip Phased Array Antenna Elements
Abstract:	The objective of this proposal is to develop technology that enables direct integration of power and thermal management functions at the component level of transmit and receive phased array antenna modules (TRAM). The project will enable flexible use of the highest performance active devices such as PHEMT and HBT GaAs or InP by means of a novel chip-on-chip (COC) flip-chip integration technique. The project will include design, manufacture and test of one integrated circuit each for transmit and receive sides, with each chip providing amplification, phase shifting, signal power routing and control logic. The chip will be manufactured in an advanced silicon on sapphire (SOS) technology called Ultra Thin Silicon (UTSi) CMOS. This advanced technology enables integration of RF, IF and base band control functions in a single CMOS chip, a capability which is not possible in any other form of CMOS. Potential system level benefits of this technology would be improvements in antenna performance along with mass, size and cost reduction, These will be accomplished primarily through integration of phase shifters, active RF circuitry, RF switching elements and passive devices for both LNA and PA circuits. By flip-chipping GaAs or InP transistors onto the UTSi device (which will contain all passive matching circuits along with active current and temperature control circuits), the highest available performance can be achieved in a monolithic structure. Choice of CMOS on sapphire is necessary to keep high performance passive devices at the 10-20 GHz frequencies typically used in phased array antennae. Use of a commercially established CMOS on sapphire process ensures that the devices will be highly manufacturable (which is necessary for the large number of antenna elements required for all applications) and that the performance and cost constraints of both commercial and military requirements will be met. The significance of this project is that projected high volume applications of phased array antennae for both commercial and military uses in both satellite and aerospace applications require easy-to-implement systems based on highly integrated TRAM's. High levels of integration have proven value in computing and digital signal processing functions, but RF and IF functions have not previously been integrated because of isolation and substrate issues in most IC technologies. Therefore, this project not only will solve the need for a low cost, miniature phased array transmit/receive antenna module, it will also demonstrate a single chip device capability which could be applied to other high frequency systems and to higher frequency TRAM's when deeper submicron UTSi CMOS is developed.

AEPTEC MICROSYSTEMS, INC. 15800 Crabbs Branch Way, Suite 290 Rockville, MD 20855
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(301) 670-6779 Mr. Ray Wang NAVY 02-042 Selected for Award
Title:	Low-Cost Wireless Shipboard Local Area Network
Abstract:	As the Navy is expanding its shipboard information networks, information technology systems requiring wireless technologies are being developed to support increased shipboard information gathering for logistical, personnel, and maintenance-related functions. Such wireless systems - like the Wireless LAN (WLAN) - offer simplified adaptability for Commercial off the Shelf (COTS) technology refresh over long shipboard lifecycles. Further, they are particularly applicable for collecting system data/information from remotely located systems as well as for mobile and un-tethered access to shipboard computer networks. In addition to productivity enhancements, WLANs offer the potential to reduce or eliminate expensive shipboard cabling installations and modifications thereby reducing ship impacts and installation/maintenance costs. The cost savings over a ship's lifecycle when compared with "wired" networks can be quite significant. Further, new ship construction benefits will include costs savings from the drastic reduction or elimination of cable installations, and the increase in space availability and weight reductions associated with shipboard cabling. Despite the significant gains that may be achieved from WLANs, their acquisition and installation costs are a major impediment to fleet-wide implementations. The cost for acquiring and installing separate systems to satisfy differing wireless requirements including RF LAN access, infrared data synchronization, and RF voice communications are quite significant. This program will address these challenges with a focused research and development effort. A successful approach will result in a blueprint for development of a low cost and robust wireless local are network that will be capable of being acquired for fleet wide deployment to support applications including voice, data and multi-media communications. It is further expected to have wide application in areas such as DOD operational forces, inter and intra ship communications, hospitals, emergency response centers, space stations, underground command bunkers, nuclear plants, mobile and remote workers, and any high value industrial asset or process.

TALKING LIGHTS LLC 28 Constitution Road Boston, MA 02129
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(617) 242-0050 Mr. Al-Thaddeus Avestruz NAVY 02-042 Selected for Award
Title:	Hybrid Optical Wireless Network
Abstract:	The objective of this Phase I program is to provide an optical wireless network based on the use of modulated illumination as the information carrier. Existing Talking Lights technology will be expanded to increase bandwidth and achieve two-way communication. The system is very inexpensive because it creates the communication network using existing lights and lighting fixtures and only requires replacement of fluorescent light ballasts to implement the network. This Phase I program will develop a prototype hybrid optical wireless network (HOWN) transmitters and receivers which will combine optical and RF communications systems to enhance the capabilities of each. The capabilities of HOWN will be evaluated and demonstrated. In Phase II, minaturized HOWN stationary and mobile transceivers will be designed and built , and then the HOWN network demonstrated and evaluated in actual ship-board installations. Phase III will involve the commercial manufacture and sale of HOWN devices for operational use. Transceivers developed in this project will be installed on operational surface vessels to provide enhanced functional communication capability at low cost. The same wireless technologies should also be of commercial value in submarines, aircraft, buses and autos. Hybrid wireless technologies should provide new communication technology and the HOWN transceivers will be commercial products.

TRANS WORLD TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 100 West Main Street, Suite 205 Lansdale, PA 19446
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(215) 855-4002 Mr. Stephen J. Drabouski, Jr. NAVY 02-042 Selected for Award
Title:	Impulse Radio Transceiver Wireless Local Area Networks
Abstract:	This research effort explores Impulse Radio as an enabling technology for the implementation of wireless LANs aboard U.S. Navy ships. Impulse radio, a form of ultra-wide bandwidth (UWB) spread spectrum signaling, has properties that make it a viable candidate for short range communications in dense multipath environments such as those encountered on steel hull ships. Additionally, current impulse radio technologies exhibit the potential to operate at the sub-milliwatt average power levels required for the efficient use of power harvesting methods that eliminate power cables for sensors and actuators. This research effort identifies, analyzes and evaluates currently available impulse signal technology from the standpoint of developing a cost effective, low power, UWB transceiver with excellent multipath and interference immunity. The development of this transceiver will enable the cost-effective implementation of wireless Local Area Networks aboard U.S. Navy ships. Additionally, this research effort identifies and evaluates previous government and commercial wireless automation research to identify leveraging opportunities. Finally, this proposed effort includes a production, implementation, and life cycle cost analysis for the candidate UWB transceiver that addresses both retrofit and forward fit applications. Recent advances in wireless LAN and power harvesting technologies exhibit the potential to substantially reduce the initial and life cycle cost for ship monitoring and control automation systems. Commercial applications for the proposed system include business applications, industrial process control systems, robotics and various Merchant Marine, Marine Salvage, and Off-Shore drilling applications. Environmentally sensitive vessels involved with hazardous cargoes such as oil, chemicals, are nuclear waste are primary candidates for this technology.

WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS PRODUCTS, LLC 20 Miry Brook Road Danbury, CT 06810
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(203) 798-0755 Mr. James L. Saulnier NAVY 02-042 Selected for Award
Title:	Low-Cost Wireless Shipboard Local Area Network
Abstract:	Wireless Communications Products Mobility and portability for users and equipment, security of wireless information links, modular scalable wireless system, clear channel operations of wireless links in a metal box environment locator functions for personnel and equipment no interference with RF sensitive equipment

ENGENIUM TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 4220 Eagles Wing Ct., Suite 100 Ellicott City, MD 21042
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(410) 908-8003 Dr. Mike Pascale NAVY 02-043 Selected for Award
Title:	Long Range Wireless Network Communication Capability
Abstract:	We propose the Flexceiver, an ultra-wideband, spread spectrum modem for long range wireless networks. The basic concept of the Flexceiver is to sweep the carrier frequency of a modulated signal very rapidly across a wide bandwidth. The Flexceiver avoids interfering with other RF systems operating in dedicated bands by dynamically constructing frequency profiles that hop over the frequencies occupied by those systems. RF interference from other systems is avoided in the same manner. All-weather capability is enabled by operating below the 4 GHz band where attenuation due to weather is insignificant. Low latency is afforded by the FPGA based implementation. By eliminating from the link budget a fading allowance, high data rate and range performance are facilitated by multipath tolerance of the system. While the total occupied bandwidth is wide, the instantaneous bandwidth of the waveform is narrow, consistent with that of the rate and type of modulation. The channel fades that occur at specific frequencies can be very deep, but are narrow and low duty cycle compared to the total occupied bandwidth. By sweeping rapidly, individual fades can be limited to single bit duration or less. Forward error correction is employed to recover faded bits. The anticipated benefit of developing a Flexceiver, a flexible Software Defined Radio (SDR) transceiver, targeted for long range wireless networks include: all-weather capability, ElectroMagnetic Compatability (EMC) with other RF devices, resistance to ElectroMagnetic Interference (EMI), Low Probability of Detection (LPD), and Low Probability of Jamming (LPJ).

PHYSICAL OPTICS CORPORATION Information Technologies Div., 20600 Gramercy Place Torrance, CA 90501
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(310) 320-3088 Dr. Andrew Kostrzewski NAVY 02-043 Selected for Award
Title:	Ultrawide Bandwidth Communication System for Mobile Platforms
Abstract:	Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) is seeking a new type of all weather communication system, potentially non-RF, to carry data between mobile platforms. Physical Optics Corporation (POC) proposes to develop a novel Ultra-wide Band Laser Communication (UBLC), as a new full scale laser communication system, which will integrate laser communication, optoelectronics, gimbal mechanics, processing software, hardware, and high speed data interfaces. UBLC uniquely integrates technology that POC has already developed in laser optoelectronics, laser communication hardware, and video/imagery communication. POC's compact multiple LD source and collimator/concentrator have regulated divergence for continuous high bandwidth (more than 1 GHz) communication. UBLC's optical power budget (100 mW of continuous laser power) at an invisible eye-safe wavelength of 1.55 micrometers allows for line?of?sight (LOS) 5 km communication even through fog. All UBLC critical components will be designed, tested, and analyzed in the course of a six month Phase I project. A preliminary feasibility demonstration will also be explored in Phase I, and a full-scale system demonstration on mobile platforms will be ready at the end of Phase II. Key advantages of the UBLC system stem from its compact design, based on a lightweight laser transceiver with a multiple laser diode (LD) source that replaces a bulky Nd:YAG laser source. The UBLC system will open new possibilities for high speed communication between mobile platforms with very low probability of intercept or jamming. This is essential to achieve high-security data exchange, and can also be used for future satellite communication.

CREARE INC. P.O. Box 71 Hanover, NH 03755
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(603) 643-3800 Dr. Nabil A. Elkouh NAVY 02-044 Selected for Award
Title:	Improved Primary Battery Reliability Via Non-Destructive Evaluation
Abstract:	We propose a comprehensive non-destructive evaluation approach to primary battery quality management that takes into account (1) batteries in the weapons stockpile, (2) batteries in production, and (3) next generation batteries. Current evaluation practices are limited to expending batteries and statistical modeling to extend those results. A deterministic evaluation of potential battery performance is not currently possible. In Phase I, we will gather data and information regarding how both production practices and temporal degradation can lead to reduced battery performance in the field. We will consider both thermal and zinc/silver-oxide battery systems. Our investigation will involve interactions with both battery producers and DoD personnel, which will lead to the establishment of evaluation priorities. We will focus much of our effort in Phase I demonstrating powerful extensions to current manual NDE practices already in place that are highly labor intensive and subjective, and as a result do not prevent batteries of inferior quality from entering the stockpile. We will examine the extension of these preferred techniques to field use. Furthermore, we will outline possible redesign of next generation batteries to allow simple and inexpensive monitoring of battery quality in the field. The development program is specifically focused on improving primary battery quality that will lead to high weapons system reliability and lower total ownership costs. The NDE techniques developed under this program will find applications in aerospace, marine, and automotive industries where NDE techniques are relied upon to monitor product quality both during production and in the field.

US NANOCORP, INC. 74 Batterson Park Road Farmington, CT 06032
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(860) 678-7561 Dr. David E. Reisner NAVY 02-044 Selected for Award
Title:	Fuzzy Logic-Based Non-Destructive Testing of Thermal Batteries
Abstract:	Primary reserve batteries used in weapons systems are typically not activated until immediately before use. To periodically test the condition of these inactivated batteries, sample batteries are removed from the weapons, activated, tested, and from the tested samples, statistical techniques used to estimate the condition of the stockpile. This takes considerable time and money. In this project non-destructive techniques for determining the condition of these reserve batteries will be considered. Various stimuli to the battery including electrical, mechanical, and thermal together with the batteries' responses to these stimuli will be assessed. Both theoretical analysis of the battery response and experimental verification will be performed to develop a few candidate approaches for non-destructive testing of primary reserve batteries. One of the techniques that will be investigated in more depth is ac impedance measurements at various temperatures for the molten-salt Li-based primary thermal batteries. The present method of monitoring the condition of primary reserve batteries used in weapons systems is to test samples of stockpiled batteries by activating the batteries, and using statistical analysis to estimate the condition of batteries in the stockpile. This method has several drawbacks. It requires that samples be selected for testing, and the selected samples be activated for testing. This means that these particular tested batteries must be replaced and so a procurement process for these replacement batteries must be conducted. Additionally, time and money are spent in performing the statistical analysis to estimate the condition of the batteries in a particular stockpile. Clearly, the development of a non-destructive technique for estimating the condition of a stockpile of reserve batteries can provide considerable savings in time and money. Reducing the cost and time to assess the conditions of primary reserve batteries will be an important result of this project. The same approach developed in this project for non-destructive testing of batteries would be of use in weapons systems across the armed services and therefore benefit the entire Department of Defense (DoD). Furthermore, some of the techniques developed in this program may be applicable to commercial electrochemical systems and for biomedical applications where remote monitoring of implanted defibrillator and pacemaker batteries may benefit from the technology being developed in this project.

K TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 500 Office Center Drive, Suite 250 Fort Washington, PA 19034
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(215) 628-8681 Mr. Mark J. Montesano NAVY 02-045 Selected for Award
Title:	Advanced T/R Module Thermal Management and Packaging Development (kTC P206)
Abstract:	Radar antenna and T/R module thermal management and cooling technologies are critical for today's high power radars. A significant investment is made each year in the continued development of increasingly robust and sophisticated cooling system technologies, which are applied to the ballistic missile technology program and other major defense acquisition programs. kTC proposes to develop an encapsulated annealed pyrolytic graphite (APG) cold plate with integrated cavities for use as T/R module packages. The encapsulation material will have a CTE value close to the T/R module components to allow for direct mounting. The cavity walls will accommodate the electrical feed-throughs and hermetic metal lid. The conductivity of the cold plate will be greater than 900 W/mK (five times aluminum) and the conductance of the thermal path from the T/R components to the clod plate edges will be 40% better than the current solution (discrete T/R modules attached to an aluminum encapsulated APG cold plate). This proposed effort will develop a material system and packaging configuration that can significantly improve the performance and lower the cost of the thermal management system of current and future phased array radar systems The encapsulated APG material to be demonstrated under this program would have applications in the commercial satellite market, as well as the obvious military and NASA uses. Key potential post application relies heavily on the successful verification and certification of the proposed materials' performance. With increasing acceptance, encapsulated APG will be attractive to automotive and power supply manufacturers. Enabling technologies will allow the increase of production and the realization of the economies of scale. At this level, one can only estimate the potential impact on the personal computer and other high volume heat sensitive products.

MATERIALS & ELECTROCHEMICAL RESEARCH (MER) CORP. 7960 S. Kolb Rd. Tucson, AZ 85706
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(520) 574-1980 Dr. Chris Chen NAVY 02-045 Selected for Award
Title:	Thermal Management
Abstract:	With both the increasing density of semiconductor devices and the increasing power from these devices, substrates having high thermal conductivity will be needed. This program proposes an innovative materials that has thermal conductivity higher than 500 W/m§K, CTE matches to Si or GaAs, and remains cost effective. A common problem in the design of microelectronic packages, however, is that material candidates having high thermal conductivity also have a high CTE. The uniqueness of this composite material is that the carrier substrates can be tailored to match the thermal expansion characteristics of the chip or other heat-generating components attached to the carrier substrate which also providing improved heat transfer. The innovative material in this program is a technology that enables electronics to acheive higher speeds, smaller size and higher reliability. High thermal conductivity heat sink materials are primarily found in fiber optic components in internet related applications which include amplifiers, receivers, transmitters, tunable lasers, modulators. Other areas of application include RF power package components that are used in wireless telecommunication infrastructure for cellular phones, base stations, high definition television (HDTV), and satellite communications.

POWDERMET INC. 9960 Glenoaks Blvd, Unit A Sun Valley, CA 91352
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(818) 768-6420 Mr. Andrew Sherman NAVY 02-045 Selected for Award
Title:	Thermal Management
Abstract:	In the proposed phase I SBIR program, Powdermet will demonstrate the production of controlled thermal expansion,high thermla conductivity packaging matreials. Increasing packing densities and power consumption in Transmit/recieve modules require improved, higher thermal conductivity packaging to remove heat from active elements. Current heat spreader materials cannot remove heat fast enough from, or do not match the thermal expansion of, Si, SiC, and/or GaAs substrates using in military electronics. Int he current program, Powdermet will abricate and characterize net shape fabricated graphite-reinforced copper composite packaging materials for discreet, chip-level, and multidie high power electronics packages. The proposed technology enables bottom-up control over composition, bonding, and distribution in highly reinforced composites, extending property ranges by 30-50% (expansion and conductivity)over current state of the art materials systems. The proposed program will result in the availability of higher conductivity materials tailored to electronics packaging. The materials will incease heat dissipation from active elements, increasing reliability, speed, and operating limits in T/R modules. The technooogy is applicable to commercial electronics, including both discreet and multidie packaging.

CREARE INC. P.O. Box 71 Hanover, NH 03755
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(603) 643-3800 Dr. Joel L. Berg NAVY 02-046 Selected for Award
Title:	Combined Shock and Vibration Isolation Mounts Incorporating Novel Shock Dissipation Mechanisms
Abstract:	A critical need exists for improved shock mounts to assure that equipment being developed under the Navy's Advanced Damage Countermeasures (ADC) program are well isolated and shock tolerant. These mounts must minimize shock transmission during extreme catastrophic events while retaining excellent vibration isolation characteristics under normal conditions of operation. Heretofore it has been impossible to optimize performance for both of these requirements in a single isolator component. To address this problem, the innovation proposed by Creare is a highly effective vibration isolator that incorporates a set of novel shock dissipation mechanisms. The primary benefits of Creare's design are that it combines shock mitigation and vibration isolation in a single mount and has the potential to greatly reduce shock loads experienced by critical ADC systems. In addition, the mounts will be highly durable and resistant to environmental effects, be straightforward to install in new or retrograde applications, require no maintenance and exhibit low life-cycle cost. We will demonstrate the feasibility of our innovation during Phase I with laboratory proof-of-concept tests. During Phase II, we will fabricate and test prototype units at Creare and provide several prototype units for a selected ADC equipment application to the Navy for ship trials. The proposed mount concept is capable of providing shock and vibration isolation for critical equipment of all sizes. Although this proposal focuses on the Navy's ADC program, the mount concept is directly applicable for all pipes, machinery, and equipment for which shock and vibration are of concern. There are also many potential non-military applications such as commercial shipping, ground transportation, manufacturing, mining and others in which the environment necessitates isolation and protection to supported equipment and/or people.

ADVANCED OPTICAL SYSTEMS, INC. 6767 Old Madison Pike, Suite 410 Huntsville, AL 35806
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(256) 971-0036 Dr. Richard L. Hartman NAVY 02-047 Selected for Award
Title:	EXTREME COMPUTING WITH LIGHT, LOW POWER, AND SMALL EQUIPMENT (ECLIPSE)
Abstract:	Advanced Optical Systems, Inc. (AOS) has developed optical correlators with the world?s highest data throughput, lowest cost, lowest power consumption, and smallest volume. We are currently developing a line of optical processors called the Advanced Optical Correlator (AOC), which are already on the verge of meeting Navy requirements. In this proposal we propose an approach, that will not only meet the near-term goals but also has the potential for dramatically crashing though volume and power goals while dramatically increasing mission performance. The Government will be the early adopter for high throughput, low power, and low volume computing. With the current national thrust on anti-terrorism there is no doubt that markets in the areas of recognizance and security will expand, especially for UAVs and space platforms. During Phase I, at corporate expense we will start market research on these and other potential products.

IRVINE SENSORS CORPORATION 3001 Redhill Avenue, Building #4 Costa Mesa, CA 92626
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(714) 444-8846 Dr. Suresh Subramanian NAVY 02-047 Selected for Award
Title:	Low Volume, Low Power, Real Time Image Processing
Abstract:	Irvine Sensors Corporation's (ISC) massively parallel Three-Dimensional Analog Neural Network processor (3DANN) brings near human-level data processing capabilities for applications in open-ended problems like pattern recognition, clutter discrimination, and target tracking and identification. The approach emulates the massive parallelism inherent in the brain to achieve extremely high computational performance at very low power and small volume. The core 3DANN processor is a general-purpose analog convolution engine that can perform over 1 TeraOp inner product calculations per second. It occupies less than 1.5 cm3 volume and consumes < 10W of power. Since convolutions form the basis of most image processing and pattern recognition applications, 3DANN holds orders of magnitude advantage over conventional digital processors in terms of computational throughput, size, weight, and power consumption. 3DANN based systems bear potential to become PetaOp speed pattern/data-fusion processors that can rapidly process multi-megabit data streams from multiple sensors, perform rapid analysis, and tirelessly provide a course of action in environments that are hostile to human operators. The proposed innovation will find application in unmanned robotic ATR systems and embedded biometric scanners and face recognition systems.

SEAKR ENGINEERING, INCORPORATED 6221 S. Racine Circle Centennial, CO 80111
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(303) 790-8499 Mr. Paul L. Murray NAVY 02-047 Selected for Award
Title:	Low Volume, Low Power, Real Time Image Processing
Abstract:	A low power, low volume, realtime image processor using a re-configurable FPGA based processor design. The flexibility of general purpose processors are blended with the speed of ASICs to accomplish very high performance image processing using FPGA's. Data compression, Automatic target recognition and tracking, airborne high performance processing, commercial remote sensing data processing.

CREARE INC. P.O. Box 71 Hanover, NH 03755
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(603) 643-3800 Dr. Nabil A. Elkouh NAVY 02-048 Selected for Award
Title:	Improved Thermal Battery Assembly Techniques
Abstract:	We propose to develop new thermal battery assembly techniques that will replace many of the manual assembly techniques currently in place at thermal battery manufacturing facilities. While it is realized that the manual assembly techniques are the cause of most battery quality issues and are thereby less than ideal, the mechanical properties associated with the battery components make automation difficult. Recent attempts to introduce automation into the assembly line have fallen short and introduced similar errors and inconsistencies to the final product. These prior attempts illuminate the difficulties involved in working with thermal battery components and serve as the starting point for our novel assembly concepts tailored specifically to the needs of thermal batteries. Furthermore, these past attempts demonstrate the perils of applying standard automation practices to the fragile thermal battery systems. In Phase I, we will develop our concepts that have the unique possibility of operating both in manual and automated modes to offer battery manufacturers production flexibility. Our concepts will be demonstrated at one of the largest thermal battery manufacturing facilities and form the basis of a prototype system that will be developed in Phase II. The application-specific automation technologies developed under this SBIR program will lead to improved thermal battery quality and lower total ownership costs. Our developed technology will benefit assembly practices involving the stacking of thin fragile components in the electronics manufacturing industries.

ATLANTEC ENTERPRISE SOLUTIONS, INC. 1419 Forest Drive, Suite 205 Annapolis, MD 21403
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(410) 990-1100 Mr. Paul Rakow NAVY 02-049 Selected for Award
Title:	Technology for Shipbuilding Affordability
Abstract:	The objective of our proposal is to demonstrate that a practical and affordable connector architecture can be developed to provide interoperability between leading CAD and CAM systems used in shipbuilding. The connector architecture will use available open source and Internet technology to create a flexible, efficient, and cost-effective solution. The architecture will include a toolkit that can be made available to software developers and manufacturers of production equipment for integration into their proprietary systems. This project will demonstrate that product-model data from different CAD systems can produce an identical result utilizing a single CAM system. Alternatively, data from a single CAD system can produce the same result in different CAM systems. The architecture will be designed so that each component is readily replaceable with a competing product. Atlantec-es, Inc. will work with Electric Boat (EB) as the participating U.S. shipyard. Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft (HDW) shipyard of Kiel, Germany, one of the most advanced shipyards in Europe, has joined the team under the foreign firm cooperative research and development agreement provision outlined in this Topic. The new connector architecture will provide U.S. shipyards with greater flexibility and choice in selecting CAD and CAM systems. The technology will also enable collaboration between different shipyards and/or design agents on the same project. It will also reduce the cost and complexity of developing and maintaining inflexible custom production systems. Implementation costs for new CAD or CAM systems will be significantly reduced because improvements in either area can be brought on line with little impact to existing systems. This will enhance U.S. industry competitiveness by enabling shipyards to more easily maintain state of the art design/production systems. These products will also be affordable and easy to use, utilizing open, state-of-the-art technology.

INDUSTRIAL PLANNING TECHNOLOGY, INC. 5095 S. Washington Ave., Suite 105 Titusville, FL 32780
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(321) 427-4892 Dr. Patrick Rourke NAVY 02-049 Selected for Award
Title:	Technology for Shipbuilding Affordability
Abstract:	Design for producability is the key to reducing ship construction costs. The most direct way to ensure that design for producability goals are met is to automate portions of the design process, enforcing producability requirements in software. Industrial Planning Technology Inc has developed an automated design and planning technology that is based on the use of high fidelity fabrication and assembly simulators. This technology yields lower construction costs than traditional rule-based design for producability, and does not require the development of comprehensive design rules. Distribution systems (piping, cabling, HVAC) represent between 25% and 40% of the construction cost for Naval ships. This proposal will explore the feasibility of developing an automatic design for producability tool which couples an automatic 3D spatial router for ship piping, cabling, and HVAC with IPT's construction planning and simulation tools. The benefits of this approach are lower construction cost through optimized design for producability, and reduced design costs. The technology would be packaged as a plug-in to existing commercial ship design systems. Anticipated savings are $15 million per year in construction costs and $1 million per year in design costs for U.S. shipyards. This assumes that 3% of piping fabrication work is moved from in-dock and in-module on-site fabrication to mechanized shop fabrication as a result of deploying the tools developed in this project.

KAZAK COMPOSITES INCORPORATED 32 Cummings Park Woburn, MA 01801
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 932-5668 Mr. James Gorman NAVY 02-049 Selected for Award
Title:	Joining of Very Large, Low Cost Pultruded Advanced Composite Structures in Shipbuilding
Abstract:	Composite structures offer the shipbuilding industry the potential to reduce weight and eliminate corrosion, however cost of even "inexpensive" VARTM manufacturing of large composite sections has proven to be too high for designers to consider composites for anything other than special applications. KaZaK Composites and Bath Iron Works have teamed to begin development of a combination of very large scale pultrusion processing and special joints tailored to simplify the integration of these large pultruded panels into ship structures. We project that this new combination of technologies can reduce the cost of very large composite ship structures to less than half the cost of VARTM structure, and begin to approach the cost of steel construction. We propose a two part Phase I effort. First, we will employ our 10-foot wide pultrusion machine to make 1-inch thick solid laminates and also composite sandwich panels. Specimens cut from these pultrusion will be tested to begin establishment of a mechanical property data base containing information derived from the large pultrusions typical of ship structures. Second, we will conceive of, analyze, fabricate and test a set of composite joints specialized for integration of large composite panels and steel ship substructure. KCI believes that the key to achieving the cost reductions necessary to initiate a widespread acceptance of composite materials in place of more conventional steel in applications such as shipbuilding, bridges, piers and other very large civilian and military structures is to make the individual composite parts as inexpensively as possible by pultruding them in very large sections, then using simple and easily inspected assembly methods. KCI's 10-foot wide pultrusion machine is capable of material throughput of more than 25,000 pounds per hour when making large solid laminates that might be employed for ship superstructure. It can also make parts with a length limited only by shipping and handling considerations. These large parts reduce production labor cost to the noise level on a per-pound basis, and reduce fabrication cost by reducing the number of joints to be assembled. Work proposed in the document is intended to begin the demonstrations and developments necessary to validate these predictions. Once confirmed, ship designers will be far more comfortable employing composites in new structural developments.

ST. ONGE COMPANY 1400 Williams Road York, PA 17402
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(717) 840-8181 Mr. Mark Avakian, P.E. NAVY 02-049 Selected for Award
Title:	Development of Lean Manufacturing Spatial Planning and Analysis Tool for U.S. Shipyards
Abstract:	The last several decades have witnessed a dramatic decline in the international competitiveness of the remaining handful of large U.S. shipyards. As a result, these domestic shipyards are almost entirely reliant upon construction contracts from the U.S. Navy for their continued survival. This is highly undesirable for reasons relating both to national defense and the loss of significant economic opportunities to foreign competitors. Recent years have seen the widespread integration of Lean Manufacturing principles in U.S. industry as a whole but only to a relatively limited extent in the U.S. shipbuilding industry. Under principles of lean manufacturing, manufacturing operations are viewed as an integrated whole and are scrutinized for opportunities to further activities which contribute to the ultimate value of the manufactured product and eliminate sources of waste. Waste can take a variety of forms, including the production and storage of inordinate amounts of inventory, multiple handlings of product and bottlenecks due to the layout of production processes, and excessive transportation of product components. One means of identifying wasteful practices is spatial analysis, which tracks the production areas dedicated to various functions. A computerized Spatial Planning and Analysis Tool holds great promise for promoting shipyard efficiency and competitiveness. Delivery of a spatial analysis tool will allow U.S. commercial and government shipyards to better monitor how space utilized for a specific process contributes to value added work, improving shipyard efficiency and competitiveness.

STEP TOOLS, INC. 216 River Street Troy, NY 12180
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(518) 687-2848 Mr. Blair Downie NAVY 02-049 Selected for Award
Title:	Technology for Shipbuilding Affordability
Abstract:	STEP-NC is a feature driven language for machine control with profound consequences for the efficiency of design and manufacturing. For design it means more concise, descriptive information can be sent to manufacturing making the process of design more efficient. For manufacturing it means faster, safer and more flexible machining because a control can dynamically check the safety and optimize the performance of a part program at run time. This proposal will apply STEP-NC to pipe bending for ship building. For general purpose manufacturing operations the benefits of STEP-NC have been estimated as a 35% reduction in set-up time, a 75% reduction in the number of drawings required on the shop floor, and a 50% decrease in machining time for small to mid-sized job lots due to increased usage of 5-axis and high speed machines. This proposal will extend these advantages to pipe bending by allowing the MMAP system currently used by GDEB and NNS to control pipe bending to be deployed across the US shipbuilding industry.

VISOTEK, INC 46025 Port Street Plymouth, MI 48170
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(734) 354-6300 Dr. Stefan Heinemann NAVY 02-049 Selected for Award
Title:	Technology for Shipbuilding Affordability
Abstract:	Effective implementation of laser welding in shipbuilding is hampered by a number of issues: large capital equipment investments, multi-faceted robotic control issues, lack of effective weld cell concepts and the lack of intelligent optics for laser process control. This project proposes to develop a process and an intelligent optics for laser welding that allows thick section welding in multiple paths. Multiple path welding drastically decreases the required laser power and allows the use of more cost effective standard laser systems. The developed intelligent optic incorporates seam tracking, closed looped with beam steering to adjust the laser beam to the joint requirements of the respective path. It is also easy to integrate into the robot cell. Necessary steps will be identified to adapt the intelligent optic to the requirements for appropriate joint design, fixturing, weld cell design for shipbuilding structures, and off-line programming features needed for effective integration into a large volume, non-standard welding application. Visotek's laser welding optics is a highly integrated product that fits on almost every robot. If offers seam tracking closed looped with beam steering, simplified clamping, the possibility for on-line quality monitoring and sophisticated interfaces that allow the user to comply with high quality standards. The intelligent integrated optic created in the I-Low program will be an enabler to the use of laser welding for shipbuilding and will lead other equipment manufacturers that use thick section materials to increasingly seek ways to expand the use of lasers in the design of future products. The construction, mining, power generation and pipeline industries will be targeted for new applications of lasers utilizing the developed optic. In addition, expanded uses within the automotive and the military and commercial aerospace industries are also anticipated. This open ended capability to serve a variety of fields will create an opportunity to compile, document, package and make available integrated laser welding optics to countless non-competitive industries. The total market volume is close to $30 million annually.

WEBCORE TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 591 Congress Park Drive Dayton, OH 45459
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(937) 435-5034 Dr. Frederick Stoll NAVY 02-049 Selected for Award
Title:	Development of Composite Watertight Doors and Hatches for Navy Ship
Abstract:	This Phase I SBIR project is intended to develop lightweight, damage-tolerant and fire-resistant watertight composite doors and hatches for Navy ships. The salient features of the proposed door design include novel TYCOR(TM) composite panel with superior damage tolerance and fire-resistance and integration of proven operating mechanisms. Lightweight TYCOR composite panel utilizes a patented fiber reinforced foam (FRF) core, integrally stitched skin and special fire-resistant phenolic foam and resin to provide a superior combination of structural performance and fire tolerance. The watertight composite door will incorporate operating mechanisms, which have been proven on existing doors, thus ensuring reliable, trouble-free operation with reduced maintenance. The proposed door and hatch design is also applicable to doors and other watertight enclosures in military and commercial ships as well as in boats and yachts. There are numerous commercial applications of this technology in marine, transportation, industrial and construction.

RJ LEE GROUP, INC 350 Hochberg Road Monroeville, PA 15146
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(724) 325-1776 Mr. Niels Thaulow NAVY 02-050 Selected for Award
Title:	Predictive Durability Model for Life Extension of Naval Waterfront Concrete
Abstract:	Concrete durability and its impact on life-cycle infrastructure costs and military readiness is a major societal issue. This SBIR Phase I project focuses on the development and demonstration of the feasibility of key aspects of a plan for the implementation of new concrete durability software. Existing service-life prediction models do not capture the complexity and severity of marine exposure environments. The ultimate model will account for the major mechanisms of deterioration: corrosion, carbonation, alkali-silica reaction, and external sulfate attack, as well as porosity, transport properties, and mix design. By its unique structure (designed to take into account the occurrence of numerous, potentially coupled, deterioration phenomena), and its integration with state-of-the-art concrete forensics technology, this new model will be particularly well adapted to the prediction of the performance of Naval waterfront concrete structures. The model will also have an economic impact analysis module to evaluate various repair options and assess cost in life-cycle terms. The key deliverable under the work in Phase I will be the elaboration of the structure of this new model. Additional deliverables include review of existing Naval condition assessments and focused forensic investigations. As a result, the Navy will have specific modeling parameters to input into existing durability software. Annually, the toll paid for treatment or lost service due to destructive corrosion or other forms of concrete deterioration amounts to billions of dollars. It is common for structures to require costly repairs after only twenty years in service. This is particularly problematic considering that actual design service life expectations for U.S. Navy structures are extending to 100 years. The premature degradation of concrete structures jeopardizes Naval activities and therefore the readiness of the U. S. Navy. This comprehensive modeling and forensics approach will help the Navy and other government agencies design structures for longer service life and evaluate remediation strategies with confidence and assured readiness. The new durability software will also be useful to designers of highways, bridges, water/waste treatment facilities, parking structures, commercial and residential buildings. It is anticipated that successful commercialization of this model and approach to condition assessment will result in a new industry generating at least a hundred millions dollars per year in condition assessment and design revenues, and that it will revolutionize the military and construction industries' approach to procurement and remediation.

TECHNOVA CORPORATION 1232 Mizzen Drive Okemos, MI 48864
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(517) 485-9583 Dr. Habibur Chowdhury NAVY 02-050 Selected for Award
Title:	Predictive Durability Model for Life Extension of Naval Waterfront Concrete
Abstract:	The ultimate goal of the proposed project is to develop predictive durability models applicable to design, maintenance/repair and life-cycle cost analysis of concrete structures exposed to marine environments. Watefront concrete facilities are subject to a multitude of interacting damaging phenomena, including corrosion of steel reinforcement and deterioration of concrete under a host of chemical and physical effects (sulfate attack, aklai-silica reaction, salt crystallization, delayed ettringite formation, freeze-thaw, erosion, cation-exchange, etc.). The proposed Phase I research will: (1) develop theoretical principles and mechanistic models, in the context of a time-step approach, for deterioration of reinforced concrete in marine environments, and identify pertinent system and environmental parameters and quantifiable manifestations of damage; (2) collect field data to substatiate the limit states, and to assess the means and statistical distributions of the random variables built into the mechanistic models defining damage in terms of system and environmental parameters and time; (3) Employ the models to conduct reliability analysis of waterfront concrete structures in order to validate and refine the approach using historic data, and develop environmental models reflecting on the severity of marine exposures; and (4) transfer the predictive models and field data to industry modeling committees. Technova Corporation has formed a coalition with Construction Technology Laboratories, W.R. Grace, National Institute of Standards and Technology, UC Berkeley (Dr. Monteiro), Virginia Tech (Dr. Weyers) and Michigan State University (Dr. Soroushian) to implement the proposed project and transfer the outcomes to commercial markets. Concrete structures (including waterfront concrete facilities) form te backbone of our civilian and military infrastructure; aging and deterioration of these facilities represent a major burden on our economy. Development of predictive models and software systems for systematic consideration of durability issues in design and maintenance/repair of concrete structures would provide a rational basis to control the life-cycle cost of concrete facilities. The urgent need in this area has prompted joint industry/government/university activities, based on which new models and software systems (e.g., LIFE 365 and ConcLife) are emerging for durability analysis of concrete structures. Our project will generate predictive durability models and comprehensive field data to be incorporated into these emerging software systems in order to enhance their application to waterfront concrete structures.

KNOWLEDGE BASED SYSTEMS, INC. 1408 University Drive East College Station, TX 77840
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(979) 260-5274 Dr. Paul Koola NAVY 02-051 Selected for Award
Title:	Wave Carpet
Abstract:	We propose to conceptualize and design a deep offshore wave-power floating system "Wave Carpet" that will ú Have overall low life cycle cost due to Integrated design, ú Be rapidly deployable, ú Be easier to maintain and have inherent reliability by design, ú And also ensure better steady power output from the randomly fluctuating input wave power source using built in energy storage and an internal electric grid. ú Independent of wave direction and ensures better short crested sea performances. ú Low power dynamically positioned device, ú Non-corrosive maintenance free hull design, ú Self-propulsion by advanced controls with minimal tug power. ú Use of device as a wave damper thereby sharing the cost of power generated. Once successful this concept will act as wave dampers to protect crucial offshore structures, aircraft carriers, MOB's etc. in addition to providing power. This dual power and damping nature of this device will make the cost of power attractive even in today's lop-sided costing for power from polluting sources. We also envision the wave carpet to be used for recreational purposes in the ocean like an ocean trampoline. The multi-functional use of this device should trigger private offshore firms and defense contractors to take a look at this design. We intend to sell of the design to those who want to mass-produce them.

SCIENTIFIC APPLICATIONS & RESEARCH ASSOC., INC. 15261 Connector Lane Huntington Beach, CA 92649
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(714) 903-1000 Mr. Edward M. Patton NAVY 02-051 Selected for Award
Title:	Dynamic Non-linear Interactions for Deep Water Wave Power Generation
Abstract:	We propose a better way to extract usable electrical energy from deep water ocean waves, using a taut synthetic single-point mooring and keeping the generator below the surface, relatively motionless, while a surface float transmits the slow-moving high-magnitude wave force to it. This stands in stark contrast to shore-based or shallow water methods which are the most successful to date, but are inherently incompatible with rapid deployment or use in deep water. By placing the generator below the ocean surface and keeping it relatively motionless using a single-point mooring with a taut synthetic line, we can leverage inherent non-linearities in both the structure of the mooring and the synthetic mooring line material, tuning the dynamic response and extracting maximum energy from the waves. This concept lends itself especially well to SARA's MHD OWEC approach as demonstrated under a Phase I Navy SBIR last year, but can also be adapted to any system where a surface float is separated from a subsurface generator, with the latter intended to remain motionless. The result is both compact and highly deployable, and can be moved easily from one place to another by pulling up the single anchor. The proposed technology has numerous commercial and military applications, with the nearest term being provision of electrical power to remote ocean and coastal locations. In contrast to shore based or permanently mounted systems, this new approach offers the promise of rapid deployability in a compact and moveable system, and could eventually replace traditional fossil fueled portable generators for remote ocean locations, or along deep water shorelines.

PHYSICAL OPTICS CORPORATION Electro-Optic & Holography Div, 20600 Gramercy Pl Torrance, CA 90501
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(310) 320-3088 Dr. Michael Piliavin NAVY 02-052 Selected for Award
Title:	Material Properties Synthesis and Neural Network Based Property Prediction
Abstract:	Physical Optics Corporation (POC) proposes to develop a novel Neural Network Assisted Material Property Prediction (NNAMPP) software. This Windows-based software engine consists of modules to calculate electrical conductivity, mechanical properties, etc. Modularity will make it simple and easy to upgrade this tool for predicting the properties of materials before they are synthesized. The proposed NNAMPP software engine will consist of a kernel that will oversee the tasks performed for each type of property, a number of property analysis modules, each performing a distinct function, and a neural network select materials to synthesize that would have desired properties. The neural network will take the material properties as input, and work backward to material composition and synthesis. The NNAMPP engine will benefit the national welfare by synthesizing and predicting material properties of national importance such as flame resistance, toughness, and even superconduction. In Phase I we will develop and demonstrate a preliminary feasibility prototype NNAMPP software engine. Using the proposed NNAMPP, new materials can be synthesized for submarine hulls and spacecraft skins, superconductive cables, and spacecraft or submarine windows. Stronger materials will bring us lighter and stronger automobiles, and apparel and pharmacological synthesis can lead to new classes of medicines.

FASTVDO LLC 7150 Riverwood Dr. Columbia, MD 21046
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(301) 442-6063 Dr. Pankaj Topiwala NAVY 02-053 Selected for Award
Title:	Characterize and Optimize ATR Performance for EO/IR Sensors
Abstract:	This project will research and develop novel approaches to capture the edge information on targets in EO/IR imagery, using new decompositions. We will also develop innovative function-theoretic measures of activity. Faster, more robust target-processing of EO/IR imagery.

GENEX TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 10605 Concord Street, #500 Kensington, MD 20895
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(301) 962-6565 Dr. Jason Geng NAVY 02-054 Selected for Award
Title:	A High Depth of Field Omnidirectional Video Camera With Selective High Resolution Imaging Capability
Abstract:	Although the current omnidirectional camera technology possesses the advantage of having a ultra-wide (hemispherical) field of view(FOV), the image resolution for a given object in the surrounding scene is lower than that acquired by a standard video camera. Number of pixels on a given video sensor is fixed. If the FOV is larger, the number of pixels allocated to a given size object will be inverse-proportionally smaller, resulting in a lower pixel counts for the object in the omnidirectional images. Furthermore, the depth of field (or rather lack of it) in the optical system design for the omnidirectional camera is also an issue of concern. Design methods that attempt to achieve higher depth of field have always been a compromise of the image sharpness in both the close-up and the far-field distances. The primary objective of this SBIR program is to overcome the drawbacks of existing omnidirectional video camera techniques, and to design and demonstrate a novel omnidirectional video camera concept, dubbed as the Super-OmniEye„, that is able to provide both ultra-wide FOV of the dynamic scene and selective high-resolution video images for the object of interest (OOI). Furthermore, the Super-OmniEye employs a special optical design thus the high depth of field performance can be achieved. The commercial and military markets for the technology to be developed under this SBIR are obviously sizable. In military arena, the proposed Super-OmniEye systems can be used in battlefield visualization, remote manipulation in hazardous environments, situational awareness, surveillance and monitoring. Commercial applications include surveillance and security monitoring public and private facilities in US, from airports, schools, universities, Government facilities, corporations, and sport events.

VISION TECHNOLOGY,INC. 1808 Foxborough Ct. Champaign, IL 61822
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(217) 398-0161 Mr. John Hart NAVY 02-054 Selected for Award
Title:	High Depth-of-Field Panoramic Video Acquisition and Analysis of Dynamic Scenes
Abstract:	This project is aimed at investigating the feasibility of the design of a family of versatile new image sensors. A typical such sensor can (i) have an infinite depth of field, (ii) provide a panoramic images of up to 360-degree wide visual fields, (iii) provide an estimate of the depth of each visible point in the scene, (iv) preserve the image resolution across the panoramic image, and (v) image a dynamic scene, and (vi) offers a trade off between cost and performance measured in terms of the quality of focus (resolution of the depth of field), reliability of depth estimates and the width of the visual field. A progressive design that will offer 5 such tradeoffs will be investigated. Two designs add new capabilities to a prototype developed under a previous SBIR award and being commercialized by a major company. Two additional designs examine the feasibility of a new approach to further extend the capabilities. The feasibility of the final design, which provides all aforementioned capabilities in a single system, is proposed as an option along with the analysis of the acquired images for object motion detection and estimation, and 3D modeling. All proposed designs appear integrable and commercially viable Imaging pervades all walks of everyday life - business, industry, education and homes alike. Since the proposed new imaging technology will introduce hitherto unavailable capabilities as well as lead to significant strides in existing capabilities, it is expected to have a major commercial impact. Potential Commercial Applications include: Surveillance of buildings, compounds, homes and stores; Wide-scene studio photography; Outdoor nature photography; Endoscopic and neurosurgery; Television broadcasting; 3D scene modeling; 3D object modeling for computer aided manufacturing; Virtual reality using omnifocused 3D display; Advertising; Visual art; Monitoring of hazardous environments; Visualization; Interactive video games.

NANONEX CORPORATION 7 FOULET DRIVE PRINCETON, NJ 08540
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(609) 683-3973 Dr. Linshu Kong NAVY 02-055 Selected for Award
Title:	Nanoimprint Lithography of Parallel Patterning of Nanoscale Magenetoelectronic Devices
Abstract:	The goal of the project is to develop nanoimprint lithography based fabrication processes for low-cost, parallel patterning of magnetic device structures of a size below 50 nm feature size. In particular, nanoimprint lithography (NIL) and reactive ion etching (RIE) of nanoscale rectangles and hollow cylinders in insulators will be studied. A variety of NIL masks will be fabricated using electron-beam lithography and RIE. NIL processes, resists and machines will be investigated to make them suitable to meet the particular needs of fabrication of nanomagnetoelectronic devices. A variety of reactive ion etching (RIE) recipes will be explored to ensure the high-fidelity etching of these nanoscale structures. Several key technical personnel of Nanonex Corporation are former post-docs and graduate students of Prof. Chou of Princeton University's group, and are experts in nanofabrication, particularly NIL, RIE, and nanomagnetic structures. Professor Chou will serve as a consultant to the proposed project. The success of the proposed project will present a significant step forward in fabricating nanoscale magneto-electronic devices. Such devices are essential to many Navy and other military hardwires. The fabrication technology can also benefit other nanostructures needed in military and civilian applications.

NVE CORP. (FORMERLY NONVOLATILE ELECTRONICS, INC.) 11409 Valley View Road Eden Prairie, MN 55344
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(952) 829-9217 Mr. John M. Anderson NAVY 02-055 Selected for Award
Title:	Ultra-scaleable Vertical Transport GMR Devices
Abstract:	This SBIR Phase I proposal, "Ultra-scaleable Vertical Transport GMR Devices," addresses the need for ultra-submicron Giantmagnetoresistive (GMR) cells in high-density nonvolatile MRAM. The Navy particularly displays need for this technology in their vertical memory effort. Issues that complicate submicron memory cells are twofold. First, is the need to pattern magnetic devices at, or below, the limits of projected semiconductor processes. Second, and most critical, is that at the dimensions required for high-density MRAM, below 0.1 micron, thermal instability and thermal dissipation cause crippling failure rates. NVE proposes to resolve these issues by building ultra-submicron cells that take advantage of thermal dissipation. In addition, the program will investigate parallel processes to replace ebeam, which will become critical in Phase II development and Phase III production. Phase I technical objectives are (A) design thermally assisted test cells; (B) fabricate test cells using ebeam; (C) characterize the cells for functionality and to profile the process; and (D) outline a parallel fabrication process that will be employed in the Phase II development effort. The results of the Phase I effort will demonstrate ultra-submicron memory test cells and provide a path for prototype production in Phase II. Vertical MRAM is applicable in general ultra-dense, nonvolatile random-access memory, "inaccessible"or non-retrievable information storage applications, and as a potential hard disk replacement. NVE will benefit in the way of technology licensing and applying the technology to niche memory applications.

MEZZO SYSTEMS LBTC, Rm d-102, South Stadium Dr. Baton Rouge, LA 70803
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(225) 334-6394 Mr. Andrew B. McCandless NAVY 02-056 Selected for Award
Title:	Packaging and Thermal Management for kW/cm2 Microwave Amplifiers
Abstract:	It is proposed to develop micro-jet cooling arrays (MJCA) to obtain high heat flux density cooling for microwave amplifiers. MJCA has advantages over existing technologies both in terms of the thermal load that it can remove and in terms of maintaining the junction temperature at acceptable levels. MJCA will be fabricated by the LIGA technique. The Phase I effort will demonstrate 100x100 array of micro-jets with diameters in the range of 100-400 microns. The Phase II effort will involve fabrication of a complete cooling cycle based on MJCA and testing of the developed system in a high power density system. Effective removal of waste heat from high power devices has applications in a large variety of military and commercial systems. The proposed thermal management system promises to result in a compact, low weight, and low cost heat removal system that would meet the heat removal needs of current and future generations of high power systems.

MICROENERGY TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 2007 E. Fourth Plain Blvd. Vancouver, WA 98661
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(360) 694-3704 Dr. Reza Shekarriz NAVY 02-056 Selected for Award
Title:	High Heat Flux Cooling Module Rosette for Power Amplifier Thermal Solution
Abstract:	MicroEnergy Technologies, Inc. (MicroET) proposes to demonstrate the feasibility and the major advantages of an innovative electronic cooling system with substrate-integrated ceramic (e.g., SiC) microchannels in which a ceramic nanoparticles suspension (i.e., SiC nanofluid coolant) is driven using a unique pumping approach to yield high intensity heat removal from the substrate. The particular thermal management system addresses the DoD requirements for cooling of power electronics where it is to be compatible with SiC and GaN based wide bandgap semiconductor microwave amplifiers. The heat transfer within the self-contained cooling module is high because of two key reasons, namely, high surface area of the microchannel surface geometry for efficient heat rejection to the coolant and very high heat transfer coefficients induced by the SiC nanofluid coolant. Combining these two effects is expected to produce heat rejection rates significantly higher than 1000 W/cm2 from the surface of the substrate to be cooled with pumping pressure drops of less than 1000 Pa (or less than 10 mW/cm2 of substrate surface area pumping power requirements) . In the proposed phase I work we intend to demonstrate a specific application of nanofluids where the morphology of the particles and the rheology of the mixture have major impact on the system performance. Based on our collective experience in thermal systems miniaturization, we believe SiC nanoparticles suspensions can be tailored to provide a unique opportunity for thermal management and enhanced heat transfer rates in high heat flux heat sinks and heat exchangers. The rosette microchannel arrangement and the particular method by which the fluid is pumped through the microchannels give rise to very low pumping power requirements while increasing the substrate surface temperature uniformity. The final product, high heat flux cooling module rosette, in addition to application in defense technologies, will have a significant commercial value to a broader industry, including the aerospace and space electronics manufacturers. Efficient distributed cooling will reduce the risk of system failure, increase system throughput, and reduce the complexity, size, and weight of the system.

ULTRAMET 12173 Montague Street Pacoima, CA 91331
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(818) 899-0236 Dr. Arthur J. Fortini NAVY 02-056 Selected for Award
Title:	Lightweight, Low-Cost, High-Performance Heat Sink for High-Power Electronics
Abstract:	A key design limitation of many current electronic systems is heat rejection. As microchips become ever more densely packed with greater quantities of components, the amount of heat generated per unit area likewise increases rapidly. As the junction temperatures within an electronic component increase, the reliability and useful lifetime of the device decrease rapidly, even silicon carbide (SiC) components. In this project, Ultramet proposes to model and fabricate a lightweight, low-cost, high-performance heat sink for actively cooled high-power SiC-based electronics. This new heat sink will utilize open-cell silicon carbide foam as its key component, which will act as a high thermal conductivity, high surface area cooling fin. Because silicon carbide has a higher thermal conductivity per unit weight than copper, and because the foam will have a useful surface area an order of magnitude greater than typical aluminum fin devices, the proposed device will greatly outperform the current devices and simultaneously provide a substantial weight savings. The perfect thermal expansion match between the advanced SiC-based electronic components and the heat sink will greatly simplify design issues. Ultramet will not only fabricate and test a SiC foam cold plate, but also model its performance at a fundamental engineering level. Commercial applications for advanced heat sinks for electronic components include military radar, military, civil, and commercial satellites, manned and unmanned spacecraft, military and commercial aircraft, and mainframe and even personal computers, to name just a few. With the rapid growth of the electronics industry and the ever-increasing power density of integrated circuits, the need for advanced electronic heat sinks will only increase.

NAVSYS CORPORATION 14960 Woodcarver Road Colorado Springs, CO 80921
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(719) 481-4877 Mr. Daniel Sullivan NAVY 02-057 Selected for Award
Title:	All-Weather Landmark Identification, Correlation, Geolocation, and Inertial Measurement Unit
Abstract:	Under this proposed SBIR effort, NAVSYS will develop an integrated video and inertial sensor system design, capable of being used to provide a back-up navigation capability for a UAV in the event of GPS jamming. The system will be able to automatically perform landmark identification and tracking from the video imagery. The location of these landmarks extracted from the video imagery will be applied as video updates (VUPTs) to the on-board inertial navigation solution to reset the navigation error drift from the inertial sensors. Under the Phase I project, the video/navigation system operation will be prototyped and tested using a flight test data collected through a CRADA with the Air Force Academy. The design will heavily leverage our previous activities developing a video/inertial precision targeting system and also low cost GPS/inertial UAV avionics. In Phase I a design will be developed for a low cost, miniature video/inertial sensor and gimbal payload, to be built under the Phase II project, that will be suitable for installation on a small UAV. Market opportunities for this product exist for manned and unmanned aircraft guidance, unmanned ground vehicle guidance, in-building or underground navigation, and also to provide a video tracking capability for instrumenting flight tests. The video/navigation technology provides a robust navigation capability during periods where GPS is unavailable and can also provide precision target coordinates extracted from the sensor data.

OPTO-KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS, INC. (OKSI) 4030 Spencer St, Suite 108 Torrance, CA 90503
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(310) 371-4445 Dr. Nahum Gat NAVY 02-057 Selected for Award
Title:	Video-based autonomous navigation
Abstract:	As a part of a precision agriculture project OKSI operates a suite of remote sensing sensors including multi-, hyperspectral, thermal IR, and a color video, from a Cessna aircraft. In order to properly register and georeference the imagery OKSI has developed algorithmic tools for image registration to a landmark reference (e.g., satellite) image, and for platform attitude (roll pitch and yaw extraction). These tools can also address differences in brightness or illumination and seasonal changes in the scene. In Phase-I we will use our sensors to acquire flight data under various environment conditions including day/night and different terrain types. We will use satellite imagery from OKSI's archives to test the robustness of the algorithms in image georegistration, and platform attitude determination. A miniaturized low cost flight sensor package will then be designed for use on board a UAV down to the size of SWARM. The experience gained in recent years through OKSI's precision agriculture project will be used to develop "autonomous video based navigation system" for use under denial of GPS conditions. Similarly, enhancements in the technology will be used by OKSI to further its remote sensing in precision farming business opportunities.

ACULIGHT CORPORATION 11805 North Creek Parkway S., Suite 113 Bothell, WA 98011
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(425) 482-1100 Dr. Mark S. Bowers NAVY 02-058 Selected for Award
Title:	High Energy, Modular, Long Pulse Laser
Abstract:	The Advanced Integrated Warfare System (AIEWS) will require a high-energy, long-pulse laser that emits wavelengths in the visible to near infrared for optical countermeasures of anti-ship missiles. To meet this future Navy need, Aculight Corporation proposes an affordable and modular diode-pumped solid-state (DPSS) laser that is frequency converted to the visible and near infrared. This modular approach provides the required pulse energy and temporal pulse width by beam combination of multiple, moderate-pulse-energy laser modules. This concept allows for nearly complete coverage in the 425-800 nm wavelength range. The output spectrum can be tailored over this entire wavelength range, making counter-countermeasures on the threat impractical. In the Phase I, analysis and breadboard experiments will be performed to demonstrate the feasibility of the modular laser concept. Results from the Phase I will be used in the option task to design the laser modules that will be built in the Phase II. The proposed affordable, diode-pumped, solid-state laser module has commercial applications in a variety of material processing applications.

LIGHT AGE INCORPORATED 2 Riverview Drive Somerset, NJ 08873
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(732) 563-0600 Dr. Bruce Boczar NAVY 02-058 Selected for Award
Title:	High Energy, Long Pulse Laser (Multispectral line long pulse solid state laser)
Abstract:	The objective of the proposed effort is to demonstrate feasibility for a high power multi-wavelength long pulse (0.5-10 microsecond) visible to near IR laser system. The system will provide high power output simultaneously at multiple wavelengths suitable for countermeasure applications. The output will be nearly impossible to filter because it will be more than three wavelengths simultaneously and at high power. The underlying technology could also be tailored in the future to provide on-the-fly dynamic wavelength changes. The proposed a solid state system has an alexandrite laser to deliver a few Joules output at 750 nm. A proprietary Raman converter generates 1 micron light (Stokes) and other visible (anti-Stokes) wavelengths. The Stokes output is frequency doubled to provide high power green/yellow outputs at about 560 nm. This program integrates three proprietary technologies that Light Age has utilized in its custom commercial laser sources: high energy alexandrite laser output; pulse stretching to produce hard to reach 0.5 to 5 ms pulse durations; and high power Raman converters. Elements of the system and the basic technology developed herein will address diverse commercial needs having specific application to certain state of the art medical procedures. The technology that will be developed under this program will be very important to a number of commercial fields today and in the future. It is particularly important to certain medical applications. Given our approach to addressing the stated need, we will develop a long pulse duration multi wavelength solid state laser (SSL) technology. Today there are a variety of very good tunable SSL sources but they unfortunately are limited to pulse durations in the sub-20 ns temporal regime. There are several medical applications that require significant peak and average powers delivered endoscopically in order to be efficacious. However, nanosecond class lasers with high pulse energies can not be easily coupled to small optical fibers and endoscopes. Applications in cardiology, thrombolysis, ophthalmology, lithotripsy and cancer diagnostics would benefit from this technology. In addition, a high pulse energy, long pulse, three color laser would find use the field of three color holography. Recently Light Age has also played a role in making a laser for the fabrication of carbon nanotubes. Single walled nanotubes, which are an integral part of new hydrogen fuel cells under development, fabrication can be better controlled using a adjustable pulse width using Light Age pulse stretched alexandrite laser with pulses 0.5 ms to 5 ms. This field although in its infancy and impossible to predict a market may lead to many technological breakthroughs.

WEBB RESEARCH CORPORATION 82 Technology Park Drive East Falmouth, MA 02536
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(508) 548-2077 Mr. Douglas C. Webb NAVY 02-059 Selected for Award
Title:	A New, Autonomous, Current, Temperature and Salinity Profiler for Storm Conditions
Abstract:	A new instrument, capable of measuring repeated profiles of ocean currents during hurricanes and severe storms, is proposed. Our understanding of ocean and atmosphere dynamics during severe storms is handicapped in part by a lack of instruments and deployment techniques suitable for this severe environment. The joining of two proven technologies is described. Horizontal velocity of seawater can be determined by measurement of electric currents induced in the water as it moves through the earth's magnetic field. We propose to integrate this proven sensor technology with a mature autonomous ocean profiling instrument, the APEX (Autonomous Profiling Explorer), of which over 400 units have been built. The APEX vehicle can be deployed before or during a storm, from ships or C130 aircraft. APEX is certified by US DOD for deployment from C130 aircraft, and has been deployed by this method in the Atlantic Ocean and Red, Japan, Mediterranean, and South China seas. The technology is also applicable to numerous other ocean measurement programs and the platform design is suitable for additional sensor systems. Improved understanding of storm dynamics will benefit storm forecasters, Naval and commercial ship operations, coastal communities and the insurance and offshore petroleum industry. Navy operational environmental assessment, using input from a covert platform, could be enhanced. The instrument would perform several hundred vertical cycles, measuring subsurface horizontal velocity, and temperature-salinity profiles. Bi-directional data telemetry via satellite, and GPS locations, occur during brief surface intervals. The vehicle spends most of its life below the surface, safe from wave damage. Improved understanding of storm dynamics will benefit storm forecasters, naval and commercial ship operations, coastal communities and the insurance and offshore petroleum industry. Navy operational environmental assessment, using input from covert platforms, could be enhanced. The instrument can be programmed for a very wide range of applications other than storm conditions and could become a useful addition to the inventory of tools of many oceanographers. More sensors are likely to be added and the utility of autonomous profilers, already in widespread use, could be further enhanced. Measurement of currents and other environmental variables in inaccessible sites is made possible. The inaccessibility may be due to ice cover or uncooperative territorial situations.

FOSTER-MILLER TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 431 New Karner Road Albany, NY 12205
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(518) 456-9919 Dr. Hsiang Ming Chen NAVY 02-060 Selected for Award
Title:	Compact, High Density Energy Storage Devices
Abstract:	A reliable bearing system is key to the success of any flywheel energy storage system. The bearings must consume little power and provide proper stiffness and damping properties so that the rotor can achieve stable high-speed operation without critical speed or resonance problems. Development of an innovative all-active magnetic suspension system is proposed for retrofit and proof-of-concept testing in an existing flywheel energy storage system. The improvements offered by this suspension system include more damping to avoid structural resonance as well as lower power loss and wear. Longer service life and the potential for higher speeds and more power are additional benefits. Phase II will refine and further test flywheels with the new suspension system, and address additional system-level requirements, including packaging to reduce overall system size and weight. The end result will be a flywheel energy storage system that meets or exceeds the goals of 50 kW over 10 sec in a compact, energy dense package. This system will provide the Navy with a proven means of adapting commercially available energy storage technology for its unique and often low-volume needs. From powering orbiting satellites during their traverse of the earth's shadow to accelerating cars and buses, there is a ubiquitous need for efficient storage of electrical energy for rapid on-demand delivery. A high-speed flywheel energy storage system is one of the most promising technologies to meet this need. The Navy has many similar applications that range from launching aircraft to powering swimmer delivery vehicles. In addition to marine applications, the aerospace and land-based power quality markets hold significant commercial potential for a reliable, compact, high-density energy storage device.

GINER, INC. 89 Rumford Avenue Newton, MA 02466
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 529-0520 Dr. Badawi Dweik NAVY 02-060 Selected for Award
Title:	High Performance, Lower Cost Electrochemical Capacitors for the Navy's Deployable, Long-Endurance Acoustic Source Device Application
Abstract:	Electrochemical Capacitors (EC) with low cost, high performance and low equivalent series resistance (ESR) are needed to develop a wide range of military, space, and industrial applications. The primary objective of this project is to develop a high energy density, high power density, all-solid polymer electrolyte EC stack whose ESR and cost are substantially reduced. Innovative low-cost highly conductive solid electrolyte membrane and electrode materials will be utilized in order to reduce the cost and the ESR of the EC. The specific innovative concept is the development of a repeating capacitor element, based on the use of a highly conductive metal oxide particulate, unitized with a low-cost, low-resistance, highly conductive thin proton-exchange membrane electrolyte, to provide a high-energy-density, high-power-density EC device. This innovation is based on Giner, Inc.'s extensive knowledge in electrode materials and solid polymer electrolyte processing. This proposed EC stack, which targets the Navy's application for a deployable, long-endurance acoustic source represent more than a 60% volume and weight reduction compared to the current state of the art ultracapacitor technology. The advantages of the proposed EC design includes long life, small size, high power density, and the extension to be used in many other applications. The EC to be developed during the proposed program may be used in a number of different applications, particularly those that require short-duration, high-energy-density, high-power-density devices. Potential adopters include the Navy (active sonar pulses and burst speed power for surface and submerged vehicles), the Army (electric guns and kinetic﷓energy weapons), industry (electric vehicle and load leveling), and space applications (power conditioning systems and components for space missions).

SCHAFER CORPORATION 321 Billerica Road Chelmsford, MA 01824
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(925) 447-0555 Mr. John Mead NAVY 02-060 Selected for Award
Title:	Super-capacitor Energy Storage System for Compact High Power Applications
Abstract:	Ocellus Technologies has developed an integrated approach for the application of double-layer capacitors. Starting with the application's power and energy specifications and using its novel conformal electrode design, Ocellus will develop a complete integrated energy storage systems optimized for the given sonar application's weight and volume constraints. Integration issues such as power conversion and system protection are addressed during the packaging and capacitor design process. Ocellus Technologies uses nano-scale carbon foams that have a continuous porosity and a very high surface area per volume making them ideal for double-layer capacitor designs. These nano-scale foams can be extruded, formed and shaped to produce conformal electrode designs to meet a variety of volume and environmental constraints. They are manufactured using processes that achieve greater efficiency, lower cost and additional utility. Under this Phase I proposal a conformal electrode design optimized for an organic electrolyte will be constructed and tested. The electrode will be designed to scale into a prototype energy storage system for a 50kW, 10 second pulse Low Frequency Acoustic Source application. The project will address integration issues related to double-layer capacitor applications specifically looking at mechanical packaging designs, power conversion options, and voltage balancing of cell stacks. There are several needs for short-duration, high-power energy storage devices in such applications as hybrid electrical vehicles, active sonar, power-quality ride through, and load-leveling in fuel cells and micro-turbines. By combining low power energy sources with these high power energy storage systems, reductions can be made in cost, overall weight, and volume within the complete system and performance improvements can be made in duty cycle and cycle life. The integrated design approach developed under Phase I of this proposal is scaleable to meet energy needs ranging from small energy applications such as smart munitions to large power applications such as sonar pulsing.

ARTIUM TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 150 West Iowa Avenue, Suite 101 Sunnyvale, CA 94086
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(408) 737-2364 Dr. William D. Bachalo NAVY 02-061 Selected for Award
Title:	Development of an airborne integrated phase Doppler interferometer/imaging probe for accurate cloud droplet size distribution measurement
Abstract:	This Phase I SBIR proposal seeks to investigate the feasibility of developing an optical probe based on phase Doppler interferometry (PDI) for reliable and accurate measruement of the cloud droplet size distribution from airbonre platforms. The key features of this device are high accuracy and precision droplet sizing, large dynamic range, accurate concentration measurement throughout the entire instrument dynamic range, very low coincidence errors, and large counting volume. The other key featues of the proposed instrument are: low cost, low power consumption, compactness, and real-time data monitoring and transmission to ground-based facilities. Additionally, we propose to also investigate the feasibility of simultaneous (in the same view volume) discrimination of ice crystals from water drops, and subsequent imaging of these particles. The integration of the imaging probe with a phase-Doppler system will permit measurement of both spherical and non-spherical particles. This instrument package represents a significant improvement over past cloud droplet measurement devices, and thereby directly addresses the need for atmospheric instruments/sensors that the Navy has identified in topic N02-61 of the FY2002 SBIR solicitation. Clouds are a very important component of the climate system because of their effects on longwave and shortwave radiation, atmospheric heat, moisture, and mass transport, precipitation, and atmospheric chemistry. Clouds and feedback mechanisms associated with them are widely acknowledged as one of the key uncertainties in understanding climate and future climate prediction. A thorough understanding of clouds is also critical for weather prediction. Quantitative precipitation forecasting is one of the primary focus areas for the US Weather Research Program. The development of a suitable cloud probe will therefore have immense scientific value. Besides clouds, there are wide ranges of applications for an instrument that can characterize sprays and droplet fields over a wide size range. The immediate goal of producing a probe for measuring icing clouds and other cloud drop size distributions has a limited but adequate market potential. The obsolescence of the PMS probes has left a market opportunity for new probes based on advanced technology. There are also significant applications requiring an imaging probe for process evaluation and control. For example, in spray drying, the usual light scattering methods fail because the drops are not transparent or homogeneous. In such cases, an imaging system is the best method to use since it is not affected by the peculiarities of the droplet material. Another area deals with research in fire suppression systems used in commercial buildings. A system is needed to characterize sprays from sprinklers and to help develop these systems. No system exists for these applications whereas the number of spray drying processes including food processing, drug manufacturing, and other industrial processes is enormous. One of the complaints about the PDI method is that it cannot cover the entire drop size range in many sprays and that the larger nonspherical drops can produce significant measurement error.

MSP CORPORATION 1313 Fifth St., SE Minneapolis, MN 55414
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(612) 379-3963 Dr. William Dick NAVY 02-061 Selected for Award
Title:	Single-Particle, Angular Light-Scattering Apparatus for Aircraft Sampling
Abstract:	The objective of MSP's three-phase SBIR program is to design and build a state-of-the-art Multi-Angle Light-Scattering Spectrometer integrated with a high performance inlet and sampling system for accurate in-flight particle monitoring. The system would be kept small in physical size by the use of solid-state lasers and photo-detectors. By combining the compact Aerosol Size Spectrometer with a state-of-the-art inlet and sampling inlet, a small aircraft sampling system with superior performance can be obtained. In the Phase I project, several design alternatives will be investigated, and several novel features will be demonstrated experimentally. In Phase II, we will build a working instrument, based on the best design options elucidated in Phase I. In further Phase III work, commercial instruments will be made available for aircraft sampling and other applications. The aircraft sampling system would substantially increase the ability of the aerosol research community to contribute to questions of national defense and global climate change. In addition, the resulting aerosol spectrometer would assist civil authorities with their anti-terrorism response planning and could also be used for industrial hygiene monitoring.

SEQUOIA SCIENTIFIC, INC. Westpark Technical Center, 15317, NE 90th St. Redmond, WA 98052
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(425) 867-2464 Dr. Yogesh Agrawal NAVY 02-061 Selected for Award
Title:	Four Dimensional (4-D) Atmospheric Instrumentation
Abstract:	We are proposing an airborne version of our LISST-series laser diffraction particle sensors for measuring cloud droplet properties. The instrument will be configured as an aircraft borne device, though an ultra-low weight version for balloon-sonde applications is also possible. The device measures concentration in 32 log-spaced size classes. It will be self-contained, with laser and electronics enclosed in a single package, to be mounted below an aircraft wing. The size-range of interest is 1.2-250 microns. The concentration range of interest is from 0.1-1000 micro-liter of water/meter^3 of air. The principal task of this proposal is to advance the achievable sensitivity of the laser diffraction device. A laboratory set up is to be constructed. The device is needed as a lower-cost alternative to present day sensors that are used for research on cloud dynamics .

PRAXIS, INCORPORATED 2200 Mill Road, 5th Floor Alexandria, VA 22314
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(703) 837-8400 Mr. R. Jack Chapman NAVY 02-062 Selected for Award
Title:	Ocean Data Telemetry Microsat Link
Abstract:	Current communications relay satellite systems do not meet validated needs for global ocean observing system data collections. A complete system architecture, including the network for providing access between the data providers and users, and the system for managing the data generated in both real-time and delayed-mode, has yet to be developed. Global ocean observing system data collections require a low-cost, robust solution using bi-directional delay-tolerant messaging capable of providing internet-like services. The proposed work would enable a robust, cost-effective two-way (space-to-ground and ground-to-space) communication relay system with significant increases in collected data from autonomous platforms. Primary is a two-way delay-tolerant messaging capability providing internet-like services on a global basis. Enablers include increased signal-to-noise at the satellite via coding, a bi-directional software radio, and a store-and-forward overlay network used in a manner similar to e-mail. The proposed microsatellite architecture will allow evolution and expansion for future sensors, and it decouples autonomous platforms from future space segment system upgrades. The system could be deployed as a mix of stand-alone microsatellites and secondary payloads aboard host space vehicles. The work proposed in this SBIR is the first step toward the development of a cost-effective space-qualified Communications Relay Payload to meet the DoD and Civil Sector needs for a real-time Integrated Ocean Observing System. Key government agencies that can further benefit from the commercialization of the communications relay and microsatellite technology concepts include: DoD laboratories, research organizations, and program offices that are developing next-generation sensor and network-centric systems; DoD organizations that are deploying sensors in rugged environments and remote locations, including portable or mobile applications; and DoD and government agencies that are deploying sensor networks for applications such as environmental monitoring, surveillance, security, machine monitoring, and battlefield awareness.

WAVIX, INCORPORATED 8100 Professional Place, Suite 205 Landover, MD 20785
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(301) 459-6682 Dr. Jeffrey N. Shaumeyer NAVY 02-062 Selected for Award
Title:	Ocean Data Telemetry Microsat Link
Abstract:	Despite careful planning, one extremely critical aspect of oceanographic data collection has been neglected. Although it is now possible to deploy thousands of oceanographic data collection platforms that can collect prodigious amounts of data for relatively little money, there is no practical, timely way to get all that data from those remote platforms to researchers. The oceanography community has tacitly assumed that by the time they needed satellite communications for their data collection programs, a number of commercial systems would be in place to choose from. The fallacy of that assumption is suddenly very clear with the bankruptcy of nearly every satellite communication company that made it so far as having satellites in orbit. This proposal lays out the first phase of a plan for the concept, design, and development of a satellite communication system that is specifically targeted to the needs of the oceanographic community. In this phase we propose to update our awareness of the needs of the oceanographic community, develop a current set of system requirements, and with that input, develop an end-to-end satellite communication system concept. This concept will comprise the proposed constellation, satellite hardware subsystems, communications protocols, ground systems infrastructure, and ocean platform hardware. The size of the market for oceanographic data retrieval is relatively small, with potential users counted in thousands. This is the main reason there are no satellite systems that fully address the needs of this market. Wavix has developed a business plan that allows us to profitably serve this niche market at very affordable prices. There are other niche markets that such a system can serve that, when aggregated, become a significant opportunity. There is a high demand world-wide for inexpensive data transmission services. By dropping the price for such services many new markets will begin to open such as providing inexpensive e-mail and data services on ships for crew and passengers and Arctic, Antarctic, and other remote locations of scientific research. A satellite system designed to serve oceanographic research can easily accommodate these additional niche markets.

FOSTER-MILLER, INC. 350 Second Ave. Waltham, MA 02451
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 684-4188 Dr. Patrick Henning NAVY 02-063 Selected for Award
Title:	Innovative Lubricant Quality Monitoring Using Optical Computing
Abstract:	As a leader in sensor development for online oil condition based maintenance, Foster-Miller is pleased to respond to the Office of Naval Research's call for a low cost online lubricant condition sensor system. We presently have one of the few demonstrated capabilities for online oil monitoring with our commercially available Oil Condition Monitor (OCM). We developed this unique, "wedge" spectrometer since filter-based IR systems have limited ability to do comprehensive analysis in a simple package. For this proposed effort, Foster-Miller proposes to use emerging innovations in the field of optical computing to develop a lower cost sensor which can provide comprehensive oil analysis online. The proposed sensor will have the ability to convolute a multitude of lubricant properties simultaneously and provide an instant measure of overall lubricant quality. The successful demonstration of this innovative approach to oil condition monitoring will result in a small, robust, low-cost system which will significantly expand the application platforms for continuous online monitoring. (P-020172) A sensor which can monitor the status of several condition properties simultaneously but which is at the same time small, robust, and low-cost is a continuing challenge. Optical computing provides the potential to break the trade-off cycle between more information and larger size and cost of instrumentation. Such a sensor would have broad application in military and industrial lubricant monitoring arenas, and significantly accelerate condition-based maintenance program proliferation in both sectors.

IMPACT TECHNOLOGIES, LLC 125 Tech Park Drive Rochester, NY 14623
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(814) 861-6273 Mr. Carl Byington NAVY 02-063 Selected for Award
Title:	Broadband Impedance Spectroscopy Sensor for Real-time In-situ Analysis of Fluid System Health
Abstract:	Impact Technologies LLC, in collaboration with the Penn State Applied Research Laboratory, proposes to develop and demonstrate a fluid quality monitoring system based upon broadband impedance spectroscopy. The approach described herein includes prototype sensor design, signal processing, electrochemical property evaluation, and oil quality feature analysis combined with automated reasoning and prediction algorithms. Oil quality measurements are based on additive depletion, oxidation, thermal breakdown, or other physical/chemical properties changes. Research indicates that these changes are detectable through the analysis of the oil's bulk response to a broadband alternating current input. Preserving the phase and amplitude of the response and identifying specific features allows the classification of oil properties and relative changes. The automated reasoning will be designed to identify viscosity, water content, acid number, and additive package changes as well as predict the future values based upon a rate of degradation. This proposed sensing system will significantly improve the state of on-line oil analysis by providing inexpensive, robust measurements of oil quality parameters. With the integration of this sensor-diagnostic package to monitor the condition of fuels, lubricants, coolants, and hydraulic fluids into to condition monitoring systems there exists great potential to increase readiness, reliability, and mission assurance for platform machinery systems. The oil quality monitoring system will be developed using laboratory test stand evaluations described in the facilities section of the proposal. A commercially available, laboratory grade instrument will be used to validate and verify the oil quality parameters predicted by the system. A demonstration of the prototype hardware will be presented at the end of Phase I. Plans for the evaluation of subsequent Phase II prototypes on a variety of potential test platforms are also provided within the proposal. The proposed oil sensor system could be implemented in a wide range of military as well as commercial applications in the propulsion, prime mover and power transmission arena. Within the DoD, land vehicles, shipboard systems and aircraft could benefit from improved in-situ sensing of fluid properties and degradations. The developed technologies could also be applied to commercial land and water vehicle drive systems, industrial actuation systems, fluid power transmissions, and robotic applications. By providing an on-line assessment of fluid condition, health management systems will be able to provide better inferences on a platform's ability to complete a mission. More accurate predictions of current and future state can also reduce costly inspection routines and premature replacements by using a risk-based, maintenance optimization technique (Condition-based Maintenance, CBM). The end benefits of the CBM and integrated health management approach is a reduction of total ownership costs, increased readiness, and improved safety.

PHYSICAL SCIENCES INC. 20 New England Business Center Andover, MA 01810
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(978) 689-0003 Dr. Michael A. White NAVY 02-063 Selected for Award
Title:	Novel Methods for Real-time in situ Analysis of Lubricants, Coolants, Hydraulic Fluids, and Fuels for Condition Based Maintenance
Abstract:	A novel three-stage optical multi-sensor for condition monitoring of working fluids is proposed. This device combines several detection modalities developed by Physical Sciences Inc. into a compact, powerful tool for acquiring quantitative information on the status of a fluid. The proposed device will measure particulate contamination concentration and morphology, including information on the particulate size, shape and iron content. Simultaneously, spectral features of the fluids, contaminants, and additives will be measured using proven laser absorption spectroscopy techniques. The resulting multi-sensor will provide a robust and reliable monitoring system to be installed in-line with fluid flow systems to provide a detailed look into the "blood chemistry" of machines. This system will allow real-time monitoring and alarm based on each species of contaminant as well as a combined diagnosis of the probability of failure and performance degradation. If the proposed project succeeds through Phases I, II, and III, then a robust new technology will be available to the military for facilitating the detection of particulate and dissolved chemicals in working fluids. While the current proposal is aimed at the expressed Navy need in reference to condition-based maintenance, it is likely that this technology will find widespread application to non-military mechanical systems as well. Industrial producers may utilize the techniques described to automate refinery operations, and the techniques may find applications that cannot yet be envisioned. These applications could include virtually any liquid process where low-probability mechanical failure constitutes a serious problem.

FERRO SOLUTIONS 204 Norfolk Street Cambridge, MA 02139
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(617) 838-8298 Mr. Jiankang Huang NAVY 02-064 Selected for Award
Title:	A Novel Vibration Energy Scavenging (VES) System
Abstract:	Ferro Solutions proposes to develop a novel Vibration Energy Scavenging System (VES) for naval applications. The technology behind the proposed VES takes advantages of our novel high-sensitivity, passive magnetic electroactive sensors (PME). . This vibration energy scavenging system will have the advantages of high-output voltage; efficiently work to varying vibration condition and easy implementation for a variety of output requirement. The development and engineering of relaxor piezoelectric single crystals and magnetostrictive materials make it possible to provide low-cost, and high-sensitivity, passive magnetic electroactive sensors (PME). The sensor is the core of the vibration energy scavenging system. There has been much demand in recent years for energy scavenging systems for wireless sensor networks. These wireless sensor networks include detection of cracks, corrosion, and impact damage to buildings, bridges, underground structures, ships, submarines, aircrafts and engines. It is imperative that the energy source last the lifetime of the sensors they power.

FOSTER-MILLER, INC. 350 Second Ave. Waltham, MA 02451
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 684-4188 Dr. Patrick Henning NAVY 02-064 Selected for Award
Title:	Energy Scavenging Resonator for Wireless Sensor Networks
Abstract:	Foster-Miller proposes to develop a novel self-optimizing energy scavenging device for condition-based maintenance applications specifically targeted to engine condition monitoring sensors. The device will be able to generate up to 10 mW of DC power for online sensors and wireless CBM network nodes in the vicinity of a diesel engine. The device will scavenge energy from the intrinsic vibrations in the engine and have the ability to tune itself for optimal power output at any engine speed. A novel electrical generator based on a mechanical resonator will be developed that produces power via electromagnetic induction. Initial calculations show that a 10 mW generator can be built within a 2.5  2.5  0.5 cm3 enclosure. Additional space of comparable size is required for up to 10 J of energy storage and power conditioning electronics. The phase I program will investigate the vibration spectrum of diesel engines and design the resonator system to exploit existing vibration energy sources with a goal of producing 5 mW of DC power and store 5 J. Phase II will expand the development of the energy scavenger, upgrade the design to produce 10 mW and develop the processes necessary for limited manufacture and field testing. (P-020234) The proposed energy scavenging system will enable autonomous operation of engine condition-based monitoring and data transmission systems and reduce the complexity of under-hood power distribution. The energy scavenging system will also enable higher reliability and redundancy by distributing power generation sources to provide engine monitoring capability in the event of electrical system failure.

RLW, INC. 1346 South Atherton Street State College, PA 16801
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(434) 975-2210 Ms. Susan E. George NAVY 02-064 Selected for Award
Title:	Advanced Energy Scavenging System for Condition-Based Maintenance
Abstract:	RLW and Rockwell Automation propose to develop and demonstrate an adaptable, power scavenging device able to generate a minimum of 5mW of power and store 5J of energy. All viable energy sources and transduction methodologies for the CBM environment will be evaluated. Three will be built to scavenge mechanical energy using piezo-electric technology, mechanical energy using magnet and coil generation, and visible light using photovoltaic cells. The device will adapt to diverse energy sources and operating conditions and be scaleable to larger power and energy levels. Demonstration will occur in the Phase I Option period to explore the limits of power generation potential as a function of operating environment. A substantial portion of the effort will go toward establishing viable application scenarios for the application of CBM2 using self-powered wireless smart sensors and the results of analyzing those scenarios will inform the design and scaling concepts. CBM2 enabled by truly wireless smart sensors has extensive applicability to all branches of the services and all industries. RLW envisions broad commercial appeal when the technology proposed matures into product matched with our ongoing smart wireless sensor development.

AZTEX, INC. 360 Second Avenue Waltham, MA 02451
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 622-5506 Ms. Constance Magee NAVY 02-065 Selected for Award
Title:	Metal Truss X-Cor Structures for Marine Expeditionary Fighting Vehicles
Abstract:	Aztex has developed an open cell periodic metal truss structure, Metal Truss X-Cor, as a multi-functional alternative to metallic honeycomb and stochastic cellular metal structures currently under consideration for the Marine Expeditionary Family of Fighting Vehicles (MEFFV). This all-metal structure can offer to maximize the efficiency of a metal truss design by employing defect free, wrought metal wires or tubing into a straight pin truss array. This array of pins can be bonded to metal facesheets using a Transient Liquid Phase process (TLP). The key to this approach is to provide an open cell multi-functional structure with excellent corrosion resistance, damage tolerance, structural stiffness, and weight savings in excess of 75%. In this program, Aztex and Princeton University propose to adapt an existing Aztex core technology, X-CorT, used for polymer composite structures in military aircraft. The structural performance of X-CorT material is comparable to aluminum honeycomb with the added benefit of corrosion resistance and damage tolerance. By adapting this baseline technology to all-metal structures, it will be possible to extend proven aerospace technology to the harsh environment of expeditionary vehicles using inexpensive materials and processes. Currently available metal core structures include honeycomb, metal foams, periodic metal structures from textiles and formed perforated metals. Honeycomb is the most common and inexpensive material but lacks damage tolerance and corrosion resistance. Metal foams are becoming more available in aluminum but potential weight reduction has not yet been realized. The periodic metal structures offer significant performance benefits and weight reduction when compared to metal foams due to the optimized design of the truss network. Aztex Metal Truss X-CorT technology provides a means to achieve an metal truss structure with existing technology which can expedite the development and reduce overall cost of the product. Metal Truss X-CorT technology is applicable not only to MEFFV structures but also to ship board components such as doors, hatches, and elevators.

CELLULAR MATERIALS INTERNATIONAL, INC. 3355 Free Union Road Charlottesville, VA 22901
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(925) 548-2137 Dr. Shaw M. Lee NAVY 02-065 Selected for Award
Title:	Ultralight Woven Truss and Truss-core Cellular Metal Panels
Abstract:	Ultra-lightweight high strength/high stiffness structural materials are needed for advanced military vehicles, such as the Marine Expeditionary Family of Fighting Vehicles (MEFFV). Cellular Materials International (CMI) proposes to develop and manufacture structural panel materials satisfying these criteria, suitable for corrosive marine environments, based on proprietary periodic cellular metals concepts. In particular, CMI will develop structural panels, based on woven metal textile and formed expanded metal truss cores, bonded to metallic face sheets. These materials will be 75 to 95% less dense than conventional (solid) structural panels of comparable mechanical performance. During Phase I of the proposed SBIR, CMI will demonstrate the feasibility of manufacturing of truss core and metal textile-based periodic cellular metal materials suitable for marine military vehicle applications. In addition to military applications, these ultralight, high performance structural materials will be attractive for a wide spectrum of commercial application; due to their low cost, coupled with light weight and excellent mechanical properties, they will be attractive for commercial shipbuilding, transportation and civil infrastructure. Further, the proposed manufacturing method is amenable to a wide variety of metallic materials, including ferrous, cuprous, nickel, aluminum and titanium-base alloys. The panels are also amenable to joining by conventional methods, including mechanical fasteners, brazing and welding. cost effective structural panels for Marine Expeditionary Family of Fighting Vehicles (MEFFV).

JONATHAN AEROSPACE MATERIALS CORP JAMCORP, 17 Jonspin Rd. Wilmington, MA 01887
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(978) 988-0050 Mr. Jonathan Priluck NAVY 02-065 Selected for Award
Title:	MicroPerf Lattice Block Materials in Marine Expeditionary Vehicles
Abstract:	JAMCORP proposes to develop MicroPerf Lattice Block Material using progressive coining dies to increase production rates above the current method of photolithography. MicroPerf is an octet truss based material with high strength to weight. MicroPerf is manufactured by attaching alternate layers of flat and corrugated sheet metal with much of the material removed. The layers are resistance welded forming a very stiff, very light sheet steel replacement. MicroPerf Lattice Block Material is a direct, high strength replacement for many sheet steel applications. By increasing the strength and stiffnees of sheet steel, MicroPerf will reduce the expense, complexity, and development time of the internal structures currently required in vehicles. Coining die production will yield a higher quality material at a lower cost per sheet of LBM.

ACOUSTECH CORPORATION P. O. Box 139 State College, PA 16804
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(814) 867-2629 Mr. James A. McConnell NAVY 02-066 Selected for Award
Title:	Naval Device Applications of Relaxor Piezoelectric Single Crystals
Abstract:	Acoustech proposes a Phase I study to develop an acoustic dyadic sensor using piezoelectric single crystals. The study combines theoretical and numerical modeling along with experimental data obtained from a pre-prototype unit to assess the feasibility of developing a full scale unit during Phase II for a surveillance application. Greater sensor directivity in a comparable or smaller sized package translates into greatly improved sensor performance.

ADVANCED CERAMETRICS, INC. P.O. Box 128, 245 North Main Street Lambertville, NJ 08530
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(609) 397-2900 Dr. Ajmal Khan NAVY 02-066 Selected for Award
Title:	TRANSDUCERS FROM 1-3 COMPOSITES, MADE WITH ORIENTED PSEUDO SINGLE-CRYSTAL RELAXOR FERROELECTRIC FIBERS, FOR NAVY SONOBUOY APPLICATIONS
Abstract:	Advanced Cerametrics, Inc. (ACI) has developed a technology to produce functional quantities of lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate (PMN-PT) fibers with oriented pseudo single-crystal microstructures. These have been assembled into rudimentary composite transducers. They have also been used as seeds for larger diameter fibers to help promote templated growth for active fiber composites. This work arose, in part, from a Phase II SBIR (N00014-00-C-0188) nearing completion. The aim of that effort has been to develop a process to make the relaxor-based materials into fiber form and to assemble them into very basic functioning devices. The proposed work will build on the past work to provide devices specific to navy applications that utilize the high electromechanical coupling, d33 coefficient and strain properties of these new materials to advantage. In the Phase I effort ACI plans to fabricate and test the feasibility of constructing 1-3 composites made with oriented pseudo single-crystal fibers for use as transducers in sonobuoys. These novel transducers will have greater bandwidth, sensitivity and source levels versus current transducers while being low weight and since they are produced in an economically scalable process, cost effective. ACI intends to apply for the Phase II SBIR Fast Track. Commercial uses track Navy applications. Acoustic signal generation and reception with higher bandwidth and improved sensitivity has numerous applications ranging from musical reproduction and amplification to much improved medical ultrasound (imaging and wound healing). Active structural control is just beginning to use active fiber composites, but vibration reduction is as important to industry as it is to the military. These devices are viewed as much improved replacements for current state of the art piezoelectric composites.

BTECH ACOUSTICS East Bay Office Complex, 1445, Suite 115 East Providence, RI 02915
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(401) 245-2282 Dr. David A. Brown NAVY 02-066 Selected for Award
Title:	Naval Device Applications of Relaxor Piezoelectric Single Crystals
Abstract:	We propose a directional, broadband, highly efficient underwater acoustic transducer using a baffled cylinder made out from piezoelectric single crystals. The prospective application areas will be for an underwater acoustic modem communication and Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUV), in which high efficiency of the transducer system is required due to the limited energy availability (battery) and the size of the transducer needs to be sufficiently small to fit the relatively small housing space and delivery system. In a multi-user communication network, a directional transducer may be desired in order to focus the acoustic beam in a particular direction in order to reduce the interference of communication signals and to increase the signal-to-noise ratio. The significance of this project will be the reduction of transducer dimension and broadening of operational frequency range by exploiting the low sound speed and high coupling coefficient of piezoelectric single crystals. The transducer must be small and broadband but highly efficient as it will be delivered with a A-size sonobuoy and will have limited battery energy. Utilization of piezoelectric single crystals will realize this smaller dimension, broaden the bandwidth and prolong the lifetime of the device in comparison with conventional piezoelectric materials e.g. PZT-4, PZT-5A or PZT-8. The Navy will gain a very broadband, leight weight directional source that is highly efficient

BTECH ACOUSTICS East Bay Office Complex, 1445, Suite 115 East Providence, RI 02915
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(401) 433-1100 Dr. David A. Brown NAVY 02-066 Selected for Award
Title:	Naval Device Applications of Relaxor Piezoelectric Single Crystals
Abstract:	This proposal is for the development of a high sensitivity pressure gradient acoustic motion sensor (accelerometer) of the flexural plate type using piezoelectric single crystals. The pressure gradient acoustic motion sensor is based on flexural plate elements operating below resonance in the accelerometer mode. The high piezoelectric coefficients for single crystals is ideal for increasing the sensitivity and low frequency range of the proposed sensor. A three axis device with combined pressure sensor (hydrophone) is proposed to realize a "Vector Sensor" suitable to meet all performance goals of the Low Frequency Bow Array (LFBA) program. Variants of the proposed sensor are also applicable to conformal arrays, hull arrays, and seismic monitoring. Improved pressure gradient sensors of the fixed diffraction type are also demonstrated. The inherent problem for pressure gradient sensors with conventional materials is the lack of sensitivity at low frequencies. This application of single crystals (SCr) seems to be ideal in the sense that the material's beneficial properties are clearly exploited and its disadvantages are avoided. Thus, high coupling coefficient keff is exploited and the small sound velocity makes it possible to effectively use the trilaminar plate design with passive materials having a small Young's modulus for strain enhancement. The improved sensor may be used in a Low Frequency Bow Array (LFBA). Other applications include conformal arrays, hull arrays and vibrations sensing.

KCF TECHNOLOGIES, INC 119 S. Burrowes St., Suite #605 State College, PA 16801
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(814) 867-4097 Dr. Jeremy E. Frank NAVY 02-066 Selected for Award
Title:	High Torque Single-Crystal PMN-PT Driven Motor to Morph Naval Flow Control Surfaces
Abstract:	High performance motors are in extreme demand for use in navy underwater flow applications. Specifically, compact motors are needed that are conformable to unusual shapes and sizes, and can deliver higher torque and power than a similarly sized EM motor. A direct-drive smart material motor will be developed with significant performance improvements over existing designs. The drastic improvements result directly from taking advantage of the special properties of single-crystal ferroelectrics. The main challenge to use piezoelectric materials as the driving engine for high force, high displacement actuators centers on motion amplification. This is because the micro-level displacements generated with today's conventional piezomaterial must be converted to macro-level displacements for the device to have practical applications. However, it is well accepted that any motion amplifier design is problematic. With the advent of the high strains observed in single crystals, these new materials can be used as the direct-driving element in mechanical diode motors, thus greatly simplifying the design and operation. In Phase I of this proposed effort, we will demonstrate the benefit of using single crystal stacks as driving engines for a new generation of smart material motors - more compact, more reliable (fewer moving parts) and with much higher torque and power density than existing designs. Initial commercialization efforts by KCF Technologies for the smart material motor will be in naval applications. After a Phase II demonstration, the technology will be transitioned into an actuator product sold to Naval contractors. Plans are in place to design and sell a contained fin actuator (incorporating the smart material motor) for the Anti-Torpedo Torpedo (ATT) propulsor. The actuator and controller will be packaged as a unit, allowing for maximal ease of integration. The enabling characteristic of the motor concept is its conformability, which allows us to match the motor shape to that of the fin application in a way not possible with conventional actuators. Looking forward, the technology promises high frequency response with high torque and power density while satisfying unique packaging challenges at low-to-reasonable costs. These features lend themselves to the following applications, among others: missile and torpedo fins, valve controls (e.g., STS O2 valve), aircraft braking, active surface controls (e.g., blended wing, surface flexure de-icing) and active armor protection. KCF Technologies is convinced that smart materials-based actuation will be important to their industry, and is prepared to invest in a future product line. Thus, the commercialization plan is to into the actuator supplier market in the ATT, and multiple airline applications.

MATERIALS SYSTEMS INC. 543 Great Road Littleton, MA 01460
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(978) 486-0404 Mr. James M. Glynn NAVY 02-066 Selected for Award
Title:	Solid State Converted Single Crystal Transducer Development for the MK 54 Torpedo Array
Abstract:	A program to develop transducers incorporating solid-state converted transduction materials for the MK 54 Torpedo is proposed. The program addresses the need for a broadband, high power transducer that can be integrated with the MK 54. The program leverages several millions of dollars of DARPA investment in a pilot manufacturing process for solid state converted transduction materials with properties that approach those of single crystal transduction materials, but which can be fabricated at much lower cost. The Phase I program is directed towards developing a proof of concept transducer design for the MK 54 Torpedo and culminates with an in-water test. The test data shall be scaled to estimate the performance achievable in a full-scale device. The proposed program spans 6 months, with a three month program option. The proposed program shall demonstrate that transducers incorporating solid-state converted transduction materials can provide the performance needed to satisfy the demanding requirements of the US Navy MK54 Torpedo program. Successful completion of this program will result in a manufacturable transducer design that provides an upgrade path to the MK54 Torpedo in the 2005 timeframe.

MATERIALS SYSTEMS INC. 543 Great Road Littleton, MA 01460
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(978) 486-0404 Mr. James M. Glynn NAVY 02-066 Selected for Award
Title:	Solid State Converted Transducers for the Next Generation Countermeasure
Abstract:	A program to develop transducers incorporating solid-state converted transduction materials for the Next Generation Countermeasure (NGCM) is proposed. The program addresses the need for a low cost, compact, broadband, high power transducer that can be integrated with the NGCM. The program leverages several millions of dollars of DARPA investment in a pilot manufacturing process for solid state converted transduction materials with properties that approach those of single crystal transduction materials, but which can be fabricated at much lower cost. The Phase I program is directed towards developing a proof of concept transducer design for the NGCM and culminates with an in-water test. The test data shall be scaled to estimate the performance achievable in a full-scale device. The proposed program spans 6 months, with a three month program option. The proposed program shall demonstrate that transducers incorporating solid-state converted transduction materials can provide the performance needed to satisfy the demanding requirements of the US Navy NGCM program. Successful completion of this program will result in a manufacturable transducer design that enhances the capabilities of the NGCM.

TRS CERAMICS, INC. 2820 East College Avenue State College, PA 16801
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(814) 238-7485 Dr. Paul Rehrig NAVY 02-066 Selected for Award
Title:	Naval Device Applications of Relaxor Piezoelectric Single Crystals
Abstract:	The properties of single crystal piezoelectrics will be exploited for broad bandwidth, high frequency sonar. Crystal sonar investigations based on Tonpilz transducers utilizing the "33" resonance mode have shown limitations on bandwidth due to less than ideal resonator aspect ratio. This is a result of the crystals' low elastic stiffness, which leads to short resonators with large lateral dimensions. To address this issue an alternative design is proposed utilizing the "31" resonance mode with the resonating length oriented along the <110> crystallographic direction. Crystals with this orientation are known to have high properties; and since prestress for such a design would be applied perpendicular to the poling direction, "31" mode Tonpilz elements may exhibit lower loss and higher reliability than "33" mode designs. The feasibility of "31" mode Tonpilz resonators will be determined through property measurements and finite element analysis. For the Phase I Option a prototype single element Tonpilz will be constructed and tested. The targeted application for this work is broadband (>100%), high frequency (45 kHz) synthetic aperture arrays for unmanned underwater vehicles. A feasibility study of crystals for high frequency (>100 kHz) side look sonar is also proposed. High frequency sonar is becoming ever more important to the Navy through expanded use of unmanned underwater vehicles (UUV). Proposed missions for many UUV's involve shallow water operation where broad bandwidth is required making these applications ideal candidates to use single crystal piezoelectrics. In addition, many UUV sonar systems have commercial uses including oceanographic research, oil and mineral prospecting, salvage, and undersea equipment inspection and maintenance.

WILCOXON RESEARCH, INC. 21 Firstfield Road Gaithersburg, MD 20878
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(301) 947-7964 Dr. Paul Wlodkowski NAVY 02-066 Selected for Award
Title:	Development of Miniature Towed Array Hydrophone Elements with Single PiezoCrystals
Abstract:	While towed arrays have been commonly employed to detect sonic vibrations in the past, existing towed arrays are subject to extraneous noise due to movement through the water and are sensitive to acceleration forces which may not be due to sonic vibration. Fundamentally, there is much to gain by increasing the signal-to-noise ratio for a given geometrical form factor. Wilcoxon Research, Inc. proposes to advance the state-of-the- art in towed array sensing through the design and development of hydrophones with single piezocrystals. The Company has garnered significant experience in the design, development and manufacture of directional, acoustic particle velocity transducers with single piezoelectric crystals. These Vector sensors have demonstrated unprecedented levels of performance at the Naval Undersea Warfare Center (NUWC) Acoustic Test Facility in Newport, Rhode Island, and at the Seneca Lake site in New York State. In a similar manner, the Company proposes to develop a new hydrophone transducer, incorporating single piezocrystals, that will enable the TB-16 and TB-29 towed array elements to realize a 5 dB and 13 dB improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio, respectively. The Navy has made a substantial investment in hydrophone development for towed and fixed arrays, ranges, etc., over the past eighty years. With this single piezocrystal hydrophone design, the potential for very low electrical noise referred to the water is in hand. Applications with electrical noise levels 15 dB below Arctic ambient has been extremely difficult to achieve with existing technology but is now possible with this very sensitive crystal technology. All future towed arrays will benefit from this concept. The output of this SBIR leverages the advances in this single crystal technology to towed arrays and allows the Navy to switch to this technology for newer equipment

IKTARA AND ASSOCIATES 8824 Burning Tree Road Bethesda, MD 20817
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(301) 405-5294 Dr. Dave K Anand NAVY 02-067 Selected for Award
Title:	Archival Knowledge for the Design, Manufacture and Visualization of a Set of Energetic Devices
Abstract:	Computer aided design systems have gained significant popularity in recent years. These systems are routinely used to create 3D models of parts and assemblies. Such models are saved in files that are named using part numbers. Currently design models only store geometric data and do not have any information about functionality of the designs. Recently, designers have saved such information using text files. Such documents are not suitable for supporting database-type searches. This work develops a search engine for designers using geometric characteristics and functionality information derived from existing designs. This includes development of indexing schemes for archiving geometry-based information in cad/pad device database, development of taxonomy for creating functionality-based design information models, development of search algorithm for supporting functionality based queries and finally development algorithms for spatially arranging existing cad/pad devices in virtual warehouse for efficient "walk-throughs." The methodology is generalized to allow the design of other electomechanical systems. There is no search engine available that integrates functionality and geometry for design purposes. Nor is there is there a capability to design parts by specifying geometric characteristics. The successful outcome of this research shall be an engine which allows designers to use functionality and geometric characteristics in the design process. Such a search engine has a significant commercial market.

TAO OF SYSTEMS INTEGRATION, INC. 471 McLaws Circle, Suite 1 Williamsburg, VA 23185
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(757) 220-5040 Dr. Garimella R. Sarma NAVY 02-068 Selected for Award
Title:	Miniature, Shear Stress Measurement System for Marine Applications
Abstract:	A miniature shear stress measurement system will be developed for marine hydrodynamic applications. Tao Systems will design and fabricate a miniature waterproofed sensor array with at least 32 sensor elements. The sensor will be mounted on a representative water-tunnel model which has well-known shear stress distribution and location of flow separation. The instrumented model will be tested in Tao Systems' in-house water tunnel with a maximum rated speed of 15 knots. Well-established analytical expressions for shear stress distribution as a function of the location of the sensor will be used to calibrate sensors. This calibration will be verified at other flow conditions. We will also artificially change the ambient temperature of the flow field to verify the calibration. Real-time detection of flow separation will be simultaneously demonstrated in this experiment. The design of marine vehicles relies on a knowledge of the normal and tengential forces and moments exerted by the fluid on the vehicle during operation. The ability to measure shear stress simultaneously at many points, and thus drag, and to detect separation regions on a maneuvering vehicle provides needed data comparison with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analyses and for the development and assessment of current and future designs. There is a large market for both military and commercial applications of the solicited system.

VIOSENSE CORPORATION 36 South Chester Avenue Pasadena, CA 91106
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(626) 432-9950 Dr. Darius Modarress NAVY 02-068 Selected for Award
Title:	An Array of Miniature, Conformal and Waterproof Optical Shear Stress Sensors for Naval and Marine Vehicle Applications
Abstract:	The time-averaged wall-shear stress is related to a number of important aerodynamic parameters such as viscous drag and flow separation, which in turn determines the performance of moving bodies such as naval and marine vehicles. Measurement of the wall shear at many points of a maneuvering vehicle provides needed data for the development of current and future designs. Existing thermal and optical shear stress sensors are not suitable for the operational environments of marine vehicles. We propose to develop an array of miniature, conformal and waterproof shear stress sensors based on a promising new Optical MEMS technology. The unique design of the proposed array of compact optical shear stress sensors allows for its application to submerged vehicles for operation in both fresh and saltwater. During the Phase I effort, a prototype array of four sensors will be manufactured for test and validation. During the phase II of the proposed effort, an integrated array of sensors will be developed and demonstrated on a captive submarine model at NSWCCD. Plans for the transition to larger scale surface ships and submarine vehicle and large-scale autonomous submarine models will be provided. These compact, robust and non-intrusive shear stress sensors will have numerous applications in both military and commercial markets. Potential applications include: 1. Wind tunnel, water tank, and flight testing in commercial and governments laboratories, 2. Monitoring skin friction as a feedback for drag reduction devices 3. Detection of reversed flow and incipient stall 4. Micro-channel devices being developed for chemical and biological applications.

ALPHA STAR 5199 E. PACIFIC COAST HWY, SUITE # 410 LONG BEACH, CA 90804
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(562) 985-1100 Dr. Frank Abdi NAVY 02-069 Selected for Award
Title:	Simplified Analytical Procedure for Prediction of Fracture Damage in Composite Structures
Abstract:	It is proposed to develop simplified composite analytical procedure (SAP) for naval joint design that will perform: 1) material constituent analysis (MCA), 2) material uncertainty analysis (MUA), and fracture damage, and the percentage contribution of each material constituent to failure mechanisms. The SAP will then be utilized by an integrated computational design tool, that automatically iterates all analytical procedures such as: 1) MCA, 2) MUA, 3) progressive failure analysis (PFA), and 4) probabilistic failure analysis under hygral conditions. SAP will be used to predict, under all operational conditions (temperature/thermal gradient, humidity, oxidative/corrosive agents): 1) constituent/ply mechanical properties, 2) property degradation by implementing the multifactor interaction model, and 3) effects of bond line strength/thickness/voids on failure. PFA can automatically integrate SAP to predict the durability/reliability of a typical marine composite joint/structure, including determination of the failure mechanisms contribution to the critical damage events (crack initiation/propagation), residual strength, sensitivity of joint design parameters (e.g. configuration, bond-thickness, ply-schedule) to the probability of failure. As a synergistic demonstration SAP and PFA will perform an integrated joint design analysis to identify: 1) failure mechanisms (e.g. delamination or disbond), 2) strain energy release rate, 3) durability, and 4) reliability trade studies of an adhesively bonded T-joint. Different types of joint applications can be optimized for life performance, on Navy applications, using the SAP and PFA approaches. Providing a commercial viable, user friendly software for simplified, rapid and accurate computational simulation of the considerable complexities of adhesive bonded joints in PMC marine structures will provide the naval ship, and marine engineering designers with a much needed tool to evaluate durability and reliability during the design, testing and life cycle assessment of adhesive bonded PMC structure with minimal impact on costs and time to market. The proposed enhancement of the existing commercially available GENOA software will provide Naval, and Aerospace industries with such a tool verified for: 1) accurate analytical evaluation of service lifetimes of adhesive bonded PMC structure and 2) prediction and optimization of inspection, repair, and maintenance intervals for adhesive bonded PMC structure in new marine structure designs and aging marine structure. Evaluation cost and time savings in the range of 30% are anticipated to be realized by use of the proposed software. The beneficiaries of the proposed software technology are: 1) Navy ship design, 2) Marine engineering, 3) Aerospace industry, airframe/engines, 4) automobile industry, 5) civil/infrastructure, and 6) air transportation safety industry, periodic inspection intervals

FOSTER-MILLER, INC. 350 Second Ave. Waltham, MA 02451
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 684-4099 Dr. Jonathan Arata NAVY 02-069 Selected for Award
Title:	Innovative Method for Rapid Turnaround Damage Analysis of Composite Structures
Abstract:	Composite structures are inherently difficult and time-consuming to analyze due to their material and geometric complexities and the vast number of interfaces present in the material. Conventional analysis techniques, such as the finite element method, can provide acceptably accurate predictions of fracture damage in composites, but at a tremendous expense in time and computational resources. We propose an innovative application of the finite element method that incorporates state-of-the-art numerical damage modeling techniques in a unified analysis package that provides for rapid turnaround damage analysis of composite structures. Our goal is the creation of methodology that substantially decreases the time necessary for early parametric analyses on large structures by 1) minimizing the user input necessary to perform such analyses, 2) utilizing an element constitutive model that predicts the likelihood of failure due to debond and/or decohesion, 3) does all this without sacrificing the accuracy of the prediction, and 4) folds this methodology into a user-friendly, PC Windows based interface that is either stand-alone or interfaces with a commercial software package such as ANSYS or LS-DYNA. In Phase I, we will develop and verify the innovative theoretical damage model using a simple, though practical, example to prove our concept. (P-020150) Composite structural analysis methods that are computationally efficient, user-friendly, and allow for substantial reductions in design cycle time would have broad application across a wide range of industries, military and commercial. Any industry that utilizes such materials, and particularly those that design and manufacture such materials, would be interested in utilizing this tool as a design device. This modeling program could not only be used on the front end of design to maximize the useful life of components and subsystems, but on the back-end, to diagnose any prospective material failure. Thus, this program could find wide audience in the commercial aviation, automotive, and power industries, to name just a few, as well has having broad application potentially across the entire military spectrum.

MATERIALS SCIENCES CORPORATION 500 Office Center Drive, Suite 250 Fort Washington, PA 19034
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(215) 542-8400 Mr. Gerald V. Flanagan NAVY 02-069 Selected for Award
Title:	Simplified Analytical Procedure for Prediction of Fracture Damage in Composite Structures (MSC P1B16-203)
Abstract:	A software package is needed that can efficiently model typical composite bonded and co-cured joints used in Naval ship construction. This package must be able to accurately compute the strain-energy-release-rate for user defined cracks. Materials Sciences Corporation (MSC) has an existing code called SUBLAM that performs this operation using closed-form solutions of high-order plate assemblages. When plates are stacked, the interfacial tractions and displacements are computed exactly (within the assumptions of the plate theory). This approach leads to accurate interlaminar stresses and, therefore, accurate fracture calculations. The plates can be assembled in a manner similar to the finite element method, allowing one to model complex joint configurations. Many validation problems have shown the code to be highly accurate. For the Phase I SBIR, MSC will modify this code to more directly applicable to the structures of concern, and will demonstrate a graphical user interface. The user interface will include predefined parametric models of typical joints. Similar aids will be created to interpret the output so that failure predictions, and failure interaction diagrams are automatically generated. Failure loads of joints for composite structures are notoriously difficult to predict. This project will result in a user-friendly, efficient, and accurate software product that will enable engineers to rapidly assess typical joints. The availability of this code will reduce risk for future ship programs, and lower the associated costs of element testing.

SURBEC-ART ENVIRONMENTAL, LLC 3200 Marshall Ave., Suite 200 Norman, OK 73072
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(405) 364-9726 Dr. Matthew E. Caldwell NAVY 02-070 Selected for Award
Title:	Methods for Monitoring Biodegradation of Pollutants in Estuarine Sediments
Abstract:	The use of microorganisms to bioremediate hydrocarbon-contaminated marine sediments is being investigated as an attractive alternative to the conventional means of environmental restoration efforts in which dredging and disposal of harbor sediments can become cost prohibitive. Where the aerobic biodegradation of hydrocarbons is well established, many of the hydrocarbon-contaminated marine sediments become anoxic within millimeters of the sediment-water interface. Recently, the ability of anaerobic sulfate-reducing bacteria to biodegrade a variety of hydrocarbons including straight and branched alkanes, mono- and alkylaromatic hydrocarbons, as well as polyaromatic hydrocarbons has been well documented. The ability to assess whether in situ remediation of hydrocarbons are occurring in marine sediments is an important aspect in the remedial strategy of natural attenuation. This proposal will deal with the ability to extract pore water from marine sediments and analyze them by GC/MS for the presence of known intermediates of aerobic and anaerobic hydrocarbon decay. The ability to detect signature metabolites of hydrocarbon biodegradation will provide strong evidence for the natural attenuation of these pollutants in marine sediments. Further, the potential commercialization of a screening method and protocol could provide the basis for testing an extensive array of marine and harbor environments around the United States. The ability to rapidly screen and determine whether intrinsic bioremediation is occurring within marine or estuarine sediments goes beyond the interests of just of U.S. Navy. With increased pressure from local and federal authorities on the protection of public waterways and the clean up of polluted environments, the work proposed herein would be applicable to a number of companies involved from shipping to offshore oil drilling operations, in their ability to assess potential bioremediation efforts or the effects of natural attenuation in contaminated marine environments. Surbec-ART Environmental could potentially use the strategies garnered from this proposal to provide a service which would enhance remediation assessments by companies or regulatory agencies in a more timely manner then the traditional laboratory based degradation studies currently used to monitor the bioremediation potential of microorganisms within sediments.

CONTINUUM DYNAMICS, INC. 34 Lexington Avenue Ewing, NJ 08618
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(609) 538-0444 Dr. William J. Usab, Jr. NAVY 02-071 Selected for Award
Title:	A Passive Delayed Stall Propulsor for Enhanced Thrust and Reduced Noise
Abstract:	The Navy has reached the limit of propulsor system development based on conventional steady state aerodynamic theories. Further advances only appear possible through the innovative application of unsteady lift concepts like those found in biological forms of flight. Continuum Dynamics, Inc. (C.D.I.) proposes the innovative application of unsteady lift enhancement through delayed stall, to increase the lift on rotor blades without adding mechanical complexity. Our concept increases propeller performance by harnessing unsteady vortical structures, resulting in either increased thrust or a reduction in propeller rotational speed. Advantages of the proposed concept include: (1) it is a completely passive and robust, with no on-blade actuators or additional moving parts; (2) it is easily retrofitted into existing propulsor systems; (3) it works equally well with ducted and unducted, single and counter-rotating propulsors; and (4) It is low cost and will be simple to implement. C.D.I. is uniquely positioned to develop this concept, having extensive experience in the development of the fast aerodynamic computational tools needed to reduce this concept to practice. The proposed Phase I effort will carry out the conceptual design and hydrodynamic analysis studies demonstrating "proof of concept," which can then be carried to Phase II/III product development. Development of this thrust enhancement concept for marine propellers offers improved propulsive performance and maneuverability to Navy, commercial, and recreational vessels. This technology also offers the potential for reducing sound radiation through a decrease in the propeller rotational speed, which is of special importance to the Navy for improved torpedo homing effectiveness. This technology also has direct application to improved performance of turbomachinery and pump systems.

NEKTON RESEARCH LLC 4625 Industry Lane Durham, NC 27713
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(919) 405-3993 Dr. Mathieu Kemp NAVY 02-071 Selected for Award
Title:	Biology-Inspired Propulsion
Abstract:	Mature, efficient propellers still produce noise that can reduce the stealth of the Navy's unmanned underwater vehicles (UUV) and compromise sensitive missions. In the interests of national security, it is essential that UUVs operate as quietly as possible. We propose to increase UUV stealth with a practical biomimetic device, the Oscillation OverThruster, that substantially reduces a propeller's radiated noise by decreasing propeller RPM (w) while maintaining the same thrust output (t). This is made possible because a portion of the radiated noise of a spinning propeller is proportional to w6. Our device is mechanically simple and is based on analyses of an unsteady phenomenon that has been shown to increase lift on animal wings to 150% of the values expected for the steady state used by propellers. We propose a three-step, cost-efficient effort aimed at quickly transforming this natural phenomenon into Navy-usable technology-specifically, a retrofit Oscillation OverThruster silencing unit (O2) for Naval UUVs. OverThruster-enhanced propeller systems promise more stealth, greater speed, and extended range, all of which are critical success factors in UUV missions. In addition to tactical applications, the Oscillation OverThruster should find widespread use in civilian applications.

PHYSICAL SCIENCES INC. 20 New England Business Center Andover, MA 01810
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(978) 689-0003 Dr. Bruce D. Anderson NAVY 02-071 Selected for Award
Title:	Biology-Inspired Propulsion
Abstract:	Physical Sciences Inc. (PSI) proposes to develop marine propulsion concepts that employ biologically inspired aerodynamic mechanisms to enhance propulsor thrust and decrease the propeller rotation rate necessary to maintain a specified forward speed. Flying animals take advantage of three unsteady aerodynamic mechanisms to generate lift and propulsive power greater than that predicted from quasi-steady conventional airfoil theory. The three mechanisms are delayed stall, rotational circulation (including the clap and fling mechanism), and wake capture. In Phase I we will formulate three propulsion concepts, each incorporating one or more biomimetic unsteady aerodynamic mechanisms. Using phenomenological models and experimental data from literature, the concepts will be evaluated for lift production, efficiency, simplicity, and ease of practical implementation. Key physical and non-dimensional flow parameters will be identified for each concept. The most promising propulsion concept will be experimentally investigated in the PSI low speed wind tunnel to understand unsteady flow mechanisms. Phase I will conclude with a recommendation of which of the proposed designs, or modified designs, should be further studied in Phase II. In Phase II various models of promising concepts will be fabricated and the propulsive forces produced by these models will be measured in a wind or water tunnel. The proposed propulsion concept will allow military marine vehicles and devices including UUVs, ROVs, torpedoes, and Anti-Torpedo Torpedoes to travel at a specific speed with a lower propeller rotation rate, hence radiating less detectable noise. This will increase the stealth of these devices. The proposed mechanisms may also increase the fuel economy of these vehicles as well as surface ships. Potential applications of this device include commercial UUVs and ROVs as well as recreational boating.

CHARLES RIVER ANALYTICS INC. 625 Mount Auburn Street Cambridge, MA 02138
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(617) 491-3474 Mr. Magnus Snorrason NAVY 02-073 Selected for Award
Title:	Intelligent Surveillance and Intrusion detection for Ships (ISIS)
Abstract:	The ability of the Navy to protect its forces during overseas and domestic port calls is critical for the successful completion of its missions. The USS Cole incident and more recent events call for an effective in-port surveillance system for the Navy and the development of effective surveillance systems to protect other high-value national assets. However, this is a challenging task given the amount of port traffic and the lack of appropriate vision sensors on board Navy vessels. Commercial surveillance systems cannot be used because of sensor placement requirements and assumptions about lighting conditions and background types that do not hold in port scenarios. We propose to develop an intelligent shipboard surveillance system. The system utilizes catadioptric vision to achieve panoramic coverage. A combination of visible-light and IR sensors enables day and night operation. The software portion of the system consists of a specialized background analysis and clutter mitigation module, a multi-object tracking module and an intelligent agent that uses high-level knowledge and contextual information (if available from other shipboard sensors) to control system parameters. The output of the system is a set of tracks as well as an annotated video stream for easy visualization by the watchstanders. An intelligent surveillance system that provides omni-directional scene awareness and does not require a large network of sensors would find immediate use in a number of critical government and commercial asset-protection scenarios.

DIAMONDBACK SYSTEMS, INC. 11600 Sunrise Valley Drive, Suite # 290 Reston, VA 20191
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(303) 791-4620 Mr. Bill Severson NAVY 02-073 Selected for Award
Title:	Mast-mounted In-Port Video Surveillance System
Abstract:	ObjectVideo will assess the feasibility of developing an omni-directional situational awareness system for mast-mounted in-port video surveillance. An initial system design will be developed and an estimate of system performance will be assessed as a function of sensor resolution, threat size, range, speed, and other relevant parameters. ObjectVideo will build on and adapt its patent pending object segmentation, background scene modeling, object detection, and tracking algorithms to design and assess the surveillance system. An omni-directional sensor, potentially using super-resolution techniques will be used to provide a surround view and provide full 360§ situational awareness. The final system when built in Phase II will be able to detect, track, classify, and alert Watchstanders through a situational awareness map-view display of potential threats to the ship. As an optional Phase II bridge task, ObjectVideo will provide the next level of system design and functional specifications. The proposed effort will provide a feasibility assessment and initial design of a panoramic video surveillance system that can give real-time warning of potential terrorist attacks against ships in port. A mast-mounted 360§ in-port video surveillance system, capable of monitoring watercraft around an in-port ship and people and vehicles pier side could provide a critical edge for responding and potentially interdicting attackers before they are in range to do significant damage as was done in the Cole incident. This benefit is potentially of great value not only to ships of the U.S. Navy but also to commercial shipping under any nation's flag subject to terrorist threat.

GENEX TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 10605 Concord Street, #500 Kensington, MD 20895
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(301) 962-6565 Dr. Jason Geng NAVY 02-073 Selected for Award
Title:	An Intelligent Visible/Infrared Omnidirectional Camera for Mast-mounted In-Port Video Surveillance System
Abstract:	The primary objective of this SBIR program is to develop a novel mast-mounted, omnidirectional, all-weather high-resolution video sensor that overcomes the drawbacks of conventional video surveillance systems and existing omnidirectional cameras. The proposed sensor, dubbed as the "Omni-Watchdog„", combines a 360-degree "OmniEye" camera with a high-resolution pan/tilt/zoom camera that has complementary functionalities to obtain simultaneous hemispherical field of view and high-resolution image for selective targets. Its unique design also offers three dimensional measurement capability for gauging the distance and location of the identified object. To facilitate the operations in day/night and all weather (fog, cloud, dust, smoke, and haze) conditions, we also integrate an infrared sensor into the Omni-Watchdog design. The co-registered visible and IR video images provide a rich source of information for object detection, tracking, classification, alarm setting and digital recording and video analysis. The Omni-Watchdog is well suited for serving as one of critical components of an in-port ship perimeter monitoring security system for dockside and adjacent water coverage for detecting/tracking unauthorized personnel or small vessels within a ship's security perimeter. The commercial market for the technology to be developed under this SBIR is obviously sizable. The proposed Omni-Watchdog systems can be used in security enhancement for any types of military and civilian vessels. In additional, such technology can also be used in other security applications, ranging from warehouse, train-stations, airports, Government facilities, corporations, sport events, to public and private schools in US, from elementary to university. The tragic event of 9/11 triggers tremendous interests in the security enhancement for all private sectors. We see great potentials for the commercial applications of the technologies developed under this SBIR project.

REMOTEREALITY CORPORATION 4 Technology Dr Westborough, MA 01581
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(508) 898-8612 Mr. David Mendelsohn NAVY 02-073 Selected for Award
Title:	Mast-mounted In-Port Video Surveillance System
Abstract:	The materials below describe a proposal for Phase I efforts for research and design of omnidirectional imaging and tracking equipment for force protection of Navy vessels when stationed in or near ports. Omnidirectional optics are proposed, covering a full 360ø view of the horizon and the areas near the base of the ship. The high-resolution, omnidirectional camera images will be passed through contact detection and tracking software that is designed for outdoor applications with moving reference frames such as a ship. Tracking data may then be used to direct a pan/tilt platform with a zoom camera and/or ordnance focused on a contact of interest. Phase I will result in a system design that will include characterization of all systemic issues relating to shipboard deployment and a design of an image capture and processing system that handles issues of resolution, range, ship motion, communications and potential integration with other sensors. RemoteReality is a pioneer in this field and can apply patented methods to this end, while consultants at McQ Associates have especially relevant experience in sensor integration and system deployment. The major benefits of the technology include the combination of wide field of view and narrow field of view video capture systems for search and targeting applications respectively. In addition, intelligent software which can detect and track motion will direct a standard pan/tilt/zoom narrow field of view camera to track multiple subjects and zoom in for closer inspection. There are at least four important market areas for which this omnidirectional tracking product could be commercialized. These include transportation systems, remote sensors for military operations, commercial security, and law enforcement. In these areas, the technology would be commercialized as a software product for continuous 360 degree monitoring and subject tracking. A system would generally consist of a configurable combination of a 360 degree omni-camera and auto tracking software with pan/tilt/zoom camera control for close inspection of tracked subjects. Optional facial recognition software may also be available in a final product configuration.

AEROSPACE DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT P.O. Box 672 Niwot, CO 80544
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(970) 535-0384 Dr. H. L. Gier NAVY 02-074 Selected for Award
Title:	Conversion of Supercritical Air Self-contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) for Diving Applications
Abstract:	The proposed breathing apparatus makes uses of moderate pressure gases (?750 psi) and a low temperature (<-170øC) to store a greater quantity of breathing gas in the same volume. Two hours of supercritical cryogenic breathing air will have the same volume as one hour of 4500 psi compressed breathing air. The supercritical breathing gas is single phase so that it will feed identically in any attitude, unlike liquid air. This is particularly important for underwater work as the attitudes are extremely variable. Because of the moderate or higher pressure the system will supply gas at any useable depth of dive. When out of the water the apparatus may be used for full respiratory protection against airborne chemical or biological agents. In addition, due to the cryogenic storage of the air there is considerable cooling capacity to reduce heat stress in the user during hot climate deployments or when wearing impermeable garments. For normal underwater operations the heat to warm the breathing gas will come from the surrounding water, whereas for hot environment and land operations the heat will be supplied by the users body. The metabolic energy and heat transfer from the surrounding water is transferred to the breathing gas before it is consumed. An added feature which could be investigated in the Phase I option would be the use a small heater to allow warming of the user in both cold water and in cold land operations. The supercritical cryogenic(SCC) SCUBA will have many commercial applications in professional diving and recreational industries. The greatly increased bottom time will be economically useful in photographic, salvage, and archeological work. The cooling capability will allow diving in hot springs where time is now extremely restricted. With the addition of the option to provide a heating system in addition to the cooling the complete envelope of diving capability would be expanded into both thermal extremes.

CONTINENTAL CONTROLS AND DESIGN, INC. 1921 N. Gaffey Suite J San Pedro, CA 90731
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(310) 831-8669 Mr. James P. Hynes NAVY 02-075 Selected for Award
Title:	Advanced Ship Motion and Air Wake Sensing and Prediction
Abstract:	Landing on a carrier that is moving about in rough seas is a difficult piloting skill, whether flying fixed wing aircraft, helicopters, LCAC or other assault craft. Many attempts have been made over the past 30 years to predict the ship motions at least 10 to 20 seconds into the future so the pilot could know where the `target' would be when he got there. A less ambitious goal is to tell the pilot when the ship will be in a relatively quiescent state. Most of the work has been purely statistical, where `optimum' predictors of various forms were used to estimate the current ship dynamic state, and propagate that state based on the recent time history and stochastic input. Neural nets, Kalman filters, fuzzy logic and (last year) even chaos theory has been tried, but none with demonstrable success. Our approach is to instead combine deterministic and statistical prediction methods. New low cost instrumentation, including DGPS and MEMS inertial sensors are used by small expendable ROVs to `preview' the incoming wave field. The surface elevation profile is deterministically projected forward in space/time using Fourier transforms and the dispersion relation of deep-water ocean waves. A linear strip theory ship model continually restarts with the current state estimate and propagates forward using the anticipated waves as forcing function, providing improved estimates of future ship motion. In addition to its military uses, motion prediction models and their input to control systems will generate commercial interest in the commercial shipping, general aviation and ground transportation industries. A mission critical Navy application is the ability of this technology to enable amphibious combat operations to commence or continue under conditions that currently halt these types of operations.

INTELLIGENT AUTOMATION, INC. 7519 Standish Place, Suite 200 Rockville, MD 20855
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(301) 222-0444 Dr. Chiman Kwan NAVY 02-075 Selected for Award
Title:	Ship Motion and Air Wake Prediction Using PCA and Fuzzy CMAC
Abstract:	Maintaining a satisfactory and safe ship operation is very important in Navy operations. An automatic forecast tool that can provide useful information to the ship operator will help to achieve this. The proposed short term forecast tool can learn the nonlinear and time varying relationship between the weather variables such as wind, wave and ship motion. The tool has the necessary learning capability as well as a fast learning speed which is about 10 times faster than conventional neural nets. Hence it is suitable for real-time implementation. The tool can relieve the operator from monitoring the large number of weather variables simultaneously so that he or she can concentrate on making decisions by optimally adjusting the available resources such as speed and direction of the ship to maintain a satisfactory landing operation. One important advantage of the proposed method is that a custom hardware can be easily designed to implement the forecasting and control tool with reasonably low cost. We will also use ultrawideband radar to measure wave front parameters such as angle of arrival, range, velocity, and acceleration. The proposed prediction algorithm may be useful for aircraft landing in aircraft carriers. During rough sea conditions, even the big aircraft carrier may exhibit large motions, which prevent a safe landing. The algorithm will also be useful for container loading. If a forecast tool is available for predicting short-term ship motion, the loading frequency can be increased, which will result in an annual saving of millions of dollars.

DIMENSION TECHNOLOGY CHEMICAL SYSTEMS, INC. PO Box 2557 Fair Oaks, CA 95628
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(916) 631-9830 Mr. Renato Rindone NAVY 02-076 Selected for Award
Title:	Synthesis of Polyacetylene Curing Agents
Abstract:	This proposal will reveal facile synthetic procedures to safely make Compound 1, 1,4-bis(cyanoethynyl)benzene; Compound 2, dipropargylterephthalate; Compound 3, tripropargylmesitylate; and Compound 4, dodecane-2,11-dione-1,12-dipropiolate and to propose that Dimension Technology Chemical Systems, Inc., prepare Compounds 1 through 4 in 450 gram quantities for the Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons Division. In addition to having the required quantities of materials to advance the propellant gumstock studies by the Navy, the results of this effort will define chemical processing methods that will have the following chemical processing attributes: (1) High Yield; (2) High Quality; (3) Acceptable Safety Risks in Processing; (4) Scalable to Product Plant Equipment; (5) High Chemical Integrity (No quality surprises on scale-up to plant equipment) and (6) Cost effective. Implementation of the technology revealed in this proposal will shorten the time necessary to scale-up chemical manufacturing procedures to pilot or production plant equipment. Because of the simplicity of the recommended processes to make Compounds 1 through 4, the Phase II developmental research cost will be significantly lower and there will be a greater opportunity for a larger number of chemical companies to compete for the production of these materials.

FLUOROCHEM, INC. 680 S. Ayon Ave. Azusa, CA 91702
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(626) 334-6714 Dr. Kurt Baum NAVY 02-076 Selected for Award
Title:	Synthesis of Polyacetylene Curing Agents
Abstract:	Composite propellants and explosives typically consist of solid oxidizers, metallic fuels, and rubbery binders that provide the needed mechanical properties. Most binder systems are cured by the formation of urethane linkages by the reaction of oligomeric diols with diisocyanates or triisocyanates. A variety of available diols and isocyanates enables the formulation of binders with optimum physical properties for specific systems. New energetic ingredients are being investigated that have chemical properties incompatible with the polyurethane system. Limited investigations have been conducted of an alternative cure system based in the reaction azido-terminated oligomers with di- or polyacetylenes to form polytriazoles. It is anticipated that azides and acetylenes will be not be affected by the reactivity of the new ingredients. The acetylenic components, however, were obtained only on a gram scale, and larger quantities are needed. The objective of the Phase I program is to synthesize 100 to 450 g batches of each of the following acetylenic compounds: (1) 1,4 -di(cyanoethynyl)-benzene, (2) dipropargyl terephthalate, (3) tripropargyl mesitylate, and (4) dodecane-2,11-dione-1,12-dipropiolate. The major DOD use is as components for rocket propellant binders to enable the use of energetic ingredients incompatible with polyurethanes. The result is improved performance, i.e., range and payload. Commercial markets include use as an alternate to polyurethanes.

MAXDEM INCORPORATED 140 East Arrow Highway San Dimas, CA 91773
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(909) 394-0644 Dr. Virgil Lee NAVY 02-076 Selected for Award
Title:	Novel Approaches for the Synthesis of Polyacetylene Curing Agents
Abstract:	Recent advances in explosives technology has created a need for new polymer binder technologies. One promising class of such new binders is based on blends of azido-terminated oligomers and multi-acetylene functionalized crosslinking agents. The Navy would like to determine whether these new compositions offer promise in binder applications by studying the structure-activity relationships of these materials. Unfortunately, such studies have been hampered by the lack of availability of the acetylene-containing components. Thus, Navy has requested proposals for preparing 100-500 g quantities of four promising acetylene-containing compounds. This Phase I program addresses the Navy's requests by proposing the preparation of 500 g of each of the four requested acetylene derivatives. Routes that are well precedented in the chemical literature will be used to synthesize these materials. While two of the proposed synthetic routes follow those used in Navy labs, the other two are highly novel and bypass the need for potentially explosive intermediates. The proposed acetylene compounds may find immediate application in explosives, initially for military uses and possible later for commercial explosive applications. Additionally, the di- nd triacetylene derivatives of this proposal might also find application as reactive additives to alter the properties of thermosetting polymers.

ARETE ASSOCIATES P.O. Box 6024 Sherman Oaks, CA 91413
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(703) 413-0290 Dr. John Dugan NAVY 02-077 Selected for Award
Title:	Use of High Quality UAV Based Data to Correct Satellite Derived DEMs
Abstract:	The goal of this SBIR proposal is to develop and demonstrate a technique for improving the accuracy of DEMs generated from satellite imagery by using appropriate airborne imagery. It is anticipated that the positioning and pointing capabilities of future UAVs will provide much more accurate geo-location of features on the ground than satellite systems and they, therefore, can provide the surrogate "ground truth" for correcting satellite data that has much larger area coverage. The algorithm will be developed and exercised using IKONOS satellite-derived DEMs in combination with imagery data from the Arete Associates developed Airborne Remote Optical Spotlight System (AROSS), which a field-tested and robust EO system designed for research on tactical UAV applications such as this one. In Phase 1, we will develop the algorithm for extracting highly accurate 3-D geodetic coordinates for multiple images collected from this UAV surrogate and develop the algorithm that uses these results to correct the satellite data. In addition, we will evaluate the approach by applying the correction algorithm to an IKONOS imagery-derived DEM, using AROSS data and in situ ground truth collected during a recent experiment. Assuming success, phase 2 will develop robust software to automatically make these corrections of satellite data using UAV data, and perform a more complete evaluation of the accuracy on a much larger data set. Phase I will develop enhanced DEM-generation and DEM correction algorithms. Based upon a successful Phase I, Phase II will develop a prototype software system that produces DEMs with accuracies of 2-4 m for corrected DEMs derived from spaceborne imagery. There is a critical need for highly accurate DEM products to support a variety of military missions including, targeting, mission planning, and ISR collectiion planning and management. Additionally, commercial potential includes surveying, earth-resource management, planning and monitoring and as an affordable alternative to traditional photogrammetric applications.

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF VIRTUAL ORG., INC. DBA, IAVO Research and Scienti, 1010 Gloria Ave. Durham, NC 27701
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(919) 688-8212 Dr. Matthew Heric NAVY 02-077 Selected for Award
Title:	Elevation Data Generation using UAV Imagery
Abstract:	The US Navy is seeking improved capabilities to generate automatically digital elevation models (DEMs) from digital stereoscopic imagery in support of targeting and navigation. Currently, DEMs are derived primarily from orbiting systems, yet these sources have historically not provided the spatial resolutions needed for extremely high resolution and accurate DEMs. The goal is to develop a feasibility concept to utilize imagery from unmanned airborne vehicles (UAVs) to supplement orbital imagery, and that the combined synergistic results will lead to DEMs having higher accuracy. Specifically, methods for generating and propagating DEMs are required with the objectives of: - Combining the strengths of multiple imagery sources to improve output accuracy; - Providing elevation information requiring little or no interactive editing; - Generating elevation data to support Navy weapons delivery programs; and - Meeting future targeting accuracies through results consistent with Navy requirements. A number of opportunities for an improved DEM solution exist in the marketplace. The most promising involves providing solutions to commercial satellite systems vendors and their value-added resellers and product generation partners for sale and resale. Also, remote sensing/GIS vendors should be receptive to reselling a solution as an add-on or replacement of their existing capabilities. Lastly, DoD, intelligence, and defense mapping agencies worldwide are potential customers of bulk sales of the solution. During both Phase I (Option) and Phase II, research into all logical marketplaces will be performed to finalize anticipated revenue levels and per unit pricing. We believe at this point that the market value for the solution will be in the $7,500-$10,000/copy range, with embedded versions resold by partners for roughly 30-50% off standalone pricing.

AGILTRON CORPORATION 20 Arbor Lane Winchester, MA 01890
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 933-0513 Dr. Jing Zhao NAVY 02-078 Selected for Award
Title:	Microchip Laser Beam Switch
Abstract:	This program addresses the development of a solid-state optical switching technology. Current optical switches do not simultaneously meet the requirements of high speed, low loss, high extinction ratio, low power consumption, high damage threshold, and high reliability. Sub-microsecond and multiple-port optical switches of low loss and low cost are long sought after performance attributes. This type of high performance optical switches is in great demand for use in modern defense systems and optical communication networks. AGILTRON Inc. proposes to develop a micro-optic solid-state laser beam switching technology, using new crystal materials having large electro-optic effect and excellent thermal stability. This platform technology potentially offers state-of-the-art performance attributes of electro-optic high-speed operation and low optical insertion loss, low cost via matured production method, as well as crystal ruggedness for high optical power handling and long-term stability. The design is free of piezoelectric resonance and potentially offers high fidelity steering and control of laser pulse propagation. Moreover, the design is simple, compact, and cost effective. It is anticipated that state-of-the-art performance in several key specifications can be achieved through this program. Prototype electro-optical switches will be fabricated to demonstrate functionality. It is anticipated that the proposed high performance switch will have wide application in DoD systems such as photonic radar and fiberoptic microwave distribution network. The anticipated commercial communication switching market is very large with forecasted reaching billion dollars by year 2006.

PHOTERA TECHNOLOGIES 12777 High Bluff Drive San Diego, CA 92130
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(858) 755-8855 Dr. Maurice Pessot NAVY 02-078 Selected for Award
Title:	Compact High Efficiency Opto-electronically Programmable Switch (CHEOPS)
Abstract:	To meet the demands placed on military and commercial photonic systems, Photera Technologies, Inc. proposes the development of a 1 x 4 laser-beam switch which promises technical specifications not achievable by existing devices. Aptly named Compact High Efficiency Opto-electronically Programmable Switch (CHEOPS), this laser beam switch has the ability to direct a beam to four separate positions in a non-sequential, true-random-access manner with switching speeds of less than a microsecond. Our proprietary design is based upon a ceramic electro-optic (EO) polarization rotation switch. When combined with birefringent materials in a cascade configuration, this electro-optic approach enables the development of a 1x(2**N)switch which is compact (<2 cubic inches) and high speed (<1 microsecond switching time). Meanwhile, our material choice yields a switch that is free of piezoelectric resonances while providing excellent optical transmission and damage threshold characteristics in the visible and near IR. As a ceramic material, the switch is expected to be inexpensive compared to alternative technologies, and is compatible with mass manufacturing and low-cost production. The technology proposed herein provides the core for the development of numerous active components for optical networks, including programmable polarization rotators, gain equalizers, variable optical attenuators, and optical switches. Advances in optical networks, and therefore components required to support those networks, continue to be a major area of commercial development and focus. When measured against the standards of today, tomorrow's optical networks will require a substantial amount of additional functionality. Optical switches are major components integrated into networks, providing for the reconfiguration of wavelength assignments within networks, provisioning, add/drop multiplexing/demultiplexing and, ultimately, wavelength based routing of packets of information.

FILTRATION SOLUTIONS, INC. 432 Sand Shore Road, Unit 8 Hackettstown, NJ 07840
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(908) 684-4000 Mr. Chang-Wei Jen NAVY 02-079 Selected for Award
Title:	Flight/Hangar Deck Cleaner
Abstract:	The objective of this proposal is to demonstrate the feasibility of an innovative surface cleaning technique that combines an advanced water blasting and reclamation system for deck cleaning, a compact, low maintenance filtration system for oily wastewater recycling, and a Zamboni type vehicle into a mobile, self-contained, and self-propelled deck cleaner. A bench-scale prototype cleaning head and oily wastewater recycling system will be created in Phase I for testing. The proposed system will increase the overall efficiency of the surface cleaning and maintenance process by decreasing both the timeframe needed to complete the overall procedure and the total manpower necessary to do the job aboard Navy air capable ships. There are many potential applications for the developed surface cleaning equipment in commercial areas such as construction sites, airports, highway tollbooths, gas stations, major oil companies, etc.

TRIVERUS LLC 7623 Duben Ave. Unit C Anchorage, AK 99504
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(907) 830-9098 Mr. Hans E. Vogel NAVY 02-079 Selected for Award
Title:	Flight/Hangar Deck Cleaner
Abstract:	The demanding cleaning requirements for deck surfaces aboard aircraft carriers present unique challenges in cleaning effectiveness and expense/resource management. The current method contributes to premature wear of the non-skid deck coating and hazardous waste problems. The resulting premature non-skid wear from the current deck cleaning method has caused mission interruption due to the need to re-apply skid coating mid-deployment. Equally, the large amount of oil/soap contaminated water becomes a significant issue in the area of hazardous waste disposal. Triverus LLC proposes a progressive, rapid development approach to solving the problem using advanced computer solid modeling combined with accurate assumptions of the deck cleaning requirements. During Phase I, a Low Pressure Water Jet (LPWJ) vehicle prototype will be designed in principle that will capitalize on existing technology in order to solve the premature wear problems as well as greatly reduce hazardous waste disposal requirements. A pressurized hot water cleaning jet will be substituted for the existing mechanical brush removal. An effluent recovery and water recycle system will reduce net water usage during cleaning while minimizing the amount of hazardous waste to process. The net effect of such a machine will be effective cleaning while meeting waste recovery and disposal requirements. Work performed will lay a modular design foundation that will lead to development of like products scaled for environmental cleanup, shipboard tank cleaning, or large vehicle washing systems.

CARMEL APPLIED TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 807 Donnell Blvd. Suite F Daleville, AL 36322
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(407) 380-2013 Mr. Brian Holmes NAVY 02-080 Selected for Award
Title:	Vertical Flight Deck Operations Trainer
Abstract:	This Phase I proposal describes the process used by CATI to identify the technologies available for developing a Vertical Flight Deck Operations Trainer (VFDOT). The proposal also describes how the CATI will determine what Commercial, Off-the-Shelf (COTS) hardware and software is best suited to develop a method to represent a generic VSTOL aircraft during shipboard operations. As part of the Phase I effort, CATI is proposing to do a Task and Skills Analysis for the LSE and HCO, and perform Systems Engineering Analysis to define the required LSE and HCO functionality. CATI will develop a prototype of the LSE Station for the VFDOT, which will be demonstrated to the Navy at the end of Phase I. CATI is also proposing a Phase I Option, which will be used to prototype and demonstrate an HCO Station for the VFDOT. CATI's X-IG image generator will be used as the cornerstone of the VFDOT to provide around-the-clock simulation of all weather conditions. The results of the Phase I effort will be a demonstration of a prototype of the Vertical Flight Deck Operations Trainer for LSE training that will be based on the Task and Skills Analysis and Systems Engineering Analysis performed as part of the Phase I effort. The prototype LSE Station of the VFDOT will provide the low risk basis of the Phase II implementation, as CATI?s proposed Phase I work leverages our Commercially-available X-IG image generator that is already in use for several military visual simulation applications. The baseline capabilities of the X-IG greatly increase the probability for success in a Phase I effort, as the real-time visualization of the helicopters is one of the most critical components for a VFDOT. Helicopters are used for a wide variety of applications, including air ambulances, fire fighting, news and traffic reporting, as well as a means of private and commercial transportation. Many of these applications require ground signalman that have little or no training to use hand signals to communicate with pilots during landing operations. Potential commercial applications of the Phase I effort would be a low-cost version of the VFDOT that would provide similar training as the VFDOT, but would be targeted for non-military applications.

VIRTUAL TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 5400 Shawnee Road, Suite 203 Alexandria, VA 22312
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(703) 658-7050 Mr. Victor Polkowski NAVY 02-080 Selected for Award
Title:	Vertical Flight Deck Operations Trainer
Abstract:	The control, direction, and coordination of activities of shipboard Vertical/Short Take Off Landing (VSTOL) operations demands a firm understanding of the roles and responsibilities of all personnel under all potential conditions, and proficiency in performing each station's duties with precision and efficiency. The live operational environment leaves no margin for error, and the safety and effectiveness of all parties can be significantly improved using state-of-the-art technologies to provide a virtual training environment to support Landing Signal Enlisted (LSE) and Helicopter Control Officer (HCO) personnel. Distributed simulation technologies have become widely used for multilevel training and mission rehearsal. Virtual Technology Corporation (VTC), along with our teaming partners L3 Communications, Link Simulation & Training (Link) and Soar Technology, Inc., proposes to develop an innovative training environment (RealLanding), based upon a modular, open architecture to train personnel the vital Naval Aviation Training and Operating Procedures Standardization (NATOPS) hand signals, coordination, and communication used between the LSE, HCO, and pilots. By placing the LSE and HCO trainees in a virtual environment, the student can be more effectively exposed to the wide range of scenarios and dynamic conditions that otherwise can not be trained in a safe environment. A virtual environment can also provide a repetitive experience where the student can rehearse scenarios until they understand and perform the proper procedures while being provided with visual feedback to demonstrate correct signaling when not performed properly. After gaining this experience and the confidence to properly signal the aircrew, the student can more effectively assimilate and appreciate the live training exercise.

CODAR OCEAN SENSORS, LTD. 1000 Fremont Avenue, Suite 145 Los Altos, CA 94024
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(408) 773-8240 Dr. Donald E. Barrick NAVY 02-081 Selected for Award
Title:	Multi-Static SeaSonde Ocean Current Mapping by Ships Underway
Abstract:	The proposed SBIR efforts build on CODAR Ocean Sensors' extensive base of commercial HF radar products and technology, including demonstrated bistatic and multi-static deployment capabilities. We will extend these concepts heretofore intended for coastal siting to ships underway, with the goal of mapping ocean surface currents for rapid environmental assessment in littoral zones without the need for instrumentation on unfriendly shores. A moving transmitter and/or receiver on a vessel represents the principal challenge, followed by the expected distortion to antenna patterns due to ship superstructure. Phase 1 will augment our existing HF radar simulator to include transmitter/receiver movement, as well as distorted antenna patterns. Simulated radar data will then be used to assess and optimize performance, as quantified in terms of accuracy, resolution, and coverage area. We will determine constraints on vessel operations during such current-mapping surveys. Finally, we will design modifications to our existing GPS timing synchronization system that allows multiple transmitters and receivers to share the same frequency channel simultaneously, to accommodate moving transmitters and receivers without losing coherence or degrading echo signal quality. During Phase 2 we will test the designs, algorithms, and operating scenarios developed under Phase 1, employing oceanographic research vessels that can gather simultaneous ground-truth data. Based on the results of Phase 1, we will able to begin immediate testing and operations during Phase 2 from oceanographic research vessels underway, demonstrating the capability of mapping surface currents from moving ships. At the end of Phase 2, CODAR Ocean Sensors will offer algorithms and hardware technology that will augment its commercial inventory of SeaSonde HF radar current mapping systems, allowing civilian research cruises to map surface currents underway. We will also provide this technology for naval vessels for data-gathering surveys in non-U.S. littoral zones.

BENTHOS, INC. 49 Edgerton Drive North Falmouth, MA 02556
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(508) 563-1000 Mr. Dale Green NAVY 02-082 Selected for Award
Title:	Directional Acoustic Transponder
Abstract:	The U.S. Navy requires the development of an AUV-based, AUV localization system which will inform multiple vehicles of their range and bearing from a central controller. There are existing systems which do this now, but they are limited in range, use very unsophisticated signaling techniques which generally preclude clandestine operations, or use by multiple units. Furthermore, they may require synchronized clocks between the controller and the vehicle, are very expensive, and are not necessarily suitable for use on an AUV platform. Benthos, with a long history of military and commercial development of underwater acoustic communications (acomms), proposes to enhance our existing technology to provide the required capability. Virtually all AUVs either currently use or will require acomms. Our proposal will use a COTS modem, installed on the vehicle without modification, to communicate with a central controller aboard a separate AUV, itself built around a standard modem. The controller will receive a ranging inquiry from the vehicle (a standard technique), will evaluate bearing from that signal using either a modified ultra-short baseline technique, or a novel, physically small beamformer, and will return the ranging signal along with the computed bearing. Because the system is modem-based, it may also provide conventional telemetry functions. The system will use a modified version of the multi-access signaling scheme developed jointly with Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution for the Office of Naval Research. The controller will be able to accommodate up to four vehicles simultaneously, or more with a simple modification to the signaling scheme. Modems for the vehicles typically cost approximately $7,000, and we estimate that a controller can be produced in small quantities for approximately $15,000. The bearing/ranging technology described in this proposal provides a means of accurate navigation relative to a single reference point, without the need for surface expression. When that is combined with the spread spectrum signaling technology used in our modems, the probability of clandestine navigation is greatly enhanced. Furthermore, the system can support several AUVs at one time, unlike a conventional LBL system. This technology will be immediately useful to the Autonomous Operations FNC at ONR, by providing a non-invasive means of acquiring range and bearing. The vehicle merely uses its existing modem for this task. In addition, the system can evolve to support distributed undersea networks (such as the SPAWAR DADS) by providing an inexpensive method of vectoring an arbitrary vehicle around the network. We use an interoperable signaling technique, so this system will be available to systems employing any modem which likewise "speaks" the same modulation scheme. However, the availability of this system will enhance the sale of our modems to the Navy and to commercial users of AUVs. We believe there is much to be gained from additional miniaturization of the electronics which will be used in the prototype system. This will have two important commercial impacts: the reduction in weight and size will make the overall system more attractive for diver use; and the reduced system will make our commercial modems more attractive for small platforms, and less expensive to manufacture.

GORCA TECHNOLOGIES PO Box 1685 Mount Laurel, NJ 08054
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(856) 273-8200 Dr. Marc Olivieri NAVY 02-082 Selected for Award
Title:	Directional Acoustic Transponder for Underwater Positioning of a Clandestine UUV Network
Abstract:	The problem of Unmanned Undersea Vehicle (UUV) positioning in remote locations poses a significant technological challenge. In future NAVY missions, networks of multiple UUVs are expected to perform in remote locations for forward-deployed forces (sometimes clandestinely) and therefore the platforms positioning system must also be forward-deployed. Today, acoustic-based positioning systems (LBL, SBL and USBL) have offered good solutions. However, in the case of remote clandestine missions the pre-deployment of multiple beacons and/or buoys for positioning is impractical. Also, the cost of high accuracy USBL systems hosted on surface platforms is prohibitive for UUV applications. As a result, accurate positioning in remote locations is becoming a key to the success of future UUV missions. In Phase I of this work, GTI will develop several design concepts for a directional transponder mountable onto a UUV type SAHRV, to provide positioning of a clandestine UUV network. The approach offers a low cost/lightweight/small size solution that meets requirements for positioning accuracy, covert operation and operation in shallow water. The concept is based on proprietary broadband adaptive technology successfully demonstrated on other DoD programs, and based on GTI?s past experience in tracking UUV platforms from acoustic sensors mounted onto a UUV. Offering a solution to accurate positioning of UUV platforms in SW applies to many NAVY problems in the littoral environment. UUV use for Ocean Sampling Networks, MCM missions as well as ASW missions have been clearly identified in the NAVY?s current FNCs and most recently laid out in the NAVY UUV Master Plan (April 2000). The approach proposed here combines advanced proprietary broadband acoustic algorithms for detection, direction finding, acoustic network communication, covert operation along with innovative acoustic array designs for UUV platforms. The impact of GTI's broadband technology goes beyond the specific application of undersea platform positioning. This technology can significantly contribute to several DoD programs such as the SAHRV program, the Autonomous Operation FNC, the Organic MCM FNC, NAVSEA Manta program, as well as various DARPA's ASW programs using UUV or small undersea vehicles as forward-deployed platforms. Other DoD applications include positioning and tracking for divers operations, for Explosive Ordnance Disposal, Special Operations (SEAL), and Search and Rescue. DoD applications are a significant part of GTI's commercialization plan. However, commercial undersea applications in the private sector are being identified for the next generation survey platforms (ROVs and UUVs) for cable laying, pipe laying, environmental and gas industry

MICHIGAN AEROSPACE CORPORATION 1777 Highland Drive, Suite B Ann Arbor, MI 48108
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(734) 975-8777 Mr. Carl A. Nardell NAVY 02-083 Selected for Award
Title:	Composite Ruggedized Tunable Fabry-Perot Etalon
Abstract:	It is the objective of this proposal to explore three innovations that would improve this technology in a way that would result in a commercially available etalon for use as a filter spectrometer, or imaging Fabry-Perot system for spaceflight use in unusually harsh environments. The first innovation involves the development of an implementation of an existing proven design using materials that would improve the weight and thermal performance of the system, such as composites. The finesse of an etalon is strongly dependent upon the design of the mount in which it is housed. The second objective is to develop an alternative thermal compensation scheme to achieve a zero temperature coefficient in the motor metering system. The third objective would be to design an implementation of this etalon as a filter in an imaging remote sensing system. This third objective is being proposed as an option. The result of this work would be a design for rugged tunable Fabry-Perot etalons that would be capable of surviving launch into space. These etalons would be available at costs that have historically not been possible, since a great deal of heritage will be collected and leveraged in this proposed effort.

RL ASSOCIATES 4 Tanglewood DR. Langhorne, PA 19047
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(215) 269-1694 Dr. Richard Billmers NAVY 02-083 Selected for Award
Title:	Development of a High-Efficiency Ultra-Narrowband Volume Holographic Optical Filter
Abstract:	RL Associates plans to study the feasability in phase I and build in phase II an optical filter based upon volume holographic diffraction gratings permanently written in thick photopolymeric materials. We hope to demonstrate in this study that this type of filter is feasible to build and will be able to withstand the harsh operating environment of a spaced-based or airborne military platform. the filter will have the following characteristics: Operating Wavelength: Visible (currently 514.7 nm), Filter Linewidth: < 0.1nm, Tuning sensitivity: ~0.5 /nm, Tuning Range at least 3 nm Efficiency: > 75%, Aperture:~ 1.5". WE believe that the ultra-narrowbandpass optical filter based on volume holographic diffraction gratings in thick polymeric materials has numerous commercial applications and benefits. It will clearly increase the S/N of military systems employing light detection and ranging during daytime operations. It will also benefit the netwrok communications industry as it can be used as a wavelength division muliptlexer as well as sattelite and spaced-based communications.

INTERNATIONAL RADIATION DETECTORS INC. 2527 W. 237th Street, Unit A Torrance, CA 90505
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(310) 534-3661 Dr. Raj Korde NAVY 02-084 Selected for Award
Title:	EUV Active Pixel Sensor Array
Abstract:	Design of EUV Active Pixel Sensor (APS) array with 100% internal quantum efficiency photodiodes has been proposed. Design of the photosensing element of the APS array is based on our AXUV photodiode products which are being used by NIST and other national laboratories as transfer standards in 1 nm to 250 nm spectral region. APS arrays having 100 micron X 100 micron pixels with directly deposited EUV filter will be designed and fabricated during the phase I research. This will investigate feasibility of final APS array fabrication in Phase II. In contrast to tens of k-rads hardness of CCDs, the proposed arrays are expected to have a hardness of 1 G-rad when exposed to EUV photons. Owing to their superior radiation hardness, the developed arrays will be extremely useful for EUV imaging of the sun, planets, asteroids and other stars. Other applications of the fabricated arrays will be in plasma diagnostics, UV/EUV lithography and soft x-ray microscopy of biological specimens.

SPECTRASCAN 9362 Malahine Drive Huntington Beach, CA 92646
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(714) 403-4675 Dr. Rodolfo Iturriaga NAVY 02-085 Selected for Award
Title:	A Compact Fluorescence-Scattering System
Abstract:	An innovative flow through system with independent sensing units to determine the scattering and fluorescence properties of particulate and dissolved matter is proposed. Near-forward and near-backward scattering will be measured using a highly collimated 660nm diode laser beam, and a set of CCD-Shutter-systems positioned such that the light beam axis intersects their center. Two CCD arrays will be used to determine the Volume Scattering Function (VSF) from 0 to 5 deg (near-forward) and from 175 to 180 deg (near-backward) with 0.005 deg resolution. Using a CCD will allow continuous monitoring of the quality of the beam and consequently provide the ability to correct for misalignments while the instrument is operating. In addition it will simplify calibration. This will allow measurement of the beam attenuation of the water flowing through the system. Fluorescence measurements will be performed using a short-arc high energy, UV flash. The spectral emission of the natural dissolved and particulate fluorochromes, will be measured using a miniature spectrometer diode array module. The Compact Fluorescence-Scattering System (FSS) will be field deployable and capable of functioning as an autonomous unit on different environmental platforms or as a bench-top instrument. The versatility, compactness and low cost of the proposed system will facilitate its application in any environmental context to monitor water quality, such as fresh water reservoirs, industrial outflows, sewage treatment, aquaculture installations and many others. The system is directly applicable for naval needs to assess water clarity, lidar propagation calculations and target recognition efficiency, and to provide a ground-truth calibration of remote sensing systems. In oceanic waters, the resolving power for laser line scanning imaging system is limited by (M. Strand 1995) very-narrow-angle forward/backward light scattering .

INDIGO SYSTEMS CORPORATION 5385 Hollister Ave #103 Santa Barbara, CA 93111
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(805) 690-6620 Dr. Eric Beuville NAVY 02-086 Selected for Award
Title:	Compact Electronics and Segmented Nuclear Detectors for Radiation Imaging
Abstract:	Detection, identification and localization of radioactive materials in a terrorist or battlefield environment can be achieved with a position sensitive gamma ray detector. The detector provides identification of nuclear materials of strategic interest, and can determine the location and distribution of these materials. Broader applications for the same technology include nuclear medicine and high-energy astrophysics. This proposal focuses on the readout integrated circuit (ROIC) for highly segmented semi-conducting detectors such as germanium, or silicon. PHASE I: During the Phase I of this project Indigo Systems proposes to complete a trade study of a state-of-the-art multi-channel integrated circuit readout for a position sensitive gamma ray detector. Specifications and requirements to achieve high efficiency gamma ray detection will be proposed and analyzed for different type of available detectors. Two readout architectures will be proposed and analyzed, the first classic type of architecture includes a fast timing discriminator, providing the time of arrival of the detector signal, and a shaping amplifier with peak detection providing pulse amplitude for spectroscopy. The second architecture proposed will include an analog pipeline memory. The detector signal after amplification and filtering is sampled and stored at high rate onto successive memory elements, preserving, with the pulse amplitude, the shape of the signal. The number of storage elements and the sampling rate define the depth of the pipeline memory. All channel signals are stored simultaneously allowing additional off-chip signal processing to improve g ray source localization. Simultaneous sensing and readout (write and read) eliminates the dead time necessary to avoid pileup and will allow higher event rate capability. Amplifier gain and filtering time constant programmability combined with the pipeline memory architecture will be suitable to readout various types of detectors for extended imaging applications. Trade-offs of the two readout approaches will be analyzed. Preliminary simulations and estimated performance in terms of timing and energy resolution, as well as power consumption will be completed. It is anticipated that the Phase I will last 3 months. PHASE I Option: The Phase I continuation (Phase I Option) will last 2 months during which time Indigo will begin the preliminary detailed design process of the ROIC. The outcome will be an Interim Design Report. PHASE II: During the Phase II, Indigo will design, fabricate and test the ROIC. The ROIC will be assembled to available germanium or silicon double-sided strip detectors provided by either the Navy Research Laboratory or the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory to demonstrate the performance of radioactive material detection and localization. PHASE III: During the Phase III, Indigo will transition the technology to a production scale in support the manufacture of fieldable nuclear detector systems. The commercial applications of these electronics include gamma ray detection for nuclear non-proliferation applications and prevention of radioactive material smuggling, for astrophysics applications, PET scanners and other nuclear medicine imaging applications.

QUINSTAR TECHNOLOGY, INC. 24085 Garnier Street Torrance, CA 90505
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(310) 320-1111 Dr. H. J. Kuno NAVY 02-087 Selected for Award
Title:	Antenna for Shipboard Missile Detection System
Abstract:	Millimeter-wave can penetrate fog, smoke, clouds, and dust. Because of the short wavelength, millimeter-waves, when used in sensor systems such as radars, can provide sensing accuracy. In addition, relatively small antennas can provide high gain and narrow beamwidth at millimeter-wave frequencies. For these reasons, a great deal of interest and effort has been directed toward the development of millimeter-wave missile seekers over the years. It is widely projected that anti-ship missile systems will be operated in the Ka-band and W-band where low atmospheric attenuation windows exist around 35 GHz and 94 GHz, respectively. In order to defend ships against such threats, detection systems with a high probability of intercept (detection) will be needed. One of the key elements that will enable the development of such a system is a high gain omni-directional antenna. The proposed program is aimed at the development of omnidirectional millimeter-wave antennas with high gain in the elevation plane, with the peak gain pointed toward the horizon for early detection of incoming missile attacks. The antennas will be able to detect vertical and horizontal polarizations. They will be small and will be able to be inserted into existing systems. The omni-directional millimeter-wave antenna design to be developed will have potential opportunities for wider applications. Examples of wider applications include the extension of the technology to W-band missile detection systems, Ka-band LMDS systems, and millimeter-wave wireless local area network systems.

TOYON RESEARCH CORP. Suite A, 75 Aero Camino Goleta, CA 93117
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(805) 968-6787 Mr. Kevin C. Higgins NAVY 02-087 Selected for Award
Title:	Antenna for Shipboard Missile Detection System
Abstract:	Current shipboard electronic warfare (EW) systems do not adequately cover the full frequency range of likely future radar missile seeker threats. Toyon Research Corporation proposes a "building-block" antenna approach that would provide low cost omni-directional azimuth antenna coverage for detecting threat signals in an ultrawide frequency (through Ka) band, with a straightforward growth path to localizing the threat accurately in azimuth and elevation by adding additional building-block antenna sets along with beam-forming hardware, but without an antenna set redesign. The proposed antenna comprises three parts: power divider, multi-element notch antenna array covering signals in an ultra-wide frequency band, and a radome/polarizer. Two to four antenna sets, located either together or on different parts of a ship, can cover 360 degrees in azimuth. Future improvements using arrays of such antenna sets can be combined and phased to provide scanned beams or multiple fixed beams for threat localization. Toyon's experience with such antenna systems is extensive with more than 20 years' experience designing and building the SLQ-32 Semi-Omni Antenna (including a radome/polarizer) as well as two predecessor antenna upgrades. In 2001, members of the Toyon team completed a similar Ka-band missile seeker antenna with integral power divider and phase shifters. The AN/SLQ-32 missile detection system is currently used on nearly 500 Navy ships. The proposed antenna system could be used on all ships that presently have the AN/SLQ-32 system. In addition to shipboard locations the Navy LAMPS Helicopter has a missile detection system. The proposed antenna system could also be used on all ships that presently have LAMPS Helicopters.

TOXSOR, INC. PO Box 1174 St. Charles, MO 63302
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(636) 949-2664 Mr. Stanley Wilson NAVY 02-088 Selected for Award
Title:	Buoyancy Control Package for Miniature Undersea Sensors
Abstract:	The proposed is an buoyancy control module based on the "Cuttlefish". It substitutes man-made Smart Material and MEMS technology to duplicate capabilities occuring in nature. The proposed strategy would emulate the functionality of the Cuttlefish and its natural capability to maintain neutrally buoyancy. The solution is envisioned as a smart Micro Fluidic Control System that would be etched into a single micro-chip with a combination of channels, pumps, valves and associated control circuitry. The challenge in the proposed work will be the merging of smart materials and MEMS components with the associated control systems for buoyancy and propulsion while working within the low-energy and size restraints of the system. The key to the success of this proposal will be leveraging the diverse technologies and techniques to meet U.S.Navy requirements. The research is expected to establish the micro-machining of smart materials and micro-concepts for buoyancy control as energy-efficient and scalable solution.

WEBB RESEARCH CORPORATION 82 Technology Park Drive East Falmouth, MA 02536
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(508) 548-2077 Mr. Douglas C. Webb NAVY 02-088 Selected for Award
Title:	Buoyancy Control Package for Miniature Undersea Sensors
Abstract:	Littoral antisubmarine warfare and surveillance plans incorporate a vision of a distributed network of miniature, neutrally buoyant, undersea sensors capable of maintaining a desired depth at 10 to 1,000 meters or a position on a 5 to 20 degree Celcius temperature contour. A miniature vehicle is proposed which will carry the sensor system and will equilibrate on a predetermined isothermal surface. The operation exploits a change-of-state in a control substance, which acts to both measure the temperature and deliver work to change the vehicle buoyancy. No battery or other stored energy is used. The work done results from heat flow from the ocean thermocline. This approach can also be used to create a vehicle which cycles vertically indefinitely, a perpetual oscillator, which draws all propulsion energy from the thermocline. Very small devices are practical. Initial designs are for the sensor package total volume of approximately 32 ml. A provision for one time ascent to the surface for radio communication is included. The use of a large number of smart, expendable, miniature probes for detection of submarines in the littoral environment may prove to be an important Navy tool. If a success for the Navy, it would be procured in larger quantity, i.e., 10,000 per batch, an attractive commercial opportunity. Quantity manufacture may result in an attractive low-cost platform with application in dynamic littoral ocean observation, turbulence, fronts, internal waves, or in monitoring dispersion of toxic plumes.

METATECH CORPORATION 358 S. Fairview, Suite E Goleta, CA 93117
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(505) 243-0681 Dr. Tom Larkin NAVY 02-089 Selected for Award
Title:	Estimation of the Electromagnetic Energy Protection Provided for Electronic Equipment by Various Dielectric Materials and Shielding Configurations
Abstract:	A statistical methodology for susceptibility analysis of electronic devices under illumination of electromagnetic fields is proposed. The methods cast susceptibility data sets into a generalized form so that different data sets can be pooled to increase the empirical basis for drawing inferences. Given underpinning data for a specific type of electronic device, the methods permit the device's susceptibility probabilities to be estimated in new scenarios for a wide range of EM stresses. Any problem concerning the susceptibility of devices to radiated EM fields can be addressed using the methodology, pointing to commercial application in the EMI or IEMI areas. The methodology can provide more efficient means for commercial EMC/EMI testing of commercial and consumer elecronic equipment to standards requirements.

SCIENCE & ENGINEERING ASSOCIATES, INC. 6100 Uptown Blvd. NE, Suite 700 Albuquerque, NM 87110
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(505) 861-0503 Mr. Ted Lehman NAVY 02-089 Selected for Award
Title:	Shielding Effectiveness Estimation using Statistical Modeling Techniques
Abstract:	An investigation to determine the applicability of statistical modeling techniques to shielding effectiveness estimation of complex, irregular structures is proposed. In particular, the ability to extrapolate existing shielding effectiveness data to similar structures (similitude) is of interest. Accuracy, efficiency, validation and usefulness are the evaluation criteria used to establish applicability. Using statistical techniques, it has already been demonstrated that the shielding effectiveness of electrically large, metallic walled irregular structures can be uniquely defined. Techniques for accurately measuring and estimating the shielding effectiveness exist. Validation, measurement and computational costs are minimal and applications of similitude are straightforward. The definition is also compatible with vulnerability assessment requirements so it is also useful. The proposed effort will investigate the applicability of these techniques and/or modification of these techniques to structures with different wall materials and/or smaller electrical sizes. Wall materials of interest include dielectric and combinations of dielectric/metal (re-enforced concrete). Accurate, cost effective techniques for estimating the shielding effectiveness of a wide class of structures would provide lower cost solutions for protecting critical electronic systems. This approach would provide the tools necessary for identifying the most vulnerable components in electronic systems. Potential applications of this technology are: military and civilian aircraft, ships, communication facilities, data processing centers, control rooms.

EMAG TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 1340 Eisenhower Place Ann Arbor, MI 48108
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(734) 973-6600 Dr. Werner Thiel NAVY 02-090 Selected for Award
Title:	Numerical Modeling of Complex Electronic Systems
Abstract:	A hybrid technique combining frequency and time domain methods is proposed to accurately and efficiently model the energy coupling in complex electronic systems. With a hybrid technique, each sub-circuit of a complex system can be analyzed by the most proper numerical method so that the computational effort can be significantly decreased. Whereas large-scale regions will be characterized by a Haar-based Multiresolution Time-Domain (MRTD) scheme, sub-circuits containing a lot of details are modeled with the Method of Moments (MoM), Finite Element (FEM) or Finite Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) technique. Huygens surface currents are applied on the boundary surfaces of the sub-geometries to interface the frequency and time-domain methods. In addition to the MoM method, an analytical approach is proposed to model penetrable conductive shields in FDTD or MRTD efficiently. Furthermore, for highly nonlinear sub-circuits, an extended FDTD method will be available and will be combined with the MRTD method. Finally, the computational efficiency of the hybrid method will be demonstrated by a comparison of the accuracy and computation time with a brute-force full-wave method. The outcome of this project will benefit electronic system designers in both the military and industry by letting them accurately characterize the electromagnetic coupling effects among the various sub-circuits.

RM ASSOCIATES 1211 Deerfield Drive State College, PA 16803
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(814) 865-1298 Dr. Raj Mittra NAVY 02-090 Selected for Award
Title:	Numerical Modeling of Complex Electronic Systems
Abstract:	The objective of this effort is to develop strategies for electromagnetic modeling of highly complex systems by using a suite of Computational Electromagnetic (CEM) codes based on a variety of algorithms, and hybridizations thereof. Although a wide array of CEM tools are currently available for modeling objects with arbitrary geometries and inhomogeneities, they are typically limited, severely, in the size of the problem they can handle. Furthermore, many of the existing codes do not have an interface that enables the user to conveniently enter the object geometry using their own CAD tools, and to view the fields and induced currents computed by the code without considerable amount of manipulation of the output data set generated by the modeling code. Given this state of the existing CEM codes, we propose to develop novel approaches, described below, that would substantially extend the range of applicability of existing CEM tools and enable them to be scaled to much larger problems. We also propose to develop User interfaces for the codes that would work with existing databases or CAD files for the objects in a convenient manner. Anticipated improvements in the CEM tools would be of immediate use to several other projects of interest to various DoD agencies, especially the Navy, in connection with EMI analysis of proposed or existing designs, for which no accurate tools are currently available.

INFORMATION EXTRACTION & TRANSPORT, INC. 1911 N. Ft. Myer Drive, Suite 600 Arlington, VA 22209
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(703) 841-3500 Ms. Mike Poole NAVY 02-091 Selected for Award
Title:	Data Standardization and Brokering
Abstract:	The problem of effecting data standardization and brokering for purposes of infrastructure protection is one that unavoidably involves a wide range of types of domain knowledge, data sources and client types. Furthermore, information requirements may be unpredictable but also require fast and efficient gathering of complete and reliable data. IET contends that this problem is inherently bifurcated. Solutions resulting in robust systems must involve both the implementation of semantically rich metadata standards and consideration of procedures to reason with imperfect query results. IET will develop a semantically rich metadata standard to use in marking up data sources within the energy sectors and demonstrate how this can result in efficient and accurate data matching between client needs and source. IET will implement their experience in Bayesian reasoning to offer unique solutions to the semantic interoperability problems by developing methods to reason about knowledge credibility from network and metadata information as well as extract useable knowledge when query results are imperfect. The result of this research effort will be the design and prototype of a brokering environment and markup language that provides a central medium to leverage software applications and data being managed by various communities supporting critical infrastructure assurance initiatives. There are several organizations within the government in general and the DoD in particular that are potential customers for this technology. These include the Joint Battlespace Infosphere (JBI) and DARPA's Control Agent Based Systems (CoABS) grid as well as national organizations such as the Information Sharing and Analysis Centers (ISACs). The commercial market includes the commercial components of the critical infrastructure grid that are going to be required to comply with government regulations and standards regarding data sharing are good candidates.

SOHAR INCORPORATED 8421 Wilshire Boulevard, Suite 201 Beverly Hills, CA 90211
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(323) 653-4717 Mr. Myron Hecht NAVY 02-092 Selected for Award
Title:	Infrastructure Vulnerability Analysis System
Abstract:	This research will develop a methodology and a decision support tool to determine vulnerabilities for identified threats and hazards, determine appropriate countermeasures, and provide for infrastructure facilities and services to military facilities. The key innovation in this research is the integration of dependency graphs and Fault Tree Analysis. Methods of dependency analysis will include Colored Petri Nets and Simulation. A geographical information system will be used to select critical infrastructure facilities. The benefit is a scalable solution that can address both individual infrastructure vulnerabilities and the consequences of a facility loss on the "dependency web" of the military facility. In the Phase I research, we will document the methodology, develop a prototype tool we call RAID (Rapid Assessment of Infrastructure Dependencies), and demonstrate feasibility. The net result of this research, if successful, will be a decision support system that can be used as a planning aid to identify and eliminate vulnerabilities as well as to determine the optimal approach to restoring services after a series of terrorist attacks. The Decision Support Tool (RAID) emerging from this research will be of value not only to the U.S. Navy but also to many Federal, State, and Local Government authorities responsible for planning and responding to terrorist attacks and disasters. The tool may also be useful to the risk management departments of corporations and insurance companies as well.

ACCURATE AUTOMATION CORPORATION 7001 Shallowford Road Chattanooga, TN 37421
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(423) 894-4646 Mr. Vinod Sharma NAVY 02-096 Selected for Award
Title:	Very Low Noise, High Efficiency Propeller Designs for Small UAVs
Abstract:	The objective of this proposal is to develop low noise propellers for application in a UAV concept called SWARM. We propose a combined effort of theoretical and experimental studies to be fully responsive to the need of the SWARM program. Accurate Automation Corporation (AAC) offers a comprehensive approach to design and manufacture a propeller that reduces the noise by 12dBA with respect to the commercially available propeller for similar thrust requirements. There is an uncompromising need for quiet operation of the UAVs to minimize detection by listening devices. The noise generated by a propeller must be lowered to make it consistent with the remaining components, such as exhaust, of a propulsion system. AAC is uniquely positioned to expand the propeller design experience gained during the Gun Launched Observation Vehicle program under Navy (NSWC) supervision. As an optional task, we offer to conduct extensive testing and refinement of our propeller. During the follow-on phases, AAC proposes to study the acoustic noise suppression due to unsteady pressures generated by propeller blade vibrations. Shunted piezoelectric actuators strategically embedded in the blades will be considered for blade vibration suppression in the Phase II and III of this program. AAC has an outstanding record in the UAV development arena. We have integrated from propellers to small turbo-jet engines in our UAVs. The quiet propeller is a critical component for our future platforms. We are investing Venture Capital funds to supplement the tasks required to perform on this project in a time and cost constrained manner. There is need for this technology for the hobby market as well as the large aircraft with propellers. At the end of the Phase II effort, AAC expects to have an advanced propeller design and manufacturing process in place.

CONTINENTAL CONTROLS AND DESIGN, INC. 1921 N. Gaffey Suite J San Pedro, CA 90731
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(310) 831-8669 Mr. James P. Hynes NAVY 02-096 Selected for Award
Title:	Very Low Noise, High Efficiency Propeller Designs for Small UAVs
Abstract:	This topic addresses the design and development of novel propeller shapes, configurations and construction that significantly reduce the radiated noise of small propellers while simultaneously maintaining relatively high propulsive efficiency. Propellers are fast becoming the dominant noise source in small UAVs, as muffler designs improve. The conflicting goals of low noise, high efficiency and low cost are complicated by structural and aerodynamic interaction with the single cylinder diesel engine and airframe. In this project we draw from international expertise to analytically and experimentally pursue optimized quiet, efficient and inexpensive designs. Besides the obvious military application, this technology will benefit model airplane hobbyists and residents of nearby flying fields as open space becomes increasingly scarce.

CONTINUUM DYNAMICS, INC. 34 Lexington Avenue Ewing, NJ 08618
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(609) 538-0444 Dr. Todd R. Quackenbush NAVY 02-096 Selected for Award
Title:	Design Technology for Quiet UAV Propellers
Abstract:	The coming generation of small, lightweight UAVs will require new quiet propeller designs to maximize acoustic stealth while building on off-the-shelf hardware and leveraging existing design technology to minimize cost. To meet an aggressive development schedule, it is necessary to exploit validated design analysis tools to minimize the expensive and time-consuming cut and try aspects of wind tunnel propeller testing. The proposed effort will build on the experience of a proven design team to develop a quiet UAV propeller that maintains high efficiency while realizing 12+ dB noise reductions. The effort will use established noise analysis tools to accelerate the design process as well as to allow the assessment of noise sources due to unsteady interactions not easily simulated in a wind tunnel environment. Phase I will also exploit recent insights into small scale (low Re) airfoil behavior as well as enhancements to established proprotor modeling and optimization software to support a wind tunnel testing effort that will be undertaken to validate the predicted performance and noise levels. Following demonstration of promising designs, a manufacturing plan will be developed to ensure that cost and manufacturability targets can be met for production versions of the new propeller hardware. The recent rapid expansion of micro aircraft roles in defense applications is being mirrored by growth in possible civil roles for such concepts, including surveillance, imaging, and inspection. The long term goal of this effort would be to produce and market a family of quiet, efficient propellers for next generation UAVs, as well as software to support optimization of such vehicles through advanced design tools.

DELTA GROUP INTERNATIONAL LLC 1049 Tari Drive, Suite B Colorado Springs, CO 80921
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(301) 405-1143 Dr. Ben Wel-C. Sim NAVY 02-096 Selected for Award
Title:	Very Low Noise, High Efficiency Propeller Designs for Small UAVs
Abstract:	The objectives of this Phase I SBIR are to design, fabricate, test, and evaluate low noise, highly efficient propellers at two different airspeeds over a range of propeller rpm. The noise and performance results will be compared with the best (chosen a priori) commercially available two-bladed propeller. The quiet, highly efficient propeller will be designed to maintain optimum propulsive efficiency while still meeting the low noise objectives. This Phase I program uses a combined theoretical-experimental approach with an emphasis on producing propeller designs that meet noise and performance goals with less emphasis on mass production design and manufacturing. Design variables such as propeller diameter, blade number, blade shape, etc., will be systematically analyzed to achieve program objectives. A novel hub/blade design will facilitate parametric testing so that theory can be validated early and often. Manufacturing techniques are developed to produce five propellers of the same design for testing by the Navy at the end of Phase I. In the later stages of the program (Phases II and III), new designs will be proposed that further reduce noise levels while maintaining good performance. Mass production methods will be employed to produce propellers that are durable and consistently perform as designed. The realization of a very quiet, highly efficient, safe, cost-effective propeller for small UAVs will be welcomed by DoD, other government agencies, and the model airplane hobbyist. There are many military needs and requirements for this technology, but there may be even more demand for this technology for civilian applications. Having a quiet propeller (together with a quiet engine) will help make model airplane flying less of an annoyance to the urban communities that normally surround practice airfields. If the cost, performance, and safety of the resulting propeller is comparable to the two bladed rotor, a very large market will develop. Because of the increased interest on security and surveillance, there is little doubt of the need of this technology. The Navy has already indicated a potential need for several thousand quiet propellers for use in their small UAV program. A market study of these needs for government and civilian uses will be conducted in Phase III of this program. Commercialization for the government and civilian markets will be approached in several ways. All phases of DGI's small UAV propeller program will be open to the government, the small propeller manufacturing industry, and the hobbyist. We will solicit ideas from the users and manufacturers through our local contacts. When we have documented significant noise reductions with good performance, we will report these results in the open literature. In Phase III of the program, when the final propeller designs are tested by the Navy, we will encourage flight demonstrations with the military and civilian flying clubs to demonstrate the operational potential of this low noise propeller. In Phase III, DGI will also use the chosen manufacturing partner or subcontractor's marketing network to commercialize the low noise, highly efficient propeller. Coincident with these efforts, DGI will make special presentations to interested members of government agencies and commercial vendors.

GLOBAL AIRCRAFT CORPORATION P.O. Box 850 Starkville, MS 39760
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(662) 324-2800 Dr. Michael R. Smith NAVY 02-096 Selected for Award
Title:	Very Low Noise, High Efficiency Propeller Designs for Small UAVs
Abstract:	The proposed SBIR program offers a unique opportunity to use design and fabrication technology developed in recent government and industry funded programs to design a low-cost, high-performance, light-weight, low-noise propeller for Small UAV's. Global Aircraft Corp.(GAC) has the technology to design and manufacture composite propellers with scimitar shaped blades that flex to change pitch. This ability to flex allows the propeller to provide high performance over a wide range of operating conditions. This technology was developed under NASA SBIR and NASA AGATE funding. The design process has been recently automated using a rules-based computer program that performs finite analysis of blade geometry to show the effect of operating condition on blade deflection and vibratory modes that must be addressed in a structurally sound propeller design. The objective of the proposed SBIR Phase I project is to design, fabricate, and test proof-of-concept propellers that produce 12 dB less noise than commercially available hobby industry 2-blade propellers. The Phase II work is to further reduce the noise of the propeller developed in Phase I by 8 or more dB while maintaining performance within 5% of the Phase I design. The proposed SBIR project will increase the knowledge base concerning the design of low-noise, high-efficiency propellers for small UAVs. This knowledge can be applied to the design of propellers for numerous military and industrial UAVs, most of which currently use propellers designs based on seventy year old propeller technology. The technology generated in this project is directly applicable to design and production of propellers for the model airplane industry and will result in much quieter and more efficient operations. The knowledge and experience gained in this project will also extend to the design and production of propellers for low power recreational aircraft and general aviation airplanes.

ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH CORP. 15210 Dino Drive Burtonsville, MD 20866
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(301) 989-8050 Dr. Anthony Barbera NAVY 02-097 Selected for Award
Title:	Cooperative Behavior and Control in Groups of Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAVs)
Abstract:	The goal of this proposed effort is build a modular and expandable control system architecture that will flexibly accommodate multiple autonomous unmanned aircraft, which must perform assigned missions in coordinated cooperation with all mission aircraft. The control system must feature the ability to adaptively respond to losses during the mission, such that degraded communications or destruction of aircraft generate new allocations of responsibilities among mission members. A control system backbone in the form of a hierarchical organizational structure of agent control modules simultaneously executing many layers of control and planning in real-time will be created. This will be accomplished by applying an advanced control system concept, called RCS (Real-time Control System), to the task of coordinated control of multiple unmanned air vehicles (UAVs). This organizational structure can carry out cooperative autonomous behavior in large groups of UAVs in various tactical situations. This control system will exhibit varying autonomous capabilities, such as regrouping with losses, reallocation of resources, and reordering of priorities, while carrying out a variety of mission assignments including reconnaissance, searching, tracking, relay communications, target identification and navigational guidance. Autonomous vehicles including land vehicles, aircraft, and undersea vehicles, have demonstrated many advantages over manned vehicles. Complex tasks have been performed either by remotely piloted vehicles with a person executing the control, or with the vehicle executing some tasks using an automated control system without full time human insertion. The complexity of the vehicles is moving in two developmental axes simultaneously: viz. the addition of more complexity to the vehicle as evidenced by larger and more integrated sensor suites, and the addition of more vehicles to form ensembles of vehicles operating simultaneously. This task addresses the needs to move into the multiple, simultaneous, autonomous vehicle operational scenario. While the starting point of design is a relatively simple individual vehicle operating in an ensemble, this scenario can be extended into groups of more complex vehicles. The opportunity presents itself then for scalable ensembles of vehicles ranging from low unit cost vehicles to higher unit cost vehicles all operating on a control system that is easily reconfigurable as the mission and the vehicle changes. The concept is not unique to the military but could be quite interesting to any organization interested in large area survey, such as natural mineral survey.

ALPHATECH, INC. 50 Mall Road Burlington, MA 01803
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 273-3388 Mr. Michael L. Curry NAVY 02-097 Selected for Award
Title:	Control Architecures for Autonomous Teams (CAAT)
Abstract:	Cooperative, autonomous control is required to realize the full potential of autonomous UAVs in a tactical military setting. This proposal addresses the cooperative platform control problem where the control task is to coordinate teams of small, expendable, platforms to perform Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) tasks. When viewed as a centralized control problem under uncertainty, Stochastic Dynamic Programming (SDP) provides the optimal control strategy for this stochastic problem; however, this solution approach is not computationally feasible for most problems, and requires excessive centralization of information and computation. Moreover, the impact of imperfect communication performance decreases the overall performance achievable by large, centrally controlled teams. We propose innovative distributed control architectures that extend previous ALPHATECH Approximate Dynamic Programming (ADP) successes to cooperative control of teams of UAVs. ADP is used as a basis for control of centralized and decentralized architectures. The Phase I work, organized around a simulation-based trade study, begins with the evaluation of a centralized architecture. Insights into the centralized implementation are used to identify and address significant issues organic to all decentralized architectures. Phase II extends the work of Phase I by incorporating additional dimensions in the trade space and increasing the size and realism of the simulation. The proposed technology would enable autonomous teams of distributed UAVs to cooperatively perform reconnaissance, search, tracking, relay communications, target identification, and provide navigational guidance in a highly dynamic, uncertain environment, with limited human input. This concept of operations would support a rapid tailoring of ISR resources, and thus achieve the benefits of the large more traditional UAVs with greatly reduced cost and increased effectiveness. In the commercial sector, this technology is directly transferable to many applications involving autonomous systems, such as deep-sea exploration and salvage, hazardous material handling, flexible manufacturing systems and space-based assembly and repair.

BIG FUN DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION 620 Lakeshore Drive Duluth, GA 30096
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(770) 300-0308 Mr. Dov Jacobson NAVY 02-097 Selected for Award
Title:	Cooperative Behavior and Control in Groups of Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAVs)
Abstract:	SUAVE (Simulated Unmanned Air Vehicle Experience) Big Fun, a commercial game development studio, proposes a novel approach to identifying superior strategies for UAV communication and cooperation. SUAVE is an accurate UAV simulation presented as entertainment - as a game. A variety of strategies under consideration are programmed into the game. It is published online, and played immediately by tens of thousands of individuals. Each player eagerly, intelligently, and uniquely challenges all these candidate strategies, seeking weaknesses. The game server monitors outcomes. Superior control structures very quickly emerge from the flawed ones. The bad are abandoned. The good are improved. Large, heterogenous databases of experience are collected overnight. By day, strategists can repair their wounded algorithms and send them back into battle, iterating nightly toward perfection. Better still, the game permits players to script their own strategies. The creative energy of a million minds is applied to both sides of the equation. This is the natural process of evolution - at warp speed. Like natural evolution, it exploits both dramatic developmental breakthroughs and microscopic refinements applied over and over. This project will produce a very capable web based unmanned air battle simulator. It will be available to large numbers of simultaneous participants. It will be accurate, secure and responsive. Aerial battles are an extremely popular game genre and a game that encourages programmability would remain popular for a long time. (Big Fun is in the business of producing computer games, and has good relationships with most game publishers.)

KNOWLEDGE BASED SYSTEMS, INC. 1408 University Drive East College Station, TX 77840
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(979) 260-5274 Dr. Ajay Verma NAVY 02-097 Selected for Award
Title:	Command and Control for Active Intra-Group Co-Operation of UAVs (C-CAGO)
Abstract:	In past, the major thrust of research has been on developing algorithms for cooperative control of a group of entities such as uninhabited aerial vehicles (UAVs), but there has not been any effort for the integrated design of command and control of the group and the communication layer. The practical implementation of the command and control of a group is limited by the available bandwidth for the communication. This proposal will focuses on optimizing the bandwidth requirement without compromising the functionality of command and control of UAVs. The major task of this project is to design a communication network for supporting the command and control of a platoon of UAVs for a task of formation flying. The overall design should provide robust control of the group when: bandwidth available for communication is limited, data transmitted may be corrupted, data received may be corrupted, there is loss or gain of UAVs during the operation . The major objectives of cooperative control for UAVs is to solve the high end problem for: formation configuration control, i.e. intra-group control of individual entities maintaining the formation, and restructuring of the formation as well as communication layer in the event of accretion or attrition of UAVs. The proposed effort will be invaluable for the implementing cooperative control for a platoon of uninhabited aerial vehicles. The technology that will be developed in this project has a wide scope of commercialization. This technology will also be applicable to a wide variety of uninhabited space vehicles, ground vehicles ( UGVs) and underwater vehicles (UUVs).

C-K TECHNOLOGIES L.L.C. 116 Holloway Road Ballwin, MO 63011
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(636) 394-3331 Mr. Harold McCormick NAVY 02-098 Selected for Award
Title:	Very Low Noise, High Efficiency Propeller Designs for Small UAVs
Abstract:	The objective of this project is to develop an expansion chamber/exhaust muffler system which will optimize the fuel economy/power density of small two-cycle compression engines while simultaneously providing 16 db or greater noise reduction. State-of-the-art validated computer models will be employed with the objective of minimizing the number of experimental iterations required to achieve the objective. The current commercial practice for producing expansion chmber/muffler systems for two-cycle engines (chainsaws, weed eaters, etc.) is divided into two categories:  Low volume engine production (less than 1,000 units per year): The engine producer contracts with an outside supplier for the design, manufacture, and supply of the unit. The current business model of C-K Technologies would be to act as the designer/supplier of systems for the low-volume two-cycle engine applications. An identified market exist specifically for noise reduction of model airplane engines. This market will be served by producing product for the engine producer as well as kits for retrofitting existing engines. These kits would be provided for distributors who provide product for this market.  Mid volume/high volume engine production: Due to the need to be cost competitive in the marketplace, the engine manufacturer typically produces the expansion chamber muffler integral to the engine manufacturing operation. The objective of new and advanced technologies developed above through work funded in the Phase I/Phase II portions of this project is to develop a proprietary position which would be licensed to the engine manufacturer.

KALSCOTT ENGINEERING, INC. 104 Walker Pl. Lawrence, KS 66049
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(785) 760-1371 Mr. Tom Sherwood NAVY 02-098 Selected for Award
Title:	Very Low Noise, High Efficiency Muffler Designs for Small UAVs
Abstract:	The role of small acoustically stealthy UAVs for battlefield operations is identified. The challenges associated with noise reduction for such vehicles is described. Novel approaches to reducing the noise emanating from the engine exhaust using an advanced muffler are presented. These include custom muffler designs, and matching of the aeroacoustic characteristics of the engine and the muffler for optimum efficiency, while reducing noise. The goal is to develop a lightweight (<100 grams), low volume (<24 cu. in. volume, with a max. feature size of 5 in.), low-cost (<$35 each) muffler that retains high efficiency, while reducing noise by 16 dB in Phase I and an extra 10 dB in Phase II. A detailed Phase I work plan is presented, covering analysis, design, build, testing and design evolution tasks. The commercial market for noise-reduction devices is rapidly expanding due to increasing noise concerns in many communities. Small mufflers can be adapted for use with small gas engines in generators, all classes of motor vehicles, gas-powered tools, model vehicles, and ultralights.

SAGETECH CORPORATION 2170 W. Eugene Street Hood River, OR 97031
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(541) 386-6999 Mr. Kelvin Scribner NAVY 02-098 Selected for Award
Title:	Very Low Noise, High Efficiency Propeller Designs for Small UAVs
Abstract:	Sagetech Corporation proposes by this document to perform Navy SBIR task N02-098, Very Low Noise, High Efficiency Muffler Designs for Small UAV's (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles). There are several discrete sources of noise in small aircraft: propeller noise, engine crankcase radiation, engine inlet (carburetor) noise, exhaust noise, and vibration induced airframe noise. Other work (N02-096) addresses propeller noise, the present solicitation addresses exhaust noise, and the other sources of noise are addressed elsewhere, insignificant, or unaccounted for. Sagetech Corporation is prepared to address engine crankcase noise, vibration induced airframe noise, and engine inlet noise should the need arise. The stock OS Max LA 0.4 engine and muffler was analyzed and the task found to be feasible. A design methodology comprising of equal parts computer assisted noise modeling, test bench hardware verification, and actual hardware noise measurement is proposed to rapidly converge on a cost effective exhaust design which balances noise performance with engine performance. An analysis is presented in which the stock muffler is characterized and a preliminary design is evaluated, nearly meeting design goals. From this it is surmised that the task is feasible and within the technical capability of Sagetech Corporation Commercial applications for the proposed work lie primarily in the RC airplane industry as well as small garden tools (weed wackers). Improved mufflers which enhance engine performance are certain to be popular with model airplane enthusiasts. Military benefits are primarily in decreased dectability of reconnaissance UAV's resulting in improved probability of mission accomplishment

AGUILA TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 310 Via Vera Cruz, Suite 107 San Marcos, CA 92069
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(760) 752-4359 Dr. Alan Grieve NAVY 02-099 Selected for Award
Title:	Thermal Management Techniques for Bonded Electronic Components
Abstract:	There is a growing need for improvement in the performance of thermally-conductive polymeric adhesives used in the bonding of electronic structures for use in high-temperature environments, such as the operating environment of high power wide bandgap electronic devices. Many polymeric adhesives for electronics use are epoxide-based. While epoxides offer good processability and have good mechanical and chemical resistance properties, their performance at high temperatures and high humidities is poor. This leads to more frequent and costly repairs due to premature failures. While there are numerous examples of polymers with superior performance to epoxides, few offer the same level of processability or low costs of epoxide-based formulations. We have developed a new resin formulation that, with some modification, will address all of these performance issues. Our patent-pending resin formulation incorporates cyanate esters, bismaleimides and epoxides. It is solvent-free and easily processed. The key to this formulation is a novel reactive diluent containing both allyl and epoxide functionalities. Incorporation of a novel filler combination into this resin formulation will also allow the preparation of composite materials with improved thermal and electrical conductivity to better address the thermal and electrical management needs of high power devices There is an immediate need for adhesive materials with improved high temperature performance in a myriad of high volume consumer and defense products, particularly those materials that have improved thermal and/or electrical properties. It is a multimillion-dollar business. With the elimination of lead-based solders a priority in Europe, and, to a lesser extent, Japan, high reliability electrically conductive adhesives will find increasing application as a replacement for metallurgical-attach materials

FOSTER-MILLER, INC. 350 Second Ave. Waltham, MA 02451
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 684-4118 Mr. Thomas Tiano NAVY 02-099 Selected for Award
Title:	Highly Thermally Conductive Anisotropic Thermoplastic Film Adhesive
Abstract:	In this effort, Foster-Miller will develop an affordable and novel high temperature resistant, thermally conductive polymeric adhesive for bonding high-power electronic structures. The Foster-Miller system will consist of a highly adhesive thermoplastic film with the conductive filler aligned through the thickness of the film. This anisotropic adhesive will maximize thermal conductivity and heat throughput by directing heat flow in the desired direction - away from the heat generating components and into the heat sink. A novel electrical alignment technique will be utilized to align the filler, thereby maximizing its effectiveness by allowing higher unidirectional conductivity while retaining the adhesive properties of the polymer. The use of commercially available, high temperature elastomeric thermoplastic, cast into a film creates a system that has a high bond strength and can be readily reworked upon application of minimal heat, while being able to meet the mechanical and environmental properties required for Navy applications. These meltable films have the further advantages of a very short application time because there is no curing, and they do not require the use of autoclaves. The resulting film adhesive can be processed using typical equipment utilized in the microelectronics industry. (P-020138) Development of a highly thermally conductive adhesive will help solve the ever increasing "heat problem" associated with high power microelectronics. It will allow simpler thermal management designs and the use of smaller and more powerful microchips in both commercial and military electronics. The use of thermoplastic films will also increase the mechanical and physical properties of the adhesive and allow for easier rework.

POLYCOMP TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 13963 Recuerdo Drive Del Mar, CA 92014
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(858) 530-2151 Dr. Chuk L Leung NAVY 02-099 Selected for Award
Title:	Thermal Management Techniques for Bonded Electronic Components
Abstract:	In sufficient dissipation of heat generated by high-power electronic components via the bonded structure loweres the performance and service life of the package. Polycomp Technologies, Inc. proposes to develop novel die-attach adhesives that are reworkble, highly electrically and thermally conductive, and environmentally stable. By the use nanomaterials, such properties can be achieved without adversely affecting the processibility of the adhesive. Commercial electronic industries are seeking new thermally and electrically conductive die attach adheives that can be used to bond dissimilar materials. The novel adhesives will enable the fabrication of electronic packages that are environmentally stable with increased ability for repair and rework.

ARCHITECTURE TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 9971 Valley View Road Eden Prairie, MN 55344
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(952) 829-5864 Mr. Kevin S. Millikin NAVY 02-100 Selected for Award
Title:	A Framework for Software Reverse Engineering Protection
Abstract:	Military software systems are vulnerable to Information Warfare attacks. If an enemy can gain knowledge of the software, then the software and the systems it runs on can be attacked, either directly or indirectly. One method the enemy may employ is reverse engineering, attempting to recover the program's source code from the binary executable file. Software obfuscation is a defensive information warfare technique that tries to make the cost of reverse engineering prohibitive to the enemy. Obfuscation can also protect software from theft and subsequent reuse. In addition, a software obfuscation capability can enable active offensive information warfare and protection from attacks such as viruses and worms. Architecture Technology Corporation proposes the research and development of technologies and products necessary for software obfuscation technology for the Navy. There are three products of this research and development effort. A predictive obfuscation model will allow Navy software engineers to anticipate the cost and effectiveness of obfuscating transformations, and to intelligently design obfuscating solutions. Second, a catalog of transformations known from scientific literature and engineering folklore as well as several novel transformations will be produced. Finally, a prototype implementation will validate the model and serve as a proof of the concept of object to object obfuscation, as well as a prototype to an automatic obfuscation tool.

INKITIKI CORPORATION P.O. Box 816 Kapaa, HI 96746
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(808) 821-1533 Paulo Machado NAVY 02-100 Selected for Award
Title:	Intelligent Anti-Tamper Protection for Software
Abstract:	Automatic code obfuscation is the most viable method to protect software against reverse-engineering attacks. However, current obfuscators apply obfuscation transformations haphazardly. The actual utility and impact of all accumulated transformations are not considered. Instead, protection is hoped to arise as the number of complex transformations builds up. Yet, dependable software protection requires a trustworthy approach with guaranteed protection levels, and without incurring excessive and unnecessary computational overhead. Formal models for software protection are believed to offer such benefits (akin to guarantees in current cryptographic models), but no such models have been identified. An alternative route is Artificial Intelligence (AI). High-level planning and reasoned decisions can selectively guide application of transformations, while gauging complex trade-offs between guaranteed protection level and computational overhead. AI meta-cognitive planners are known for excelling in this type of situation, but were not applied to this particular problem. We propose to undertake this promising route, with the goal of producing an intelligent anti-tamper protection system for software that is effective, reliable, and trustworthy. The proposed system will benefit the software industry and the military. Preventing IP theft increases the ROI on software, and protects the United States technological military advantage. The system is to be used to protect against reverse engineering, code hijacking and hacking.

RETHER NETWORKS INC. 99 Mark Tree Road, suite 301 Centereach, NY 11720
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(631) 467-4381 Dr. Tzi-cker Chiueh NAVY 02-100 Selected for Award
Title:	Innovative Reverse Engineering Protection for Software
Abstract:	The Tamper Resistant Software (TRS) technology is a technology that transforms a given computer program into a form that is difficult to understand and thus to modify. In theory, it is impossible for a piece of software to be completely tamper proof. However, the goal of the TRS technology is to deter the potential crackers to the extent that either the required cracking effort is too excessive or the gain is not worth the effort. Obviously the degree of tamper resistance depends on the physical rsource available to the attackers. The TRS technology designed to fend off state-backed attackers is among the most challenging and is the focus of this research project. We propose to carry out a comprehensive attack analysis on existing software-based TRS technologies, deduce a set of guiding design principles from such an analysis, develop a set of new program transformation techniques that could further strengthen software/intellectual property protection, and implement a selective subset of these proposed techniques to gauge their effectiveness, implementation complexity and practical feasibility. There are two commercial endeavors that could potentially benefit greatly from the research and development of the TRS program transformation technology described in this project. First, digital content management (DRM) systems can greatly benefit from the software protection provided by the TRS technology, because it can prevent users from tampering and thus bypassing the DRM mechanism. Without proper software protection, DRM is essentially useless as a method to secure monetary revenue for digital content owners/providers. Second, the TRS program transformation technology will also play an important role in disguising the essential intellectual property underlying software programs from users of those systems of which the programs are a component. Examples of such systems include military/defense systems and any high-priced commercial embedded systems that are built on standard PC platforms.

CYMFONY, INC. 600 Essjay Road Buffalo, NY 14221
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(716) 565-9114 Dr. Wei Li NAVY 02-101 Selected for Award
Title:	Automated Verb Sense Identification
Abstract:	This task seeks to develop an automated, domain-portable module for verb sense identification (VSI) in natural language processing (NLP). Since verbs are pivot carriers of event concepts, VSI, a primary sub-task of Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD), has significant impact on Information Extraction (IE). Currently, only keyword-based IE, mainly identification of named entities and simple, general events, is available. Concept-based extraction of events requires support from WSD. A scalable VSI system will extend InfoXtract, an IE system equipped with machine learning and grammar development toolkits. Language-specific, key-verb-based representation of extracted events will be translated into an `interlingua' based on action concepts. Previous systems for sense disambiguation are limited to research prototypes relying on human-annotated corpora. The proposed approach is based on unsupervised machine learning from an InfoXtract-parsed corpus. Decision list models will be trained on an InfoXtract-parsed corpus from which a domain-dependent, WordNet-like thesaurus is constructed. Bootstrap training, using initial seeds, is performed on a new corpus without human intervention by leveraging the core IE engine. Deliverables include: (i) a VSI system demonstrating domain-specific machine learning and application of the learned model; (ii) integrating VSI into InfoXtract to demonstrate added value in event extraction and retrieval in political and military domains. The resulting component technology can be used in a variety of text processing and information applications, with the capability of automatically tuning to any domain. This includes supporting Event Extraction, Concept Indexing, Question Answering, and Automatic Summarization. The technology will assist computerized information systems to make key information extracted from large volumes of free text accessible to information analysts and decision makers.

LANGUAGE COMPUTER CORPORATION 6440 North Central Expressway, Suite 205 Dallas, TX 75206
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(214) 378-8311 Dr. Mihai Surdeanu NAVY 02-101 Selected for Award
Title:	Automated Verb Sense Identification
Abstract:	Language Computer Corporation (LCC) is the leader in open-domain Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) and other natural language processing (NLP) technologies such as Question Answering (QA) and Summarization. This proposed work builds on our experience with semantically disambiguating all verbs, nouns, adjectives, and adverbs in open-domain texts. The WSD approach uses hybrid methods that combine machine readable dictionaries, iterative algorithms, and machine learning. LCC's WSD algorithm will be extended with advanced proprietary NLP tools such as a high-performance probabilistic parser and named-entity recognizer, and tailored for the military domain with dedicated machine learning algorithms. The WSD technology developed in this Phase 1 project will be used to improve the other NLP products currently developed at LCC: QA, Information Extraction, Summarization, and Semantic Indexing. The WSD system developed as a result of this Phase I project will be integrated in other commercial natural language products developed at LCC, such as Question Answering (QA), Information Extraction (IE), Summarization, and Semantic Indexing. In addition, a WSD software package will be prepared and market as a NLP development tool. However, the market for such a tool is rather small compared to the QA and IE market on which the impact of the WSD technology will be felt. LCC is currently marketing its QA and IE products to government, media, and Internet service providers as primary markets. Secondary markets we target include: telecommunications, corporate relationship management (CRM), call centers, financial services, e-commerce and consumer applications. WSD can bring a significant contribution to LCC's main products, as well as being a stand-alone tool useful to computational linguists and system developers.

STOTTLER HENKE ASSOCIATES, INC. 1660 So. Amphlett Blvd., Suite 350 San Mateo, CA 94402
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(206) 545-1478 Mr. Ronald Braun NAVY 02-101 Selected for Award
Title:	Verb Sense Disambiguation Using Integrated Feature Experts
Abstract:	We propose an innovative combination of machine learning techniques coupled with an extensible framework of integrated feature type classifiers (called "feature experts") capable of performing high-accuracy verb sense disambiguation. Our Disambiguating Integrated Verb Sense Experts (DIVERSE) system combines a committee of feature experts with a common representational ontology bootstrapped for a new domain using cooperative learning techniques and an unannotated domain corpus. The result will be an adaptive, user-trainable system that leverages multiple predictive features (to be selected from a comprehensive survey) to generate sense tags and associated confidence levels with respect to a predetermined catalog of verb senses. Active learning and bootstrapping techniques minimize system reliance on a non-linguist user during ontology tuning. An iterative development cycle ensures that the system is rapidly trained to sufficient levels of accuracy within a new task domain. Our extensible framework provides a solid foundation for a systematic evaluation of feature experts operating in isolation and in coordination with other experts. Phase I research and development of a proof-of-concept limited prototype will demonstrate the feasibility and utility of DIVERSE's verb sense identification capability and will lay the groundwork for its Phase II implementation and eventual commercialization. DIVERSE is applicable across language processing tasks (information extraction, machine translation) and multiple commercial domains (competitive, market, and intelligence analysis, health care).

AETION TECHNOLOGIES LLC 93 East Riverglen Drive Worthington, OH 43085
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(614) 882-2445 Mr. Mark Carroll NAVY 02-102 Selected for Award
Title:	Component-Based Compositional Simulator for Multi-Criterial Optimization
Abstract:	Aetion Technologies LLC will study the feasibility of applying its SFV decision-support technology to visualization of modeling and simulation processes. The technical and scientific merit will be assessed of applying SFV technology to build up models and observe them being simulated, in whole or in part. This use of SFV will be evaluated by applying Generic Task methodology to analyze the information-processing requirements of specific sub-tasks, by rapid prototyping to demonstrate capability and gain feedback, and by assessing the technical practicality of extending Aetion's existing code base to meet the needs in this area. If SFV can be successfully applied to this problem, there is a high likelihood that it can be successfully applied to a broader range of military and civilian simulation problems, thus providing a path for successful commercialization of the SFV technology. Aetion's technology will enable people to make better decisions, more confidently, because they will have a greater understanding of the range of alternatives and the value tradeoffs. Potential commercial applications include: military planning, re-planning and simulation, civilian planning, re-planning and simulation; military and civilian engineering design; rational drug design (high-throughput screening in silico); and infrastructure vulnerability analysis (anti-terrorism, FEMA, targeting).

ALPHATECH, INC. 50 Mall Road Burlington, MA 01803
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 273-3388 Mr. Steven Jilcott NAVY 02-102 Selected for Award
Title:	A Knowledge-Based Adaptable Modeling and Simulation Visualization Environment
Abstract:	Effective use of models and simulations (M&S) requires the visualization of model-related information at three stages-model construction, model manipulation, and model analysis. M&S applications do not always have a native visualization environment, but even when they do, the environment rarely permits visualization at all three stages of M&S use. An adaptable visualization environment that could be tailored to function for specialized M&S applications would be a powerful tool to unify an organization's analysis and reporting efforts. Realizing this environment requires advanced data abstraction, a formalism for generating visual transforms based on context, general-purpose analysis aids, and a methodology for tailoring M&S input and output. This proposal explores the innovative use of knowledge-based technologies from artificial intelligence to represent M&S data in a domain-independent way. The knowledge-based approach permits users to view and navigate M&S data while treating the M&S application as a "black box". Our visualization environment employs a relational algebra formalism to query the knowledge-base, a mathematical analysis toolbox for understanding causal connections, and data wizards to help analysts who are not knowledge engineers tailor an M&S application to the environment. The technology developed under this program will immediately benefit organizations seeking to unify their M&S analysis and reporting efforts. Examples include logistics, intelligence, law enforcement, and infrastructure protection organizations.

INTERACTIVE DATA VISUALIZATION 1233 Washington St. Suite 610 Columbia, SC 29201
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(803) 799-1699 Mr. Chris King NAVY 02-102 Selected for Award
Title:	Enhanced Visualization of Modeling and Simulation Processes
Abstract:	Modeling and simulation (M&S) packages like Matlab and ACSL allow users to create independent executable modules that enable them to more readily engage in what if scenarios. In this document, we propose a flexible M&S visualization system that facilitates these types of investigations, allowing the user to make simulation adjustments as the visualization is displayed. We propose a system that allows engineers from multiple disciplines using numerous simulation packages to input data from a variety of sources, both run-time and off-line, in a manner that allows them to examine that data in boundless ways. The architecture should allow for a high degree of flexibility and extensibility, enabling engineers to add multiple types and styles of real-time 2D and 3D visualization methods, different methods and formats of data input, and diverse methods of data manipulation and processing. This type of flexibility provides utility to engineers at all levels of the design process; each engineer using a common visualization platform. The objective of this Phase I research project is to determine the feasibility and potential effectiveness of this type of system, and if successful, to design a suitable architecture for meeting these goals. Currently, there are a number of popular packages used for modeling and simulation, each with various forms of visualization capabilities. Our aim is to define a new standard for M&S interactive visualization. This can be achieved by providing a visualization environment that contains numerous standard utilities like interactive 2D and 3D plotting, but also provides an extensible visualization subsystem, the ability to read data in various formats and methods (which can be modified and extended), and most importantly can interface directly with the models created by the engineers. Such an environment could emerge as the visualization standard for engineers working at the micro or macro level and across multiple disciplines. This system could provide simulation designers with the ability to more effectively communicate the effectiveness of their designs to customers, colleagues, and decision makers.

PREDICTION SYSTEMS, INC 309 Morris Avenue, Suite G Spring Lake, NJ 07762
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(732) 449-6800 Mr. Bob Wassmer NAVY 02-102 Selected for Award
Title:	Enhanced Visualization of Modeling and Simulation Processes
Abstract:	Develop and prototype an Open Visual Toolkit (OVT) architecture with an open library of models, and enhanced visual environment for model development and interactive simulations. OVT is a new paradigm in M&S that builds on the robust, and technically successful foundations of the General Simulation System (GSS) and Run-Time Graphics (RTG) established by PSI. OVT maximizes the cognitive abilities of modelers and analysts be allowing them to build, grow, and visually interact and modify models while running, and focus on and attain rapid, high performance, and high quality solutions to M&S tasks rather than get bogged down with build and debug complexities of low level languages and environments. OVT advanced capabilities include: ú Open Visual Library of models, including communication system elements, weapons systems, air, land and sea vehicles, movement paths, sensor systems, C2 units, terrain, data sources, etc., that can be tailored and connected as needed in the visual M&S realization environment. ú New paradigms for visually navigating complex simulation spaces: geographies, multi-tiered hierarchies, etc. ú Dramatically increased capacity for iconic representations - over one million icons. ú Support for 3D Visualization and industry standard overlays. ú Easy ability to visualize external simulations for collaboration, fusion, and display of information. Profound improvement in the speed, quality, accessibility, and state-of-the-art of M&S. OVT can leverage and increase the value of multimillion dollar DoD investments in PSI models and those of other vendors by providing a more powerful environment for reuse, and new developments. OVT has great potential for commercial applications including manufacturing, process control, banking and financial industries, etc.

MICROCOSM, INCORPORATED 401 Coral Circle El Segundo, CA 90245
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(310) 726-4100 Dr. James Wertz NAVY 02-104 Selected for Award
Title:	Miniature Star Sensor Using "Camera-on-a-Chip" CMOS Arrays for Daytime Stellar Imaging
Abstract:	Microcosm, with Eastman Kodak as a subcontractor, proposes to design and develop a new star sensor capable of viewing stars in daylight from sea level based on an optical head designed by Microcosm and the Kodak DIGITAL SCIENCE CMOS array which provides enhanced responsiveness in the near IR. Optical requirements for daylight stellar imaging will be developed by Kodak using image chain models that incorporate atmospheric haze, Sun illumination angles, seasonal variations, and stellar characteristics. The sensor head uses all reflective optics to avoid any IR absorption. The sensor has a small opening and narrow field of view to allow extensive light baffling to minimize sky glow. The Kodak array has a high sensitivity to compensate for the small aperture and extensive on-chip processing to allow multiple techniques to pick out stars from the bright background. Among the approaches to be evaluated are MEMS micro-mirrors to provide sky background removal by chopping, high dynamic range (20 bits) A-to-D conversion for digital signal accumulation, and an enhanced microlens to provide a high effective fill factor and minimum cross-talk. Phase I will refine the system requirements and define the baseline approach. Phase II will develop, fabricate, and test a complete prototype sensor. The commercial applications are numerous. The simple design, high accuracy and dynamic range, low weight, low power, and low recurring cost makes the sensor applicable to commercial, military, and scientific sea-based or land-based vehicles for day and night autonomous position determination. A single unit can be used to augment or as an alternative to GPS, with a corresponding savings in cost and complexity.

TREX ENTERPRISES CORPORATION 10455 Pacific Center Court San Diego, CA 92121
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(858) 646-5479 Dr. Mikhail Belen'kii NAVY 02-104 Selected for Award
Title:	Daytime Electronic Stellar Imaging
Abstract:	The Global Positioning System (GPS) is the best navigation system for worldwide, day-and-night position determination. However, GPS depends on man-made components such as satellites and transmitters. Therefore, it is vulnerable to hostile attack and jamming. The Automated Celestial Navigation (ASN) system would provide an independent alternative to GPS in the case of GPS denial. We propose to design, build, and demonstrate a novel, inexpensive, strapdown, fully automated star tracker for imaging individual stars both day and night with angular resolution less than 3 arcsec and a field-of view of 3 degrees aboard a surface ship. During Phase I we will determine the sensor optical requirements, develop and test the contrast enhancement and noise reduction algorithm, evaluate the sensor performance and production cost, perform the trade-off studies, and select an optimal design approach. We expect the performance analysis and trade-off studies will be completed, the contrast enhancement algorithm will be developed and tested, and optimal design approach will be selected. This effort will validate a feasibility of the proposed daytime stellar tracker, which will provide an instantaneous determination of the ship attitude with respect to the celestial reference frame both day and night, and thus further enhance navigation capability for the U.S. Navy. The proposed development of a daytime electronic stellar tracker has both military and commercial law enforcement and surveillance applications. Electronic imagers sensitive in the infrared portion of the spectrum as well as the contrast enhancement algorithm would have numerous applications in crime fighting, drug surveillance, and interdiction, and home and business intruder-detection systems. A wide field-of-view, infrared imager developed under this program will be a key element in this system. A contrast enhancement and noise reduction algorithm will enhance the performance of optical sensors used in commercial law enforcement and surveillance applications.

PROMETHEUS INC. 103 Mansfield Street Sharon, MA 02067
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(401) 849-5389 Dr. William Moran NAVY 02-105 Selected for Award
Title:	Advanced Doppler Processing
Abstract:	An integrated probabilistic data association (IPDA) tracker will be exploited in a towed array sonar context to provide detection capability in the near zero Doppler region where heavy clutter/reverberation predominates. Detection will occur as a result of the tracker's ability to effectively measure the consistency of kinematics of a moving object with large inertia. This capability will be enhanced in the proposed system by agility of the sonar configuration: pulse repetition interval (PRI), waveform, and transmit and receive beampatterns are selected at each epoch to best discriminate between the clutter/reverberation and potential target according to an estimate of the environment provided in association with the IPDA tracker. The system will permit operator intervention including full manual over-ride. Anticipated Benefits: Detection and tracking, based on the IPDA methodology, of slow moving underwater targets in heavy low velocity clutter/reverberation; Algorithms to choose the sonar configuration to optimally exploit the environment; A library of waveforms and beamshapes optimized to the underwater environment. Potential Commercial Applications: The methodology developed here will have security applications both in the military and private sectors. It will transfer to a radar system, to be used to detect movements of humans and ground vehicles in heavily cluttered environments. In this context, it will produce enhanced detection capability for monitoring of sensitive facilities.

CHARLES RIVER ANALYTICS INC. 625 Mount Auburn Street Cambridge, MA 02138
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(617) 491-3474 Mr. Paul G. Gonsalves NAVY 02-106 Selected for Award
Title:	Sensor Task Optimization and Real-time Management (STORM)
Abstract:	The emergence of the digital battlespace and the emphasis on military joint operations provide access to a plethora of information resources and collection assets. Sensor management, in general, and the capability to automate scheduling and dynamically re-task sensor assets in light of changing operational requirements and mission objectives, forms a key element to ensuring information dominance for our warfighters. Here, we propose a Sensor Task Optimization and Real-time Management (STORM) system for the scheduling, coordination, and path planning of heterogeneous sensor assets and the dynamic adaptation and re-allocation of those assets in response to changing battlespace conditions. The system uses threat prediction to prioritize the search area and a geometric partitioning scheme to divide the area into smaller, more manageable parts. Our scheduling module uses these results to create an optimal search schedule for available sensor assets using an Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm, which is an agent-based approach that incorporates heterogeneous sensors and is extendable to new sensor technologies. We see considerable potential for this approach in enhancing Navy sensor management capabilities and in the rapidly growing commercial applications of scheduling and routing solutions. Commercial applications of the proposed approach to schedule optimization exist for a wide variety of domains including transportation, airways and railway time-tabling, and inventory control. In addition, the proposed effort will impact the development and enhancement of our Intelligent Agent Toolkit (IAT) product, via the incorporation of the adaptation and scheduling components of the proposed STORM developed under this SBIR effort.

AMBALUX CORPORATION 5264 N. Calle Bujia, Tucson, AZ 85718 Tucson, AZ 85718
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(520) 991-3594 Dr. Philip Lacovara NAVY 02-107 Selected for Award
Title:	Fiber Optic Interconnect Technology
Abstract:	The proposed fiber-optic terminus provides high-bandwidth connectivity to an optical transceiver on an underwater vehicle or other platform. Unique technology is used to provide full azimuthal coverage with no moving parts for acquisition, tracking, transmission and reception. The receiver, in particular, combines very high sensitivity with high bandwidth to support data rates in excess of 10 Mbps. The terminus is designed to be low-cost and easy to manufacture. Commercial opportunities are possible with the offshore oil/gas drilling industry, which is increasing its use of ROVs and other undersea technology, and the fiber-communications industry, for which this technology could provide diagnostic connections for undersea fiber-optic amplifier or regenerator locations. Other applications include communication and safety equipment for divers (commercial and pleasure) and improved short-range, high-bandwidth terrestrial FSO communications devices.

PROGENY SYSTEMS CORPORATION 8809 Sudley Road, Suite 101 Manassas, VA 20110
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(703) 368-6107 Dr. Brian Turner NAVY 02-107 Selected for Award
Title:	Fiber Optic Interconnect Technology
Abstract:	Undersea surveillance systems typically use fiber optic cables on the ocean bottom to bring acoustic and magnetic senor data back to a shore site where it is processed and analyzed. The topology of these fiber optic cable systems can vary and can potentially be several thousand kilometers long.Currently, the sensor information contained in these cable systems cannot be accessed by undersea platforms in the vicinity of the sensors or cables. A low power terminus integrated with fiber optic to allow information transmission to undersea platforms would be of significant operational value.The Progeny/NRL/APL-UW team's extensive experience in COTS applications, its ability to focus leading-edge technologies to real-world applications, thorough knowledge of ARCI acoustic processing, laser design expertise, and hands-on oceanographic experience will generate a innovative comprehensive end-to-end system architecture design that will incorporate leading edge commercial and defense technology. Our team will evaluate the technologies that provide the optimum balance between optical terminus connectivity, data rate, quality of service, and power demand. Minimizing unique components by using commercial based products will keep system production costs to a minimum while providing a hedge against obsolescence. Leveraging existing defense department technology will provide maximum capability while minimizing research and development costs. The results of this project are anticipated to have application to both commercial and military systems. Initially, this product would be best applied to government agencies and DoD where there is a real need to provide a better solution for undersea connectivity. Since the research is targeted toward blue-green laser technology, several commercial markets are using blue-green lasers in their applications. These commercial markets include: Biomedical; Scanning; Laser Display; Fiber Illumination; Special Effects; Holography; Metrology; Photoluminescence; and Micro-material processing. Of particular interest will be the maturity of fiber pumped laser technology since it promises higher efficiency and the subsequent reduction in heating and power demand. During the development cycle, we will be in constant contact with industry, military, and university experts in the related fields. This will provide us with the opportunity to identify new applications of this technology.

AVTEC SYSTEMS, INC. 10530 Rosehaven Street, Suite 300 Fairfax, VA 22030
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(703) 273-2211 Mr. Phuc Nguyen NAVY 02-108 Selected for Award
Title:	Real-Time Adaptability to the Dynamic Tactical Network
Abstract:	This SBIR seeks to investigate, identify and design adaptive algorithm(s) to enable real-time adaptability for tactical wireless networks. Avtec proposes to develop a "smart software" solution to exploit the real-time adaptability in tactical wireless network, specifically Link-16, based on subscriber request for bandwidth-on-demand connections. Avtec's approach will explore a signaling protocol and neural network to enable real-time connections based on subscriber's requirements. In Phase I, Avtec will (1) identify, design and evaluate Link-16 signaling protocols and adaptive algorithms for Bandwidth on Demand support, (2) demonstrate and validate the viability of the signaling protocol and adaptive learning algorithm(s) with associated Link-16 terminals and network configurations, and (3) a prototype design document will be developed for software development in Phase II. We anticipate that work in this SBIR will lead to future activities to implement other subscribers' features related to real-time dynamic wireless tactical network as well as commercial wireless networks. In addition, we see that the smart software development can be further utilized in other fields such as distributed sensor networks, multicast/broadcast networks, and both real-time and image processing systems.

OMEGA OPTICS, INC. 12100 Technology Blvd. Austin, TX 78727
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(512) 401-4150 Dr. Daniel Xuegong Deng NAVY 02-109 Selected for Award
Title:	Reconfigurable Compact Phased-Array Antenna for Scalable Wideband Operations
Abstract:	In the Phase I program, Omega Optics, Inc. will demonstrate a reconfigurable compact phased array antenna for scalable, wideband operations in X through Q frequency bands. The system architecture of the antenna is based on three-dimensional (3-D) integrated thin-film waveguide true-time-delay (TTD) lines. The proposed RF signal distribution network is highly favored in the field environment and can easily be scaled up for high-demanding performance upgrade. The device is unique in that it covers the TTD range of , as well as coupling waveguides in adjacent layers. Packaging is greatly simplified, and the layered integration of the waveguides offers greater compactness than any other known geometry. Multifunction or configurability will be achieved through significant hardware reduction architecture. The proposed architecture would ultimately create a deployable all-optical TTD platform that can be tuned across multi-band. The photonic module will be developed under the highly scalable architecture. It maximizes the advantages of photonics with an improved performance at a reduced cost. The technology developed can also be directly employed in high bandwidth or cellular service satellite communication systems, such as direct TV, ICO, or mobilsat.

CREARE INC. P.O. Box 71 Hanover, NH 03755
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(603) 643-3800 Dr. Mark V. Zagarola NAVY 02-110 Selected for Award
Title:	Compact, Highly Reliable, Zero-Maintenance Cryocoolers for Submarine-Based High-Temperature Superconducting Systems
Abstract:	The U.S. Navy requires a reliable, low-maintenance, long-life, vibration-free cryocooler to enable the use of High-Temperature Superconducting (HST) systems on submarines. The cryocooler must be integrated within an antenna mast or periscope imposing tight physical constraints on the cooler. Currently, no cryocooler exists that meets the unique requirements and constraints of this application. To meet these challenging requirements, we propose to develop an advanced turbomachine-based reverse-Brayton cryocooler (turbo-Brayton cryocooler). The cryocooler will incorporate high-speed, miniature turbomachines and high-performance, compact recuperators to attain excellent efficiency in a compact package. The critical design feature of the proposed turbo-Brayton cooler is the use of non-contacting, gas-film bearings in the miniature turbomachines. The bearings provide reliable, vibration-free, and maintenance-free operation. During Phase I, we will design the cooling system, define the interfaces, and demonstrate the operation of a key component, the miniature turbine, at the brassboard level. During Phase II, we will build a turbine optimized for this application, integrate the turbine in a brassboard turbo-Brayton cryocooler, and demonstrate the performance of the cooling system at prototypical environmental and operating conditions. This program will result in the development of a turbo-Brayton cryocooler that exhibits zero vibration; low mass; compact size; long, maintenance-free life; high reliability; and high efficiency. Military applications include cooling for submarine-based high temperature superconducting systems, space-based surveillance systems, and cryogenic fuels on orbiting platforms. Commercial applications include cooling for communication satellites, superconducting circuits and motors, and hypercomputers.

KAB LABORATORIES INC. 3116 Mercer Lane San Diego, CA 92122
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(619) 224-8489 Dr. Clifford V. Comisky NAVY 02-111 Selected for Award
Title:	Automatic Feature Evaluator (AFE)
Abstract:	This proposal attacks the Navy clustering problem by first dividing the reported features into two classes: primary features (those intended to be useful) and secondary features (those unintentionally useful). Subject matter experts will then explain how they have used the secondary features to form initial clusters of primary features. An expert system based upon the human experts will be developed and iteratively combined with statistics such as a modified Bayesian statistic to estimate the number of clusters, eigenvectors to estimate the number of dimensions, and a modified F-ratio to estimate the strength of each feature. The result will be an estimate of which features to use and how to use them for the new class, and will provide an initial set of clusters. This development would have very broad applicability to commercial systems that need to operate in real time based upon inputs that are varied in type and quality.

OCEAN SYSTEMS ENGINEERING CORPORATION (OSEC) 3142 West Vista Way, Suite 400 Oceanside, CA 92056
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(619) 524-3014 Mr. Carl Armstrong NAVY 02-112 Selected for Award
Title:	Smart Signal Parser (SSP) and Actionable Intelligence Extraction (AIE)
Abstract:	The SSP AIE SBIR effort will examine non-deterministic, deterministic rules based and expert methods for automatically parsing and extracting high-value information and knowledge from recognized, demodulated signal events as they occur. This process is essentially independent of classic signal recognition and could be applied to any digitized message, although signal recognition performs a necessary pre-filtering function in today's cryptologic applications when considering high-density signal environment that is becoming increasingly more challenging due to increased problem complexity and manning and training issues. This effort will leverage lessons learned and will investigate a variety of viable techniques for parsing messages and automatically extracting meaningful or "actionable" intelligence from these messages. Phase I will examine requirements, and will make recommendations for parsing signals and for extracting actionable intelligence, including N-grams and other techniques. Information/knowledge storage structures requirements will also be examined and initial standards will be recommended. Phase I will determine the best technical approach and recommend the appropriate techniques and algorithms to be demonstrated in Phase II. Military Cryptologists and intelligence officers in Federal, State and local government service today encounter an increasingly complex, dynamic, and dense signal environment in which to perform signals intelligence operations. These organizations, including all of the U. S. Armed Services, the U. S. Coast Guard, U. S. Government intelligence and law enforcement agencies and local police departments, would benefit greatly from this technology. This technology would speed an facilitate the search for desired intelligence, thereby providing more meaningful information quickly to the decision maker with much less time waited on manual analysis and on meaningless messages. Because of required design and operational standards compliance, this capability will be software based and will be easily integrated into the operational systems used by the potential future users listed above.

GMA INDUSTRIES, INC. 20 Ridgely Avenue, Suite 301 Annapolis, MD 21401
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(410) 267-6600 Mr. R. Glenn Wright NAVY 02-113 Selected for Award
Title:	Fusion and Visualization of Disparate METOC Data Sources
Abstract:	The proposed effort involves the creation of revolutionary data fusion and visualization techniques that will enable users to simultaneously view and interpret multiple data sources, and facilitate the creation of products required to assist in mission related decision-making. Our approach focuses on the identification of logical relationships between various visual, analog and digital environmental data and their uses. Methods for organizing and presenting these data in a reasonable manner that preserves their usefulness and integrity are developed, as are tools for automating the creation of resulting metadata. The Phase I technical objectives focus on the specification of software requirements for METOC/GIS interfaces, image and data processing algorithms, and user interfaces for the proposed software, plus the creation of an overall design concept that will form the basis for Phase II implementation. Key elements of our approach are developed during Phase I and demonstrated in a prototype software application to reduce overall project risk. Benefits include gains in speed, efficiency and accuracy in processing and interpreting numerous data sources, and disseminating analysis results to users. A side benefit includes a possible dramatic reduction in the amount of data actually communicated to the user, resulting in diminished bandwidth requirements and increased data throughput.

PHYSICAL OPTICS CORPORATION Information Technologies Div., 20600 Gramercy Pl Torrance, CA 90501
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(310) 320-3088 Dr. Eugene Levin NAVY 02-113 Selected for Award
Title:	Look-Measure-Analyze Toolset for Image Processing and Geographic Information Systems
Abstract:	The Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command is seeking automated technology to revolutionize the way human operator/analysts observe, interpret, and fuse visual, analog, and digital environmental data from civil and military environmental satellites, battlespace in-situ sensors, and numerous numerical geospatial models. This technology must integrate geographic information system (GIS), photogrammetric, and remote-sensing tools, and it must support multiple databases and metadata formats. Physical Optics Corporation (POC) proposes to develop an innovative universal "Look-Measure-Analyze" (LMA) GIS/remote sensing software system for effective human analysis and processing of visual and semantic geospatial data. The proposed LMA system will make imaging, measurement, and interpretation far more efficient. The system configuration will include POC's proprietary software and universal workstation products for operational effectiveness and simplicity. It will support observation and analysis of images from all current satellite and in-situ battlespace sensor sources, even under severe conditions. This performance increment will be achieved by enhancing the unique physiological aspects of the human operator/analyst's vision system. POC's proposed system is based on the latest software engineering technologies, so that the software is maximally compatible with GIS environments and supports all standard metadata formats. Successful integration of the proposed POC technology with current GIS and imaging tools will substantially enhance the productivity and accuracy of such tools. LMA can be customized for GIS, photogrammetric, and remote-sensing workstations, and can be used by numerous government agencies for risk assessment to quickly estimate disaster damage based on satellite and other sensor imagery.

AUSTIN INFO SYSTEMS, INC. 1605 Capital Avenue Plano, TX 75074
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(972) 424-7740 Mr. Mark Cavalier NAVY 02-114 Selected for Award
Title:	Broadband/Multi-band Reflector Antenna Feeds Supporting X, Ku, K, Ka, and Q Frequency Bands.
Abstract:	The subject design effort will attempt to utilize current technology to produce a feed or feeds capable of operation in the following satellite bands, X-band, Ku-Band, K-band, Ka-band and Q-band. The effort will leverage off past designs to package the feeds to meet the physical constraints of the subject antenna. The new feed designs will be able to utilize the existing antenna reflector and antenna structure and will be a direct replacement for the existing antenna feeds. The benefits of the research will be multiband feeds that are packaged in a way that minimizes the physical size. This would open up the possibility of varied commercial applications as more satellites are launched containing multiple frequency bands. This research is directly applicable to many applications requiring reduced size.

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386 Phase I Selections from the 02.1 Solicitation

(In Topic Number Order)

INTELLIGENT AUTOMATION, INC. 7519 Standish Place, Suite 200 Rockville, MD 20855
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(301) 222-0444 Dr. Chujen Lin AF 02-001 Selected for Award
Title:	UWB for Target Identification
Abstract:	We propose to develop a target identification system using Time Modulated Ultra-Wide Band (TM-UWB) radars. The prototype hardware will be based on the TM-UWB ASIC chips developed by Time Domain Corporation of Huntsville AL. The only signals transmitted by UWB radars are pulses generated pseudo-randomly in time. The pulses we are currently using are « nanosecond in duration and the energy extends approximately from roughly .8 to 3 gigahertz. The energy content in any conventional frequency band is below the noise, making TM-UWB transmission highly covert unless you know the specific pseudo-random sequence. With TM-UWB there is no carrier frequency, no up-conversion and no down-conversion, and the output stage can be a single transistor which creates a binary pulse, all resulting in decreased radio size, cost, and complexity. The duty cycle of the pulse generated by our current hardware is approximately 1/200, resulting in low power consumption because 99.5% of the time, nothing is being transmitted. Because of the low frequency content of TM-UWB signals, they are able to penetrate foliage and nonmetallic obstacles better than conventional radars. During Phase I, we will design a UWB conformal array antenna system and demonstrate the prototype system in a laboratory environment. The primary potential military application for this technology is the location and identification of obscured objects. Civilian applications include future time domain communications systems as well as airborne mapping of buried cables, pipelines, and mine shafts. IAI and TDC are aggressively working to develop through-the-wall imaging radar for use by polices, fire fighters, and for use by the military for MOUT operations. There is great interest in through the wall imaging, and congress has specifically earmarked substantial funds for this development. The developments from the subject work should lead to the next generation of through-the-wall imaging radar. The ability to electronically steer radio transmissions will also increase the range and/or data rate of TM-UWB radios.

SCIENTIFIC APPLICATIONS & RESEARCH ASSOC., INC. 15261 Connector Lane Huntington Beach, CA 92649
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(714) 903-1000 Mr. Michael Marino AF 02-001 Selected for Award
Title:	Identification of Small Metallic Objects Using UWB Excitation
Abstract:	SARA proposes to design a coherent, hybrid, UWB detector and analyzer (CHUDA) system that uses commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) technology. SARA will use proven technologies and algorithms, developed during the conduct of 5 previous Phase II SBIR programs. CHUDA is comprised of multiple wideband conformal antennas, a hybrid radio frequency (RF) receiver, and a digital signal processor (DSP). This architecture has the combined benefits of spectrum analyzer and transient digitizer systems, while greatly reducing the disadvantages of these systems. The system will detect, identify, and localize ground objects. This SBIR addresses the receive system. We expect "small, metallic object detection" to be the primary product of the proposed technology. This system holds great promise as a commercial product and we envision the following commercial and military applications: The primary military application will be the a mobile and/or airborne system capable of detecting and identifying small (less than 6 ft.) metallic objects in a clutter environment. The system can be used to scan public places (airports, schools, sport stadiums, demonstrations, ...) to detect and pinpoint persons carrying metallic weapons. This system could augment search and rescue efforts. Sensors would be installed at various mountain peaks that are commonly used by hikers and cross country skiers. The system could locate lost individuals from their cell phone transmissions or by providing them with a transponder at the start their trip. The system could be installed in urban areas for localizing cellular 911 emergency calls. The system could be installed in urban areas for stolen vehicle recovery systems. The system could be used by local law enforcement for locating unauthorized transmitters.

CYBERNET SYSTEMS CORPORATION 727 Airport Boulevard Ann Arbor, MI 48108
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(734) 668-2567 Mr. Joseph Tesar AF 02-002 Selected for Award
Title:	An Optical Health Monitor for High Power Lasers
Abstract:	Research on high energy lasers (HELs) has been taking place in laboratories for several years. As the technology matures, HELs are moving out of the laboratory and into applications such as military weapons, industrial material processing and fusion research. HELs make significant demands on the optical components, often subjecting coatings, mirrors and lenses to optical energy near the damage threshold of the element. In less-than-ideal environments, contamination of mirrors and lens elements can quickly cause optical coatings to degrade. For this reason, the need exists for on-going monitoring of the critical elements in a HEL system. Cybernet proposes to develop an automated optical health monitoring system that can alert the laser operator to degraded performance and coordinate predictive maintenance. The system acquires data from a number of standard metrology instruments, storing diagnostic data into a dynamic database. Optical characteristics to monitor include reflectance, transmittance, scatter, photothermal and photomechanical response. Once data from the optical sensors is in the database, software routines based on expert systems will track diagnostic data and alert maintenance personnel when performance decreases, or when optically induced damage is imminent. Commercial applications include industrial material processing (welding, cutting, etc) and fusion research.

CLARK-MXR, INC. 7300 Huron River Drive Dexter, MI 48130
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(734) 426-2803 Dr. Larry Walker AF 02-003 Selected for Award
Title:	Drilling 170 Micron Diameter Holes
Abstract:	The goal of this Phase I program is to define the system concept (including hardware and software) needed to produce holes whose entrance, bore, and exit are contoured to user-defined parameters, reliably and repeatedly time-after-time, with a minimum of intervention by the user, and in less than one minute per hole (hopefully substantially less.) We will demonstrate basic concepts by drilling 170 micron diameter holes in 1 mm thick metal plates using a commercial, ultrashort pulse micromachining workstation, and then compare the results to the requirements set forth in "Specifications for Rapid Hole Drilling" by William Latham. This Phase I program will lay the groundwork for construction and commissioning of a system whose performance provides the best fit to these requirements. This work will find applications in the military in the ABL program, in the automotive industry in the manufacture of fuel injectors that result in better fuel atomization (and consequently more efficient and cleaner burn), in the heavy-duty truck industry by helping them meet the EPA's goal for reducing emissions by CY-2007 (see www.epa.gov/otag/diesel.htm), in micromachining inkjet printers by eliminating the need to use the hazardous and corrosive gases required to run excimer lasers, in biomedical applications in the design and fabrication of "lab-on-a-chip" devices, and in the fabrication of stents serving specialized medical needs.

DYNAMIC STRUCTURE & MATERIALS, LLC 205 Williamson Square Franklin, TN 37064
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(615) 595-6665 Dr. Jeffrey S. N. Paine AF 02-003 Selected for Award
Title:	Rapid Hole Array Drilling Using Laser and Mechanical Processes
Abstract:	An innovative solution is proposed for production of precise hole arrays in metals and other materials. To create arrays of holes on the order of 0.1 to 0.5 mm diameter and 0.5 to 5 mm deep, DSM proposes a combination of high peak-power lasers and very precise and accurate part manipulation. "Pico and femto-second" lasers with very short pulse duration and very high rep-rates produce streams of high intensity energy pulses that excel at micro-drilling of metals. A critical requirement for precise drilling and cutting is the avoidance of heat dissipation and the loss of concentrated energy at the ablation site. With the ability to deposit the energy at very short intervals and high rep-rates, heat dissipation can be minimized. By attempting the precise drilling of sample materials with a number of laser sources, an effective combination of laser wavelength, pulse duration and rep-rate will be determined. A novel part handling and precision manipulation platform will be used to achieve precise drilling control and correct for any laser beam quality errors (taper and/or non-circularity errors). Finally, Phase I will demonstrate the ability to rapidly position and process the part to achieve desired hole production throughput. Precision micro-machining and micro-processing of materials is an increasingly important tool for the production of MEMS, biomedical devices, photonics components, and precision apertures. The ability to accurately drill precise holes and handle the parts to facilitate rapid production of micron level features makes the production of these devices much less expensive. Devices such as the Singlet Oxygen Generator for the ABL and other injection devices can also be realized in a reasonable amount of time with rapid and accurate hole production.

E. M. OPTOMECHANICAL, INC. #310, 13170B Central Ave, SE Albuquerque, NM 87123
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(505) 281-1746 Mr. Thomas A. Swann AF 02-003 Selected for Award
Title:	Rapid Laser Drilling and Inspection of Contoured Holes
Abstract:	The Air Force's Airborne Laser System needs technology to rapidly produce high-quality 170-micron diameter contoured holes in quantities of millions. At a target rate of one hole per minute, a single production workstation running 24/7 would take 46 years to produce the number of holes required for a fully operational system consisting of seven aircraft. E. M. Optomechanical, Inc. is proposing a unique combination of laser micromachining, machine vision, and robotics technologies into a cost effective workstation capable, with multiple workstations, of meeting the Air Force's quality and throughput requirements. The most critical feasibility issues are how fast can holes be produced, with the techniques necessary to produce high quality contoured holes, and how can the quality of the holes be assessed. The objective of this Phase I technical proposal is to experimentally produce high-quality contoured holes in one minute or less per hole and to determine a means to ensure the quality of the holes that are produced. E. M. Optomechanical has assembled a highly qualified team experienced in producing systems that incorporate laser micromachining, machine vision, and robotics technologies as well as the successful commercialization of work funded through the SBIR program. The Air Force's application is to produce holes in the injector heads of singlet oxygen generators that are used in chemical oxygen iodine lasers. In addition to drilling holes, the system proposed would be versatile enough to be used for many other laser micromachining applications. Commercial micromachining applications include microelectronics packaging, semiconductor manufacturing, medical devices and diagnostics, data storage devices, telecommunications devices, and computer peripherals.

EXTRUDE HONE CORPORATION 1 Industry Blvd, P.O. Box 1000 Irwin, PA 15642
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(724) 863-5900 Mr. Ralph Resnick AF 02-003 Selected for Award
Title:	Drilling 170 Micron Diameter Holes
Abstract:	This project proposes to develop and quantify the performance characteristics for processing the holes in the injector heads of the ABL weapon system. The objective is to provide the Air Force and supporting contractors with the technology and equipment to manufacture holes of virtually arbitrary size, contour and accuracy. Techniques and concepts that will form the basis of machining holes with a new short-pulse laser system will be investigated. Specifically, it will be determined if it is feasible to produce holes of sufficient quality and at production rates capable of meeting specifications for the injector heads of the laser modules for the Air Force ABL weapon system. Development of short-pulse laser machining technology and processing parameters will lead to the design, manufacture and demonstration of a prototype Short-Pulse Laser Machining system capable of meeting the objectives of the injector heads for the laser modules on the Air Force ABL in Phase II. The new short-pulse laser technology proposed represents a significant advance in precision manufacturing and its potential is of the same order as other revolutionary new machining technologies of the past few decades. Short-pulse lasers can be used to precisely machine virtually any material, including metals, dielectrics, semiconductors and those that are optically transparent, and the process yields no heat affected zone, no mechanical damage, burr-free cuts, and no modification of material properties. It is clear that the technology will have broad impact over a range of market sectors and user communities. Both the commercial sector and the DOD would be attracted by the potential of the SP laser as an industrial tool.

LASER FARE ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY GROUP 70 Dean Knauss Drive Narragansett, RI 02882
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(401) 738-5777 Dr. Paul Jacobs AF 02-003 Selected for Award
Title:	Drilling 170 Micron Diameter Holes
Abstract:	The U.S. Air Force must develop the ability to rapidly drill many millions of 170 micron diameter holes through metal plates, to form injector heads as part of its ABL program. The holes must be high quality, non-invasive to the surrounding metal, and the process must be less labor and time intensive than present methods. As discussed in this proposal the physics of material removal with pulsed lasers is uniquely different for short pulse laser drilling (pulse duration < 20 ps) than for the more common long pulse laser drilling ( > 20 ps.). During the proposed Phase I program we will perform analytical modeling of both long pulse and short pulse laser systems. Also, we will down-select the best candidate laser(s), based upon anticipated drilling speed and hole quality. Next, we will assemble/locate prototype candidate laser systems. This prototype system(s) will drill 300 holes in each of three 316 stainless steel plates, 0.2 mm, 1.0 mm, and 5 mm thick. Statistically significant mean value and standard deviation values of : (1) hole drilling time, (2) inlet diameter, (3) inlet eccentricity, (4) outlet diameter, (5) outlet eccentricity, and (6) surface roughness will be demonstrated in Phase I. The ability to drill precise, high aspect ratio holes at a highly productive, cost efficient rate is not only critical to the ABL lasing process, but it is also an enabling capability for other applications such as in the filtration industry and in the airframe industry. Small diameter precision holes have long been considered for the leading edges of airfoils (wings and stabilizers)for drag reduction, but lack of cost effective capability has stifled development of this concept Although these types of holes can be drilled on a limited, ideal condition basis, the time (schedule) and cost make it prohibitive to incorporate large numbers of these holes in concept designs. The benefit of consistent quality, high speed hole drilling on a virtually lights out 24/7 basis would enable these concepts to be a reality.

PARADIGM LASERS, INC. 402 Commercial Street East Rochester, NY 14445
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(585) 248-0290 Mr. Tim Irwin AF 02-003 Selected for Award
Title:	Drilling 170 Micron Diameter Holes
Abstract:	To achieve the required accuracy, precision and production rate we propose to apply our specialized experience in lasers and Electrical Discharge Machining(EDM)for drilling precise 170æm diameter holes. The proposed technique combines the advantages of each of these technologies. Using a DPSS Laser to pre-drill the holes, rapidly removing 90% of the material, and EDM to finish the drilling process, ensures the desired hole geometry and internal surface quality, while having the goal of achieving an operational rate of one BHP injector head every two hours. We will demostrate the drilling process to confirm the soundness of our approach and provide a number of holes in the specified metal stock. A combined process drilling machine will be conceptualized and described for BHP injector production. There is a strong need in the industry for rapid drilling of small diameter precision holes in a variety of materials, a problem that as yet has not been adequately solved. Examples of applications are automotive fuel injection systems, ink jet printers, near-field optical scanning microscopes, Laval nozzles for gas dynamic lasers and many others. We believe that our approach will provide a good solution.

PHOTON PRIME INC. 119 South Vine Street Plainfield, IN 46168
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(317) 627-4829 Mr. David E. Stucker AF 02-003 Selected for Award
Title:	Drilling 170 Micron Diameter Holes
Abstract:	The process of producing tightly toleranced holes on the order of 170 microns enters into a realm of great difficulty. Though thousands of holes are produced in the automotive industry daily approximating this size, standard EDM techniques do not approach the tolerances requested of <0.01 X hole feature for a reasonable process time. Further compounding the problem is the increased difficulty of producing a said hole in a thicker substrate material as could be required for this particular program. In this Phase I Program, a 500W TRW DP-11 high brightness DPSSL laser, as developed under the DARPA sponsored Precision Laser Machining Program, will be used to laser process small diameter holes and evaluated as to define whether the required tolerances may or may not be met in a reasonable cycle time. If successful, it is projected that this process could replace a major portion of the EDM processed holes as done today. Given the success of this Phase I Program, an immediate benefit would be to provide the ABL and GBL Laser Programs a confirmed process and site for limited production of components. If carried through Phase II, it is proposed that a beta turnkey system would result allowing gasoline and diesel fuel injector drilling. Medical component processing would likely follow as applications arise.

PHYSICS, MATERIALS & APPLIED MATH RESEARCH, L.L.C. 1333 N. Tyndall Ave. suite 212 Tucson, AZ 85719
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(520) 882-7349 Dr. Kevin Kremeyer AF 02-003 Selected for Award
Title:	Small Holes, Drilled in Hard Materials, Using Ultrasort Laser Pulses.
Abstract:	Ultrashort laser pulses are able to deposit nearly all of their energy before the target material responds significanly. As a result, they avoid the losses/scattering which typically accompany other forms of laser processing. Another benefit is the absence of the melt-phase with its associated slag and thermal trauma/cracking. The amount of material ablated by each pulse can be controlled by adjusting the pulse energy and spot size. For very small pulse energies, incremeental amounts of material can be removed. If the spot size is gradually reduced from pulse to pulse, the hole can be very smoothly tapered/contoured. Small pulse energies enable fine control, but also necessitate high pulse repetition rates in order to be useful. One of the main concerns involved in rapid pulse succession is the interaction of a given pulse with the ablation plume of its preceding pulse. This problem can be mitigated by machining in a vacuum, however when multiple holes are drilled, the pulses can be alternated among many holes, allowing sufficient time between pulses at any given hole. We propose the application of ultrashort laser pulses to drill arrays of small holes in hard and/or coated materials. lower cost, finer control, drill through coatings, etc The anticipated benefits of this technology are much lower cost and time requirements over conventional drilling methods in the ABL program. The method will also allow higher precision than conventional methods, leading to much finer control, and better mixing in the ABL combustion chamber. If coatings are used on the injector heads to make them more inert, the ultrafast laser drilling method will allow easy penetration of any coating that may be implemented. Another government application is the DOE's request for small holes of very large aspect ratios in diesel fuel injectors to increase their efficiency. This application is clearly for the commercial market, and will lead to advances that are useful to most all liquid combustion applications. Beside these government applications, there are many applications in commercial micro machining and micro-fluidics, as well as medical applications, such as dentistry.

BRASHEAR LP 615 Epsilon Dr Pittsburgh, PA 15238
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(412) 967-7831 Robert Sobek AF 02-004 Selected for Award
Title:	Beam Train Flexible Structure Control for Airborne/Space-Based Systems
Abstract:	Brashear LP proposes to characterize the problem and possible solutions for acoustic induced disturbances. This problem will likely drive the LOS jitter stability of ABL and similar airborne pointing applications. The research will characterize the acoustic disturbance on ABL hardware then use this detailed description to employ more sophisticated methods of jitter control. Such methods include mechanical based solutions (both active and passive) and electronic motion control solutions. The approaches will be quantitatively compared and assessed for practical implementation. The proposed improvements in jitter control would have immediate impact on the ABL program. These benefits would include increased operating range to target, reduced dwell time on target or the possibility of designing and incorporating lightweight, flexible structures to reduce system weight. In addition to ABL any directed energy system on an airborne platform, such as ATL, would also benefit. Other directed energy systems such as M-THEL and SBL could also benefit from the improved jitter performance. Finally, any optical system subject to harsh vibration environments or high acoustic loads (such as those caused by high wind loads) could benefit from the proposed improvements in jitter control. ATL is similar application to ABL that is likely to see a higher acoustic disturbance environment from essentially the same sources as ABL. The goal of ATL is microradian pointing stability on a system intended for installation on various airborne platforms. The disturbance modeling techniques and the jitter control solutions learned in this SBIR would directly apply. Anticipated results for successful Phase I include: 1.A description of the acoustic disturbance problem that can be used to seed advanced jitter control methods. 2.Identification and quantified performance prediction of mechanical and structure based jitter control schemes including their effectiveness on the jitter control as a function of frequency. 3.Identification and quantified performance prediction of motion control based jitter control schemes including their effectiveness on the jitter control as a function of frequency. 4.A quantified benefit to the ABL mission parameters. 5.Experimental data that supports the qualitative attributes of a structure solution to acoustic induced jitter.

CSA ENGINEERING, INC. 2565 Leghorn Street Mountain View, CA 94043
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(505) 765-5860 Dr. Jerry Alcone AF 02-004 Selected for Award
Title:	Adaptive Filtering and Disturbance Feedforward Approach for Flexible Beam Train Control
Abstract:	In this effort, a novel Adaptive Filtering and Disturbance Feed-forward (AFDF) technique is investigated in the context of direct practical application to the ABL beam control system. High performance ATP systems such as those required for ABL often operate in intense aero-acoustic and structural vibration environments. The degradation in performance arising from these disturbances is accentuated as the mass/inertia of the beam train and its support structure are reduced. Further degradation in performance results from the structural-dynamic interactions excited by the high bandwidth, high acceleration operational characteristics, typical of ATP systems. The proposed technique integrates previous proven approaches to AFDF with recent advances in flexible structure sensing and control. The result is a practical AFDF implementation suitable for flexible beam train applications such as the ABL. A unique aspect of the proposed effort is the introduction of closed loop AFDF to improve overall disturbance rejection and simultaneously reduce both structural mode and aero-acoustic environment effects on system performance. CSA currently supports Lockheed-Martin on the development of the integrated beam control system for ABL. The AFDF approach has a direct transition opportunity to the ABL program due to its potential to reduce vibration-induced jitter in the ABL beam control system. Specifically, AFDF can improve performance with respect to turret buffet, stable platform pointing error, and non-common path jitter. CSA also supports a number of other DoD, NASA , and commercial customers in the development of aerospace stabilization systems. Since CSA is an established provider of these solutions, insertion of the higher performance AFDF algorithms represents a significant opportunity. In addition, CSA believes the commercial potential for the AFDF techniques developed in this effort are significant, due to their broad applicability to applications in other industries (e.g. automotive, semi-conductor, medical, etc.). Because AFDF potentially offers higher performance via a more efficient use of available sensing and actuation capability, a large opportunity exists for incorporating into both existing and future products such as isolation tables for wafer manufacturing, high performance automotive suspension systems.

PLANNING SYSTEMS INC. 12030 Sunrise Valley Dr, Suite 400, Reston Plaza I Reston, VA 20191
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(321) 768-6500 Mr. Lawrence D. Davis AF 02-004 Selected for Award
Title:	Beam Train Flexible Structure Control for Airborne/Space-Based Systems
Abstract:	The increasing demands for higher performance optical acquisition, tracking, and pointing (ATP) systems, combined with cost pressures requiring lighter payloads, indicates a need for a new approach to slewing and structural control. The use of lighter weight structures exacerbates the interaction of slew maneuvers and acoustic disturbances with the system's flexible modes, causing errors in the alignment and shape of the optical components that result in degraded optical performance. Such gimbaled systems will require control systems that can accommodate the time-varying disturbances, rigid-body, and flexible dynamics resulting from the changing geometry as the payload is slewed. To address these issues, we will show the feasibility of (Phase I) and demonstrate (Phase II) an adaptive control design approach that works during operation to autonomously identify the time-varying gimbaled optical system dynamics affecting the slewing bandwidth, then design feedback control laws to achieve predefined performance and stability criteria. Our technical approach is based on our Frequency Domain Expert (FDE) control algorithm, which has been demonstrated on the International Space Station (ISS) as part of the Middeck Active Control Experiment (MACE-II). The proposed technology development has the potential to significantly enhance the performance of large, gimbaled optics such as ABL and SBL. The ability of the new, autonomous control design procedure to provide both improved slewing and noise abatement without user intervention would prove especially beneficial to systems (such as SBL) with limits on communication with human supervisors. The same technology for control design will be useful in the commercialization arena, particularly for robotic applications in which a single control law is to function for a wide variety of system parameters and geometry.

ADVR INC. 910 Technology Blvd, Suite K Bozeman, MT 59718
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(406) 522-0388 Dr. Gregg Switzer AF 02-005 Selected for Award
Title:	Frequency-Agile Monolithic Micro-Laser with Ultra-Narrow Linewidth
Abstract:	A method for generating a high power, continuous wave (cw) monolithic micro-laser with rapidly tunable, narrow linewidth output is proposed. The concept employs a semiconductor laser coupled to an electro-optically controlled Bragg waveguide in Potassium Titanyl Phosphate (KTP) providing single frequency output. Frequency tuning is achieved by applying a voltage across the waveguide, thereby changing its index of refraction. The targeted tuning range is 30 GHz in 1 ms by applying 18 volts across the waveguide. The output of the laser will be amplified to 1 Watt using a commercially available Yb-doped fiber amplifier. The combined system will provide a high power, rapidly tunable, single frequency output in a robust, monolithic package ideal for tracking fast moving objects in the atmosphere. KTP is an ideal medium for this application because of its high electro-optic figure of merit (~36 pm/V), high threshold for optical damage (~1 GW/cm2), low susceptibility to photo-refractive damage, and the ability to form low loss (0.5 dB/cm) waveguides using standard ion exchange techniques. KTP is transparent from 350 nm to 4500 nm, so the device will work for a wide variety of wavelengths ranges. The proposed monolithic laser will provide rapid tuning over a broad frequency range at high power making it ideal for laser tracking and spectroscopy.

COHERENT TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 655 Aspen Ridge Drive Lafayette, CO 80026
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(303) 604-2000 Dr. Mark Phillips AF 02-005 Selected for Award
Title:	Frequency-Agile Laser for Target Velocity Compensation
Abstract:	Frequency-agile lasers with ultra-narrow linewidth are required for several coherent laser applications, including correction for Doppler frequency shifts between fast-moving platforms, and column content Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) measurements from Space with atmospheric depth biassing. Coherent Technologies Inc. proposes to develop a compact near-monolithic laser that provides 30GHz tuning capability, tunable over its full range in 1ms. The tuning mechanism will be intracavity phase modulation to provide settling times that are commensurate with the 1ms tuning period. A master oscillator, power amplifier (MOPA) architecture is implemented to allow power scaling to the 1W level and above. This program will leverage off CTI?s previous and existing work in frequency offset-locking of single frequency lasers for space-based platform compensation, and power scaling of single frequency lasers using large core fiber amplifiers to avoid nonlinear optical scattering. The tunable laser will likely be based on Nd:YAG, with amplification in an Yb:glass optical fiber. In the final configuration, a separate single frequency laser will be locked to a reference cell, and the tunable laser will be frequency offset-locked to the reference laser. The Phase 1 program will include a tuning demonstration of the low power tunable master oscillator. Anticipated applications include (1) Platform motion correction in Doppler Lidar systems,(2) Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) measurements.

COHERENT TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 655 Aspen Ridge Drive Lafayette, CO 80026
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(303) 604-2000 Dr. Iain McKinnie AF 02-006 Selected for Award
Title:	Robust and Efficient Tunable Laser for HEL Applications
Abstract:	CTI proposes a compact, high-efficiency, high beam-quality 2.6-2.9 micron tunable low energy laser (LEL) for SBL applications. The LEL is required for alignment of HEL resonator optics and payload element, testing of diagnostics and low power testing. The proposed transmitter is based on a laser with OPO frequency converter, and provides significant advantages in efficiency, footprint and beam quality over similar state-of-the-art laser pumped OPOs. Improved performance results from two critical patent-pending technologies. The efficiency and beam quality of the drive laser are optimized using a proprietary technology that combines the high efficiency and diffraction-limited output of a single-mode fiber laser with the power-scaling of a bulk laser. The drive laser is also compact and readily ruggedized, with excellent thermal properties. The OPO uses an innovative architecture to maximize efficient conversion to required LEL wavelengths. Absorption problems in this region (common in many nonlinear materials such as PPLN) are minimized. Minor modifications to the OPO architecture can provide up to 40% efficiency enhancement at certain wavelengths, and single frequency operation using a proprietary low-loss spectral control technique. Phase I will conduct risk-reduction demonstrations of the two critical technologies. The program leverages multiple other programs at CTI, enabling delivery of a brassboard prototype laser in Phase II. In addition to LEL applications, robust, compact and efficient frequency-agile laser transmitters in the MWIR region are needed for commercial DIAL sensors for industrial chemical detection, pollution monitoring and leak detection. These lasers are also useful for scientific applications such as high resolution spectroscopy. With minor modifications, SWIR output can be generated as a diagnostic source for WDM communications. High efficiency infrared lasers are also attractive for wind-sensing, free-space communications, search and rescue beacons, IR countermeasures and medicine.

FIBERTEK, INC. 510 Herndon Parkway Herndon, VA 20170
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(703) 471-7671 Dr. Floyd Hovis AF 02-006 Selected for Award
Title:	Multi-Wavelength Low-Power Solid State Lasers for Space Based Laser Systems
Abstract:	Abstract: The emergence of space-based lasers as a viable alternative for ballistic missile destruction in space has started a flourish of activity aimed at the development and testing of components and systems required for this application. Current schedule for the completion of these tests is very tight, and the lack of some special items not yet commercially or otherwise available calls for their early and accelerated development. A low-power laser device is needed for a high fidelity low-power realization of a beam with similar characteristics to the one produced by the high power HF laser. This beam is used for emission optics adjustments to precisely aim and focus the high power radiation on the target. Several concepts will be proposed and analyzed. This effort will lead to the design, testing and space qualification of the required lasers. The multi-wavelength and tunability capabilities provided by these lasers, within a power range of 1-10 watts, are very valuable characteristics for their use in other fields such as lidar applications. The novel solid-sate laser technology to be developed will decrease the size, weight and cost of high-power diode-pumped lasers. These reductions will make affordable applications including materials processing and large area displays

Q PEAK, INC. 135 South Road Bedford, MA 01730
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 275-9535 Dr. Alex Dergachev AF 02-006 Selected for Award
Title:	Tunable diode-pumped IR laser source
Abstract:	The Space-Based Laser (SBL) requires a Low Energy Laser (LEL) system to serve as a high fidelity surrogate during startup and optical alignment portions of test operations. In this proposal, we will develop a CW, diode-pumped solid state laser that can meet the requirements for the LEL, namely a CW power level in the 1-10 W range, and wavelengths in the 2600-2900-nm region. The device, based on a direct diode-pumped Er:YLF crystal, is rugged, compact, tunable, and well suited for space-based systems. The general approach will be to develop the simplest possible design with a low component count, providing extreme compactness and ruggedness. In a Phase II program the diode-pumped Er:YLF laser first operated in the Phase I effort would be further engineered into a prototype unit suitable for field tests. The proposed laser technology has immediate applications in laser medicine, for precision surgery. Other possible applications are in low-level detection of gases for process control and in precision cutting and drilling of selected materials.

SPIRE CORPORATION One Patriots Park Bedford, MA 01730
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 275-6000 Dr. Kurt J. Linden AF 02-006 Selected for Award
Title:	New 2.7 micron Fiber Laser for Space Laser System Cost Reduction
Abstract: Abstract not available...

ACULIGHT CORPORATION 11805 North Creek Parkway S., Suite 113 Bothell, WA 98011
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(425) 482-1100 Dr. David C. Gerstenberger AF 02-007 Selected for Award
Title:	High Energy Laser Diagnostics for Space Based Applications
Abstract:	In support of the SBL-IFX program, the Air Force Research Laboratory is interested in the development of advanced laser diagnostics that will provide diagnostic and monitoring optical tools to contribute to the success of the SBL mission. We propose here a novel laser system that can be used in a variety of applications related to this mission and can play a key role in the success of the SBL program. This source is based on a continuous wave (CW), room temperature, widely tunable, single frequency, diode-pumped, doubly resonant optical parametric oscillator (DRO). The diode-pumped nature of this source results in a device that is compact, requires small amounts of power and offers the potential for packaging to meet final flight requirements. We propose an innovative and enabling technology with the potential to address many of the outstanding issues associated with the design and deployment of the IFX flight vehicle and future SBL missile defense system. The source has application in measuring key HF laser parameters and has significant utility in a wide array of applications including sensing and combustion diagnostics.

KESTREL CORPORATION 3815 Osuna Road NE Albuquerque, NM 87109
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(505) 345-2327 Dr. Leonard John Otten AF 02-007 Selected for Award
Title:	High Energy Laser Diagnostics for Space Based Applications
Abstract:	Kestrel Corporation proposes an adaptation of a new technology that provides compact set of laser wavefront diagnostics that have the ruggedness needed for a space based applications. An application of a unique grating based phase diversity sensor offers a sensitive wavefront measurement that includes tip and tilt information. The proposed Phase I SBIR will update theoretical models of the sensors and conduct laboratory experiments with existing equipment to demonstrate the diagnostic concepts. The application of the distorted grating wavefront sensing to cornea characterization represents a significant commercial technology transfer opportunity. Exploration of the advanced optical imaging technology can lead to applications in other existing biophysical techniques, e.g., cell level spectroscopy, to assist in understanding the development of a number of eye diseases. Uses in battlefield IR imaging through the highly disturbed atmosphere near the Earth's surface are reasonable extrapolations of the technology. Because the concept does not require an artificial beacon, the technology offers a heretofore unavailable covert compensation capability.

MEASUREMENT ANALYSIS CORPORATION P.O. Box 1127 Torrance, CA 90505
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(310) 378-5261 Mr. Ronald E. Lukins AF 02-008 Selected for Award
Title:	Active In-Situ Contamination Control
Abstract:	A device and system has been envisioned that may be highly suitable for cleaning high energy laser mirrors in space, and capable of mitigating or reduce charge buildup, and capable of removing hydrocarbon film contaminants. Low-energy reactive plasma technology is known to encompass windows of high reactivity where the combination of system operating parameters and the conditions at the surface to be cleaned are such that high reactivity (cleaning) rates can be achieved. An innovative approach has been developed that allows a low-cost means for addressing the feasibility of these systems to accomplish desired objectives (precision cleaning, charge buildup mitigation,and hydrocarbon film removal). Several spin-off activities and commercial applications such as pllution preventing replacement of solvent for hydrocarbons, other organic contaminants, and bio-mass reduction are already known. the company would be the first entity to develop, market, and deliver a devise to remove particulate and hydrocarbon film contaminants from SBL coated high energy laser mirrors in space. We would work closely with the Air Force during Pahse I, II, and III in order to meet customer requirements. Upon completion, our primary market targets would be DoD/Government agencies, and satellite manufacturers. During development we would also investigate technology transfer for non-space based applications.

SOUTH BAY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY CORP 7525 W. 81st St., Playa del Rey, CA 90293
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(310) 615-8432 Dr. Roger J. Withrington AF 02-008 Selected for Award
Title:	Active In-Situ Contamination Control
Abstract:	The objective of the proposed program is to demonstrate that CO2 jet spray cleaning can be applied to the in-situ contamination control of optics in future Space Based Laser weapon systems. The ability to remove particulate contamination and achieve cleanliness levels of 100 on ultra low absorption coatings on single crystal silicon substrates will be demonstrated via scatter measurements. Electrostatic charge effects that may impact the contamination control process will be assessed. On phase 2, the conceptual design of a cleaning system developed on phase 1 will be built and used to establish whether successful in-situ particle removal can be applied in an SBL geometry without re-contaminating other optical surfaces. The experimentation will be performed in a vacuum, be in a geometry that is representative of SBL systems and make use of the Active Contamination Experiment for SBIRS low (ACES) program hardware. The result will be an affordable experiment that can subsequently be upgraded to a shuttle hitch-hiker experiment to validate the technology in space. Provides a fail-safe method to achieve extremely high particulate cleanliness levels on optics critical to SBL performance in space. Can also be applied to airborne and ground based laser systems that have similar cleanliness levels making them costly to maintain. Commercial applications include contamination control for commercial satellites, space manufacturing processes and particulate removal in adverse environments.

KESTREL CORPORATION 3815 Osuna Road NE Albuquerque, NM 87109
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(505) 345-2327 Dr. Leonard John Otten AF 02-009 Selected for Award
Title:	High Temporal and Spatial Resolution Laser Beam Diagnostic Sensor
Abstract:	Kestrel Corporation, with our collaborator Boeing SVS, proposes an infrared hyperspectral imaging technology to remotely sense the spatially distributed spectral signature fingerprints of a high energy laser against a distant target. This technology offers high temporal and spatial resolution for the purpose of measuring laser beam characteristics during airborne HEL engagements, while simultaneously collecting target response data. In this Phase I SBIR, we will define the requirements for a hyperspectral sensor and use of an existing MWIR hyperspectral imager to demonstrate the key technical issues. We will show that the sensor can be used to observe the HEL beam size, energy distribution, location on the target, and target spectral response, with centimeter spatial distribution at rates in excess of 30 full samples per second. The proposed technique takes advantage of the existence of Kestrel developed IR hyperspectral imaging to simultaneous observe reflected HEL energy with the IR radiation and absorption associated with the interaction of the beam on the target. Coupled with existing sensor pointing and tracking from SVS, the sensor offers a spectral, spatial, signature map created at milli-second rates with immediate presentation of the engagement results Uses within the commercial jet engine industry to measure engine performance across a broad band of applications including allow potentially debilitating flaws in the jet engine to be diagnosed during testing. The work addresses Airborne Laser (ABL) program requirements for an adjunct mission sensors and National Reconnaissance Office's (NRO) requirement for ultraspectral sensing. Government and commercial uses environmental monitoring, and applications in treaty verification and counter drug surveillance all benefit from a molecular line resolution spectral imager.

PHOTON RESEARCH ASSOCIATES, INC. 5720 Oberlin Drive San Diego, CA 92121
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(858) 455-9741 Dr. George M. Beardsley AF 02-009 Selected for Award
Title:	Remote Imaging for Airborne Laser Target Observation
Abstract:	Flight testing of the Airborne Laser (ABL) weapon system requires detailed characterization of the beam-target interaction, including beam energy flux, uniformity, size, position and duration on target, over a several-second interaction period while the ballistic missile target ascends rapidly. This Proposal addresses the design of a remote imaging system, including a sensor, tracking sub-system, and airborne platform, capable of providing the necessary radiometric accuracy and spatial and temporal resolution while flying at a safe distance from both the target missile trajectory and the high-energy ABL beam. Typical test engagements will occur at the ABL flight altitude (40,000 feet) and above. A high-altitude sensor platform minimizes atmospheric attenuation and turbulence effects. We will assess the option of using the USAF-NASA `ARES' WB-57, with which our company has extensive mission planning and operations experience. We will explore the extent to which advanced image processing, including deconvolution algorithms leveraging the large signal due to ABL illumination, can deliver the required resolution with an affordable sensor aperture. The proposed high altitude, high spatial/temporal resolution remote imaging system is potentially applicable to other missile defense test scenarios, such as hit-to-kill intercepts outside the atmosphere. It would provide high-frame-rate image sequences of the impact debris cloud, minimally degraded by atmospheric effects. It would also be useful for observation and diagnosis of high altitude laser weapon effects testing in future USAF programs.

LUNA INNOVATIONS INCORPORATED 2851 Commerce Street Blacksburg, VA 24060
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(540) 953-4266 Mr. Robert S. Fielder AF 02-010 Selected for Award
Title:	Directed Energy Target Failure Sensors
Abstract:	For the Phase I project, Luna Innovations proposes to develop a fiber optic, high-temperature, multiplexed temperature and strain sensor system for use in directed energy weapon experiments. Luna will leverage its experience with high temperature sensors and their patented fiber-optic based sensor systems to complete this research. A novel system will be based on proven fiber optic sensor technology, and will combine independent strain and temperature measurements in multi-parameter transducers. Sensors will be multiplexed to provide a distributed sensing system capable of making temperature and strain field measurements near the point of beam impingement. Fiber optic sensors are immune to electromagnetic interference, making them an ideal technology for advance energy weapon research. Luna's previous work in high temperature sensors for gas turbine applications has attracted the attention of several aerospace and aerospace sensor leaders who have agreed to test related high temperature sensors. By closely collaborating with these industry principals, Luna's technology will quickly transition from the laboratory to the market place, and will be engineered to meet specific industry needs. In addition to target failure analysis, the high temperature strain and temperature sensors developed here will find wide application in gas turbine, industrial, and structural monitoring systems. ú Commercial and military aircraft propulsion industry ú Turbine engine power generation industry ú Marine gas turbine industry ú Automotive industry ú Industrial processes ú Civil structural monitoring

SECOTEC, INC. 4935 CENTURY ST., STE 201 HUNTSVILLE, AL 35816
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(256) 722-0000 Mr. David A. Kalin AF 02-010 Selected for Award
Title:	NO-Contact Damage and Optical Witnessing Network
Abstract:	A low cost, lightweight, optical network for target damage indication in flight with an optical monitoring array of wide and narrow FOV optical detectors built into a thin ring mounted on the rear of the vehicle. By alternating the FOV sensors, impact locations on the target can be monitored on the vehicle for both roll and distance. The optical monitoring will be non-contact and will look for in-band changes in the sensor field of view (HEL or KE damage). This system can monitor the location and time of impact as well as function as a pyrometer to determine the temperature and extent of the impact. A breakwire system can also be used to augment damage. Advanced capability to score GBL and SBL system. High temperature material processing will also be benefitted

ATEC, INC. 387 Technology Drive College Park, MD 20742
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(301) 403-1744 Dr. John Lawler AF 02-011 Selected for Award
Title:	Heat Flux Sensor With Minimized Impact On Boundary Conditions
Abstract:	We propose to develop a heat flux sensor that can be used to estimate the temperature and heat flux on the far side of a wall as a function of time. The configuration of the sensor is specifically designed to minimize the sensor's impact on the temperature and heat flux boundary conditions on the sensor's side of the wall, while allowing for both the capability of measuring very high heat fluxes and a high frequency response. Our sensor will employ components and techniques that are currently being used to study time-resolved (15 kHz) and spatially-resolved (0.3 mm) localized heat transfer rates under a vapor bubble during boiling. Our heat flux sensor will allow the measurement of the heat flux on the far side of a wall. This type of device would improve the development and testing of lasers, explosives, or chemical reactions, since our sensor will provide more accurate knowledge of the processes occurring at the interior containment wall of the testing apparatus.

JONA GROUP LTD. 140 Marine Street Farmingdale, NY 11735
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(631) 420-1271 Ronald Rothchild AF 02-011 Selected for Award
Title:	New Thermal Sensors for Use with Inverse Heat Conduction Problems
Abstract:	Transient and high intensity heat transfer events are difficult to characterize by conventional means. Temperature is inherently an integral so precise information about the transfer process is lost by averaging. A temperature measurement can be differentiated, but then small errors due to noise and limited resolution are exaggerated. Moreover, high intensity transients can lead to temperatures that are destructively high for conventional sensors. To accurately characterize transients, an instrument is needed that can directly measure heat flux, or the rate of change of temperature dT/dt, over a broad temperature range. Jona proposes to address this need with a combination of calibrated intermediates with isolated elements, and dynamic range compression. Internal heat transfer will attenuate potentially destructive temperature peaks, while range compression enhances resolution and linearity. Objectives of Phase I are: 1. Survey potential instrument applications and develop a classification to minimize the required variations. 2. Develop conceptual designs for both heat flux and dT/dt measurements, and determine structural and dynamic requirements. 3. Develop means to compensate for actual temperature when measuring dT/dt. 4. Confirm critical mechanisms empirically and demonstrate direct rate measurement. 5. Prepare a preliminary design for prototypes to be built in Phase II The proposed instrument will permit accurate measurement of rapid thermal events, minimizing or avoiding the attenuation and averaging effects of intervening structure, even in locations with difficult access and destructively high temperatures.

METSYS CORPORATION 2014 Millwood Road Millwood, VA 22646
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(540) 837-2186 Mr. Daniel R. Flynn AF 02-011 Selected for Award
Title:	New Thermal Sensors for Use with Inverse Heat Conduction Problems
Abstract:	Inverse heat conduction involves the application of diffusion theory for estimating unknown boundary conditions, energy generation, rates, or thermophysical properties from measured temperatures or heat fluxes at other locations. Inverse problems are said to be ill-posed in that small errors in the data can produce randomly large variations in the prediction. It has recently been shown that the available of reliable measurements of the rate of change of temperature or heat flux with time can, in conjunction with temperature or heat flux data, provide much more reliable predictions than those obtained using the latter data alone. Unfortunately, there are no reliable sensors available for direct measurement of the rate of change of temperature or heat flux. It is proposed to develop such sensor designs, model their performance, develop simulation tools and error analyses, identify fabrication technologies, and develop plans for verification of sensor performance The sensors to be developed will be of critical importance in experimental investigations of heat conduction problems where the data must be analyzed by inverse heat conduction techniques, such as predicting what energy inputs at an inaccessible surface produced a measured response at an accessible surface. Examples include a structure subjected to a directed energy beam, surface conditions in the interior of a rocket or jet engine, or structures subjected to fire or explosion. Such sensors also can be used in fire detection systems.

MICROWAVE BONDING INSTRUMENTS 2400 N. Lincoln Ave. Altadena, CA 91001
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(626) 296-6480 Dr. John Mai AF 02-011 Selected for Award
Title:	Microwave Bonded Heat-flux Sensor Array for High Temperature Applications. (Topic: New Thermal Sensors for Use with Inverse Heat Conduction Problems)
Abstract:	Starting with a proven high-sensitivity, high-density, micro-mechanical electrical system (MEMS) temperature-sensor array design, we propose to make appropriate material substitutions to create a thermal sensor capable of operating in hostile environments, such as at high temperatures, underwater, and in a vacuum. We will then use our patented microwave bonding processing technology to stack these temperature arrays to create robust, low cost, heat flux sensor arrays compatible with flush mounting in thin material substrates. Microwave Bonding Instruments, Inc., was founded to commercialize microwave silicon wafer bonding technology developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (Pasadena, California). The Company's mission is to become the leading provider of IC, MEMS, and MOEMS assembling equipment for advanced hybrid device applications. MBI is positioning its equipment in the current $2.4 billion die level interconnect equipment niche. Expertise gained from this project will assist MBI in packaging of other MEMS devices for telecommunications and MEMS fluidic devices valued together at up to $3 billion in 2001.

REDWOOD SCIENTIFIC, INC. 1005 Terra Nova Blvd. Pacifica, CA 94044
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(650) 738-8083 Dr. John L. Lawless AF 02-011 Selected for Award
Title:	Novel Heating-Rate Sensor for Use with Inverse Heat Conduction Problems
Abstract:	A new and novel sensor is proposed for measuring temperature and heating rate (dT/dt) in hostile environments. The sensor is optical and allows heating rates to be measured remotely. A small button of sensor material is placed on the target. Light emitted from the button is collected by optics and (optionally) directed in a fiber optic to deliver the light to a photodetector. The photodetector can be positioned remotely. This system can measure hearing rates (and temperatures) in materials subjected to rapid heating even in hostile environments. This is important for Air Force directed energy studies investigating material response to directed energy. It will also be useful in applications of commercial interest such as steel manufacture. High quality steel requires accurate control of temperatures during processing. Our sensor would replace current methods to measure steel temperature which fail in the hot and hostile environment of a steel plant.

G A TYLER ASSOC. INC. DBA THE OPTICAL SCIENCES CO. 1341 South Sunkist Street Anaheim, CA 92806
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(714) 772-7668 Dr. Terry Brennan AF 02-012 Selected for Award
Title:	Active Target Tracking through Deep Atmospheric Turbulence
Abstract:	Conventional tracking schemes have reached their performance limit for systems such as the Airborne Laser operating in deep turbulence environments. The next generation of high precision tracking systems must exploit all information available to produce the desired track correction. A study of tracking from an integrated sensor perspective is proposed. This will include, but not be limited to, the use of wavefront sensor measurements to enhance the track estimate. A methodology will be developed which will lead to the assessment of tracking performance limits as a function of system parameters such as the Rytov number. Tracking concepts developed in this effort will be evaluated in detail with wave-optics simulations. A successful completion of this study of active tracking in deep turbulence will advance the state of beam control technology for systems experiencing tracking degradation due to high scintillation. This means extending the effective range of operation for weapons systems such as the Airborne Laser system. The concepts developed here will also have application to ground based laser systems and long range laser communication systems

TEMPEST TECHNOLOGIES LLC Suite 208, 8929 South Sepulveda Blvd Los Angeles, CA 90045
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(310) 216-1677 Dr. Yun Wang AF 02-012 Selected for Award
Title:	Active Target Tracking through Deep Atmospheric Turbulence
Abstract:	In this proposal we consider the development of statistical image processing and filtering techniques for optical tracking in systems such as the AirBorne Laser (ABL) tactical missile defense system. Based on a combination of stochastic modeling for non-uniform illumination patterns with nonlinear Bayesian filtering, our methods promise to provide greatly enhanced tracking and pointing. Scintillation, the turbulence-induced fluctuation of image intensities, is widely regarded as a major problem for tracking and adaptive optics. The methods we propose herein provide the potential to mitigate significantly the effects of scintillation, thus enhancing system performance. Our estimation techniques are also relevant to problems of anisoplanatism that are of crucial importance in extended range ABL system design. Also included in this effort are the study of data fusion from wavefront sensors and pupil plane imagery and development of robust control designs for pointing. Collaborating with scientists and engineers at Georgia Tech, Trex Enterprises, and AFRL, we will use wave propagation simulations data and data collected in tests at Lincoln Laboratory's ACL facility to score the performance of these algorithms. Our partnership with Trex Enterprises, a leading developer of optical tracking hardware, will allow us to leverage the results obtained in this effort into hardware systems in a most efficient and cost-effective manner. Potential commercial applications will be of a military nature, as the effort proposed herein is heavily focused toward advancing ABL system capabilities. Other optical tracking and imaging systems will benefit, however, from improvements derived from this research.

LUNA INNOVATIONS INCORPORATED 2851 Commerce Street Blacksburg, VA 24060
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(540) 953-4270 Dr. Daniela Marciu Topasna AF 02-013 Selected for Award
Title:	Transparent Ionically Self-Assembled Thin Films for Contamination
Abstract:	We propose to develop improved, cost effective coatings for high-energy laser mirrors and windows that repel contamination based on transparent, highly efficient, and durable ionically self-assembled monolayer (ISAM) films. The proposed program involves 1) demonstration of the underlying principle using aqueous ISAM chemistry and 2) build and test a prototype coating based on the new technology. This revolutionary method of creating multifunctional thin-films monolayer by monolayer has been proven to yield self-assembled, homogeneous thin films that can be deposited on any size and shape substrates, as well as on transparent flexible substrates. The ISAM technique allows for precise structural and thickness control at the nanometer level as well as for fabrication of thick multi-layer films. Luna Innovations has previously shown that the ISAM technique can be used to fabricate multifunctional thin-films monolayer by monolayer that are optically, electronically and photonically- active. The ISAM thin films offer additional major advantages of excellent homogeneity for low scattering loss, high thermal and chemical stability, and low-cost. The development of the organic thin film coatings will benefit the laser industry for contamination control of laser windows and mirrors. Coatings that repel contamination fabricated from ISAM thin films have a variety of military and commercial applications such as laser systems, various optical systems, telescopes, and window coatings for buildings.

METASTABLE INSTRUMENTS, INC. 5988 Mid Rivers Mall Drive, Suite 236 St. Charles, MO 63304
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(636) 447-9555 Dr. George Dube AF 02-013 Selected for Award
Title:	Develop Coatings that Repel Contamination
Abstract:	Attenuated total internal reflection couples light from the inside of a transparent optical material into an absorbing contaminant contacting the polished surface of that material. If that contaminant is strongly absorbing and the angle of incidence is optimized, more than 80% of the light is absorbed by the contaminant. At a certain mid infrared wavelength, water has very strong absorption, resulting in an absorption depth of less than one micrometer. We propose using pulsed mid infrared laser light absorbed by attenuated total internal reflection to remove water, ice, particles and other contaminants from the polished surfaces of optical elements, such as laser mirrors, windows and domes. Parasitic oscillations (total internal reflections) will losslessly trap the light within the material until it illuminates a contaminated area, at which time attenuated total internal reflection will transfer some of the light into the contaminant, thus heating and removing that contaminant. Internally reflected laser light may also be used to detect the presence of surface contaminants. For substrates not transparent at the mid infrared wavelength and in some other cases, the addition of a simple cover plate or coating may optimize the attenuation of the internal reflection and the contaminant removal process. Clean and dry polished surfaces are crucial for the successful operation of high power lasers, low scatter photographic/optical/lithographic devices and submicron semiconductor components. This space-qualifiable cleaning technique consumes no fluids or materials, works equally well on entrance and exit surfaces, does not increase the IR signature of the host platform and is capable of both detecting and removing water, ice, frost, dew, particles and other contaminants.

PVD PRODUCTS, INC. 231 Andover Street Wilmington, MA 01887
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(978) 694-9455 Mr. Larry Stelmack AF 02-013 Selected for Award
Title:	Rugged Packaging of Laser Optics
Abstract:	The program will emphasize contamination control and the testing of candidate protective, low-maintenance coatings for high-energy laser optics. Coatings will be screened for adherence, environmental durability, and optical properties. The most promising approaches will be applied to laser optical components, and tested. Specifications and conceptual designs will be generated for the most successful coating process and associated deposition and substrate handling equipment. The availability of robust packaging methods for coated optical components will have benefits in many areas of application for lasers, including material processing systems, LIDAR systems, and aerospace systems. Many non-optical commercial applications will be served in data storage, wear and friction reducing coatings, microelectromechanical devices, microelectronics manufacture, displays, and ophthalmics.

SRS TECHNOLOGIES 1800 Quail Street, Suite 101, P.O. Box 9219 Newport Beach, CA 92660
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(256) 971-7846 Mr. Greg Laue AF 02-017 Selected for Award
Title:	Stress Coatings for Large Scale Membrane Mirrors
Abstract:	The need for very large aperture (>10m) mirrors for space applications is pushing current technology to its limits in providing a material and design that meet required launch restraints. The concept of using a membrane mirror would allow a light-weight and deployable primary to become a viable option in multi-meter sized aperture imaging and High Energy Laser systems. To maintain the required shape yet retain the pliability of a membrane, methods of applying thin-film optical coatings to counteract residual stress in the membrane to maintain a prescribed curvature will be developed using evaporative deposition. This includes metrology techniques to measure the thickness and stress in such coatings, which will be prescribed by finite element analysis. The end result is a coating process to maintain a curvature in a membrane mirror with traceability to large-scale production. The successful demonstration of the proposed concept of using stress-coatings to maintain a curvature in a membrane mirror will provide an immediate impact on many current and future USAF, NASA, and other DoD space-based large aperture imaging or High Energy Laser (HEL)applications. Many require multi-meter apertures capable of being deployed after launch. The development of this technology would enable such designs to become a reality and also open the door for commercial parties that are interested in the use of very large aperture mirrors. This would not be limited to HEL or imaging applications but also radio frequency and even microwave transmission.

TRITON SYSTEMS, INC. 200 TURNPIKE ROAD Chelmsford, MA 01824
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(978) 250-4200 Dr. Akbar Fard AF 02-017 Selected for Award
Title:	Innovative Coating Design to Shape Compliant Optics into a Parabolic Net-Shape
Abstract:	Triton systems, a leading developer of thin film membrane materials for space application, has teamed up with Professor Christopher Jenkins of the Compliant Structures laboratory of the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology (SDSM&T) and Dr. Jack Bradshaw of Atkinson Thin Film Systems to address the critical design and fabrication requirements of large space-based optical telescopes. On this Phase I, Triton's team will utilize its broad experimental and theoretical expertise in membrane materials and coatings to develop a parabolic net-shape telescope. It is well known that the coating of a substrate produces intrinsic and extrinsic stress leading to deformation of substrate. In this program, we will use this concept to shape a parabolic mirror. We propose to design a "tunable coating" system that leads to control the shape of membrane. A mathematical stress coating model will be developed. This stress model will provide us with prescription coating that will guide the coating material selection, polymer membrane selection, coating geometry, and device fabrication. Moreover, We will develop a new metrology to evaluate important membrane properties, in particular, the coating stress. The success of the proposed concept will provide a revolutionary approach to fabricate large, lightweight, space-based telescopes. Some of the benefits of stress coating technique to obtain a net-shape mirror are: ú Reduced optical wavefront distortion ú Less stringent structural and material requirements ú No need for make-up gas, in contrast to inflatable structure ú Low weight and low cost space-based mirror ú Less handling logistics requirements ú Scalable to large telescope

PHYSICAL SCIENCES INC. 20 New England Business Center Andover, MA 01810
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(925) 743-1110 Dr. David J. Cook AF 02-018 Selected for Award
Title:	Application of Quantum Cascade Lasers to High Explosive Detection
Abstract:	Physical Sciences Inc. (PSI) proposes to develop and demonstrate a chemically-specific standoff sensor for detection of explosive materials within sealed containers, buildings, or clothing. Differential absorption LIDAR (DIAL) methodology will be used to provide chemical specificity. Our innovation is the extension of DIAL technology to Far-IR (THz) wavelengths for enabling structure-penetrating radiation to probe molecular features of target substances. This technology represents a long-standing need with the DoD, FAA, and security community for detection of explosive devices containing little or no metal concealed in trucks, luggage, packages, and under clothing. The Phase I program will demonstrate the feasibility of the concept through experimental measurements of absorption spectra of target compounds and structural materials and the first demonstration of a current-pumped Quantum Cascade laser-based sensor in the THz frequency regime. In the Phase II portion of the program, a compact sensor will be developed, tested, and delivered to the Air Force. This program will demonstrate a structure-penetrating DIAL apparatus with the capability of chemically- specific detection of explosive materials. Such an apparatus represents a long-standing need in the military for the detection of hidden illicit materials. Significant commercial applications of the enabling sensor technology exist in the petro-chemical and bulk materials processing industry. PSI has already established a commercialization partnership with the Dow Corporation to exploit these markets.

SENSPEX 524 Camino de la Tierra Corrales, NM 87048
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(505) 922-0037 Mr. Miguel Moreno AF 02-018 Selected for Award
Title:	Application of Quantum Cascade Lasers to High Explosive Detection
Abstract:	During the past few years, and particularly in the last few months after the events of the September 11 terrorist attack, the need of a portable remote-detection system for chemicals agents and explosives has become a priority and necessity to combat global terrorism and confront modern chemical and biological warfare. The present times also offer significant advanced in science and technology to solve critical problems. This project will develop a portable remote sensing system for detecting explosives and chemical agents. The system will use Raman spectroscopy, quantum cascade lasers, and Lidar technology. The program described in this Phase I proposal will determine the feasibility of the concept of an IR Lidar Raman system based in a low resolution Raman spectrometer and the use of QC lasers as the excitation source in the IR region. Completion and performance of the proposed system will follow in Phase II. There is a need for advanced chemical detection sensors. The application of a portable chemical detection system based in Lidar technology is broad. Extending from identification of harmful clouds and vapors, remote detection of high explosives, drug smuggling surveillance and detection, to environmental remote analysis.

CSA ENGINEERING, INC. 2565 Leghorn Street Mountain View, CA 94043
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(505) 765-5860 Dr. Jerry Alcone AF 02-019 Selected for Award
Title:	Improved Adaptive Reconstructor Algorithm Performance using Field Programmable Gate Arrays
Abstract:	A key element required for the successful implementation of higher performance Adaptive Optics (AO) systems is to increase processor performance while minimize mass, volume, and power consumption. A processor based on Field Programmable Gated Arrays, FPGA, offers significant advantages in implementing an ideal image processing architecture. These include: true parallelism, interface throughput, multiply accumulate throughput, determinism, simplicity, and flexibility. Closely associated with this is the Adaptive Reconstructor Algorithm, ARA, used to estimate the wave front. The ARA offers significant improvement in AO performance by changing the basic characteristics of the AO loop to minimize the residual slope error. The computational load, memory requirement and input-output requirements of the ARA heavily impact the processor. It must be tailored to the resolution and dynamic range (both spatial and temporal) of the DM and the Wave Front Sensor, WFS. It must also be integrated with the dynamics of the DM control loop so as to enhance the disturbance rejection characteristics of the system. This effort focuses on developing an appropriate ARA to be used in a FPGA implementation to greatly improve overall AO performance. AO systems are an integral component of directed energy and other optical systems. The performance improvements sought with this effort are key to meeting the stringent performance objectives required tracking targets through atmospheric turbulence for DoD applications of interest. In addition, there is significant commercial potential to be realized for the ARA and FPGA-Processor approach. These include industrial robotics and inspection systems, large dimension process controllers, and medical lasers and imaging systems.

G A TYLER ASSOC. INC. DBA THE OPTICAL SCIENCES CO. 1341 South Sunkist Street Anaheim, CA 92806
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(714) 772-7668 Dr. Glenn A. Tyler AF 02-019 Selected for Award
Title:	Real Time Adaptive Signal Processors for On-line Performance Optimization of Adaptive Optical Systems
Abstract: Abstract not available...

MISSION RESEARCH CORPORATION Post Office Drawer 719, 735 State Street Santa Barbara, CA 93102
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(937) 429-9261 Dr. Matthey R. Whiteley AF 02-020 Selected for Award
Title:	Tracking Through Laser-Induced Clutter for Air to Ground Directed Energy Systems
Abstract:	We address acquisition, tracking, and aim-point selection on tactical targets for air-to-ground high-energy laser (HEL) applications. Effects of complex natural clutter are considered, in addition to effects related to laser propagation such as weather, battlefield obscurants, atmospheric turbulence and thermal blooming. We propose the use of passive multi-spectral sensing techniques for rejecting natural clutter during initial target acquisition. Active, multi-pulse laser radar imaging is proposed for mitigating effects of camouflage, smoke, and other battlefield obscurants in target tracking and aim-point selection. To treat turbulence, thermal blooming, and aero-optical effects, we propose a new direction-angle ambiguity rectification technique. This technique builds on a block-matching algorithm for imaging through horizontal turbulence to determine the laser pointing errors present over a target scene extending many isoplanatic patches. From this information, the direction-angle ambiguity associated with high-resolution range measurements in the presence of turbulence, thermal blooming, and aero-optical gradients may be corrected for use in pattern recognition. Additionally, the block-matching processing output may be used to correct tilt-anisoplanatism resulting in proper HEL stabilization. We propose the development of a MATLAB toolbox to interface Government-developed WaveTrain and Infrared Modeling and Analysis (IRMA) codes for simulation and analysis of tactical directed energy applications. Laser radar imaging techniques show great promise in navigation, identification, and remote sensing. The technologies developed here can be applied to 3-dimensional imaging of objects at long ranges over horizontal paths or through obscurants such as clouds and smoke. This technology may be applied to airport traffic control, fire-fighting, and autonomous vehicles. Additionally, this technology may be used in applications where long-range laser pointing is required, such as laser designation, laser communication, and laser weapons. This effort will result in a software toolbox that integrates capabilities of two existing Government codes for propagation modeling and scene generation. This toolbox may be used in other projects to address the combined effects of propagation and scene clutter in air-to-ground imaging and beam control applications.

TREX ENTERPRISES CORPORATION 10455 Pacific Center Court San Diego, CA 92121
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(858) 646-5479 Dr. Mikhail Belen'kii AF 02-020 Selected for Award
Title:	Tracking Through Laser-Induced Clutter for Air to Ground Directed Energy Systems
Abstract:	Dramatic improvements in laser power and beam control technology combined with agility and speed with which directed energy can be retargeted and delivered through the atmosphere to the target makes laser-based weapon highly desirable for several key mission tasks in tactical battlefield environments. Success of the air to ground directed energy systems depends on their ability to acquire and track stationary or slow-moving targets on the ground in changing scene environments under different weather and smoke conditions, camouflage conditions, and in the presence of strong background reflection. To develop a new tracking capability, we propose to build and demonstrate a novel multi-spectral tracking system, which integrates polarization diverse adaptive multichannel radar (AMR) with an optical tracker. In addition, we propose to develop and test two novel tracking algorithms: a hybrid filter, which allows us to track multiple optical targets in clutter environment, and polarization space-time adaptive processing technique, which uses space, time, and polarization diversity to enhance radar tracking performance. Phase I evaluates performance of active and passive optical trackers for various engagment scenarios and selects the best approach, develops and validates a hybrid tracking filter, develops polarization extension of space-time adaptive radar processing technique and evaluates its performance. It also evaluates the effects of anisoplanatism and thermal blooming on pointing accuracy of a combat beam and develops a concept for integration of the radar with an optical tracker. Tracking or observing objects through smoke and fire conditions has always been a problem for firefighters as well as vehicles attempting to navigate through fog. Infrared scanners deployed on large forest fires only could provide information on the actual fire line. Tracking in clutter algorithms developed under this program could lead to a considerable increase in imagery information acquired from a flying platform on location of equipment and personnel. These algorithms can also increase a reliability of navigation systems used on cars.

NOVA PHASE, INC. 435 Route 206 Newton, NJ 07860
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(973) 300-4400 Dr. Barry Wechsler AF 02-021 Selected for Award
Title:	Periodically Poled Stoichiometric Lithium Tantalate for Nonlinear Optical Frequency Conversion
Abstract:	This proposed research effort program will enable new sources of laser radiation from the near uv through the mid-IR. This will be accomplished by growth and characterization of large high-quality stoichiometric lithium tantalate crystals and demonstration of the superior performance of these crystals in nonlinear optical frequency conversion of well established laser sources via quasi-phase matching. Quasi-phase matched devices base on stoichiometric lithium niobate have applications in generation of laser wavelengths not currently readily availble from blue generation for laser projection displays, mid-IR wavelengths for medical lasers and remote sensing of chemical and biological agents. Periodically poled devices are also used for wavelength channel switching and line switching in telecommunications.

PHYSICAL SCIENCES INC. 20 New England Business Center Andover, MA 01810
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(925) 743-1110 Dr. Douglas J. Bamford AF 02-021 Selected for Award
Title:	Periodically Poled Stoichiometric Lithium Tantalate for Nonlinear Optical Frequency Conversion
Abstract:	The Air Force needs non-linear optical crystals which can efficiently convert radiation at the wavelengths of solid-state lasers into radiation at other wavelengths. Existing materials which have the desired non-linear conversion efficiency have other shortcomings, including vulnerability to optical damage and limited ultraviolet transparency. Recently a promising new material with superior damage resistance and ultraviolet transparency, stoichiometric lithium tantalate, has become commercially available. Wafers of this material have shown good non-linear conversion efficiency when patterned appropriately. Our innovation is the production of patterned stoichiometric lithium tantalate using commercially practicable techniques which have already led to one successful product, periodically poled lithium niobate. The result will be a commercial product which meets Air Force requirements for conversion efficiency, damage resistance, and transparency. During Phase I we will prove feasibility by showing that our patterning techniques are effective on commercially available substrates. In Phase II we will prove practicality by decreasing the size of the patterned features, increasing the thickness of the patterned wafers, and measuring the non-linear optical performance of the resulting optical chips when pumped with high-average power solid-state lasers. At the same time, we will work with a commercial partner, Deltronic Crystal Industries, to establish the necessary crystal-growth facilities. This program will lead to commercial production of a new non-linear optical material. We will work in partnership with Deltronic Crystal Industries, a major supplier of optical crystals, to enable rapid market penetration. Customers will include the developers of high-average power optical parametric oscillators and second-harmonic generators pumped by solid state lasers, who wish to avoid the damage issues associated with existing materials.

FARR RESEARCH, INC. 614 Paseo Del Mar NE Albuquerque, NM 87123
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(505) 293-3886 Dr. Everett G. Farr AF 02-022 Selected for Award
Title:	Artificial Dielectrics and Fresnel Lenses for High Power Microwave Applications
Abstract:	Lens antennas with large apertures could be useful in a variety of High-Power Microwave (HPM) and Ultra-Wideband (UWB) applications. Such lenses are needed in the frequency range of 0.2-2 GHz, and they must have low loss and dispersion. Existing lenses made of solid dielectric materials, such as polyethylene, are too dense and weigh too much to be practical for large apertures. To build a lightweight lens, one would consider an artificial dielectric (AD) material. Commercially available artificial dielectrics are typically composed of conductively coated glass micro-spheres embedded in epoxy. While they have one-sixth the density of polyethylene, they could be made even lighter with an improved design. A lighter artificial dielectric can be manufactured in a variety of forms, the most promising of which appears to be a uniform array of discs embedded into a lightweight foam. The density of such a material is roughly proportional to the bandwidth of the material. If we limit the high end of the material performance to 2 GHz, then our calculations show that metallic discs embedded in foam will have a density one-third that of commercially available ADs, and one-eighteenth that of polyethylene. To achieve even lighter lenses, we propose the use of Fresnel lenses for the narrowband HPM case. Fresnel lenses use less material than conventional lenses because they allow for 360-degree phase shifts in the aperture fields as they pass through the lens. Fresnel lenses may be composed of standard or artificial dielectric materials, and they can provide an additional factor of three in weight reduction. They are effective only over a narrow bandwidth, but for HPM applications that may be sufficient. This research will lead to a new design for a large, lightweight lens antenna suitable for use in High-Power Microwave or Ultra-Wideband Antennas. A prototype artificial dielectric material will be built and tested during Phase I. We will also develop a design for a Fresnel Lens that will further reduce the weight for narrowband applications.

RF ENGINEERING 157 North Reamstown Road Stevens, PA 17578
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(717) 336-0865 Mr. Ron Focia AF 02-022 Selected for Award
Title:	Artificial Dielectrics for High Power Microwave Applications
Abstract:	The objective of this proposal is to demonstrate the feasibility of producing lightweight artificial dielectric materials for High Power Microwave (HPM) source lens designs. Conventional HPM lenses are usually machined from a dense material exhibiting the desired electrical characteristics, such as polyethylene, and are inherently heavy. Heavy lenses are undesirable for handheld, mobile, aircraft, and especially spacecraft applications. There is an alternative approach to source lens design. Lightweight artificial dielectrics can be constructed of a composite material. One element of the composite is a low loss background (or substrate) dielectric and the other is an additive consisting of metallic particles, metallic flakes, or conducting spheres. The additive acts to increase the dielectric constant of the substrate material and a wide range of values are theoretically possible. Additionally, if the substrate is made of plastic, manufacturing of components can be greatly simplified by using injection molding techniques and the weight can be significantly reduced by introducing voids into the material. Other more complicated alternatives exist for manufacturing composite dielectrics for use in narrow band applications. In this case, resonant structures are used in a periodic array and theoretically any value of permittivity and permeability, even negative, can be achieved. Any application suffering a penalty for the weight of conventional electromagnetic lenses will benefit from this research. The cost of manufacturing will also be greatly reduced by technology investegated in the Phase I research.

PHOTODIGM, INC. 1225 N. Alma #110, Bld. 412, P.O. Box 830938 Dallas, TX 75083
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(214) 768-3032 Dr. Gary Evans AF 02-023 Selected for Award
Title:	Lenslike Grating-Outcoupled Surface Emitting Laser with Superstrate Reflector
Abstract:	This proposal describes two major improvements to an existing research concept for a high-average-power surface-emitting semiconductor laser with high brightness. The existing concept is the use of a lenslike lateral waveguide with a grating in the longitudinal direction to provide feedback for laser oscillation in second-order and outcoupling from the substrate surface in first-order. We predict that such a device, with a cavity length of about 1 cm and a lateral active width of about 100 um can provide about 10 W of peak power. By monolithically combining 40 columns of these devices on 250 um centers, a peak power of 400 W could be obtained from a 1 cm x 1 cm chip area. A grown-in epitaxial reflecting stack will minimize loss of light caused by the bi-directional outcoupling of the grating. Efficient transfer of heat from the quantum well active region is obtained by mounting the device junction-side down with uni-directional emission through the transparent, anti-reflection coated substrate. Uniform current-injection and low contact resistance will be achieved by direct metalization to the contact layer. Distributed contacts and narrow (compared to the width of the lens waveguide) contacts will be investigated to provide low resistance. Semiconductor lasers are by far the most efficient source of laser light. However, a long term problem has been maintaining beam quality, coherence and brightness as the laser power is scaled to the Watt level and beyond. High power semiconductor lasers at the Watt level are required today for both EDFA and RAMAN amplification in fiberoptic telecom systems in order to enable transmission of data over long distances. Higher power (up to 10 W and 100 W levels) semiconductor lasers are also required for pumping solid state and fiber lasers, as well numerous industrial applications including laser welding and medical applications such as photodynamic therapy. The monolithic GSE approach in this proposal is inherently low cost to manufacture and will significantly increase the coherence and brightness of high power (100 W level) semiconductor lasers while maintaining high efficiency.

STELLAR DISPLAY CORPORATION 2020 Centimeter Circle Austin, TX 78758
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(512) 997-7780 Dr. Leonid Karpov AF 02-025 Selected for Award
Title:	Development of Super High Frequency Schottky Barrier Vacuum Transistors
Abstract:	An extremely high speed transistor is proposed for low-noise high frequency amplifiers using a Schottky barrier with vacuum gap. Low-cost vacuum microelectronic devices have immediate opportunities in the $100 Mn market for cell phone RF devices. They haave further opportunities in high-speed and radiation hardened circuits.

AEROVIRONMENT INC. 825 S. Myrtle Avenue Monrovia, CA 91016
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(626) 357-9983 Dr. Zaher Daboussi AF 02-026 Selected for Award
Title:	Dynamic DC Source and Load System with Energy Recycle Capability
Abstract:	The development of batteries, fuel cells, flywheels, and other portable energy sources requires power electronics devices to test performance parameters. In most cases, the power electronics devices serve as a load, distributing energy to the grid. For batteries, the devices can also serve as a source of energy for charging. To date, these devices have only been available and cost-effective for large systems on the order of ten-kW's or more and for high voltage. The proposed Phase I effort will investigate the feasibility of developing a bi-directional source/load device with on-grid capability in the two- to five-kW power range. For battery laboratories, with twenty to thirty test stations, the individual station devices would tie into a master server through a DC bus. These devices would have complex characterization capabilities to preserve the functionality of the commercial industrial test devices. They would also have fast charge capabilities. AeroVironment will overcome technical challenges using our commercial high power equipment as a design basis along with our extensive power electronics expertise. By demonstrating feasibility, we will enable greater flexibility in testing portable energy sources such as batteries and fuel cells and allow excess energy to be recycled to the grid. Anticipated benefits include the ability to characterize battery and other energy source performance parameters through a complex range of cycles, while allowing excess energy to be recycled to the grid. Commercial applications include not only government test laboratories, but also the industrial fast charge market for batteries.

TLC PRECISION WAFER TECHNOLOGY, INC. 1411 West River Road North Minneapolis, MN 55411
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(612) 341-2795 Mr. Sasidhar Vajha AF 02-027 Selected for Award
Title:	A 94 GHz Aperture Coupled Circularly Polarized Transceiver Antenna
Abstract:	Current spaceborne communication systems and missile seeker systems require parallel advances in the W-band (94 GHz) multifunction phase array antenna systems. Relatively large aperture areas of the existing antenna systems radiate heat rapidly into space from the RF components. Also, the existing low-phase noise, tunable local oscillators (LO) used for the RF front-ends of the spaceborne communication systems are external, relatively heavy and bulky. A small low-cost, light weight power and thermal management system integrated with the RF system, which occupy less space si needed. The proposed light weight, lwo cost, 94GHz phase array transceiver antenna will have excellent thermal management and exceptional power and resolution. The proposed all MMIC 94GHz aperture coupled transceiver antenna will take care of the thermal management issue by taking advantage of the aperture coupling. It has a novel low phase-noise LO which include a TLC designed 47GHz DRO followed by a TLC's doubler MMIC. There are a wide variety of possible post appications in both commercial and defense sectors in addition to the missile seeker,smart weapon, and radiometry applications. The proposed project will have potential use fo the Federal Government in telecommunications portable and Satellite applications as well as radar and meteorological sensing systems. The potential for high precision radar, tracking system in commercial telecommunication systems is enormous.

TOYON RESEARCH CORP. Suite A, 75 Aero Camino Goleta, CA 93117
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(805) 968-6787 Mr. Michael P. Grace AF 02-027 Selected for Award
Title:	Multifunction Phase Array Antennas
Abstract:	Space-based radars for detection and precision tracking of air and ground targets over the entire battlefield require extremely large apertures. Toyon Research proposes to develop an innovative active lens antenna concept that promises excellent RF and DC power efficiency as well as excellent thermal, mass, and packaging efficiency. The proposed research will explore the use of component technologies developed on the TRAM program and other efforts in the active lens application. The ultimate goal will be to develop an antenna system with very large bandwidth capable of meeting tactical air-and ground surveillance requirements. The proposed research will develop a new generation of space-based radars to detect and track mobile targets with higher performance and lower cost than previous designs. A constellation of such radars will give the U.S. a better picture of trouble spots around the globe and support immediate, pinpoint response when intervention is appropriate.

BRIMROSE CORPORATION OF AMERICA 5024 Campbell Blvd.,, Suite E Baltimore, MD 21236
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(410) 668-5800 Dr. G.V. Jagannathan AF 02-028 Selected for Award
Title:	Next-Generation 35-40% Efficient Multijunction Solar Cell: Development of High Efficiency (>35%) and Radiation Resistant 4-Junction Solar Cells on InP
Abstract:	Brimrose Corporation has identified 0.75, 1.0, 1.5 and 1.91 eV band gap III-V semiconductor materials, lattice matched to InP for producing high efficiency 4- junction solar cells for space application. Phase I objective are follows: (1) Optimize the epitaxial growth of 0.75 and 1.0 eV materials and tunnel junction inter connecting these two band gap solar cells and fabricate a high efficiency single junction solar cell and characterize it to prove the concept and (2) Optimize through modeling and epitaxial growth results the 4-junction solar cell device structure. Phase II objectives are : (1) Optimize the growth conditions for producing the optimized 4-junction solar cell structure and subsequently fabricate and test the 4-junction device. (2) optimize the conditions for large area processing (3"diameter or more) and (3) Design a inter connected dual chamber MOCVD multi wafer production reactor for producing these 4-junction solar cell structure in a continuous manner without the problem of memory effects. Samples of single junction cell and details of optimized 4-junction solar cell structure through modeling will be provided to Air Force at the end of Phase I program. The success of the research will be the availability of very high efficiency 4-junction solar cell for space application. The major spin off is the use of this solar cell system for production of high efficiency concentrator terrestrial solar energy conversion system.

HITTITE MICROWAVE CORPORATION 12 Elizabeth Drive Chelmsford, MA 01824
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(978) 250-3343 Mr. Peter Katzin AF 02-029 Selected for Award
Title:	Phased Array Antenna Power Amplifier Modules
Abstract:	Today's high-performance radars rely on electronically steered arrays made of thousands of radiating elements with a transmit/receiver (T/R) module connected to each element. One critical design goal for T/R modules is maximization of the power-added efficiency (PAE) of the transmitter power amplifier, usually defined near its saturated output power level (Psat). As more sophisticated modulation waveforms or multiple carriers are introduced, power amplifiers near saturation introduce unacceptable distortion effects. This means that the output power has to be backed-off from Psat with potentially major degradation in PAE. This program will focus on development of distortion reduction and efficiency enhancement techniques applicable to complex modulation or multi-carrier systems and practical implementation of these circuits, including adaptive bias optimization to compensate for variations in signal levels, temperature, and load conditions. The design approach to be evolved will stress capabilities for distortion cancellation and efficiency enhancement, and for integration of the complete circuit into one (or more) MMIC chip(s) that can be incorporated into standard T/R modules. The proposed program will lead to MMIC design concepts for reduction of non-linear distortion and efficiency enhancement in power amplifiers for one or more specific applications with well-defined frequencies of operation, bandwidths, and modulation formats. Successful development of such concept will lead to expansion of the range of application of power amplifiers, in general, and space-based radars, in particular.

CALABAZAS CREEK RESEARCH, INC. 20937 Comer Drive Saratoga, CA 95070
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(408) 741-8680 Dr. R. Lawrence Ives AF 02-030 Selected for Award
Title:	MEMS-based Traveling Wave Tube Amplifiers for Space Applications
Abstract:	We propose to develop and demonstrate a miniaturized, high efficiency, 100 GHz, 5 W, traveling wave tube amplifier (TWTA) incorporating micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) fabrication techniques. A combination of innovative component designs based on three-dimensional (3D) MEMS fabrication capabilities and advanced computational tools will lay the foundation for miniaturizing TWTAs, thus enabling operation at or above 100 GHz. Initially, the program will investigate novel concepts to miniaturize critical components while optimizing for high efficiency and reduced mass. In particular, the development will focus on TWTAs utilizing field emission arrays (FEAs) as the electron beam source. FEAs offer significant improvements in efficiency compared to conventional, thermionic cathodes. Periodic permanent magnet (PPM) focusing and slow-wave circuits designed around MEMS fabrication technology will provide compact, lightweight devices. Millimeter-wave RF sources would find wide application for space-based applications due to their small size, light weight, and impressive RF performance. Significant data transfer rates could be achieved for advanced communication applications.

MICROWAVE BONDING INSTRUMENTS 2400 N. Lincoln Ave. Altadena, CA 91001
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(626) 296-6480 Dr. John Mai AF 02-030 Selected for Award
Title:	Cold Cathode Design for Miniature Traveling Wave Tube Amplifiers (Miniature Traveling Wave Tubes for Space Application)
Abstract:	The integration of carbon nanotubes (CN), which have low-power and high-current density electron emission properties, into a MEMS-scale microwave source, represents a first step to achieve the desired goal of power output in the watts range and frequency greater than 100 GHz. MBI proposes to develop an enabling technology to produce a MEMS microwave source based on a MBI CN cold cathode array. By implementing the following steps based on the cold cathode electron source concept, MBI plans to achieve by Phase II the frequency and power specifications required: (1) Modify several existing MEMS designs to study the feasibility of achieving the power and frequency specifications of solicitation AF020-030. (2) Synthesize CN, test the current emission, and adjust the growth parameters of CN cold cathodes for this application requirement. (3) Begin preliminary CN substrate integration experiments in candidate microwave source subcomponents. In collaboration with experts in this field, initial studies will be performed on various microwave tube amplifier designs that can utilize MBI's cold cathode as well as stacked bonding technology to lead to a Phase II deliverable of a compact, W-band microwave amplifier with minimal power requirements. MBI will be collaborating with existing working microwave tube designs at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (nanoklystron) and the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (Klystrino). MBI, was founded to commercialize microwave silicon wafer bonding technology developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The Company's mission is to become the leading provider of IC, MEMS, and MOEMS assembling equipment for advanced hybrid device applications. MBI has a $154,000 California grant to explore other applications for its technology, and will position any consumer cold cathode design for entry into the expected $70 billion flat panel display market.

BRASHEAR LP 615 Epsilon Dr Pittsburgh, PA 15238
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(412) 967-7575 Mr. Robert Jungquist AF 02-031 Selected for Award
Title:	Lightweight Primary Mirror Technology
Abstract:	Brashear LP proposes to further develop ULE(TM) Lightweight Mirrors. The overall structural efficiency of primary mirrors, such as the one used in ABL or proposed for SBL, is currently limited by the minimum thickness of the core cell walls, and front and back face sheets that is achievable with traditional glass manufacturing methods. The technical objectives of this Phase I activity is to establish the lightest weight ULE(TM)primary mirror design that is achievable while retaining the performance characteristics necessary to satisfy the existing ABL program requirements using novel PM mirror manufacturing techniques. Special attention will be given to launch and/or landing requirements of SBL and ABL. This will entail trading front and rear face sheet thickness, core thickness, as well as cell wall thickness, cell size and geometry. In addition, Brashear LP will evaluate manufacturing techniques that allow an aggressively light-weighted PM to be realized without the complications of quilting print-thru of the core due to polishing pressures as well as 1-G release quilting for Space Based systems. Also, core manufacturing techniques will be evaluated which allow thinner face sheets and improve mirror manufacturing time by altering the current process by which cores and final mirrors are made. The primary initial beneficiary for this SBIR effort is the USAF/BMDO Airborne Laser (ABL) program. The technology and processes developed under this SBIR will enable the ABL aircraft to meet aggressive weight targets at reasonable costs. Current technology is expensive and heavy. The higher level of performance will help support additional sale of ABL aircraft. The current approach uses conventional lightweight mirror technology, which has a significant weight penalty compared to the proposed approach. The reduced weight of the proposed optics will allow additional reductions in the size and weight of the structure required to support them. The technology developed will benefit all applications requiring the use of lightweight optical systems in dynamic environments. As substrate costs are reduced and performance goals are demonstrated, the market for space based and terrestrial applications will be opened to the technology as well. The ability to address terrestrial applications will be very cost dependent.

FOSTER-MILLER, INC. 350 Second Ave. Waltham, MA 02451
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 684-4368 Dr. Peter Warren AF 02-031 Selected for Award
Title:	Low-Cost Manufacturing of Composite Hybrid Isogrid Mirror (CHIM)
Abstract:	The Air Force requires lightweight, stiff and stable mirrors for use in high quality, space-based optical observation and energy projection systems. The current state-of-the-art uses various types of honeycomb core material with optical and composite face sheets. The honeycomb material, while excellent in compression, does not transfer the bending shear loads efficiently enough for truly lightweight optical systems. Honeycomb mirrors also are slow and costly to manufacture. The proposed program will develop a novel mirror system that uses highly efficient truss structures to provide bending stiffness for a thin meniscus mirror face sheet. The Composite Hybrid Isogrid Mirror or CHIM uses purely axially oriented, high-modulus fibers to provide an efficient, dimensionally stable support structure. This structure provides even, distributed load to the face sheet and reduces the system mass by using truss elements to transfer load rather than honeycomb plates. The planned manufacturing techniques reduce and simplify the steps required and thus reduce production cost and schedule. Foster-Miller will develop the system through a careful plan of design, modeling, sectional manufacturing and testing and full prototype manufacture and testing. Complete development of this technology will provide a mirror system that will enable better, lighter, and less expensive optical instruments. (P-020085) In addition to the myriad of Air Force missions such as SBL and ABL that would take advantage of extremely stiff and lightweight mirrors, many NASA and private observatories would be ready customers of the CHIM mirror technology. Many industries, such as microchip and printed circuit board manufacturing, use large mirrors in their photolithography machines. While these mirrors are not subjected to the same mass restrictions as aerospace instruments, they still need to be extremely stiff so as not to vibrate in the factory environment. Reduction in manufacturing cost would enable the FMI team access to this highly lucrative market.

SCHAFER CORPORATION 321 Billerica Road Chelmsford, MA 01824
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(818) 880-0779 Dr. William Goodman AF 02-031 Selected for Award
Title:	High Structural Efficiency, Silicon Lightweight Mirrors (SLMS)
Abstract:	Schafer proposes to further develop Silicon Lightweight Mirrors (SLMs) technology, an all silicon foam-core composite mirror material that is extremely stiff, highly polishable and low cost. High structural efficiency primary mirrors are required for the Air Force Deployable Optical Telescope System (DOTS) and the Airborne Laser (ABL). SLMS technology would greatly reduce the weight of the ABL telescope. SLMS technology has an order of magnitude higher specific stiffness than ULE and offers a potential weight savings of the PM of >250 lbs. Thus, 600 lbs or more are realizable in just the Telescope Assembly of ABL. The complete Turret Ball Assembly weight savings is estimated to be greater than this due to weight savings in the Gimbal Assembly. In the Phase I project, Schafer and teammates Brashear LP and ERG would produce two, spherical, 12.7 cm diameter lightweight SLMs mirrors that demonstrate the DOTS performance goals. During the Phase II project we would leverage the experience gained from the Phase I project, to manufacture two 60 cm diameter DOTS primary mirrors. Finally, in Phase II, the team would initiate the activities required to produce a near-net shape 1.5 meter diameter SLMs substrate for use as an ABL primary mirror prototype. The competitive advantages of SLMs technology as opposed to other materials for high-energy laser beam director are its superior properties and ease of fabrication. Optical glasses, such as ultralow-expansion (ULE) titanium silicate glass and Zerodur suffer from very low thermal conductivity, which leads to irradiance mapping. Also, for glasses, the thickness required to obtain high stiffness results in primary mirror faceplates that are very heavy. The areal density for these glass faceplates can range from 50-60 kg/m2. Compositional and microstructural inhomogeneity in ULE results in anisotropy in the thermal expansion and consequential loss of figure. Likewise, Zerodur also experiences thermal hysteresis that results in figure loss. SLMs technology has a decided advantage in static and dynamic distortion over both glasses and metals. Finally, SLMs can be coated with existing VLA coatings, making them ideal replacements for the uncooled silicon optics and glass primary mirrors used on ABL, SBL, THEL and MTHEL. The primary commercial marketplaces for SLMs components are aerospace corporations such as Boeing, Lockheed-Martin, Raytheon, Ball, TRW, Kodak and our partner Brashear LP. The target markets and products that have been identified to date are Primary mirrors for scientific instruments, primary mirrors for high energy lasers, imaging mirrors, laser scan mirrors, reflective panels, fast steering mirrors and high-energy laser beam walk mirrors. Schafer and our teammates are currently combining resources to market products in some of these areas. Lloyd Harkless, Director of Directed Energy and ABL Program Manager at Brashear LP, is supporting this project with substantial Internal Research and Development funding.

MISSION RESEARCH CORPORATION 735 State Street Santa Barbara, CA 93101
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(603) 886-8860 Dr. Daniel R. Weimer AF 02-032 Selected for Award
Title:	Real Time Prediction of High-Latitude Ionosphere Electrodynamics
Abstract:	A fundamental result of the solar wind's interaction with the Earth is the generation of electric fields and currents in the high-latitude ionosphere, which in combination with the geomagnetic field, control the dynamics of the near Earth space and plasma environment. This "space weather" that results can have a significant impact on military and civilian communications, radar, electric power distribution, and navigation systems, including GPS receivers. The proposed project will demonstrate a prototype design for a real time forecast of electrodynamic parameters in the high-latitude ionosphere, namely, the electric fields, currents, and Joule heating, as well as associated geomagnetic effects. The prediction will be obtained by means of the real time data stream from a solar wind monitor at the L1 orbit. The objectives will be obtained by a combination of a "tilted phase front" propagation model for the interplanetary magnetic field, an empirical model of ionospheric electric potential, and a similar model for field-aligned currents (FAC), which is base on magnetic Euler potentials. As there does not exist a model for the ionospheric conductivity with the desired accuracy, the FAC model will be used in a innovative technique to compute the desired parameters without requiring the conductivity. The proposed activity will produce prototype programs which will provide a solid foundation for the Phase II design of an accurate, and efficient real time electrodynamic prediction model. The parameters that are derived from this prediction model are intended to be used as an input to other high-latitude ionospheric specification and forecast models, which are the basis for a number of application codes that support DoD and civilian missions. The anticipated benefits of this program are more accurate predictions of the ionospheric conditions which affect communications, radar, satellite orbits, and navigation systems. The prediction model alone will be able to predict geomagnetic variations on the ground, which are of particular interest to the electric power industry. Thus this work may have use in a broad range of military and commercial space weather applications.

SPACE ENVIRONMENT CORPORATION 399 North Main, Suite 325 Logan, UT 84321
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(435) 752-6567 Dr. J. Vincent Eccles AF 02-032 Selected for Award
Title:	Assimilating Physics-Based Model for High-Latitude Electrodynamics Specifications and Forecasts
Abstract:	We propose to design a physics-based, Kalman filter, data assimilation model of high-latitude electrodynamics. Our new model will provide accurate specifications and forecasts for convection electric fields, particle precipitation, conductances, Joule heating rates, and field-aligned and ionospheric currents. High-resolution patterns of the electrodynamic parameters will be calculated continuously as a function of time, and a unique feature of the model will be its ability to capture sharp electrodynamic boundaries and mesoscale structures. The physics-based model will be a time-dependent, high-resolution, coupled model containing a high-latitude ionospheric model and an MHD electrodynamic model of magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling. The data to be assimilated will include ground-based magnetometer and radar data, in situ satellite measurements, data from imaging satellites, and GPS-TEC measurements. The data will be assimilated via a Kalman filter technique, which has been successfully used in meteorology and oceanography. In addition to producing a workable design of an innovative electrodynamic model, we will write a software design document and we will formulate a validation plan. We will also write a comprehensive report on the strengths and limitations of all current electrodynamic models, and in particular, we will show why they are not capable of providing accurate electrodynamic parameters. The assimilating model of high-latitude electrodynamics will benefit numerous military and civilian systems and operations. On the civilian side, it will benefit power companies that have extensive electric grids and it will also benefit the WAAS system that is being implemented by the FAA for commercial airlines. On the military side, it will be a benefit to personnel using HF communications, OTH radars, and navigation systems based on single-frequency GPS receivers.

SPACE MICRO 12872 Glen Circle Road Poway, CA 92064
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(858) 292-7000 Mr. David R. Czajkowski AF 02-033 Selected for Award
Title:	Low Power Space Computer Incorporating VLIW and SEU Mitigation
Abstract:	Innovative commercial computer architectures and power saving technologies such as VLIW and frequency scaling are leveraged from state-of-the-art portable computing initiatives, but also addressing the unique space radiation environment eg(SEU). Use of pervasive IP cores, a novel triple modular reundancy technique, and world-class silicon foundries with rad tolerant processes enable Space Micro to develop a low cost rad hard, high performance space computer approach. Our low power space computer (LPSC) concept offers the promise of unparralled performance in space applications, leapfrogging today's space computer offerings. Applications include DOD satellites, NASA/ESA/NASDA missions, and commercial space platforms.

STAR BRIDGE SYSTEMS, INC. 7651 South Main Street Midvale, UT 84047
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(801) 984-4444 Mr. Jim Yardley AF 02-033 Selected for Award
Title:	Power Efficient Space Computer
Abstract:	Power consumption in microprocessors is rapidly increasing. Reconfigurable computing using FPGA chips where functions can be performed in parallel instead of the traditional serial processing methods of existing microprocessors offers the opportunity for increased capability and performance at great savings to electrical power requirements. With traditional microprocessors, only a very small portion of each chip does productive work at any moment. Yet the entire chip consumes power. The reconfigurable computing approach uses a much larger proportion of the circuitry of each chip to do meaningful work at any moment. Star Bridge Systems is developing reconfigurable computers with associated software to cost effectively program and utilize low power consumption computers. There are many opportunities for improved performance and capability of computers using recongifurable logic. Using parallel computing techniques, made possible through a specialized software development system called Viva, actual reconfigurable computers are now cost effective. This technology is scalable for any type of system from small battery powered applications to supercomputers. Reconfigurable computers will find future applications in any type of digital processing application from DSP control to high level processing.

FOSTER-MILLER, INC. 350 Second Ave. Waltham, MA 02451
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 684-4170 Dr. Nese Orbey AF 02-034 Selected for Award
Title:	Unique High Temperature Liquid Crystal Polymer Substrate for Thin Film Solar Cells
Abstract:	Thin film solar cells have promise of producing high specific power values (over 1000W/kg) if a light weight substrate that permits growth of high-quality semiconductor material is available. Past results using CuInSe2 -type materials on polymer substrates have suffered because the CIGS quality has been low due to the limitations on growth temperature imposed by the thermal properties of the polymers used. Cells of CIGS on metal foils have suffered from the problems of the substrate's high density and high conductivity which prevents integrated interconnects. Foster-Miller proposes using PBO, which has been shown to have a useful temperature in vacuum approaching 600øC. This is comparable to the maximum temperature for the soda lime glass used as a substrate in the highest efficiency devices. The PBO substrate should enable CIGS deposition at a temperature high enough to yield high-quality material for high-efficiency solar cells. The high mechanical strength of PBO allows use of a very thin substrate film, which allows for very high specific power values at low cost. Phase I will document solar-cell material quality versus growth temperature, evaluate PBO as a substrate, and document potential problems; samples of CIGS on PBO will be furnished for evaluation. (P-020264) Commercial prospects for CIGS-type cells on PBO are excellent. PBO can be supplied as long, large-area rolls to permit continuous processing and monolithic integration for modules. There is a strong need for a good substrate on which to produce high-efficiency thin-film photovoltaics for both terrestrial and space applications; flexible flat-panel displays are another possible use. Foster-Miller, Inc. plans to supply PBO substrates to our solar-cell production partner for production as soon as feasible.

ITN ENERGY SYSTEMS, INC. 8130 Shaffer Pkwy Littleton, CO 80127
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(303) 285-5103 Dr. Joseph Armstrong AF 02-034 Selected for Award
Title:	PBO and Silicone-Resin Free-Standing High-Temperature Films for Monolithically-Integrated CIGS Devices
Abstract:	ITN Energy Systems, Inc. is developing a space photovoltaic (PV) product based on our commercialization partner, Global Solar Energy, Inc.'s (GSE) flexible thin-film polycrystalline copper-indium-gallium-diselenide (CIGS) technology. These devices are being made as discrete cells on metallic foil substrates, as well as a monolithically integrated device on a polymeric substrate. While we have demonstrated a cell efficiency approaching 10% on a polyimide (PI) substrate, the record efficiency of 18.8% as measured at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) was deposited on a rigid glass substrate, and approaching 18% on a flexible stainless steel foil substrate. ITN has demonstrated that PBO films can survive higher processing temperature than our baseline Upilex PI substrate. Furthermore, we have teamed with Dow Corning to develop free-standing silicon-resin based foils that will be capable of achieving the higher processing temperatures in order to pursue higher efficiencies. Both the PBO and silicones should be able to achieve processing temperatures above 500§C while providing an electrically insulated substrate to facilitate monolithic integration. ITN shall acquire PBO films and Dow Corning shall provide prototype silicone-based films to demonstrate CIGS devices, and the best performing substrate shall be utilized in Phase 2 to demonstrate monolithically-integrated PV modules. Reduced manufactured cost due to monolithic integration, ability to utilize higher-efficiency CIGS processing than used with polyimide substrates, specific power much higher than cells on metallic foils due to the reduced weight while demonstrating comparable efficiencies.

PHYSICAL SCIENCES INC. 20 New England Business Center Andover, MA 01810
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(978) 689-0003 Dr. Robin Coxe AF 02-035 Selected for Award
Title:	Reconfigurable Logic for Imaging Processing
Abstract:	Physical Sciences Inc. (PSI) proposes to demonstrate the feasibility of reconfigurable computers for image processing on future satellite platforms. A pipelined, inherently parallel procedure such as image processing is conducive to an approach based on field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) with SRAM logic. Reconfigurable computing platforms have the potential to provide near-real time, customized data products directly from the sensor to the user in the field. PSI proposes to demonstrate the radiometric calibration of archived data from the PSI AIRIS hyperspectral sensor in a reconfigurable FPGA at a data rate of at least 30 Hz. PSI also proposes to detail two alternative concepts for a low-cost, ground-based prototype constructed from COTS components, a crucial precursor to a spaceborne system. In addition to performing the radiometric calibration of hyperspectral data from a variety of sensor platforms, the prototype will be capable of executing user-selected image processing algorithms, again at real-time video rates. Both system concepts will be designed to radically decrease the time between data collection and dissemination of processed data to the end user, will support applications developed on PCs, and will meet size, weight, power, and interface requirements of a generic space-based remote sensing platform. A successful Phase I program would set the groundwork for full-scale hardware-in-the-loop demonstrations of a real time hyperspectral image processor with a variety of sensor configurations and a space-qualification plan in Phase II. An engineering model of a reconfigurable image processing unit for a space sensor would be a key goal in Phase III. Several of the numerous commercial and military applications of reconfigurable processors include onboard image processing capabilities for remote sensors on satellites, as well as on trucks, airplanes, UAVs, and UUVs. The technology could eventually be generalized to provide expanded digital signal processing capabilities for military and commercial radars, laser devices, communications satellites and ground-based mobile communications systems.

CRYSTAL RESEARCH, INC. 45275 Northport Court, Suite B Fremont, CA 94538
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(510) 445-0833 Dr. Suning Tang AF 02-036 Selected for Award
Title:	A Monolithic Integrated On-Chip Optical Interconnect Bus Based on Electrically Switchable Bragg Gratings in Polymer Waveguides
Abstract:	Crystal Research, Inc. proposes a monolithic integrated optoelectronic chip module concept to optically interconnect chip-level VLSI circuits. Realizing the fact that integration of photonics devices on-chip avoids many of bottlenecks associated with current system architectures, we propose to develop an on-chip optical waveguide interconnect technology for data transmission at rates exceeding 10 gigabits per second. The proposed architecture employs advanced polymer waveguide circuits and innovative electro-optic switchable gratings. Similar to electrical interconnection buses, where control and data signals can be relayed between senders (for example, processors) and receivers (for example, memories), an optical bus based on polymer waveguides is proposed for the first time to provide the optical equivalent of an electronic bus line driver. The bus architecture proposed herein represents one of the major milestones for the realization of on-chip optical bus. Furthermore, broadcasting of high-speed clock signals can be easily achieved through electro-optic waveguide fanout gratings. Crystal Research, Inc. will deliver a preliminary prototype device to the funding agency by the end of Phase I for proof of concept demonstration. Current high performance electronics are limited by interconnects rather than the processor speed. The proposed optical interconnect technology will provide a better alternative to release such a bottleneck. This proposed technology is strictly attached to VLSI technologies. As a result, the feasibility of future transfer this technology to other microelectronic companies is promising. Potential post applications of the proposed idea include intra-MCM, inter-MCM, and wafer-scale optoelectronic interconnects.

OPTICOMP CORPORATION PO Box 10779 Zephyr Cove, NV 89448
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(775) 588-4176 Mr. Peter Guilfoyle AF 02-036 Selected for Award
Title:	Distributed Optoelectronic Switching Modules for Highly Dynamic On-Chip and Chip-to-Chip Interconnects
Abstract:	The primary goal of the proposed Phase I SBIR effort is to develop high speed, highly dynamic chip-to-chip interconnects utilizing hybrid waveguides and GaAs based VCSEL and photodetector technology in order to relieve the chip-to-chip interconnect bottleneck. The interconnects are accomplished using a unique distributed switching architecture that is low cost, fault tolerant, redundant, format independent, and dynamically reconfigurable. This architecture and the associated hardware can be readily implemented to realize high speed, dynamic chip-to-chip interconnects for demanding computing and signal processing applications. OptiComp Corporation occupies a 7,000 square foot facility which includes a full service, backend semiconductor fabrication cleanroom and optoelectronic device integration laboratory, a optoelectronic testing area, and a MBE based growth facility. OCC?s design center includes optoelectronic based modeling software for VCSELs and waveguide structures, as well as full EDA schematic capture and mask and PCB layout. These facilities support optoelectronic device modeling and design, growth, fabrication, integration, and test. The proposed program will offer a dual-use commercialization opportunity for high speed chip-to-chip interconnects because it will provide a low cost solution that is highly dynamic, redundant, fault tolerant, and format independent. This chip-to-chip interconnect scheme has significant market potential, especially for demanding military and commercial interconnects.

POLARONYX, INC 4025 Ribbon Dr. San Jose, CA 95130
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(650) 387-0889 Dr. Jian Liu AF 02-036 Selected for Award
Title:	Reconfigurable polymer based substrate mode optical interconnects
Abstract:	We propose a reconfigurable planar optical interconnect structure by using a reprogrammble polymer based hologram integrated with a substrate guided wave plate. The input signals are coupled into the substrate with a grating or micro mirror coupler, zigzagged within the substrate, and then coupled out of the substrate at the desired destination by the reconfigurable waveguide hologram. The reconfigurable waveguide hologram consists of multi layers of inter leaved electrodes sandwiched with EO polymer materials, like PDLC. By controlling the electrodes and the applied voltages, the waveguide grating can tune the coupling wavelength with the needed coupling efficiency. Compact and cost effective 1-D and 2-D structures with features of reconfiguration will be demonstrated. Communications Industry Researchers(CIR), a leading fiber optics survey company, predicted that the U.S. market for tunable (reconfigurable) optical technologies will surpass $1.3 billion by 2005, driven by the needs of service providers and equipment manufacturers to reduce the costs associated with building, operating and maintaining networks. The technology we are developing is in this market and can be used in optical add/drop, gain equalization filters, wavelength switching, and tunable laser source. This huge market provides PolarOnyx a remarkable opportunity to fully develop its reconfigurable polymer based substrate mode optical interconnects and apply them into optical fiber telecommunications.

POWER TECHNOLOGY SERVICES (PTS), INC. 7800 Netherlands Drive Raleigh, NC 27606
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(919) 362-1501 Mr. John Driscoll AF 02-037 Selected for Award
Title:	Novel High Current Switch for Spacecraft Power Bus Control
Abstract:	The proposed semiconductor-insulator-semiconductor ("SIS") is herein defined as a structure consisting of two semiconductor layers separated by an insulator. PTS proposes such a SIS structure as a latching on/off switch consisting of a GaN-AlGaN emitter or cathode and a SiC anode. The GaN cathode will be designed as an efficient electron gun or cathode. The SiC anode will be designed as both an efficient electron receiver as well as a hole emitter. The design will take advantage of the high thermal conductivity of SiC to dissipate the anode heat. The SIS insulator will be a vacuum, gas or solid. Both anode and cathode emitting/receiving surfaces will be designed as a low work function or negative electron affinity emitter. This microminiature vacuum switch will turn on and off within nanoseconds. The switch will conduct high current, block high voltage, and will accrue the advantages of ballistic charge transfer at operating temperatures approaching 500 degrees Centigrade. The device will be used for aerospace applications and will replace less efficient solid state and spark gap switches. The device will also be useful in pulse power applications with unlimited Di/Dt and blocking voltage.

SRS TECHNOLOGIES 1800 Quail Street, Suite 101, P.O. Box 9219 Newport Beach, CA 92660
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(256) 971-7804 Mr. Paul A. Gierow AF 02-038 Selected for Award
Title:	Processing of Membrane Materials for Integrated Elements
Abstract:	Space-based antenna systems require large amounts of power and aperture area to achieve desired coverage and resolution. This Phase I effort will demonstrate a method of printing electronics to interconnect a series of PV cells on a polyimide backplane. This same technology will be applied to print electrical feed lines and radiating elements of a radiofrequency antenna. This technology will replace chemical etching lithography techniques currently used to manufacture RF elements. The printing technique uses the parent polyimide material coupled with metal-ion containing materials. Once cured, the bond between the substrate and metal interface becomes extremely strong improving the reliability and operation of the elements. The use of this technology will enable expanded processes that accommodate production of large continuous film rolls - necessary to fulfill eventual flight requirements. The development of increased efficiency flexible membrane cells will lead to the replacement of traditional rigid panel photo-voltaic arrays. This work will demonstrate the integration of a cell series into a complete integrated one-piece structure that will eliminate many of the concerns of current arrays. The combination of the cells with printed RF elements will support large area and high power antenna systems. The technology is applicable to high power commercial satellites, as well as small micro-sats. The technology has value in the development of commercial and DoD high-altitude airships and long duration air vehicles.

INTERNATIONAL SOLAR ELECTRIC TECHNOLOGY (ISET) 8635 Aviation Blvd. UNIT#E Inglewood, CA 90301
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(310) 216-1423 Dr. VIJAY K. KAPUR AF 02-039 Selected for Award
Title:	High Efficiency Non-Vacuum Processed Thin-Film Photovoltaics
Abstract:	We propose to apply ISET's non-vacuum process for fabricating high efficiency thin film CIGS solar cells on polymeric substrates. This project has the potential to meet the specific power density and low cost goals set by US Air Force. The success of this project will have a positive impact on both the space and terrestrial solar power markets. The project has a potential to meet the specific power density and low cost goals set by various space power projects. The success of this project will have a positive impact on the terrestrial markets also.

APECOR Research Pavalion, 12424 Research Parkway, St.453 Orlando, FL 32826
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(407) 823-0185 Mr. Zaki Moussaoui AF 02-040 Selected for Award
Title:	Parallel-Connected Converters with Innovative Control
Abstract:	This Small Business Innovation Research Phase I project intends to develop a solar-based expandable, parallel-connected power system with robust maximum power point tracking (MPPT) capability. Solar energy is regarded as an important resource of power energy in the future. As the need for flexible, scalable solar power requirements increases, and in an effort to avoid redesign of solar based power system, a modular infrastructure of power processing management is implemented for maximum utilization of the available power from multi-channel solar array sources. In the proposed system, dither signal is adopted to avoid the trapped-in instability of MPPT controller, and switching cycle, sampling signal and dither signal are synchronized to achieve robust MPPT control. Two-level shared-bus configuration is elaborated to allow the paralleled channels operate in different modes without interaction between each other. Also such structure has the advantage of the flexibility for power expansion and near uniform current sharing. Finally, the potential instability sources and their corresponding solutions, redundant shared-buses for fault-tolerance are also presented in this proposal. The trend toward utilizing natural energy and long-term cost/schedule benefits will make the proposed system accepted by the spacecraft and electric propulsion power systems. Also, it is believed that in the very future such systems have the potential to be extended to home utility and high power application. $20,000,000

VPT, INC. P.O. Box 253 Blacksburg, VA 24063
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(540) 552-5000 Mr. Steve Butler AF 02-040 Selected for Award
Title:	Parallel-Connected Converters with Innovative Control
Abstract:	VPT Inc. proposes a modular, high-efficiency series-connected boost regulator (SCBR) solar array peak-power tracker (PPT). The modular SCBR PPT allows fault-tolerant parallel operation and is ideal for an expandable satellite power system. The proposed approach combines several innovative technologies and features. These include (1) use of proven VPT standard product hybrid dc-dc converters capable of screening to space quality levels, (2) use of a VPT proprietary current sharing method that provides for fault tolerance with a single current share bus and no master-slave operation, (3) use of a VPT patented magnetic feedback control (without optocouplers) that allows operation down to the zero volts, necessary for SCBR operation, and (4) demonstrated radiation tolerance to over 100Krads total dose and 60MeV of single-event operation. For lower cost, systems can be configured with VPT's commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) modules. In this Phase I SBIR VPT will (1) design proposed changes into one of VPT's standard product dc-dc converter modules to allow SCBR operation without the need for external circuitry, (2) design a current sharing method into the module using a common fault-tolerant current share bus, (3) design a dither-based PPT controller, and (4) demonstrate operation of the modular SCBR PPT system with a breadboard. A low-cost, modular, space-qualified peak-power tracking system that is ideal for small or medium-size satellites

ADVANCED MECHANICAL TECHNOLOGY, INC. 176 Waltham Street Watertown, MA 02472
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(617) 926-6700 Dr. Joseph Gerstmann AF 02-041 Selected for Award
Title:	Space-Flight Assessment of a Small-Scale Collins Type Cryocooler Concept
Abstract:	A compact, reliable, efficient and inexpensive cryocooler requiring less than 1kW of power for 2W of cooling at 10Kelvin is being developed and will be demonstrated. This performance is at least twice as efficient as the best current state-of-the-art for small low-temperature cryocoolers. The proposed technical approach, whose feasibility has been confirmed, is to apply the advantageous features of large-scale cryogenic refrigerators to compact and reliable small-scale systems by implementing a novel thermodynamic cycle in a mechanically innovative machine. Size, cost and complexity are reduced in the proposed concept by employing a modular design whereby each stage is of identical construction (except for length), and where the heat exchanger and expander are constructed as an integral unit. The expanders are of extremely simple floating piston construction that requires no seals or mechanical power transmission devices to extract power from the cold expander. Piston motion is controlled by electro-mechanically actuated "smart" valves that require no mechanical valve linkages or mechanical timing mechanisms. This further reduces system complexity, improves reliability, and eliminates thermal leakage paths. Expander power is dissipated in the warm end of the expander by throttling gas to and from the compressor suction and discharge, and a reservoir volume. The proposed cryocooler is intended for use by Very Long Wavelength Infrared (VLWIR) sensor technology which requires cooling at 10K. The need for improved cryocoolers is not limited to space missions or military uses. There is presently a sizable market for sub-10K cryocoolers for devices such as cryopumps and MRI magnets that can benefit from improved cryogenic cooling. The emerging field of superconducting cryo-electronics is expected to require tens of thousands of small sub-10K cryocoolers within the next decade. In particular, digital superconducting electronics, which promises ultra-fast signal processing and tera/peta-flop computing speeds, will require cooling at 4K. Thus, the development of an inexpensive, reliable, and efficient cryocooler will better meet the cryogenic cooling needs of several existing technologies, and should serve as an enabling technology for emerging cryo-electronics applications.

ATLAS SCIENTIFIC 1367 Camino Robles Way San Jose, CA 95120
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(408) 507-0906 Ali Kashani AF 02-041 Selected for Award
Title:	A Multi-Stage Hybrid 10 Kelvin Cooler
Abstract:	We propose to develop a multi-stage hybrid cooler capable of providing 1 W of cooling at 10 K. To achieve the most efficient and reliable hybrid cooler possible, we propose to combine a multi-stage, linear-drive pulse tube with a low-temperature reverse-Brayton stage. In this way we will take advantage of the strengths of each system, while minimizing their respective weaknesses. The system avoids the inherent losses associated with a regenerator at low temperature, as well as, the inefficiencies associated with the Joule-Thompson process, by incorporating a novel turbo-expander in the low temperature reverse-Brayton stage. The use of a low-vibration, linear, compressor for the pulse-tube stage provides a large pressure ratio allowing the size and expense of the recuperative heat exchanger to be minimized. These features result in a low-mass reverse-Brayton stage that can be fabricated reliably, at a reasonable cost, without sacrificing performance. The proposed hybrid cryocooler will achieve unprecedented efficiency below 10 K without resorting to high-unit-cost technologies such as super-critical shafts or extremely precise bearing clearances. The system will exhibit the high reliability and low vibration associated with pulse-tube and turbomachine-based reverse-Brayton systems. The result is a cryocooler that is ideally suited to cooling space-borne loads at or below 10 K. The proposed cooler can be employed in a wide variety of commercial applications such as: - Cryopumps for semiconductor manufacturing - Liquefaction of industrial gases - HTS filters for the communication industry - Superconducting magnets for MRI systems - Superconducting magnets for power generation and energy storage - SQUID magnetometers for heart and brain studies - Superconducting router - Radio astronomy - Laboratory environment

CREARE INC. P.O. Box 71 Hanover, NH 03755
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(603) 643-3800 Dr. Anthony J. Dietz AF 02-041 Selected for Award
Title:	Advanced Multistage Technology for 10-Kelvin Space-Borne Cryocoolers
Abstract:	Advanced space-borne infrared sensor technology requires cooling at temperatures near 10 K. Cooling loads for these detectors will range from 0.25 to 1.0 W. The satellites carrying these sensors also have additional cooling loads at different temperatures. A multistage cooler capable of cooling multiple loads will offer large potential gains in system efficiency and weight. Turbomachine-based, Brayton cryocoolers are ideal candidates for these missions because they are highly efficient, lightweight, vibration-free, adaptable to multiple stages, and have long, maintenance-free lifetimes. State-of-the-art technology exists for all the critical components except for a 10 K turboalternator. Creare proposes to develop an advanced, high efficiency turboalternator optimized for a multistage, multi-load application to be identified by the Air Force. The advanced turboalternator promises to enable a significant reduction in cryocooler input power and cooling system mass. In Phase I we will select an optimum multistage, multi-load cooling cycle based on analysis and trade studies. We will then design a turboalternator for these specific conditions. In Phase II we will fabricate the turboalternator and conduct a series of tests to demonstrate its performance and to address the specific technology challenges in a multistage multi-load cycle. The development of advanced low-temperature turboalternators will enable the development of high-efficiency, low-temperature cryocoolers. Multistage cryocoolers will offer substantial savings in power and weight. Military applications include space-based surveillance and missile-defense systems. Scientific applications include space-based infrared telescopes. Commercial applications include communication satellites, superconducting instruments, and hypercomputers.

EQUINOX INTERSCIENCE, INC. PO Box 518 Pinecliffe, CO 80471
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(303) 499-2399 Dr. Daniel R. Ladner AF 02-042 Selected for Award
Title:	Advanced Regenerator for Low Temperature Applications
Abstract:	The proposed project will develop an advanced low temperature regenerator to enable efficient 4K cooling for many military, scientific, and commercial needs not adequately met by current technology cryocoolers. Our unique approach meets the low vibration and stable temperature requirements of IR detectors and other applications, including space and airborne detectors, SC electronics and communications, medical magnetometry, and radio-astronomy. Our regenerator technology mitigates the problems associated with low frequency PT and GM regenerative coolers by enabling efficient higher frequency operation. The high frequency smoothes out the temperature fluctuations and vibration excursions inherent in the low frequency coolers while reducing their power requirements and operational costs. 4K regenerative coolers operate at low frequency because of void volume losses in their high porosity regenerators. Our new approach decreases porosity, allowing a 4K PTC to operate at 20 Hz instead of 1 Hz, resulting in a reduction in cold end displacement, improved temperature regulation, higher cooling efficiency, higher reliability, lower cost, and reduced cryocooler maintenance . IR imaging and spectroscopy, Ground-based IR Astronomy, Cryopumps, Magnetoencephalography, Magnetocardiography, Radioastronomy, Low Temperature Superconducting Electronics and Communication.

FLUID FLOW TECHNOLOGIES, L.L.C. 28112 Meadow Dr. Evergreen, CO 80439
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(303) 670-4964 Dr. Greg C. Glatzmaier AF 02-042 Selected for Award
Title:	Novel Orbital Compressor for Next Generation Cryocoolers
Abstract:	Refrigeration needs for space-based applications require cryocooling systems, which are compact, light-weight, energy efficient, and reliable. Overall system performance is highly dependent on the characteristics and performance of a key component, the compressor. The compressor and its mechanical power source are generally the most mechanically complex components of the refrigeration system. State-of-the-art gas compressors offer excellent performance for terrestrial applications where maintenance is not a critical issue but can lack the performance characteristics required for long-term, maintenance-free space applications. Fluid Flow Technologies, L.L.C. proposes to develop a compressor, which is completely novel in its design and operation, and demonstrate performance characteristics, which will meet the rigorous requirements for space-based cyrocooling applications. This design is based on a very simple mechanism, resulting in a compressor that is light-weight, compact, hermetically sealed, and extremely reliable. Another key feature, which is a benefit for space applications, is a design that is mechanically balanced, possessing no net angular or linear momentum, resulting in a quiet and vibration-free operation. The anticipated results from the Phase 1 work plan are the demonstration of the mechanical operation of a small-scale compressor prototype. These results will provide the basis for a full-scale design, which meets the Air Force's rigorous requirements for space-based cryocooling applications. The full-scale compressor is expected to be compact, light-weight, maintenance-free, with a life time greater than 10 years. Knowledge gained in Phase 1 will provide a design basis for variations of the Phase 1 design, which can be applied to compressor designs for terrestrial uses as well.

TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS, INC. 5445 Conestoga Court, #2A Boulder, CO 80301
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(303) 443-2262 Mr. Steve Nieczkoski AF 02-042 Selected for Award
Title:	Advanced Component Technology for Next Generation Cryocoolers
Abstract:	Present day cryogenic refrigeration technology lacks a major component: a long-life, oil-free, dc-flow circulating compressor. Technology Applications, Inc. in collaboration with Scroll Labs, proposes to address this shortcoming by developing an innovative oil-free scroll compressor with a potential operating lifetime in excess of ten years. The chief innovation is the "floating scroll" concept, which balances pressure and centrifugal forces acting on the scrolls, thereby minimizing forces on contacting scroll surfaces to essentially eliminate wear. This concept is presently under development for medical applications involving oxygen concentration. We propose to drive this technology toward long-life cryocooler applications for both space flight and ground-based systems. Numerous shortcomings of both Stirling and pulse tube cryocoolers using flexure bearing linear compressors can be overcome if a long-life, dc-flow circulating compressor is developed: thermodynamic efficiencies at low temperatures, remote and distributed cooling, and vibration isolation. The primary goal will be to extend operational lifetime to ten years without maintenance intervals by improving mechanisms, materials, fabrication methods, and upgrading the design with features not conducive to commercial cost constraints. Secondary goals include minimizing weight, input power, and induced vibrations such that this compressor can be used in the many applications with mission critical restrictions on these parameters. This unique oil-free compressor offers: long lifetime, high electrical and thermodynamic efficiency, contamination resistant operation, high-pressure ratios at moderate-to-high flow rates, variable flow capacity, and compact and light weight packaging. Developing this compressor can dramatically improve our nation's cooling and thermal management systems in the arena of surveillance, superconductivity, and electronics.

BECK ENGINEERING 3319 21st Ave NW Gig Harbor, WA 98335
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(253) 853-1703 Dr. Douglas S. Beck AF 02-043 Selected for Award
Title:	Advanced Multi-Temperature Load Cooler
Abstract: Abstract not available...

STIRLING TECHNOLOGY COMPANY 4208 West Clearwater Ave Kennewick, WA 99336
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(509) 735-4700 Dr. Songgang Qiu AF 02-043 Selected for Award
Title:	Advanced Multi-Stage Cryogenic Cooling Technology
Abstract:	Stirling Technology Company (STC) proposes to conceptually design a multi-stage cryocooler, capable of lifting up to 2 watts at 35 K with additional heat loads at higher temperatures and rejecting to an 300 K environment, that meets Air Force criteria for robustness and compact size. The compressor will be based on STC's existing high-production linear alternator/motor design. Bench testing of the linear alternator at the cooler drive frequency will also be conducted in Phase I. While cryocoolers with heat lifting capacities of over 2 watts at 35 K have already been developed, a low-maintenance, reliable and robust multistage cryocooler is required for use by the Air Force. STC has developed compact, light-weight cryocoolers based on existing linear compressor technology. The RemoteGenT family of engines and the BeCoolT family of cryocoolers have accumulated over 300,000 hours of operation collectively. A single Stirling engine has been in operation at STC for over 66,000 hours without maintenance or performance degradation. NASA has selected STC to provide Stirling engines for deep space and planetary missions. These missions require units with very high reliability and robustness. Testing has been conducted to determine the reliability and robustness of the space power generators, including operating the engine under launch load conditions. The proposed cryocooler will leverage as heavily as possible from the linear motor/alternator design of these engines to provide a very reliable, robust, compact, light-weight, low-maintenance pulse tube cryocooler.

TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS, INC. 5445 Conestoga Court, #2A Boulder, CO 80301
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(303) 443-2262 Dr. Robert Mohling AF 02-043 Selected for Award
Title:	Advanced Multi-stage Cryogenic Cooling Technology
Abstract:	Many advanced space-based reconnaissance systems critical to national security employ infrared detectors, optics, and thermal baffles that require multi-stage cooling. If cryocoolers such as Stirlings with single point cooling are used, then multiple coolers will be required that impose mass, power, volume, and reliability penalties; redundancy further increases these penalties. These penalties can be mitigated through the use of a single cryocooler with multiple cooling stages, thereby also reducing the number of compressors and electronic controllers. The objective of the Phase I study is to develop and demonstrate the feasibility of a Multi-Stage Brayton Cryocooler (MSBC) with simultaneous cooling capacities of 6 W at 85 K and 2 W at 35 K. The cryocooler system will be highly leveraged off components currently under development: a micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) based expander, an oil-free scroll compressor, and a high effectiveness counterflow heat exchanger. The MSBC's operational capabilities include significant integration advantages: the cooling fluid can be circulated over long distances providing isolation from cooler-induced interference, variable load capability, and a distributed cold-head that can accommodate large are focal pane assemblies (FPA). These features and capabilities will significantly reduce satellite power and heat rejection requirements, decrease overall weight, and greatly simplify cooling system integration. The features of this unique multi-stage cryocooler offer the capability of simultaneous cooling at multiple temperatures for multiple focal planes, optics, and baffling. Potential applications cooling systems for advanced surveillance and communications for the military, commercial communications, and NASA science programs.

FOSTER-MILLER, INC. 350 Second Ave. Waltham, MA 02451
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 684-4237 Mr. David Walker AF 02-044 Selected for Award
Title:	Development of a Micro-Pumped Cryogenic Two Phase Heat Transport System
Abstract:	Foster-Miller is proposing a simple solution to the problem of cooling satellite instrumentation to cryogenic temperature. The system is a micro-pumped, 2-phase heat transport loop that employs multiple MEMS-size micro-pumps to move a cryogenic fluid between an evaporator and a condenser. The system is simpler than either a cryogenic CPL or loop heat pipe and a liquid accumulator and a sintered capillary wick structure are not needed for operation, which greatly reduces both the system mass and fluid charge. The micro-pumped cryogenic heat transport loop is particularly adaptable for use across a 2-axis gimbal, since flexure can be provided by simply adding coils to the system tubing. The use of multiple MEMS micro-pumps provides redundancy and reliability to the system and can control temperature precisely at the electronic interface. The pump power required is very low, on the order of 7 mW, which does not add significantly to the heat load of the system. (P020195) The micro-pumped cryogenic heat transport loop is applicable to both government and commercial satellite applications. The system is seen as an enabling technology, since no satisfactory way to cool satellite electronics to cryogenic temperature are now available. Short-term potential applications exist for military satellites. Commercial applications will develop when the heat transport system becomes available.

K TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 500 Office Center Drive, Suite 250 Fort Washington, PA 19034
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(215) 628-8681 Mr. Mark J. Montesano AF 02-044 Selected for Award
Title:	High Performance Passive Flexible Cryogenic and Ambient Heat Transport Material (kTC P203)
Abstract:	Flexible cryogenic and ambient cooling is essential to meet emerging requirements for advanced systems and is enabling technology for increasingly compact / higher density Air Force and Department of Defense infrared sensing payloads. k Technology Corporation (kTC) proposes a general technology development that permits the design of a high performance passive flexible cryogenic and ambient heat transport material. The conductivity of the proposed material system will exceed 1000 W/mK at all temperatures between 5 and 300K. In addition, the proposed technology development will allow the material system to be tailored and optimized for any temperature in this range at greater conductivity values. This proposed effort will develop a material system that can be specifically designed to satisfy Air Force requirements. The encapsulated APG foils to be demonstrated under this program would have applications in the commercial satellite market, as well as the obvious military and NASA uses. Key potential post application relies heavily on the successful verification and certification of the proposed materials' performance. With increasing acceptance, encapsulated APG will be attractive to automotive and power supply manufacturers. Enabling technologies will allow the increase of production and the realization of the economies of scale.

ISOSTATIC TECHNOLOGIES, LLC 23555 Euclid Avenue Euclid, OH 44117
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(216) 692-5400 Dr. James M.Marder AF 02-045 Selected for Award
Title:	Large Focal Plane Array Cryogenic Integration Technology
Abstract:	The objective of this Phase I SBIR proposal is to demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing high-pressure helium contained within a dual-volume system as the basis for future 10 K cryogenic thermal storage units (CTSUs). The motivation for developing 10 K CTSU technology stems from the high specific input power needed for 10 K cryocoolers (~1000 W/W) in concert with: (a) anticipated heat loads (~1.5 W) of large infrared focal plane arrays operating at 10 K; and (b) a need that the focal plane arrays remain isothermal for optimum performance. To reduce input power from 1.5 kW (or more) to more manageable levels of several hundred watts, large focal plane arrays will need to be duty-cycled. To enable duty-cycling without incurring performance-degrading variations in focal plane temperature, CTSUs operating at (or slightly less than) 10 K are a practical necessity. The ultimate objective for this SBIR program is to develop, demonstrate, and commercialize 10 K CTSU technology. In Phase I, we will develop potential concepts and evaluate concept feasibility. In Phase II, we will design, manufacture, and test a subscale, weight/volume optimized, proof-of-concept breadboard test unit. In Phase III, we will transition the technology into government and/or commercial use. The main contribution of the 10 K CTSU to the DoD is that future missions with 10 K detectors may not be feasible from system power standpoint and/or cooler availability standpoint unless the detectors are duty-cycled. The only way to duty-cycle detectors without incurring a degradingly large variation in sensor temperature is to utilize a 10 K CTSU. Thus, a 10 K CTSU is an enabling technology, a power saving technology, and a performance enhancing technology that will be a critical facet of future 10 K imaging systems. One additional benefit of an ultra-high pressure He 10 K CTSU is that if the sensor operating temperature is a few degrees less than or greater than 10 K, the sensible heat device will still function as intended, whereas a latent heat based CTSU would not.

AVYD DEVICES, INC. 2925 College Avenue, Unit A-1 COSTA MESA, CA 92626
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(714) 751-8553 Dr. HONNAVALLI R VYDYANATH AF 02-046 Selected for Award
Title:	Development of High performance, low noise VLWIR HgCdTe photodiodes
Abstract:	Phase I effort will focus on demonstration of the feasibility of our approach to reduce detector noise via improvement of carrier lifetime and suppression of tunneling related dark currents. Phase I objective includes demonstration of VLWIR HgCdTe films with much improved carrier lifetime and reducd absorber layer carrier concentration. In Phase II, we plan to demonstrate VLWIR detector arrays with detectivity performance superior to the current state of the art. Military applications include improved serveillence and threat warning capabilities. Commercial applications include industrial and auto emission monitoring, tumor detection, environmental monitoring etc.

SMART PIXEL INC 590 Territorial Drive, Suite B Bolingbrook, IL 60440
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(630) 771-0206 Dr. Tae Seok Lee AF 02-046 Selected for Award
Title:	High-Performance HgCdTe VLWIR Photovoltaic Detectors
Abstract:	We propose a new generation of non-equilibrium superlattice, high efficiency VLWIR(14 um and longer) detectors that operate in the 40-77K temperature range. The objectives will be achieved by combining the advantages of the molecular beam epitaxy(MBE) crystal growth technique, an innovative non-equilibrium device architecture, and a superlattice structure to control the absorption cut-off wavelength more precisely. For improved space surveillance and threat warning capabilities, where the ability to detect faint objects at great distances is absolutely necessary, a breakthrough sensor technology such as that proposed here is critical. The proposed detectors are anticipated to have enormous potential not only in military, but also in commercial applications including industrial and auto-emission monitoring, tumor detection, environmental monitoring, and fire detection etc.

NEURAL COMPUTING SYSTEMS, LLC 2081 Business Center Drive, Suite 206 Irvine, CA 92612
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(949) 475-1840 Dr. Bradley Denney AF 02-048 Selected for Award
Title:	Advanced Algorithms for Exploitation of Space-Based Imagery
Abstract:	This SBIR will examine the use of hyperspectral mixture models that may be used to create shadow invariant images for material matching and hidden target detection and tracking. This proposal introduces an "Illumination-based Linear Unmixing Procedure" (ILUMP). ILUMP assumes that every image is illuminated by two spectrally different illumination sources and that at each pixel the illumination source may be partly occluded. This is typically the case in outdoor daytime scenes where there is both sunlight and skylight illumination. The ILUMP formulation requires more sophisticated and computationally expensive model estimation. But this more precise model helps improve the results of applications such as shadow removal and material matching. The proposed contract would further the development of this model by developing model parameter estimation methods and applications of the proposed technologies. The proposed technologies are applicable to remote sensing applications for environmental applications, geological applications, and defense applications. Additionally the techniques may be transferable to color image processing for photo labs, digital cameras, and film studio production and processing.

SPECTRAL SCIENCES, INC. 99 South Bedford Street, Suite 7 Burlington, MA 01803
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 273-4770 Dr. Robert Sundberg AF 02-048 Selected for Award
Title:	The Adaptive Spectral and Abundance Processing (ASAP) Algorithm
Abstract:	This proposal addresses the urgent need for near real-time algorithms for detection, identification and tracking of objects in highly structured environments. Spectral Sciences, Inc. (SSI) proposes to develop an innovative new algorithm for improved clutter mitigation and target detection for Hyperspectral Imaging (HSI) sensors called the Adaptive Spectral and Abundance Processing (ASAP) algorithm. ASAP will include fused spatial-spectral processing of endmember abundance images and spectra obtained from a new real-time adaptive unmixing algorithm. The approach is based on the proven technology found in the Sequential Maximum Angle Convex Cone (SMACC) algorithm that simultaneously determines spectral endmembers, representing the most `pure' material spectra in the scene, and abundance images for each endmember. In Phase I, SSI will define and demonstrate an adaptive version of the SMACC algorithm that is capable of processing a continuous stream of HSI data and is suitable for Phase II real-time implementation. Phase I also includes the definition, development and demonstration of fused spatial-spectral detection algorithms that will exploit the spatial information contained in the endmember abundance images and the spectral information contained in the endmember spectra. The processing chain will be demonstrated and evaluated with synthetic and measured HSI data. The development of ASAP will provide a needed real-time target detection, identification and characterization tool for HSI sensors looking at objects in highly structured environments. The proposed technique has relevance to any of the myriad applications of HSI sensors being implemented around the world, including scientific observation, agribusiness, precision mining, urban planning and military surveillance.

SPECTRAL SCIENCES, INC. 99 South Bedford Street, #7 Burlington, MA 01803
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 273-4770 Dr. Robert Y. Levine AF 02-048 Selected for Award
Title:	HSI and MSI Atmospheric Correction Using Neural Networks
Abstract:	Developing real-time, unsupervised, on-board data processing algorithms for emerging remote sensing technologies is a key step towards overcoming bottlenecks in both ground-based processing and transmission capability to a ground receiving station. An important initial processing step is the application of an atmospheric correction algorithm (ACA), in which the effects of the intervening atmosphere are removed from hyperspectral and multispectral images (HSI and MSI). Spectral Sciences, Inc. proposes to develop a novel Neural Network (NN) based ACA for HSI and MSI sensors that can be embedded in an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) to perform autonomous, real-time, and on-board atmospheric correction. While sophisticated, non-real time ground-based ACA's have been developed, their representation in terms of a NN has yet to be demonstrated. Significantly, the NN approach may exceed their performance, particularly for the difficult problem of aerosol characterization (visibility and type over various surfaces). The objectives of Phase I are to demonstrate that NN's can accurately perform the ACA functions, which are atmospheric parameter retrieval and spectral reflectance calculation. In Phase II, the NN algorithms will be implemented in a complete, fully automated software package, in preparation for Phase III transitioning onto ASIC or FPGA hardware. Applications include surface terrain mapping and reflectance characterization, oceanography and marine biology, forestry, precision agriculture, mineral prospecting, environmental monitoring including monitoring of pollutants, and a variety of military applications such as surveillance, intrusion detection, and technical intelligence. Installations are envisioned on satellites, aircraft, and ground-based HSI and MSI platforms, and at ground stations for off-line processing.

SCHAFER CORPORATION 321 Billerica Road Chelmsford, MA 01824
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(505) 242-9992 Mr. Edward Nielsen AF 02-050 Selected for Award
Title:	Small Launch Vehicle Concept
Abstract:	Miniaturization technology has enabled small satellites in the 100 to 1,000-lb weight range. The ability to produce these satellites has outpaced the ability of military and commercial sector to cheaply launch them into space. Current spacelift is expensive; e.g., it costs roughly $15M to launch a 1,000-lb satellite to Low Earth Orbit, or $15,000 per lb of spacecraft weight. Small satellite potential is hindered by the lack of affordable and reliable spacelift. The market for affordable small launch vehicles is characterized by the classic "chicken and egg" problem. Space users are reluctant to address mission needs with small satellites because launch cost dominates the price of their architectures. Launch vehicle providers are reluctant to focus on developing small low-cost launch systems due to a fear that the customer base will not support the development cost. A Small Launch Vehicle (SLV) using innovative propulsion and structural technologies is proposed to meet this need. A number of innovations are proposed in the propulsion system which minimize technical risk in the development phase and therefore. Successful demonstration of technologies offered in this proposal through the Phase II will ensure mitigation of highest risk element in the recurring cost of SLV. An important consideration for a SLV is economics. A successful business strategy requires a balance between acceptable investor return on investment and a launch price that is competitive. For an SLV, initial investment and operational flight rate are closely coupled to reach business closure. With low transmitting power and small apertures, small-sats are designed to operate in low earth orbit. Large constellations are required to provide full earth coverage at these low orbiting altitudes. An SLV makes economic sense to launch these large constellations with launch costs that are a fraction of existing expendable launch vehicles on a per-pound basis. Besides the military utility of a low cost SLV for small tactical satellites, the commercial sector is fast approaching the technology basis for routine deployment of small-sats. This proposal offers an innovative solution to enable small-sat launch.

STARCRAFT BOOSTERS, INC. 3106 Beauchamp Street Houston, TX 77009
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(757) 930-4966 Dr. Ted Talay AF 02-050 Selected for Award
Title:	Reusable Booster Technology for Small Launch Vehicles
Abstract:	This proposal addresses AF02-050 ?Small Launch Vehicle Technology?. A need exists for a Small Launch Vehicle (SLV) for deployment of tactical and commercial satellites singly or in satellite constellations and architectures. The SLV must be highly responsive in providing for rapid deployments of these payloads at greatly reduced launch costs. Increased reliability, reusability, and operations efficiency can fulfill these requirements. The objective of this proposal is the conceptual design of the smallest suborbital, reusable, rocket-powered booster demonstrator that provides configuration and technology traceability to and risk mitigation for a future SLV. The primary propulsion will be a Reusable Propulsion Module (RPM) powered by engines now completing development. The booster will provide a laboratory for tests of new launch vehicle technologies and operational approaches and demonstrate improvements in reliability through inspection and reuse. To this end, it is proposed to determine the most critical technologies for the SLV to be tested by the demonstrator and to provide for a mitigation plan for retiring any associated risks during Phase II and Phase III activities. The development and flight test of such a demonstrator will provide a high level of confidence of achieving cost, reliability and response goals for the later, operational SLV. Demonstration of the technologies and operational approaches studied in Phase I research and as products of the full SBIR process will be applicable to a broad range of future launch vehicles. By demonstrating launch cost reductions, increased reliability, and rapid response capabilities, the subscale flight demonstrator will provide important calibration and validation information for cost and operations models. This research will also reduce the risk in high payoff technologies that have the greatest impacts on the cost, reliability, and response goals for an Small Launch Vehicle. Commercialization of these technologies will have a high payoff for companies that utilize them in both existing and future launch vehicles for USAF Space Control, NASA ISS Servicing, and various commercial space launch missions in the one to two metric ton class. Other potential applications include the acceleration of sounding rockets, target systems, and scramjet vehicles to high velocity. This Phase I research builds upon over six years of privately supported work on the StarBooster architecture approach. Starcraft Boosters, Inc. will seek to partner in Phase II and Phase III with several major aerospace commercial companies to move forward with this demonstration and commercialization effort.

SPACEDEV 13855 Stowe Drive Poway, CA 92064
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(858) 375-2042 Mr. Jeffrey Janicik AF 02-051 Selected for Award
Title:	Small Shuttle-Compatible Propulsion Module
Abstract:	NASA and the Air Force have established a need for smaller payloads launched on the Shuttle Hitchhiker Experiment Launch System (SHELS) to achieve longer missions and/or more useful orbits by use of a propulsion module (PM). For Phase I, SpaceDev will improve on and demonstrate the practicality of the Maneuvering and Transfer Vehicle (MTV) when deployed from SHELS. The MTV is a scalable, affordable and modular design that utilizes safe, storable propellants (nitrous oxide and Plexiglas). The primary difficulty in implementing a PM for SHELS is the stringent safety requirements of the Space Transportation System (STS). SpaceDev proposes to perform a thorough investigation of the SHELS/STS safety requirements combined with a careful design optimization process that emphasizes safety, cost, and performance. SpaceDev will show that an Advanced MTV can serve as a PM and host spacecraft bus that will maximize the available volume and mass for potential SHELS experiments/instruments. In addition, SpaceDev will design a catalyst bed for multiple MTV restarts and select new fuel core compositions to increase performance and potentially reduce vehicle mass and volume. SpaceDev intends to apply these findings to a Small Launch Vehicle (SLV) conceptual design in the event SHELS launches are not readily available. Many payloads get dropped off in an undesirable orbit due to current launch vehicle cost constraints. A recent California-funded SpaceDev study shows almost 700 planned or existing small satellites that need secondary launches. The fact is there are numerous potential customers who could benefit from the capabilities of an MTV. It is safe and affordable and it can be scaled to provide the desired performance. Furthermore, an MTV with SpaceDev's advanced spacecraft bus subsystems can perform on-demand orbit transfer, rendezvous with orbiting objects, and maneuvering for inspection and docking. These mission capabilities could be considered in great demand especially with the recent trend of high failure rates in commercial communication satellites.

ATA ENGINEERING, INC 11995 El Camino Real, Suite 200 San Diego, CA 91230
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(858) 792-3985 Dr. Gareth Thomas AF 02-052 Selected for Award
Title:	Payload Adapter for Satellite Missions Launched using ICBM-derived Launch Vehicles
Abstract:	The proposed program addresses the development of a lightweight payload adapter able to accommodate a wide range of satellite geometries. Although several concepts will be evaluated before one is selected, the proposal describes a preliminary concept that achieves this objective. This candidate solution consists of a graphite epoxy/honeycomb core laminate formed into an essentially flat plate which provides the most versatile mounting surface for any combination of primary and secondary payloads. The only feature that varies from one launch configuration to the next is the placement of titanium inserts for the payload mounts. An integral low-bending-stiffness outer band provides the capability to tune the modal frequencies of the system to achieve a high level of payload vibration isolation. This innovation reduces cost and part count and greatly facilitates the manufacturing process while meeting challenging structural requirements without resorting to unproven and difficult-to-obtain materials. The preliminary design includes an optional feature that allows for the use of constrained layer damping to reduce vibration levels during sine-sweep testing. Small-scale specimen modal testing to confirm the feasibility of this approach to increase structural damping is included in the Phase I scope of work. The payload adapter researched in Phase I and developed in Phase II will potentially be flown on future missions by the contracting companies. The adapter will be initially designed for a specific launch vehicle, but the technology will be easily adaptable to other launch vehicles. Launch vehicle providers will save money from not having to design a new adapter for each mission. Launch services users such as the Air Force will save launch costs since custom adapter development will be reduced. Additional cost will be saved through increased payload capacity through the reduced adapter weight.

CSA ENGINEERING, INC. 2565 Leghorn Street Mountain View, CA 94043
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(650) 210-9000 Mr. Joseph R. Maly AF 02-052 Selected for Award
Title:	Payload Adapter for Satellite Missions Launched using ICBM-derived Launch Vehicles
Abstract:	Deactivated ICBMs are a logical means of putting payloads into space, but missile systems are not designed for satellite launches, and payload accommodations on deactivated missiles are inadequate for standard payloads. Furthermore, the vibration and acoustic environments during launch of an ICBM are much more severe than the environments seen on a rocket developed specifically for satellites. The need for new, low-cost launch vehicles combined with the availability of these deactivated ICBMs drive a need to develop a payload adapter to manifest multiple satellites on these new vehicles. CSA Engineering sees this as a unique opportunity to develop a modular, composite payload-adapter system with integrated vibration and acoustic suppression capability. The focus of our concept will be to develop an approach in which a minimal set of components can be interchanged to accommodate multiple payloads on one or more launch vehicles. Vibration damping and whole-spacecraft payload isolation have become proven technologies for reducing the dynamics environment during launch. This SBIR will develop new technology by integrating both types of vibration suppression into a low-cost composite payload adapter. One obvious market is the large number of small satellites to be launched over the next several years by all branches of the DoD. These satellites could be launched on a variety of launch vehicles on which this new adapter could be used, including the Peacekeeper launch vehicle, the OSP/Minotaur space launch vehicle, Taurus, Pegasus, and others. The commercial satellite market also has a need for this new adapter. This profit-driven market is continually striving to increase margins and one way to do that is to sell excess capacity on launchers. And the added benefit of vibration isolation of the satellites and the reduced acoustics will make this an attractive option to customers.

SOMMER MATERIALS RESEARCH 640 North Main Suite G North Salt Lake, UT 84054
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(801) 631-5500 Dr. Jared L. Sommer AF 02-054 Selected for Award
Title:	Low-Cost Enamel Coatings on Stainless Steel Foil for Thin Film Photovoltaics
Abstract:	High-efficiency photovoltaic cells fabricated from copper-indium-gallium-diselenide (CIGS) technology are important for the generation of low-cost electrical energy. Greater cost benefits could be realized if photovoltaic films could be fabricated on flexible metal foils using a roll-to-roll manufacturing process. A thin insulative layer is required to separate the CIGS film from the metal foil. This insulative coating should exhibit excellent adhesion to the metal substrate and be compatible with the CIGS and metal substrate layer, both thermophysically and chemically. An inexpensive method of applying this coating over large areas without surface defects is also needed. Sommer Materials Research (SMR) proposes to apply thin pinhole-free enamel coatings to stainless steel foil for CIGS solar cells. Air spraying and electrophoretic deposition will be used to obtain thin uniform coatings. The enamel coatings will exhibit excellent flexibility and be compatible with CIGS processing conditions. The electrically insulative coating will also show high bond strength, a high use temperature, and a compatible thermal expansion coefficient to the CIGS layer and metal foil. Thin enamel coatings on metals have a proven track record commercially and may be the key for producing inexpensive high-efficiency solar cells for military, aerospace, and commercial use. The enameled foils will exhibit high flexibility and compatibility, allowing roll-to-roll fabrication of inexpensive solar arrays. The thin coatings will be uniformly deposited on both sides of the foil without defects. These photovoltaic cells can be used in a wide variety of applications, such as roof and building facades, power sources for consumer goods, and solar modules for space satellites.

TRITON SYSTEMS, INC. 200 TURNPIKE ROAD Chelmsford, MA 01824
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(978) 250-4200 Dr. Somesh Mukherjee AF 02-054 Selected for Award
Title:	A Novel Insulating Thin Film for High Efficiency Photovoltaics Utilizing Metallic Substrates
Abstract:	Triton proposes to develop unique insulating layers for a molybdenum and stainless steel film substrates to produce a thin film copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) photovoltaic (PV) cell. The high efficiency and excellent stability of CIGS thin film solar cells will provide for a cost effective solar electricity generation system. Since CIGS deposition requires relatively high processing temperature (600øC), the device fabrication must take place on substrates such as stainless steel or Molybdenum foil. This precludes monolithic device integration such as series connection of solar cells and incorporation of bypass and blocking diodes. These later processes are analogous to crystalline solar cell panel and array fabrication and accepted industry practice, because the device is produced on a conductive substrate and simple etching procedures can not expose an insulating or conductive layer to isolate or interconnect cells with relative ease. The key to implementing monolithic processes is incorporation of an insulating layer between the active cell and the substrate. The proposed program directly addresses this need. During Phase I, Triton will demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed insulating materials for CIGS deposition CIGS solar cells can be used for space applications because of their tolerance to high energy irradiation. They can also be used in remote areas for power generation and in power crisis situations as evidenced recently California.

PRINCETON SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS, INC. 7 Deer Park Drive, Monmouth Junction, NJ 08852
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(732) 274-0774 Mr. John L Lowrance AF 02-055 Selected for Award
Title:	Star Trackers Based Upon Advanced Sensor Technologies
Abstract:	Modern star trackers are based primarily upon Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) image sensors. CCDs are sensitive to the space radiation environment and can degrade rapidly under the influence of energetic charged particles and x-ray and gamma-ray photons. Recently, new types of image sensors have been developed that show promise of being more radiation-tolerant than CCDs. These Active Pixel Sensors (APS) are based on complimentary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) processing can also include on-chip analog-to-digital converters, on-chip correlated double sampling, and addressability of individual pixels. A back-illuminated CMOS imager can combine the advantages of CMOS arrays with the sensitivity and uniformity advantages of the highest quality CCD arrays. This Phase I study will address the development of a back illuminated CMOS array for star tracker and other high performance applications, ending with the conceptual design for a back-illuminated CMOS array. In Phase II the design will be completed, fabricated and evaluated. The anticipated benefit of Phase I is a star tracker conceptual design that affords greater radiation tolerance and lower cost without sacrificing performance. The prospect of reduced cost and improved radiation tolerance will make the proposed CMOS based star tracker attractive to DOD, NASA and commercial spacecraft manufacturers. There may be a broader market for star trackers as a backup for GPS navigation systems which can be disabled by jamming. This is a more cost conscious market where a CMOS focal plane incorporating the A/D converter and other circuits on the chip can lead to significant cost savings.

ITN ENERGY SYSTEMS, INC. 8130 Shaffer Pkwy Littleton, CO 80127
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(303) 285-5149 Dr. Lin Simpson AF 02-057 Selected for Award
Title:	Antenna Arrays for Spectroscopic Division of Wavefront Focal-Plane Imaging Polarimetry
Abstract:	This SBIR Phase I project will develop an enabling technology that performs Spectroscopic Division of Wavefront Polarimetry using Antenna Arrays in an imaging focal-plane configuration. ITN will combine groups of four carefully designed antennas to form a single pixel that completely determines the polarization state of light. The high frequency energy collected by each antenna will be converted to a usable signal with integrated rectifiers (diodes, bolometers, etc.). Since frequency collection is simply a geometric/engineering issue for antennas, ITN will be able to combine antennas in a focal-plane array to detect a broad spectrum of wavelengths with resolution and band-widths engineered to the specific requirements of the application. ITN has the advanced e-beam lithographic processing available in-house to perform the challenging research and development needed to design, build, and test the small antennas/rectifiers that scale with the wavelength of the light for optimum collection efficiency. Furthermore, ITN has substantial polarimetry expertise including patented technology with unique calibration capabilities. While the processing and goals of this program will be challenging, development of a high-resolution focal-plane array that simultaneously measures the full polarization state of light at multiple (perhaps hundreds or thousands) wavelengths will revolutionize the IR and visible imaging detector industry. An uncooled focal-plane imaging array polarimeter that simultaneously measures the full polarization state of light at multiple wavelengths by itself is extremely unique. However, the unique capabilities combined with relatively low material cost, compared to present IR detectors, and no moving parts is truly an enabling technology that will revolutionize the IR and visible imaging detector industry; providing a market pull for applications ranging from phenomenological polarimetry research and development, in/on-line material characterization, to surveillance with unmatched recognition and tracking abilities. Commercially, surveillance is a growing multi-billion dollar industry. However, development of the unique capabilities of an inexpensive multiple wavelength imaging polarimeter will be truly enabling; not only capturing present market share with superior technology, but also expanding commercial and military markets to applications that had previously been limited by technology and cost.

PLANNING SYSTEMS INC. 12030 Sunrise Valley Dr, Suite 400, Reston Plaza I Reston, VA 20191
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(228) 689-8458 Dr. Walton McBride AF 02-057 Selected for Award
Title:	Simulation of Round-the-Clock Polarization-based Target Discrimination by an Airborne Sensor from .4 to 14 microns
Abstract:	In response to this Phase I topic, Planning Systems Incorporated (PSI) proposes the development of physics-based algorithms to characterize the effects of the environment on polarization-based imagery collected by an airborne platform over a 24-hour period anywhere in the world, and the development of interactive simulation tools to test these algorithms. A backwards raytrace technique, capable of creating photorealistic simulations, will be used to model the polarized spectral imagery recorded by a simulated array of "mini-sensors" in the imaging plane. The polarized skylight distribution incident on the scene and imager will be modeled using a state-of-the-art Monte Carlo technique developed by Texas A&M University. PSI will leverage proprietary algorithms that simulate the effect of important environmental phenomena such as forward scattering and turbulence, which were previously developed for use with unpolarized imagery. PSI will also apply previously developed techniques that create a surface topology with user-selected spatial correlation statistics. By simulating the approach of an airborne imager from any angle at any time of day, developed algorithms will be directly useful in determining military approach scenarios for optimal target detection/discrimination. Direct follow-on commercial applications include improved airborne monitoring of agricultural/forestry crops and enhanced airborne identification of illicit crops. The proposed effort will provide the tools necessary to help determine the benefits to the military of using polarization in target detection/discrimination missions. These results will be directly applicable to other efforts to discriminate targets from an airborne platform; this includes crop health assessment and the ability to remotely detect illicit crops among legal crops/natural vegetation.

THE SCATTER WORKS, INC. 17 Wagon Wheel Rd. North Attleboro, MA 02760
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(508) 695-3164 Dr. John C. Stover AF 02-057 Selected for Award
Title:	Polarization Phenomenology Modeling and Simulation
Abstract:	The proposed work suggests a method of analyzing multiple images of the same surveillance scene in order to enhance identification of ground-based objects. The multiple images, which must be obtained using different measurement parameters (polarization, wavelength, relative position, etc.), are compared to a data base generated from scattering models of different objects (and materials) of common ground based objects. A unique method of comparison is employed that allows a computer to generate identification results and related probability of success. The object is to prove the comparison technique for the situation of scattered sunlight; however, once proven, it can be applied to other input data sets, such as, IR emission. Generating the scattering database is a significant portion of the work. Optimizing the choice of parameters to be compared is a key element of the project. In addition to using modeled scatter data for numerical experiments; a set of samples will be measured to obtain their scattering characteristics. This data will be analyzed in a similar way to demonstrate feasibility. If successful the project will demonstrate a technique that can be used to enhance information gathered from surveillance photos. The fact that the comparison technique depends on models to create a comparison data means that the required data base information can be generated in a manner that is very cost effective compared to actually taking data. If successful for use with visible scattered light, then a similar comparison technique can be developed for other forms of surveillance, such as mid-IR emission or even illumination of the scene by radio wave to micro-wave frequencies.

SCION ASSOCIATES 439 Fillmore Street Port Townsend, WA 98368
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(360) 379-4681 Mr. Robert C. Livingston AF 02-058 Selected for Award
Title:	Geophysical Interpretation of Digital Ionosonde Signatures
Abstract:	The high-frequency ionosonde is a familiar instrument in radio science and an essential asset for operational propagation prediction. However, the capability of the typical ionosonde is under-utilized: it provides a vast amount of information about the ionosphere and its dynamics, extending from short- through very large spatial scales, but little advantage is taken of these data. We propose a merger of software and hardware that can significantly expand the capabilities of the ionosonde as a scientific and operational support instrument. A complex echo recognition approach to data processing has been proven by many years of HF radar science using the NOAA Dynasonde. The technique utilizes the full complex signal returns, resulting in ionogram data of outstanding resolution and precision. In trade for this enhanced function, the processing algorithms place stringent requirements on receiver hardware phase performance. We outline the software tasks necessary to adapt the approach to real-time operation in a generalized, network-based user interface. The hardware effort will specify the receiver performance necessary to meet data processing requirements, considering existing and new receiver designs, with an emphasis on the digital detection portion of the system. The proposed approach provides a cost effective means to obtain significant performance improvement from an asset that is essential to operational DoD systems and to radio science research.

SPACE ENVIRONMENT CORPORATION 399 North Main, Suite 325 Logan, UT 84321
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(435) 752-6567 Dr. J. Vincent Eccles AF 02-058 Selected for Award
Title:	Geophysical Interpretation of Digital Ionosonde Signatures
Abstract:	The ionosonde is an important ionospheric monitor for determining ionospheric parameters useful in nav/com technologies as well as assimilative space weather models. Unfortunately, existing analysis software requires human assistance to obtain quality parameters suitable for assimilation. Even when expertly reduced, many parameters required by assimilation models, such as error estimates, are not provided. Therefore, existing ionosonde datastreams are not utilized in space weather operations, assimilation models, or other applications. We propose to define and test software technology to overcome the continued neglect of valuable ionosonde networks. First, we will produce a detailed report of the necessary parameters and information required by assimilation models from ionosondes to advance the relevancy of ionosondes. The proposed software package will use innovative ionogram analysis methods including (1) algorithms to remove RF artifacts not associated with the ionosphere, (2) time-series analysis of ionograms, (3) physics-based, expert determination of the ionogram trace, (4) expanded output resulting from the advanced analysis including traditional ionogram characteristics, ionosphere parameters, ionosphere drivers, and, importantly, associated errors and variation characteristics of output parameters. The package will possess adaptable data input capability to allow for broad use. Key technologies to be developed under this proposed effort are aimed at making existing ionosonde networks immediately valuable to the space weather community. The Air Force has ionosonde networks and would be an immediate market for the techology. However, users of other ionosondes and legacy ionosonde databases would be able to use the package. Additional application possibilities will be available as low-power ionosondes become more attractive for use in RF sensitive environments.

SRS TECHNOLOGIES 1800 Quail Street, Suite 101, P.O. Box 9219 Newport Beach, CA 92660
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(256) 971-7031 Mr. Brian Patrick AF 02-059 Selected for Award
Title:	Active Controlled Membrane Mirrors with Shape Memory
Abstract:	The increasing demand for large aperture imaging and High Energy Laser (HEL) space-based systems has led to a technology push for light-weight, deployable primary mirrors. The use of a thin, space-rated, polymer membrane material as a primary mirror is a possible solution for this problem. SRS has developed processes to produce membranes with a very precise optical quality surface with very low areal density. Incorporation of Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) into an optical quality membrane will then provide the required energy necessary for deployment after launch. Using this process a precision optical shape can be formed using an SMA/Membrane material then a thermal step allows for efficient packaging. Another thermal step then lets the material recover its initial shape. The use of a non-contact magnetic actuation system would then allow for final shape optimization. Under this effort feasibility demonstrations will be conducted on a membrane/SMA composite for use as a deployable mirror, and a non-contact magnetic actuator system. The successful demonstration of the proposed concept of a Polymer Membrane/Shape Memory Alloy material to perform as a deployable primary mirror will provide an immediate impact on many current and future USAF, NASA, and other DoD space-based large aperture imaging or High Energy Laser (HEL) applications. Many require multi-meter apertures capable of being deployed after launch. The development of this technology along with a feasibility demonstration of a non-contact magnetic actuation system would enable such designs to become a reality and also open the door for commercial parties that are interested in the use of very large aperture mirrors.

AEC-ABLE ENGINEERING CO. INC. 7200 Hollister Ave. Goleta, CA 93117
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(805) 690-2439 Mr. David Murphy AF 02-060 Selected for Award
Title:	Long-Stroke Isolation System for Large Flexible Space Structures
Abstract:	The proposed SBIR Phase 1 program will conceptually develop a lightweight long stroke isolation system for large flexible space structures, and ready this technology for a follow-on SBIR Phase 2 hardware validation program. The isolation system technology to be developed will provide mechanical/electrical connection and dynamic isolation between large steerable deployable appendage and spacecraft, respectively. The proposed Phase 1 program will establish isolation system concept feasibility through design and analytical modeling, and trade study/evaluation activities. Concept feasibility will be determined by quantitatively and/or qualitatively assessing isolation characteristics, agility characteristics, safe mode operation, power/data transfer, weight, cost, complexity, reliability, packaging, deployment, and survivability. The proposed Phase 1 program will be executed through a team approach, working concurrently with the AFRL and other subsystem technology partners. The potential benefits and commercial value of isolation systems could be enormous, as this technology is mission enabling for future missions. Future spacecraft trends for both the DoD and commercial markets are focusing on larger and larger deployed solar array, antenna, and other mechanical systems in an effort to increase mission capability. These large deployable systems will require an isolation system that provides long stroke frictionless motion and isolation of flexible dynamics to completely fulfill mission requirements. A feasible isolation system is mission enabling for many future applications, and as such will capture significant commercial value.

HONEYBEE ROBOTICS 204 Elizabeth Street New York, NY 10012
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(212) 966-0661 Mr. Kiel Davis AF 02-060 Selected for Award
Title:	Long-Stroke Isolation System for Large Flexible Space Structures
Abstract:	The objective of this proposal is to establish the feasibility of a lightweight, articulated boom concept capable of providing a mechanical connection between two spacecraft while maintaining a high-degree of dynamic isolation. During a previous study, the functional tasks of the boom system were defined and preliminary performance requirements for subsystems were derived. Basic boom system principles were reported and a technology concept was formulated. This proposal seeks to further characterize the boom system feasibility through analytical and experimental investigation of critical functions. Specifically, the proposed research will focus on the design and performance of the boom's robotic joints. The system's kinematic configuration will be validated through analysis of workspace, packaging and deployment requirements. The robotic joint design concept will be validated through thorough analysis of joint performance models and simulations that assume the use of existing, commercially available components and technologies. Robotic joint technical challenges will be identified and a program plan will be formulated that includes an implementation and development strategy for any new technologies. Designs and test plans for critical-function breadboards will be developed. One breadboard will be built and tested. While the Honeybee Robotics work to date has been largely project-based, the company is eager to expand its business in the area of recurring sales and product lines. The proposed application has a large potential in the commercial satellite industry and Honeybee Robotics believes that it is well placed, with the development assistance of the SBIR program, to make the innovation commercially available if successful.

CHARLES RIVER ANALYTICS INC. 625 Mount Auburn Street Cambridge, MA 02138
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(617) 491-3474 Dr. Mark L. Hanson AF 02-062 Selected for Award
Title:	Multi Agent-based Satellite System for Information Fusion (MASSIF)
Abstract:	Recent military operations illustrate the importance of information dominance and the subsidiary need to provide enhanced battlespace awareness to the warfighter. The emergence of space-based assets offers an unprecedented opportunity to enhance battlespace awareness. Because space-based assets are inherently distributed and are becoming even more so due to satellite clusters, achieving information dominance requires fusing large amounts of information between sensors and vehicles based on intelligence requirements. For satellite clusters, this implies that cluster management (e.g. formation planning, payload management, etc.) needs to be more closely coupled with information fusion. In cluster operations, traditional research has focused on formation control algorithms. Here, we focus on information fusion with respect to: 1) assessing the battlespace situation with respect to overall mission requirements; 2) determining the information needs based on high-level user-generated requirements; and 3) translating the information needs into high-level cluster specific tasking. We propose to develop a Multi Agent-based Satellite System for Information Fusion (MASSIF). The innovation is the application of computational intelligence techniques such as fuzzy logic and Bayesian belief networks with distributed agent technology and messaging for information fusion in distributed systems such as spacecraft clusters. We see considerable potential for this approach in enhancing cluster management control. The proposed technology will directly support and augment present and future autonomous systems involving multiple spacecraft, UAVs, and underwater submersibles. It is also applicable to complex systems such as power plants that possess distributed components, which require reconfiguration and monitoring. The core technology complements various ongoing projects including a current effort sponsored by NASA to build a distributed environment for spacecraft onboard planning and scheduling. We also plan to generalize the agent to embed in our Intelligent Agent Toolkit for use in any domain requiring intelligent agent interaction.

INTERFACE AND CONTROL SYSTEMS, INC. 8945 Guilford Road, Suite 120 Columbia, MD 21046
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(410) 290-7600 Pat Cappelaere AF 02-062 Selected for Award
Title:	ABEL: an Adaptive Belief Engine for Satellite Cluster Data Fusion
Abstract:	To support autonomous scenarios, future constellations of satellites must manage multiple sources of information carrying various levels of uncertainty. Multi-mode payloads will be autonomously configured based on fusion of evidences provided by independent cooperative agents. This will require an advanced architecture to loosely couple distributed knowledge sources. The Adaptive Belief Engine will concurrently manage uncertain information from onboard processing agents as part of a Cluster Manager's intelligent reasoning. The same engine will concurrently support integrated Fault Management at the vehicle and/or cluster level. It will manage, corroborate or refute evidences with varying degrees of certainty. These evidences are dynamically gathered from various diagnostics and prognostics engines providing unparalleled confidence in spacecraft automation. Results will be accumulated into the embedded shared database. Significantly, a cooperating expert system will evaluate rules, dynamically uploaded, that will trigger based on user-tunable thresholds of certainty associated with the current set of hypotheses. The real-time executive will then concurrently process specified scripts to intelligently task the cluster payload and elements or even recover from newly detected faults. This component will be integrated within a distributed blackboard architecture required to allow interchange of information across heterogeneous elements such as subsystems, satellite clusters or other unmanned vehicles. - Increase return in opportunistic acquisition of data (based on unanticipated events detected onboard) for military or science applications. Sophisticated image or geo-location processing algorithms intrinsically generate uncertain data. However, combination of enough evidences provided by cooperating agents could result in opportunistic acquisition not previously anticipated. Autonomous and continuous monitoring of wide areas becomes possible. Stealth or silent mode of operations becomes the norm until specific data is downlinked. This results in an effective data compression ratio that can reach 10,000:1 as proven by the New Millennium Space Technology 6 program. - Increase effectiveness in delivering the right information at the right time to the right person (i.e. "direct to the shooters or the scientists"). - Enhanced fault management allowing uncertainty within a set of cooperating diagnostics/prognostics engines working at the subsystem or system level and providing the means for autonomous recovery. - Decreased ground support cost due to a more effective onboard autonomous fault management recovery architecture that will communicate with the onboard planner and/or the model-based reasoner to reconfigure or re-plan as necessary. This open architecture provides the necessary framework for inclusion of best-of-breed products to interoperate in a cooperative manner assuming that they handle uncertainty in a similar manner. This paves the way for more intelligent and capable systems in the field. - Significant software cost reduction by providing a freely available, open-source component supported by a proven software vendor. Potential Commercial Applications of the Research and Development There is an increasing desire in many organizations, including the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Department of Defense (DOD), to use constellations or fleets of autonomous spacecraft working together to accomplish complex mission objectives. The Afghan conflict saw the first unmanned vehicle with missile capability opening the way to Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle (UCAV) constellations already planned by the Air Force and the Navy. The Office of Naval Research, Future Naval Capabilities, states: "Let robots do the dangerous work. Naval forces can enhance their capabilities with technologies that increase the autonomy, performance and affordability of their organic uninhabited vehicle systems. Autonomous systems will let Sailors and Marines disperse throughout the battlespace and still operate effectively, influencing the action over great distances and long spans of time." NASA's Space Launch Initiative has invested significant resources to perform risk reduction in key technology area deemed necessary to close the business case for the next-generation space vehicle. One such technology area (TA-5), will address risks in developing an Integrated Vehicle Health Management system onboard the vehicle and on the Ground. The National Reconnaissance Office (NRO), National Security Agency (NSA), and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) programs such as Counter Camouflage, Concealment and Deception (Counter CC&D), Foliage Penetration (FOPEN) and UAV classified programs will also greatly benefit from this proposal work. These capabilities usually require a multi-mode radar and need to be interfaced with other sensors. Onboard processing and fusion of uncertain data is a key element. The Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) has initiated the TechSat-21 program to serve as a proof of concept mission for a new paradigm for space missions. This paradigm seeks to reduce costs and increase system robustness and maintainability by distributing functionality over several micro-satellites flying in formation. Our involvement in this program gives us a unique opportunity to address both system/cluster level health management as well as radar payload data fusion in a flight configuration.

AEROASTRO, INC. 520 Huntmar Park Drive Herndon, VA 20170
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(858) 481-3785 Mr. Ray Zenick AF 02-063 Selected for Award
Title:	Proximity Inspection Sensor Array and Remote Radio Frequency Diagnostic Tool
Abstract:	A significant problem for stakeholders in large satellite systems is the difficulty of getting data about these systems when it counts the most - in orbit and during critical anomalous situations. Near-field diagnostic tools - including visual and infrared images and close-range radio frequency measurements - are now becoming feasible to examine performance, anomalies, and failures on orbit. AeroAstro proposes the conceptual development of a sensor suite for satellite inspection. The goal is to develop a `toolbox' for inspection and failure diagnosis, and to study how this would be implemented on a mission such as XSS-11. AeroAstro will focus on the development of an RF probe, which could be used in space to inspect the RF signals emanating from a target satellite. This probe would be much like an intelligent spectrum analyzer, which when used in conjunction with a calibrated, wide-bandwidth antenna would be capable of signal level, classification, and quality measurements of a target satellite's transponders, antennas, waveguide assemblies, and near-field RF emissions. Based on patented conceptual work already completed by AeroAstro, the RF probe high-level design relies on straightforward RF technology. Commercial-off-the-shelf components will be used wherever possible, and AeroAstro will leverage other ongoing RF work for certain components where applicable. AeroAstro will develop a conceptual satellite diagnostic `toolbox' and apply this concept to existing satellite inspection systems, with a particular focus on bringing the RF probe to near-PDR level in Phase I. The Phase I effort will provide a solid foundation for developing a working RF probe prototype for ground testing with an actual satellite in Phase II. The primary application of the RF probe is providing satellite information-gathering and diagnostic capabilities. In addition, the RF probe could be used for intelligence gathering on uncooperative spacecraft, undetected by the target satellite, or used in sentry mode to detect foreign satellites entering into a sensitive designated area around an important satellite. Satellite manufacturers, insurers, and operators would all benefit from proposed technology. Furthermore, the technologies developed through this project, including digital RF components, miniaturization, and signal processing tools, have applicability to other terrestrial applications. These spin-offs will be harnessed and commercialized.

SDS INTERNATIONAL, INC. One Crystal Park, 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 100 Arlington, VA 22202
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(505) 275-0101 Dr. Dunning Idle V AF 02-063 Selected for Award
Title:	Remote Satellite Diagnostics
Abstract:	SOpsSim-RSDT is physics based with detailed spacecraft models, orbital environment effects, and an analyst workstation. It models prox-ops of servicing-inspection vehicles with Resident Space Objects (RSOs) as well as ground, airborne, space-based, or RSO attached sensors producing realistic data. It processes real world or simulated signature data. The outputs describe the RSO system state. This proposal emphasizes a single area that should give good early results for Phase I. That is developing the theory, code, and observation data needed to determine current and future attitude motion and mass properties based on images available from the AFRL Starfire Optical Range and then based on optical cross section only. We will test against computer generated images, and then against real field data. Knowledge of attitude motion and mass properties will reveal details of Attitude Control System (ACS) operation and momentum-wheel motion. To demonstrate a new capability enabled by such knowledge, we also examine the case of a spacecraft in a three-axis tumble with failed attitude control, requiring external stabilization. We propose a device that flies in formation with the tumbling RSO, latches onto it, and despins it. This is the vital precursor to all servicing scenarios that include lost attitude control. SOpsSim-RSDT anticipated benefits are focused on providing satellite analysts a platform for modeling both cooperative and uncooperative Resident Space Objects. Current capabilities of the toolkit include scheduling ground and airborne sensor overflight, planning rendezvous and proximity operations for teleoperated servicing missions, and high fidelity 3D graphics visualization of the relative geometry between sensors and RSOs. The ultimate goals for the toolkit increased spacecraft effective mission lifetime through better knowledge of RSO system state prior to a servicing mission, and increased Space Situation Awareness for organizations tasked with monitoring all RSOs. SOpsSim-RSDT anticipated benefits include but are not limited to: * Capability to model the complex physical geometry of spacecraft for visualization and synthesis of expected signatures such as imagery and optical cross section * Capability to model basic subsystems of spacecraft including power, attitude control, communications, thermal control, propulsion, and payload * Earth orbit propagation (using NORAD element sets or user supplied ECI radius and velocity vectors), relative proximity operations orbit propagation, and attitude propagation for planning sensor to RSO relative geometry and deriving attitude pose estimates from synthetic and real world images and cross section measurements * Linearized Least Squares Estimator which can use a sequence of attitude pose estimates to derive both attitude trajectory, angular velocity path in ECI or spacecraft body space, and principal moments of inertia of RSO * Polytope search algorithm for optimized search of basic states from which to initialize estimator * Evaluation of servicing mission, to include orbitology, servicer design and operations, and rendezvous, proximity operations, and docking trajectories * High fidelity visualization of complex robot manipulator geometry * Avoidance of plume impingement affects during proximity operations, stationkeeping, and final docking/capture * Initial human control of flight path and manipulator trajectories can be used as a starting point for evaluating mission feasibility and optimization of final automated control sequence * Point design TALON spacecraft allows the capture of uncooperative RSOs in uncontrolled full three-axis tumbles. This includes use of video imagery to estimate current target attitude, attitude rate, and mass properties. * Point design INCHWORM allows self repair without the cost of mounting a full repair mission. This will avoid the major expense of the launch of a servicing spacecraft and even the propellant costs of a maneuvering a space based servicing spacecraft. It also will allow for self assembly of large structures such as Space Based Laser or Relay Mirror beam expander optics. For spacecraft which are already on-orbit, INCHWORM is the ideal platform for diagnostics sensors. It can externally attach to an RSO and then "walk" over the exterior surface to place sensors in desired locations. It can then conduct spacecraft repairs if equipped with the appropriate end-effector tools. * Potential Integration with other current and planned Joint BattleSpace InfoSphere products for mission evaluation, conduct joint exercises, military utility studies, and operator training and rehearsal SOpsSim-RSDT is designed as one of a series of Satellite Advisor Module (SAM) modules that cooperate in aiding Ground Systems Operators (GSO) GSOs and the warfighter customers. The SAM series of products are all aimed at providing a unified robust environment to research, develop, implement, and VVA within. Ultimately, the SAM interface can evolve into the actual operational interface with training features being used as operational aids and operational features being embedded into the training tutors. SAM products are designed upon shared communication and DMT type environments to ensure that realistic high fidelity team training occurs including the stress of simulated combat operations.

SCIENTIFIC SOLUTIONS INC 55 Middlesex street Chelmsford, MA 02144
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(978) 251-4554 Dr. John Noto AF 02-064 Selected for Award
Title:	An innovative dayglow spectrometer utilizing Fabry-Perot etalons
Abstract:	This proposal investigates the use of two different Fabry-Perot based airglow sense to determine the most efficacious design of a daytime airglow sensor. Using a combination of holographic optical elements and Fabry-Perot etalons a system will be designed that will have the ability to observe several different wavelengths during the entire diurnal period. Airglow observations proposed in Phase I will be used to validate the holographic FP-CCD coupling optics. Then two strawman models will be developed to compare and contrast an FP imaging system with a non-imaging system this will allow the full system design of a dayglow spectrometer that will be constructed in Phase II. The system will provide spatial as well as spectral information, allowing the detection of 630.0nm airglow to be used as a predictor of equatorial spread-f. Scientific Solutions has a long heritage of airglow observations including a robotic airglow photometer in Chile, the proposed system will incorporate many of the same design elements. The final system will be autonomous, capable of independent or remote controlled operation over the Internet. The commercial aspects of this technology are unlimited. An immediate customer will be NOAA and the Air Force both who need thermospheric dynamics information for many space weather models. A variant of this technology can be used for in-situ clear air turbulence detection and the construction of very efficient LIDAR systems.

ITN ENERGY SYSTEMS, INC. 8130 Shaffer Pkwy Littleton, CO 80127
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(303) 285-5116 Dr. Michael Schwartz AF 02-067 Selected for Award
Title:	Low Temperature Ceramic Oxygen Generating System
Abstract:	ITN Energy Systems, Inc. proposes to develop an electrically-pumped, low-temperature ceramic oxygen generating system to support aeromedical and On-Board Oxygen Generating System uses. The proposed ceramic oxygen generating system is based on ITN's novel five-layer, monolithically integrated unit cell and incorporates an advanced, low-temperature (500-700 oC) thin-film electrolyte. In addition, the system will incorporate state-of-the-art components, including recuperators, heat exchangers, insulation and air blowers to minimize the system size and power consumption. During this Phase I program, ITN will design, fabricate and operate a ceramic oxygen generating system resulting in the characterization of a small-scale (0.1-1 liter/min) breadboard device. Experimental results will be used to gain an understanding of the performance issues associated with the low temperature operation of a ceramic oxygen generating system. A model of the overall system will also be developed and used to optimize the system for minimum size, weight and input power. Successful completion of Phase I will result in the demonstration of the basic ceramic oxygen generation components. Performance metrics will be determined and an overall system design for the OBOGS will be performed. The use of a thin-film, monolithically-integrated unit cell will result in a ceramic oxygen generating system that will be more efficient and more compact than existing electrochemical approaches for oxygen generation from air. This device is also expected to be more efficient than the pressure swing adsorption technique. This will allow for the ITN ceramic oxygen generating system to find applications in the Air Force On-Board Oxygen Generating System and in commercial applications for the generation of medical grade oxygen.

NEXTECH MATERIALS, LTD. 720-I Lakeview Plaza Blvd. Worthington, OH 43085
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(614) 842-6606 Dr. Matthew M. Seabaugh AF 02-067 Selected for Award
Title:	Low Temperature Ceramic Oxygen Generation
Abstract:	Numerous applications within the military and medical fields would benefit from compact and electrically efficient oxygen generation systems. Ceramic-based electrochemical oxygen generation systems are under consideration for military applications, including oxygen supplies for aircraft, medevacs, and mobile hospitals. On-board oxygen generation systems (OBOGs) reduce logistics costs associated with liquid oxygen delivery systems. Current OBOGS systems, based on molecular sieve and pressure swing absorption (PSA) technology, generate low-pressure, oxygen-enriched air (90-95% oxygen). Compared to PSA systems, ceramic oxygen generation systems provide higher purity oxygen (>99%) at higher pressures (>2,500 psi), in a smaller unit, with reduced lifecycle costs and no moving parts. The advantages of ceramic oxygen generation systems are well known, although successful deployment has been elusive. NexTech Materials will collaborate with Northrup Grumman to demonstrate cerium oxide-based ceramic electrolyte materials that operate at low (~650 C) temperatures in systems that are manufacturable, smaller, more reliable, and more efficient. In the Phase I program, materials and components for working prototype will be produced and assembled to prove the viability of the concept and demonstrate oxygen generation. In Phase II, breadboard ceramic oxygen systems will be optimized with respect to system design and operation. The targeted ceramic oxygen generation system will operate at low temperature and provide high pressure, high purity oxygen for life support and medical applications. Potential commercial applications include medical oxygen generation for home health, paramedic and disaster relief and small-scale oxygen generation for welding, chemical, and semiconductor manufacturing.

VIRTUAL SIMULATION AND TRAINING INC. 1538 Scottsgate Court North Xenia, OH 45385
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(937) 879-4183 Mr. John F. Lethert AF 02-068 Selected for Award
Title:	DMT Training Requirements and Capability Analysis
Abstract:	Distributed Mission Training (DMT) provides mission training and rehearsal in a simulated full-mission environment. Since technology cannot support a completely realistic environment, analyses are critical to determine what technology permits to be trained, and to what level it can be trained. Technology vs. training performance trade-offs need to be consciously examined and prioritized. Virtual Simulation and Training, Inc.(VSAT), supported by the University of Dayton Research Institute (UDRI), will perform the research and analysis needed to tailor the Air Force standard Training System Requirements Analysis (TSRA) process for the DMT environment. These analytic changes will then be supported by an interactive Mission Training Analysis Database (MTAD) ultimately connecting task requirements to training equipment performance characteristics on one end of a continuum, and to issues understood by high level decision-makers on the other. The new process, called Distributed Mission Training Streamlined Requirements Analysis (DMTSRA), will differ substantially from the standard TSRA process. Phase I will include research to develop the DMTSRA process using the combat portion of an air-to-air fighter mission. Results will be incorporated into a prototype MTAD. The architecture and key features of the MTAD will also be demonstrated in Phase I. Benefits include: (1) production of valid technology-training trade-off data supporting high-level decisions; (2) audit trail from mission tasks and scenarios, through measures of performance and effectiveness, finally to the required characteristics of DMT media (simulators) and other DMT components, (3) ability to determine the effects of new players, threats, scenarios, and subsystems on DMT performance requirements, and (4) ability to determine what training is not effective in DMT so that it can be addressed elsewhere. Potential commercial products are the DMTSRA process, the MTAD architecture, populated MTADs, and related software packages. Potential customers include a wide variety of military and civilian aerospace systems and other complex systems requiring training analysis.

OMNI MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS, INC. 1150 Airport Drive S. Burlington, VT 05403
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(802) 865-5223 Mr. Mark Harvie AF 02-069 Selected for Award
Title:	Aircrew Bladder Relief Capability
Abstract:	Omni Measurement Systems, Inc. of South Burlington, Vermont has designed a comfortable, automated bladder relief system for female and male aircrew members flying long-distance missions in aircrafts without toilet facilities. The system does not use any type of catheter, is compact and can be worn so that it is not visible to others. The pilot can chose between two hands-free and odor-free methods of urine collection: either an attached bag or detachable bag. The system keeps female pilots dry after urination, unlike the adult diapers currently being worn. For male pilots, the system not only keeps them dry, but requires significantly less time and attention to use than currently available "piddle packs". The Omni Bladder Relief System could easily be adapted for use by ambulatory, bedridden and wheelchair-bound adults with urinary incontinence. It can be used by civilian, hang glider and glider pilots whose aircraft lack toilet facilities, and long-distance truckers and race car drivers whose vehicles lack toilet facilities. It can be adapted for use by rescue workers, firefighters and other professionals who cannot remove their protective suits to urinate. It can also be used by male and female ground troops, and soldiers in tanks.

PRECISION DESIGN INC. P.O. Box 2064 Weatherford, OK 73096
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(580) 772-2140 Mr. Craig Easter AF 02-069 Selected for Award
Title:	Aircrew Bladder Relief Capability
Abstract:	The VARS (Vacuum Assisted Relief System) is a novel system that provides aircrew bladder relief of both male and female pilots using the same type private individual interface. Comfort for long duration flights is achieved through a natural interface. The system may be integrated to the aircraft or secured to the body by belt clip or other methods. The system includes barrier creams, an interface that replaces existing undergarments, plastic tubing, and in some cases pumps and reservoirs. The system has features that provide for essentially eliminating leakage and additionally provides for drying of the skin. This system has usage across the social spectrum from astronauts to those confined to wheelchairs. Commercialization Potential:  Urinary incontinence alone. Prevalence: About 13 million adults  Replacement of conventional diapers a 3.5 billion annual market.  VARS has the same potential to replace disposable diapers as disposable diapers did in the early 60's, in eliminating laundry trucks

APTIMA, INC. 12 Gill Street, Suite 1400 Woburn, MA 01801
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(202) 842-1548 Dr. Michael Paley AF 02-070 Selected for Award
Title:	Time Critical Targeting Cell (TCTC) for Team Training and Evaluation
Abstract:	The training of effective teams has become increasingly important in both military and civilian settings. The state of our current knowledge about taskwork and teamwork processes enables us to propose a theory-anchored, systematic method for the design of team training and evaluation. In Phase I we will design an integrated team training system, that employs a synthetic task environment representing the Time Critical Targeting Cell (TCTC), that links team competencies, mission scenarios, and measures of performance to provide focused, distributed simulation-based training. This team training system will afford its user the ability to define team synthetic tasks that will train team competencies and generate tailored feedback, based on performance measures, to support training processes. In doing so, we believe that this project offers the unique opportunity to close the loop in the scenario-based training development process. Synthetic task environments, capable of distributed simulations, provide the infrastructure for this training and the proposed team training system will be built as an extension of the Distributed Dynamic Decisionmaking (DDD) team-in-the-loop simulator. In Phase II, we will operationalize the requirements for the team training system and develop a tool to create and administer distributed, scenario-based team training. The team training system described in this proposal provides an integrated method to design and execute team training and evaluation. Our approach gives training developers a specific process to generate training programs that are directly related to specific team competencies. Incorporating scenario design and specification of measures of performance into the team training tool will help to ensure that the simulation-based training, using the DDD, will trigger the targeted competencies and generate feedback that supports learning. The tools we propose will reduce the front-end time and effort needed to design training scenarios and improve the quality of the time spent training teams. This tool will be useful to military and commercial applications that need to train and are dependent on high-reliability team performance.

INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY, INC. 2800 28th Street, Suite 306 Santa Monica, CA 90405
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(310) 581-5440 Dr. Azad M. Madni AF 02-071 Selected for Award
Title:	ProcessTrainT: Cognitive Model-driven Distributed Interactive Training for the C2 Aerospace Operations Center (AOC)
Abstract:	The Aerospace Operations Center is a weapon system through which the Joint Forces Component Commander exercises command and control of aerospace forces. The mission of the AOC is to plan, execute, and assess aerospace operations. These functions cut across multiple aerospace disciplines and specialties in both a vertical and horizontal fashion creating a major training challenge. The paramount need of AOC personnel today is for a cognitive framework-driven process training implemented via an Internet/Intranet environment that allows students easy, 7x24 access to scenario-based process training. Phase I of this effort will demonstrate the feasibility of designing and developing an interactive, scenario-based process training system. The training system will benefit all military/civilian/commercial programs requiring a cognitive framework for assessing the importance and relevance of information flow. Commercial applications include: emergency preparedness planning and execution training for hospitals, trauma care, natural disasters, as well as major event planning (e.g., Olympics).

STOTTLER HENKE ASSOCIATES, INC. 1660 So. Amphlett Blvd., Suite 350 San Mateo, CA 94402
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(650) 655-7242 Mr. Richard Stottler AF 02-071 Selected for Award
Title:	An Intelligent Tutoring System for the Aerospace Operations Center (AOC)
Abstract:	The ultimate goal is to improve the cognitive skills of AOC personnel by providing them practice, evaluation, and feedback in simulated AOC operational scenarios. This will be accomplished by the development of an Intelligent Tutoring System for AOC operations. The ITS will allow instructors to create scenarios and to customize methods to automatically evaluate student decisions. Evaluation of student decisions will occur automatically by the ITS which is monitoring the student's and possibly other team members' actions. Based on this and other information the ITS will automatically assemble a debriefing which will include the student's correct and incorrect decisions; for the incorrect ones a description of what the correct decision should have been and why, playbacks of critical events, and additional information from the scenario run. The ITS will automatically formulate a remedial course of instruction which includes additional scenarios to test the student's updated knowledge and provide additional practice in their weakest areas. During Phase I we will elicit the required AOC knowledge including models of information flow and processes, design the AOC simulator and instructional strategies and demonstrate a limited prototype of the Tactical Decision-Making ITS to prove its feasibility beyond a doubt. AOC personnel are the direct targets for this effort. Other military applications of the technology abound. Commercial variants could be directed toward large companies to teach their information flow, processes, organization, and policies to employees.

SONALYSTS, INC. 215 Parkway North, P.O. Box 280 Waterford, CT 06385
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(860) 326-3792 James E. McCarthy AF 02-072 Selected for Award
Title:	Integrated Satellite Operations Training and Rehearsal for Multiple Satellite System Ground Control
Abstract:	The Phase I effort will develop a Functional Description Document to establish requirements/constraints for a closed-loop adaptive training architecture that will support mission-area training. This training architecture will provide integrated satellite operations training as well as mission rehearsal for multiple satellite systems by using advanced interactive multimedia instruction (IMI); intelligent tutoring system (ITS) technology; and advanced modeling, simulation, stimulation, and visualization technologies. Preliminary designs for an Instructional Expert and Learner Model will be included the Phase I effort. Also, a demonstration will be created with the appearance of a prototypical closed-loop training curriculum for a targeted mission-area that will be implemented under the new three-phase Satellite Training Concept. Finally, a curriculum analysis and a first-level requirements analysis will be performed. The curriculum analysis will provide a sample of the content to be taught with the technology. The first-level requirements analysis will describe the implications of the closed-loop functionality from a software perspective. The Phase I effort will provide the groundwork for a solid training system that will support continued research into training effectiveness, satellite operations training continuum concepts, human systems integration, manning reduction, and automation of satellite system operation. Human resources allocated to student and instructor billets are a major life-cycle driver in any complex system. Advanced learning technologies have the potential to reduce both training times to achieve mission-capable personnel and to reduce instructor billets for equivalent training. Closed-loop adaptive training concepts also apply to efficient and effective maintenance of mission-critical skills. A scaleable and extendable architecture based on proven COTS components offers the potential for open-architecture solutions and competitive pressure to provide better training for less cost.

OPTICAL RESEARCH ASSOCIATES 3280 E. FOOTHILL BLVD.,, SUITE 300 PASADENA, CA 91107
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(216) 831-0780 Arvi Jeffery AF 02-073 Selected for Award
Title:	Advanced Runway Lighting Technology for Portable Applications
Abstract:	Optical Research Associates (ORA), teamed with key subcontractors, will develop an efficient and reliable temporary runway lighting system to improve the ability of pilots to land at secondary landing sites under battlefield conditions. ORA will present runway lighting systems that are fully FAA compliant and based on the latest advances from the lighting industry. All systems will be developed to be robust and operator-friendly, for use by Joint operators in all world-wide theatres of operation and under all environmental conditions. While the main objective is a build a tactical system for U.S. and allied military services, a secondary application is as a temporary, backup lighting system for commercial airfields throughout the US.

PROTOBOX LLC 1464 North Broad St. Fairborn, OH 45324
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(937) 879-2588 Mr. George J. Valentino AF 02-073 Selected for Award
Title:	Advanced Concepts for Runway Visualization (ACRV)
Abstract:	Protobox LLC has formulated a series of advanced concepts to improve runway visualization at both austere fields and at more permanent installations. We propose specific improvements to the existing, yet dated EALS (Emergency Airfield Lighting System), as well as a revolutionary concept called the Augmented Reality Runway Visualization System (ARRVS). The goals of our research effort will be to maintain or improve, but never diminish, the aircrew's ability to locate the runway and to safely land on (or takeoff from) the runway, while at the same time reducing weight, volume, and power requirements of conventional, portable runway lighting systems. Our research also includes a process for interacting with operational organizations, aircrews, and standards organizations, so that a melding of these advanced concepts with existing and emerging runway lighting standards and operational considerations will occur. From our pre-proposal activities, we believe that such a process will be critical to the overall viability of any proposed runway visualization system. Additionally, our concepts will be compatible with Night Vision Goggle (NVG) and other on-board sensor systems. Our proposal also includes preliminary plans for Phase II and III. A Phase I demo of the ARRVS will also be conducted. Our advanced concepts for runway visualization provide the basis for significant weight and volume reductions when compared to conventional portable and emergency runway lighting systems. We have plans for new features, functions, and capabilities that can be added to the existing EALS, plus new concepts that significantly changes the conventional runway lighting paradigm in order to improve the overall performance of the aircraft-aircrew-runway "system."

CHI SYSTEMS, INC. Gwynedd Office Park, 716 N. Bethlehem Pike, Ste 300 Lower Gwynedd, PA 19002
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(407) 277-9288 Dr. Kelly Neville AF 02-078 Selected for Award
Title:	Messaging Interaction Simulation
Abstract:	Readiness training for satellite operators does not currently feature certain important systems that exist in the operations center - systems that play a major role in space operations and, more importantly, systems that play key roles in coordinating with and supporting external agencies and personnel. While the specific systems that are excluded vary somewhat across satellite systems, they can include the weather system (e.g., the Advanced Meteorological Information System [AMIS]), scheduling system, Defense Message System (DMS), and subscriber terminal (ST). The exclusion of these systems from the training environment is problematic for a number of reasons including the loss of opportunities for training teamwork within the SOC and larger mission team. CHI Systems proposes to improve the training provided to satellite operators by developing a system that emulates the functionality of the four systems listed above. This system, called the Multi-Use Training Technology (MUTT), will be implemented as a training suite workstation that is networked to an instructor workstation that features training exercise controls, uses intelligent agent technology to monitor and assess trainee proficiency; and allows the instructor to communicate with the trainee via the emulated DMS and ST as well as via a separate messaging tool that supports training-related communications. The Multi-User Training Technology (MUTT) represents an important training device for satellite operators across Department of Defense (DoD) services and agencies. It is similarly valuable to training commercial satellite operators, although for these operators the Defense Message System (DMS) portion would likely be excluded. American business depends on over 150 commercially owned communications and imaging satellites, and the DoD manages and uses significant numbers as well. The war in the Balkans reportedly made use of four dozen satellites from nearly two dozen countries. Clearly, there is a demand for satellite operators, and the rapidly growing role of space in both military and commercial applications means that these operators will be increasingly challenged. Accordingly, high quality and thorough training will become increasingly important for satellite operators. MUTT represents a set of key components of that training - training of the use of the operations center weather system, scheduling system, DMS, and subscriber terminal (ST), and training of the team coordination required to successfully use the latter three systems. MUTT will be built using commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) and inhouse software and technology. In addition, it will feature agent-based instructional capabilities that are influenced by preceding research and development efforts but which are uniquely suited to the requirements and characteristics of satellite operations personnel.

SYTRONICS, INC. 4433 Dayton-Xenia Road, Building 1 Dayton, OH 45432
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(937) 431-6121 Mr. John Friskie AF 02-078 Selected for Award
Title:	Messaging Interaction Simulation
Abstract:	Space systems are expensive to develop and deploy. Oftentimes, budgeting tradeoffs dictate increases in spacecraft development at the expense of developing the training systems needed to learn how to operate it. This results in on-the-job training using operational equipment versus using a controlled training environment. This is especially the case in learning the use of subscriber terminals by space crews. To counter this problem, we propose the Collaborative Operational Unit Messaging Simulation and Interaction Modeling (COMSIM) system. COMSIM applies advances in computer-supported collaborative learning to create a subscriber terminal learning environment separate from operational equipment. Additionally, COMSIM trains message interaction as the inherently collaborative activity it is through innovative applications of enterprise software, intelligent agents, and distributed simulations. A COMSIM-based training system will train space crews to become expert in messaging and provide aerospace forces to see the big picture value messaging plays in overall military operations. Potential commercial applications include COMSIM-based training environments for commercial telecommunication services that are expected to greatly increase in availability over the next decade. Additionally, we foresee opportunity to apply COMSIM to the war on terrorism as the Federal Government engineers computer support and information sharing systems to allow diverse Federal agencies share knowledge.

DIAMOND VISIONICS LLC 400 Plaza Drive, Suite-A, PO Box 1276 Vestal, NY 13851
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(607) 729-8526 Mr. Graham Upton AF 02-080 Selected for Award
Title:	Imagery Manipulation for Simulator Databases
Abstract:	In military simulation, there is an ever-increasing demand to support more complexity in the visualization of synthetic environments. Tools that automate the generation of terrain databases from overhead imagery are necessary for simulations that require a high degree of geo-specific 3D cultural content given limited resources. Current tools do not address the removal of time-specific artifacts such as aircrafts, vehicles, and shadows. This reduces database realism and thereby limits the situations in which these databases can be used. In Phase I, Diamond Visionics will focus on investigating the technical feasibility of developing a highly-automated process that will perform the following steps: merge and orthorectify various numbers and types of images, automatically recognize and replace selected objectionable time-specific artifacts from image with realistic and believable non-time-specific data, and generate OpenFlight models of selected items, correlated with the source imagery. Phase I provides a documented baseline, by feasibility studies and risk reduction demonstrations, of a road map to an automated tool for the removal of time-specific artifacts from overhead imagery and a road map to an automatic creation of 3D cultural features from overhead source imagery usable for simulator database development. The technology which will allow overhead imagery to be rapidly converted to simulator databases will have potential applications on military simulators for rapid ability to do mission rehearsal for situations which come up on short notice. This would include applications such as drug interdiction operations, air traffic control in hostile areas, insertion, evacuations, etc. In commercial airline applications it will increase fidelity of simulation and improve speed of generating new databases for new PC-IG with new data of commercial airfields, rather than re-hosting old databases from legacy simulators. Furthermore, any application that demands photo-realistic, accurate and quick response databases will benefit by this technology

CREARE INC. P.O. Box 71 Hanover, NH 03755
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(603) 643-3800 Dr. Robert Kline-Schoder AF 02-081 Selected for Award
Title:	System for Enhanced Communications in High Noise Environments
Abstract:	Creare proposes to design, fabricate, and test a system that will simultaneously protect personnel working in extremely high noise environments and enhance voice communications. Current Air Force ground crews are forced to work in close proximity to aircraft engines that produce in excess of 150 db of noise, which can result in noise-induced hearing loss after brief exposures without sufficient hearing protection. These flight and ground crews also have a need to communicate with other personnel. However, no existing hearing protection system offers the right level of noise reduction for these crews to work safely in extreme noise environments while simultaneously enhancing the communication signal for effective communication. Our extreme noise communication enhancement system is based on combined passive and active noise reduction technologies and will mitigate the contribution of both air- and bone-conducted noise on the inner ear while improving speech communications. During the Phase I project, we will demonstrate innovative algorithms for enhancing communication signals in high noise environments and develop a design of a system for enhanced communications in high noise environments. During the Phase II project, we will fabricate and test a prototype system for enhanced communications in high noise environments. The Creare system for enhanced communications in high noise environments will reduce the harmful effects of long duration exposure to extremely high noise levels and will facilitate speech intelligibility. The system will be used by tank crews, flight crews, flight deck personnel, mechanized infantry, and commercial operators of noisy equipment.

RED TAIL HAWK CORPORATION 135 Storm Rd. Groton, NY 13073
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(607) 272-1288 Dr. John W. Parkins AF 02-081 Selected for Award
Title:	Development of a 50 dB ANC Ultra-Plug
Abstract:	An active noise control (ANC) earplug with communications capability is proposed. The earplug implements a new passive attenuation feature that will improve attenuation by 10 dB(A) over traditional earplugs. When used in combination with the ANC and a passive earmuff, over 50 dB(A) of noise attenuation will be achieved. The attenuation of the system will be limited only by bone-conducted noise. The bone-conducted noise is minimized in the ANC earplug compared to traditional earplugs. Speech communications will be sensed using a novel and superior approach. RTH Corporation will deliver to the Air Force an ANC earplug prototype that has been tested on an acoustic test fixture as well as on one human. The use of the ANC earplug with an earmuff will provide noise attenuation superior to any personal hearing protection device. This technology is directly applicable to the civilian aircraft environment as well as manufacturing plants, construction sites ... The improved attenuation results in superior protection from hearing trauma and improved speech intelligibility.

SHEET DYNAMICS, LIMITED 1776 Mentor Avenue Suite 170 Cincinnati, OH 45212
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(513) 631-0579 Dr. Stuart Shelley AF 02-081 Selected for Award
Title:	Active Acoustic and Bone Conduction Noise Cancellation for 150 dB(A) Noise Environments
Abstract:	There is a great need for improved hearing protection equipment with integral communication for high noise military environments such as flight lines and aircraft carrier flight decks. Deep insertion, communication earplugs (Attenuating Custom Communication Earplug - ACCES) combined with earmuffs are the current, state-of-the-art. Through a separate Program Research and Development Announcement (NR:01-01-HE, "Active Noise Reduction Earplug System") the Air Force is soliciting approaches to add active noise reduction capability to the ACCES earplugs to improve the low frequency noise reduction. Regardless of the reduction in acoustic pressure that can be achieved near the eardrum by any means, the factor limiting the reduction in perceived loudness (cochlear response) is bone conduction of acoustic energy directly to the cochlea. SDL proposes an innovative study that accounts for both the acoustic and bone conduction pathway contributions to cochlear response, evaluating the feasibility of actively attenuating the cochlear response attributable to both mechanisms. This technology has immediate commercial application to civilian industrial sectors including the airline industry, firefighters, law enforcement, search and rescue, industrial high pressure cleaning and sandblasting, mining and other areas.

OPTICS 1, INC. 3050 E Hillcrest Drive, Suite 100 Westlake Village, CA 91362
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(603) 432-2148 Mr. Michael E. Couture AF 02-082 Selected for Award
Title:	Viewer for Vision Research in Developing Agile Laser Eye Protection
Abstract:	The use of laser devices in the battlefield is rapidly increasing - from low power line-of-sight communications to high-power lasers designed to disable or destroy enemy weaponry. These laser devices operate over a wide range of spectral regions, depending on specific application. With the increasing number of devices, the hazard to battlefield personnel is becoming a potentially significant issue. If protective devices are to be designed and deployed to personnel, it is key that these devices do not introduce unacceptable levels of image distortion that may have physiological effects such as disorientation, headache, or nausea. OPTICS 1 has extensive experience in the area of night vision goggle design and development and specifically in the area of direct-view laser eye protection devices using optical limiter materials. Principal benefits and use for this technology will remain in the military sector for the immediate future. Evaluation of this technology and fabrication of potential devices/instruments will enable quantitative study of physiological interaction between directed energy devices and human tissue. In addition, detailed evaluation of human factors will enable development of protection devices that can be worn for extended periods of time without undue distress to the wearer.

PHYSICAL OPTICS CORPORATION 20600 Gramercy Place, Bldg. 100 Torrance, CA 90501
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(310) 320-3088 Dr. Kevin Yu AF 02-082 Selected for Award
Title:	Agile Laser Filters Visual Simulation Device
Abstract:	Physical Optics Corporation (POC) proposes to develop a new Agile Laser Filter Visual Simulation (ALFVIS) device, based on Multiplexed Reflection Holographic Filters (MRHFs) and a Liquid Crystal Digital Switch (LCDS) panel. The proposed ALFVIS will have a form of a viewer for vision research on the effects of agile laser protection filter. POC's approach combines simple, compact, rugged optical components that perform high-efficiency band-rejection and have high transmission in the high- and low-pass regions. The multiplexed holographic filters can be easily swapped out to match the agile laser eye protection filters being emulated. The proposed device offers high switching speed, low voltage and low power and high stability of field response over years of field operations. In Phase I, POC will design and build the key components and analyze their performance, and will present an experimental proof-of-concept demonstration, so that in Phase II we can build a preproduction prototype. The proposed technology will form the basis of a new generation of test equipment for vision research into agile laser eye protection. Potential applications include modules incorporated into display systems, sensor protection, remote sensing, product inspection, manufacturing process control and medical instrumentation.

CREARE INC. P.O. Box 71 Hanover, NH 03755
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(603) 643-3800 Mr. Harold P. Greeley AF 02-083 Selected for Award
Title:	Remote Cognitive State Assessment Using Voice Analysis
Abstract:	Military and civilian experience has shown that long-duration assignments present increased risk of performance failures as the mission progresses. This is due to interruption of normal sleep cycles and to the psychological pressures of the living and working environment. The overall objective of this project is twofold: (1) to ensure the safety and effectiveness of friendly military personnel, and (2) to access the level of fatigue of military opponents. Creare proposes to provide these measures using automated voice analysis software algorithms that can be operated from a wide range of hardware platforms already receiving remote communications from military personnel. In Phase I, we will identify and characterize changes in fatigue sensitive components of voiced words as the speaker's level of alertness changes. Voice analysis results will be compared to fatigue assessment techniques routinely used in sleep laboratories. In Phase II, we will design, build, and test a system that automatically determines a remote speaker's level of fatigue. Further testing will be done to extend the capabilities of the system to discriminate between changes in voice due to fatigue, intoxication, or physical impairment. Extension of the system's capabilities to non-English speakers will also be demonstrated. The ability to predict the readiness of personnel involved in long duty time or stressful activities has widespread military and commercial uses. Military planners will be given the ability to recognize fatigue-related weaknesses in their own forces as well as in the forces of their opponents. Planners and supervisors of airlines, truck fleets, and bus lines, as well as police and firefighter companies will be given a capability that will result in fewer accidents and increased efficiency.

SPEECH TECHNOLOGY & APPLIED RESEARCH CORP. 4 Militia Drive Lexington, MA 02421
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 863-0310 Dr. Joel MacAuslan AF 02-083 Selected for Award
Title:	Fatigue Assessment through Voice Analysis
Abstract:	This project will produce a speech-based fatigue assessment system. Speech-based systems can have very limited intrusivity, making them useful for a wide variety of military, commercial, and even private-vehicle applications. Indeed, some systems can be fully passive, permitting fatigue assessment in the course of other communications, even in opponents. This project will select certain reliably automated, acoustic measures of vocal control, laryngeal dynamics, and speech articulation to produce an estimator that correlates highly with fatigue measures. The emphasis will be on measures that have high potential for rapid and robust assessment, with minimal human judgments except for high-level control of the system. Phase I will focus on feasibility, establishing a set of measures that, for a modest collection of native English speakers, demonstrate the required correlation with fatigue. The system architecture will also be a deliverable for Phase I. Phase II will produce an operational prototype. It will additionally address other, potentially confounding influences, such as hypoxia and antihistamine use, to differentiate these from fatigue. Phase II will also investigate the importance of task variety and native languages other than English. Many activities in both civilian and military operations can benefit from a fatigue-assessment product that is passive or minimally invasive. Such assessments based on speech can provide critical information about alertness and task performance for both friendly and hostile forces. These assessments are also valuable to government agencies responsible for human safety or other high potential-loss activities, such as the FAA, local fire departments, and FEMA. Likewise, many commercial entities with similar concerns can benefit: trucking and shipping companies, nuclear-power operators, emergency medical services, and airlines.

APTIMA, INC. 12 Gill Street, Suite 1400 Woburn, MA 01801
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(202) 842-1548 Dr. Jared Freeman AF 02-085 Selected for Award
Title:	Adaptive Training for Real-Time Intelligence Monitoring & Evaluation
Abstract:	We propose to develop an Intelligent Tutoring System for AF intelligence analysts (ITS4Intel) that helps student analysts to refine and apply the two cognitive skills that are fundamental to their work: categorization and inference. It will use scenario-based training to team them to assess the quality of intel products (e.g., messages); assess their relevance to current information requirements; make assessments of intent, predictions, and other inferences from the data; and select the best sources from which to elicit additional information. The system will employ three technologies: an extension of Latent Semantic Analysis for modeling human categorization abilities, an IBIS architecture for representing relations between elements of knowledge and emulating expert inference over it, and an instructional system shell that integrates these modeling engines and adaptively presents explicit instruction, practice scenarios, and feedback. A significant innovation is the explicit representation of mental models that elicits observable and measurable indicators of cognitive state and process. By working with the explicit models, students will learn how to structure and use a large, complex body of intelligence material. A key efficiency of this effort is that it will leverage knowledge acquisition research underway in an existing AFRL SBIR concerning AF intelligence analysis. When completed, the Phase I work will produce as catalog of mental models and quality assessment heuristics used by expert intelligence analysts in a specific domain, training objectives for intel analysts, measures of student performance, a prototype training system, and an evaluation of the prototype by operational personnel. The Phase II work will produce a robust system for training AF intelligence analysts, deep and formally represented knowledge of the mental models employed by analysts, and validated measures of cognitive state and cognitive processes pertaining to intel analysis. In Phase III, we will transition the system to other markets that value training in qualitative analysis skills, and address opportunities to transform the training system into a job aid for AF intel analysts.

STOTTLER HENKE ASSOCIATES, INC. 1660 So. Amphlett Blvd., Suite 350 San Mateo, CA 94402
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(206) 545-1478 Mr. Terrance Goan AF 02-085 Selected for Award
Title:	Exploiting Latent Semantics for Embedded Intelligence Monitoring and Trainer Development.
Abstract:	We propose an innovative approach to achieving Cognitive Readiness with respect to Information Warfare through a combination of automated monitoring, adaptive information display, real-time coaching, and the capture of scenarios suitable for training and rehearsal. In particular we will investigate the exploitation of Latent Semantic Analysis, which is a means for making accurate comparisons of the semantic similarity between pieces of textual information, and has been applied with success to a number of problems closely related to the task at hand. But real-time monitoring of intelligence information poses some unique challenges including the need to maintain the currency of LSA's matrices, and feeding its voracious appetite for training data. To overcome these obstacles we propose a unique combination of new and proven techniques. Our approach will exploit our recent advances in fully automated search to capture the required training data, as well as recent techniques for detecting content drift so as to minimize the update requirements of the LSA matrices. Our Phase I work-centered research and design, and the development and operational testing of a limited prototype, will lay the groundwork for the Phase II complete implementation and validation of our technology, called Aware. The technology proposed herein offers the potential to fulfill the market demand for tools to increase productivity in the processing of electronic documents, and tools that can support "situational visibility" and competitive intelligence.

ALPHATECH, INC. 50 Mall Road Burlington, MA 01803
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 273-3388 Dr. Steve Zabele AF 02-089 Selected for Award
Title:	Enhanced Interoperability Through Common Translation Architecture
Abstract:	The primary goal of this SBIR is to develop a layered architectural approach for future inter-exchange gateways that enables data translation from one medium to another and/or among several mediums. For example, with the mandated proliferation of Link-16 over the next 5 years, every SPO must work together to ensure overall interoperability, not only among Link-16 participants but also among numerous other diverse systems and datalinks which are not Link-16 compatible. This non-interoperability between diverse systems may be resolved by implementation of data forwarding rules, translation architecture(s), or other unique translation applications that act as a "gateway" between otherwise non-communicative datalinks. These gateways will provide communications connectivity for legacy and other disparate communications systems. Our approach seeks to leverage established or developmental initiatives in DoD and commercial practices that deal with the translation of data from one medium to another. As this SBIR progresses through its phases, the end objective is to minimize the duplication of effort at various AF agencies, establish a centralized translation protocol and provide a body of reusable tools that any future gateway might use. The benefits of an interoperability gateway based on a common, neutral data format is best evidenced by the considerably increased number of users of disparate systems that will be able to contribute to and acquire a more complete, common operational picture. The modeling, simulation, and training communities will also be able to use this gateway as a direct conduit to the real Command, Control, Communications, Computers & Intelligence (C4I) systems. Research in the commercial sector has uncovered similar data translation issues. For example, the Open Applications Group (OAG), a commercial organization, is tackling very similar translation and forwarding issues from the electronic commerce and business interoperability perspective, and is building a consensus-based interoperability framework using Object Oriented Design and metadata concepts. We believe this core approach, with key performance-related enhancements, offers a promising solution to current and future communications interoperability problems.

TACTICAL COMMUNICATIONS GROUP, LLC 900 Technology Park Drive Billerica, MA 01821
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(978) 932-0120 Mr. William Brock AF 02-090 Selected for Award
Title:	Data Link Common Software for Multiple Link-16 Applications
Abstract:	The SBIR AF02-090 project for "Data Link Common Software for Multiple Link 16 Applications" addresses the need do reduce the cost of data link development and maintenance. The Air Force has funded a common Low-Cost Integration software solution to satisfy this need for Link 16 software being integrated on C2ISR, fighter, and bomber platforms. This SBIR Phase I project will perform the analysis and design of tools to extend the functionality of the existing Data Link Integration (DLI) product. It will produce the plans, analyses, and prototype tools required to follow on with a Phase II implementation of a fully functional simulation and test facility. The simulation and test facility will be used to assist with the performance evaluation and integration of other Air Force platforms with DLI. This extended LCI solution using DLI has direct application to the DoD market where multiple data links and platforms with multiple implementations of the same data link will co-exist for the foreseeable future. Provide a common performance evaluation testbed that will reduce integration time and cost.

MODASCO, INC. 4303 Vineland Road,, Suite F-7 Orlando, FL 32811
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(904) 276-8296 Dr. John Woodring AF 02-091 Selected for Award
Title:	Evaluation of C2 Model Architectures Designed Using Colored Petri Nets
Abstract:	Modasco proposes to extend the capability of Colored Petri Net design and architecture specification tools to include model performance measurement and evaluation. The methodology is based upon an automated simulation of the system executed within a controllable run-time interface. A graphical language is proposed for describing the complex logic and mathematical relationships of transitions between system states. Integrating graphical design, model architecture specification and simulation capabilities into one tool provides a highly-efficient way of performing end-to-end virtual prototyping of a proposed system architecture that avoids the need to create artificial interfaces among several specialized tools. The system designer can also define performance metrics with the rule-based design interface, store them for future application and assign them to model architectures. During the execution of a model's simulation, the values of assigned metrics are updated and displayed to the analyst. This tool will significantly reduce the time and cost currently required to create and update model simulations and thus will produce system designs that are more robust and whose properties are better understood. The proposed system is directly applicable to the collaborative development of large scale systems by remote teams of specialists whose designs can be integrated and evaluated in operational conditions. Decrease the development time and cost for prototyping new systems. The proposed software tools are directly applicable to the design and analysis of commercial and military processes including information systems, health care, economic forecasting, software and hardware.

RT LOGIC! 1042 Elkton Dr. Colorado Springs, CO 80907
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(303) 703-3834 Mr. Thad Genrich AF 02-092 Selected for Award
Title:	Portable Universal Ground Processing Unit
Abstract:	Technologies for radio frequncy (RF, intermediate frequency (IF) and baseband signal processing and methods for data distribution have rapidly advanced over the past few years. These technologies have advanced to the point where significant reductions in size, weight and power can be realized over traditional satellite ground station implementations. A portable, universal ground processing unit (PUGPU) for satellite command and control remote terminals is within the realm of today's technology and could easily be made available to the many users and designers of satellite command and control remote terminal ground stations. With advances in digital signal processing techniques, a single core set of hardware & software should be able to support multiple types of satellite missions without affecting the basic hardware. This SBIR should show that ground support missions for Military, Civil and Commercial satellites could be supported by a small footprint, common IF, Baseband and networking element. For Phase I of the research, RT Logic will establish a baseline of RF, IF, baseband and networking requirements derived from USAF, NASA, NOAA and Commercial remote terminal specifications. RT Logic will go on to investigate, survey, evaluate, analyze and compare available COTS products, technologies and common intermediate frequencies to determine an optimum approach and cost for implementing a PUGPU capable of handling the preponderance of those identified mission requirements. Cost estimates for a prototype PUGPU, an operational demonstration unit and production units will be made. At the end of the three phases of research and development for a PUGPU, RT Logic will be ready to support the various U.S. Government and commercial satellite ground stations with a commercially available, low cost, small profile, highly flexible and powerful IF and Baseband Unit. These agencies will also have access to RT Logic's technical expertise, experience and related products. Combining the PUGPU and RT Logic's capabilities will insure the successful integration of the PUGPU into any ground station's RF subsystem and Telemetry, Tacking and Commanding (TT&C) infrastructure

ETHERWARE, LLC 305 Briton Park Court Duluth, GA 30097
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(775) 833-0587 Mr. Joseph J. Tavormina AF 02-093 Selected for Award
Title:	Leveraging Enabling, Commercial Technologies into Tactical SATCOM
Abstract:	The powerful technologies of today and tomorrow emerge from the digital revolution - namely, computing ("DSP") and storage. Cell phones, satellite TV, and indoor wireless networking - are beneficiaries, and represent large commercial markets. A challenge remains, however, in sending high data rate signals to mobile, vehicular users with small antennas. This next generation "On-Star" system, combining in-car entertainment and "telematics", is set to take center stage in the automobile market. In the tactical mobile world, wide area terrestrial communication is usually not an option. Applying these same technologies in the SATCOM world, however, may have a significant impact in: (1) reducing the cost of the mobile terminal (2) providing improved immunity to detection, and (3) providing improved high data rates, especially on the downlink. Cost reduction, lower power transmitters, and lower profile "tracking" antennas may benefit from this transfer. This effort will explore the use of commercial "spread spectrum" technology (especially modems) to achieve these objectives for both existing satellite platforms and new systems. The effects on other elements of the system (satellite, tracking antenna.) will also be evaluated. Based on the study results, the commercialization plan will be refined and a second implementation phase proposed. The potential benefits of a successful application of high volume, advanced commercial spread spectrum technology to satellite communications include the following: (1) The terminal's rf power can be distributed over a wider bandwidth, reducing the probability of detection ("LPI") (2) The terminal antenna size can be reduced, since typically adjacent satellite interference governs the minimum antenna size, making mobile platforms more attractive ("low profile") (3) If spread spectrum can be successfully implemented on the downlink (or "forward channel" in terrestrial terms), then the size of the receiving antenna can be dramatically reduced, especially in high data rate situations. (4) If operation at high efficiency in the satellite amplifiers can be combined with spot beam technology, then higher frequency operation with greatly improved performance can be achieved, especially in a jamming environment ("AJ"). The translation of these technologies into the commercial world will allow communication of video entertainment and high speed Internet to the family car with an antenna no bigger than a sun-roof. Satellite broadcast remains the only viable means of providing a multi-channel video package to the car, combined with delivery of games, popular web sites, local news, weather and sports. There are 140 million vehicles on the road just in the US, with over 25M "family" vehicles (SUV's and mini-vans). This segment of the auto market represents the fastest growing one, with buyers in the high end of the disposable income range, typically eager to install entertainment, safety, and information technology in the car. Currently over half of the new car buyers surveyed say they intend to buy a new video system with their next car purchase - the size of the antenna representing the greatest technical challenge to meeting this demand from the market place. The market for these systems in the automobile could be much larger than satellite TV in terms of number of subscribers (service revenue) and revenue from equipment sales (hardware).

PSEUDONOISE COMMUNICATIONS 1021 Harlan Dr San Jose, CA 95129
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(408) 255-4529 Dr. Vijaya Gallagher AF 02-093 Selected for Award
Title:	Lightweight, Highly Deployable, Jam-resistant Satellite Communications Modem
Abstract:	Pseudonoise Communications proposes to develop a low cost ground terminal modem for MILSATCOM, using direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS)techniques. Cost reduction in satcom terminal devlopment will be explored by reusing emerging commercial technology for wireless data transmission based on DSSS techniques. During Phase I, analysis and simulations will be used to define parameter specifications for the physical and medium access control (MAC) layer for the air interface to be used for communication between the ground terminal and a network control center via a bent pipe satellite. It is expected that some of the same techniques that are developed here will be applicable for high rate data communications via commercial satellite systems, both current generation ones like Globalstar, and follow-on systems using geostationary satellites. It is very important that existing satellite systems' capacity be used in different ways than just to provide only voice services, in order to maximize revenues for the operators, or else follow-on systems will not be built for a long time.

MOBILE SATELLITE SERVICES CORPORATION 18221 Flower Hill Way #A Gaithersburg, MD 20879
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(240) 631-1111 Mr. Alain Zarembowitch AF 02-094 Selected for Award
Title:	Signal Diversity Combining for Improved Satellite Communications
Abstract:	Signal diversity combining is a method whereby a signal is transmitted over multiple satellites to increase the transmitted power. At the receiver, the signals are combined coherently to improve signal to noise ratio. MSS is proposing to apply a novel concept of rapid prototyping to simulate various spatial signal diversity combining algorithms in real-time. This approach will yield a much higher level of accuracy than computer-based simulations, due to the shear number of samples processed. The simulation model representativity will also be increased by the use of real modulators and demodulators, instead of often over-simplified mathematical models. Unlike maximal ratio combiners which rely almost exclusively on signal-to-noise ratios to compute the combiner weights, MSS is proposing to use additional signal quality sensors, such as unique word lock status, bit error rate, interference detection and receiver lock status. The expected product of this Phase I activity is a combiner hardware module which can be commercialized through MSS's comblock family of rapid prototyping modules.

SOLIPSYS CORPORATION 6100 Chevy Chase Drive Laurel, MD 20707
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(301) 483-8900 Mr. Eric Conn AF 02-096 Selected for Award
Title:	JAVA-Based, Performance Oriented Visualization System
Abstract:	Solipsys has developed a modular, standards-based, open-architecture visualization product called the Tactical Display Framework (TDF) that has been certified by Sun Microsystems as "100% Pure Java" and meets or exceeds the performance and loading characteristics required for the Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS). TDF poses little technical risk, as it is currently being employed as the core graphics system for an AWACS 40/45 risk reduction effort known as the Prototype AWACS Display (PAD). The PAD is being jointly developed by the USAF, the Boeing Company, and Solipsys and has been demonstrated to operators and warfighters through complex simulation and operator-in-the-loop exercises at various locations. Under development for over a year, the PAD has leveraged the sophisticated and mature Application Programming Interface (API) exposed within TDF to rapidly develop, test, and deliver new features. The kernel capabilities of the TDF API have also proven to be a flexible and modifiable platform upon which to explore and spiral advanced GUI concepts specific to the AWACS 40/45 program. The availability of the PAD during Phase I of this SBIR provides an excellent opportunity for significant progress toward a robust implementation of AWACS functionality and a smooth transition to Phase II and beyond. The proposed approach will prove the efficacy of TDF to develop significant visualization improvements for AWACS using the modern Java-based object development paradigm. A significant AWACS test case will measure how efficient the development process can be using the TDF infrastructure and coupling users into the process will validate the build and test approach of the USAF spiral process. The USAF will be able to understand the process from within, by being a significant part of the development effort, and will be able to extrapolate this experience into other on-going AWACS visualization and research and development efforts. Most importantly, the USAF will be able to validate the performance and usability of the new features in operationally based scenarios. The product will be validated through actual experimentation prior to going into Phase II. The success of TDF in the marketplace has shown that others can adapt the Java-based plug-in technology to a variety of applications. This SBIR effort will expand on this technology by packaging the development tools in a more customer-friendly form and establish a more commercial look and feel to a web-based resource for plug-in development and training. This will allow Solipsys to more efficiently disseminate documentation and product updates and permit existing customers to stay abreast of product improvements in near-real-time. A state-of-the-art, web-based development environment will also provide a means for remote software configuration management and seamless integration support. Our target markets for the future include: ú Domestic and foreign sales to all military services ú Homeland protection sales ú Federal Aviation Agency ú Disaster and Crisis Management for Local Governments and Emergency Services

TECHNOLOGY SERVICE CORPORATION 11400 West Olympic Blvd., Suite 300 Los Angeles, CA 90064
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(203) 268-1249 Mr. Steven Jaroszewski AF 02-099 Selected for Award
Title:	Data Mining of GMTI Databases
Abstract:	GMTI radars including Joint STARS, U-2S and Global Hawk provide abundant data on ground vehicles that can be exploited for military traffic analysis. AFRL/Rome has developed the web-based MTI exploitation (MTIX) system to catalog GMTI data, kinematic tracks, SAR imagery and provide broad functionality that includes target displays, user-specified sentinel alerts and mission planning tools. MTIX can be further improved through data mining. TSC is teamed with traffic engineers from the Washington Transportation Center to apply the innovative methods and automated analysis tools that they have developed for civilian applications to such GMTI database mining. In Phase 1, our team will review current MTIX capabilities and recommend additional data collection, analysis and display functionality that can benefit military users. TSC will develop enhancements to improve military target tracking in dense vehicle and urban environments and to support intelligent preparation of the battlefield in such areas. To commercialize the enhanced MTIX product in Phase 2, new functionality can be developed including passenger car versus truck discrimination, extraction of traffic statistics to support FHWA reporting requirements and road corridor analyses performed by DOT agencies. Our team will expand the data mining capabilities and implement them in MTIX client software for use in Air Force/Army radar ground stations. Applying civilian traffic analysis approaches to GMTI database mining can benefit military tracking applications, especially in dense vehicle and urban traffic environments. Enhancing the MTIX software tool to provide traffic statistics and displays of use to DOT agencies will provide a commercial product that can directly meet the needs of federal, state and local governments.

ALPHATECH, INC. 50 Mall Road Burlington, MA 01803
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(703) 284-8411 Dr. Andrew J. Newman AF 02-100 Selected for Award
Title:	Coordinated Multi-Asset Replanning: Decision Support Tool Enabling High Accuracy Time Critical Targeting
Abstract:	It is widely recognized that improved real-time dynamic replanning of airborne Intelligence Surveillance Reconnaissance (ISR) assets is needed to enable rapid information gathering in support of tactical battlefield operations. Moreover, the problem of real-time ISR resource management is magnified in the context of attaining high targeting accuracy on high priority time critical targets (TCTs), where coordination of multiple assets is crucial to enable fusion processes for timely, geo-registered information from a variety of sources. In this effort, ALPHATECH will develop an automated decision support tool that will enable high accuracy time critical targeting through agile, coordinated, operator-supervised replanning control of multiple ISR assets. This tool will rapidly generate, evaluate, and assist operator down-selection of replanning alternatives in response to new information regarding the presence of high priority TCTs. Performance prediction models will be developed to evaluate the impact of integrated cross-INT / synchronized multi-sensor collection plans on targeting accuracy and timelines. Core contributions in optimization-based algorithms for resource allocation and sensor collection scheduling will be extended to anticipate and generate replan contingencies against expected cross-cueing and information requests typical of tactical ISR battlefield operations. Proof-of-concept will be demonstrated against low-complexity scenarios. ALPHATECH recognizes the high commercial value of coordinating collection of imagery by commercial aircraft and satellites, and of co-registering commercial EO imagery with existing precision map databases, for site surveys and other related applications. ALPHATECH is developing operations planning and management tools for surveillance systems that enable new capabilities in response to increasingly demanding requirements for military ISR operations, border, perimeter and site surveillance and security systems. These products complement ALPHATECH's expanding line of sensor exploitation products for surveillance systems by enabling active surveillance operations that can be readily adapted to evolving customer requirements. The commercial market for site surveillance and monitoring is increasingly demanding improved efficiency and effectiveness in monitoring and identification of vehicles, persons, and activities. The proposed effort will build upon our commercial successes in this market by providing cost effective surveillance system components that utilize low cost PC-based implementations.

MRLETS TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 616 Brookmeade Ct. Beavercreek, OH 45434
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(937) 902-1434 Dr. Lang Hong AF 02-101 Selected for Award
Title:	Robust Feature-Aided Tracking and Identification by Exploiting Joint Target Kinematics and Identification Information
Abstract:	MRLets Technologies, Inc. proposes an innovative approach for robust feature-aided tracking (FAT) and identification by effectively exploiting joint target kinematics and identification (ID) information. It has been proposed and proven by the PI that {\it moving target} ID information which is reflected in ``features" is tightly coupled with target kinematics information. To design an effective and robust feature-aided tracker, one should jointly explore both target kinematics and ID information spaces. This proposal aims at: (1) effective information exploitation of target kinematics and ID spaces at a level that has never been explored before; (2) novel feature extraction based on local motion; and (3) design of a robust feature-aided tracker -- joint multiple hypothesis tracking and identification (JMHTI). The proposed research embarks upon the first research of this kind in discovering the information coupling mechanism between target kinematics and ID spaces, and the key is the introduction of global motion and local motion. Local motion carries certain kinematics information and rich ID information and therefore, naturally serves as an information coupling mechanism. One of the challenges is the separation of local motion from composite motion information delivered by GMTI, HRR and range/Doppler sensors. We proposed to use a wavelets domain statistic processing technique based on the hidden Markov trees (HMT) and structure invariants approaches for local motion information decomposition. A new and powerful feature-aided tracking algorithm -- joint multiple hypothesis tracking and identification (JMHTI) -- is proposed as a main processing engine. The JMHTI algorithm produces not only robust tracks but also target IDs as a side product, which is very desirable in many applications. One of the main advantages of JMHTI is the multiscan information accrual in both kinematics and ID spaces which effectively alleviates the impact of noisy aspect angles. This proposal is packed with several innovations. If fully developed, the proposed research could totally change the way that target tracking and identification is performed. The proposed robust feature-aided tracking and identification system will primarily benefit military and aerospace applications, including surveillance/reconnaissance systems for battlefield command and control. It also has great potential in commercial applications, such as highway traffic control and safety systems.

THE ATHENA GROUP, INC. 3424 N.W. 31 Street Gainesville, FL 32605
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(352) 371-2567 Dr. Jonathan Mellott AF 02-102 Selected for Award
Title:	ADEPT: Athena Digital Excision Processor Technology
Abstract:	The Athena Group, Inc. will develop an innovative, low-power, fast Fourier transform (FFT) and inverse FFT (IFFT) processor for use in mitigating both intentional and unintentional narrowband jamming and interference in handheld global positioning system (GPS) receivers. Athena's advanced digital signal processing (DSP) technology is capable of performance levels well beyond those of conventional DSP processing technologies. Athena will analyze the processing requirements for the GPS receiver application, select an FFT/IFFT processor configuration along with supervisory processing elements, and analyze the resulting design for speed, power, and hardware requirements. The proposer will optimize a solution that will lead to a commercial system-on-chip (SoC) anti-jam GPS application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) implementation. The commercial value of the developed technology is substantial since it will significantly improve the reliability and quality of GPS service. GPS applications are proliferating, especially in the land-based market segment. Numerous other mass-market FFT ASIC applications, such as asymmetric digital subscriber loop (ADSL) modems, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) wireless communications, and co-channel interference (CCI) rejection for wireless communications also indicate a high commercial potential for the proposed technology.

ALPHATECH, INC. 50 Mall Road Burlington, MA 01803
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 273-3388 Dr. Daniel B. Hunter AF 02-103 Selected for Award
Title:	Machine Reasoning for Effects-Based Operations: A Generic Architecture for Multi-Domain Workarounds Reasoning
Abstract:	Effects-based operations must determine how the enemy might respond to air strikes. Current approaches to predicting enemy response to target damage suffer from serious limitations: they typically do not consider how the enemy might repair or modify the structure of a target system, they typically reason only about a single type of target system, they cannot adequately represent delayed effects, concurrent actions, and uncertainty, and their models are difficult for analysts to construct and maintain. To address these deficiencies, we propose to develop innovative machine reasoning technology to predict enemy workarounds in target systems that are well modeled as networks. We exploit emerging knowledge acquisition technology to enable analysts to readily build and maintain models of target systems and associated workarounds procedures. We also develop technology to automatically compile these models into a form amenable to efficient reasoning. Finally, we develop efficient algorithms to compute workaround options and to predict enemy allocation of workaround resources. Phase I develops a suitable machine reasoning architecture and algorithms, and implements a prototype to validate the approach. Phase II scales this prototype to more target systems, demonstrates the benefits of analyzing multiple target systems simultaneously, and extends the approach to accommodate uncertainty. The technology developed under this program will be of immediate use in target systems analysis for air campaign planning, and will provide important functionality for AFRL's EBO program. US TRANSCOM could also use this technology to help develop options for reconstituting damaged adversary infrastructure in support of entry operations. Government agencies or NGOs could also use the technology in crisis response, to help allocate repair resources to mitigate the effects of natural disasters or terrorist attacks.

BORRIES DESIGN & CONSULTING 4007 Elfin Ave Louisville, KY 40207
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(502) 896-0136 Mr. Vance von Borries AF 02-103 Selected for Award
Title:	Innovative Information Technologies
Abstract:	The USAF has long needed a tool that facilitates training of strategic/tactical and logistical decision-making for the synchronization of large-scale air missions by coalition forces. To accomplish this, we propose a simulation that models an air commander's ability to view, understand, and analyze information available and then to rapidly exploit knowledge of the battle space. The simulation will employ many considerations for all members of a coalition air force including (but not limited to) command, control, communications, and intelligence. The proposed topic for the simulation is the Tunisian campaign of WW II from shortly after the historical Allied army landings of 8 November 1942 to the final total surrender of Axis forces in Tunisia on 13 May 1943. This Phase I simulation can be played as one player against one other player or as one team against another team. Each player (or team) would sit generally in the position of supreme commander (or staff) for the campaign. The simulation design will allow for the input of Air Force personnel for the final Phase I and subsequent Phase II designs. The types and number of stations that would best fit the instruction goals will be determined during this process. There are three anticipated results from this project. First, the Air Force will receive at the end of Phase I paper simulation of the above-cited training tool. Second, movement to Phase II will result in the conversion of the paper version to a more robust and dynamic computerized version. The third is the commercialization of the Phase I and Phase II products. The Phase I product market is not a large market, but is large enough to pursue its commercialization. The simulation provided with Phase I of the project will be consistent with products currently found and available commercially to the general public. The initial Phase II product commercialization will target the computer war game and loyal strategy and history enthusiasts market. Military bookstores in the Army Air Force Exchange Stores (AAFES), Navy Exchange, and private military equipment chains will also be targeted as market for military personnel of all branches interested in air warfare. Distribution of the product can be conducted through conventional box-software channels or through the Internet via on-line gaming. Additional features for later versions include network able versions that would allow Internet one-on-one play and increased scenarios.

CYBERNET SYSTEMS CORPORATION 727 Airport Boulevard Ann Arbor, MI 48108
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(734) 668-2567 Dr. Charles J. Cohen AF 02-103 Selected for Award
Title:	Design of a Graphical Interface for Managing Multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
Abstract:	This proposal describes the design of an interface for controlling multiple UAVs in a real-time situation. Named the Uninhabited Air Vehicle Management Interface (UAVMI), it is centered on a 3-dimensional graphical representation of the operational geographic area. The operator is able to move a 3D cursor around within this geographic volume, selecting groups, paths, and targets in 3D space. Cybernet System's extensive experience in force-feedback input devices allows us to easily incorporate this aspect into the UAVMI system. Coupled with an off-the-shelf 3D Stereoscopic glasses or a Head-Mounted Display (HMD), the interface will allow the user to essentially reach into the virtual battlefield/airspace to control swarms of UAV entities while "feeling" aspects of the virtual representation. As a testbed for the UAVMI, we will use the OpenSkies simulation software developed by Cybernet Systems. The OpenSkies system is a state-of-the-art PC-Based simulation software package designed from the ground up as a general-purpose simulation tool kit. The UAVMI enhancement to OpenSkies will be used to evolve OpenSkies into a real-time 3D combat strategy game (As of this writing we are aware of no such game that allows the user to direct combat strategy missions in 3 dimensions in real-time). Other potential application areas include air traffic control, both military and commercial, control of uninhabited vehicles in other domains (e.g. underwater, space).

CYMFONY, INC. 600 Essjay Road Buffalo, NY 14221
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(716) 565-9114 Dr. Rohini K. Srihari AF 02-103 Selected for Award
Title:	An Automated Domain Porting Toolkit for Information Extraction
Abstract:	Information extraction (IE) systems assist analysts to assimilate information from electronic documents. This task will develop an automated, domain porting toolkit for customizing a generic IE system for a specific domain. Customization is required at various levels: (i) lexicon, (ii) glossaries of names of people, organizations, locations, (iii) relationships between key entities, e.g. an organization's headquarters, and (iv) significant events, e.g. transportation of chemicals. Due to performance gained through customization, many have developed handcrafted IE systems applicable to a single domain, e.g. insurance and medical. The approach proposed builds on a robust, domain-independent IE engine that can continue to be enhanced. Using this as a core, we propose to develop a platform for automated domain or corpus customization. This approach facilitates rapid domain porting and cost savings since linguists are not required. The domain porting toolkit requires research in unsupervised machine learning. Structure-based training leverages output from the core IE engine. A bootstrap approach using seeds is proposed. Lexicons and templates are learned to customize all levels of IE. Deliverables include: (i) algorithms for structure-based bootstrap learning, (ii) prototype for domain porting of lexicons and rule templates for the intelligence domain, and (iii) an automated domain porting toolkit, including graphical interfaces. This work could impact facilitating information discovery in new domains with applications such as business intelligence and decision support tools. For military/intelligence applications, this effort supports the global awareness requirement. In order to assess situations, identify current and potential threats, it is necessary to perform IE and consolidate the available content. Changing circumstances and new threats require rapid adaptation to new corpora and domains. Automating the process of rapid domain porting is especially useful when data is classified, and hence requires porting to be performed by groups other than the developers of the original IE system.

CYMFONY, INC. 600 Essjay Road Buffalo, NY 14221
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(716) 565-9114 Dr. Rohini K. Srihari AF 02-103 Selected for Award
Title:	Fusion of Information from Diverse, Textual Media: A Case Restoration Approach
Abstract:	Fusing information in diverse text media containing case-sensitive information is explored. It is based on a core Information Extraction (IE) system capable of processing case-sensitive text. The core engine is adapted to handle diverse, case-insensitive information e.g. e-mail, chat, newsgroups, broadcast transcripts, HUMINT intelligence documents. The fusion system assimilates information extracted from text with that in structured knowledge bases. Traditional IE for case-insensitive text is limited to the named entity (NE) stage, e.g. retraining an NE tagger on case insensitive text. We explore case restoration, whereby statistical models and rules are used to recover case-sensitive form. Thus, the core IE system is not modified. IE systems are fully exploited if their output is consolidated with knowledge in relational databases. This calls for natural language processing and reasoning, including entity co-reference and event co-reference. Consolidation permits database change detection and alerts. Feedback to the core IE system exploits information in knowledge bases thereby fusing information. Final deliverables include: (i) a prototype system for case restoration for broadcast transcripts, (ii) benchmarks for NE tagging on case-restored text, and (iii) a blueprint for an information fusion system, including criteria for merging extracted information with knowledge in databases. Information analysts and decision makers will benefit since it extends the utility of IE. A commercially viable solution has many applications. Business intelligence systems use large knowledge-bases on companies, products, people and projects. Updating these knowledge-bases from chat, newsgroups and multimedia broadcast transcripts would be valuable. One commercial application focused on brand perception and monitoring will benefit. Knowledge management systems would benefit from the ability to assimilate information in web documents and newsgroups with structured information. Military applications stem from the fact that analysts need to consolidate an abundance of information.

DANIEL H. WAGNER, ASSOCIATES, INCORPORATED 40 Lloyd Avenue, Suite 200 Malvern, PA 19355
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(757) 727-7700 Dr. W. Reynolds Monach AF 02-103 Selected for Award
Title:	Ground Attack Data Fusion and Optimization System (GADFOS)
Abstract:	Daniel H. Wagner Associates, Inc. will develop a prototype Ground Attack Data Fusion and Optimization System (GADFOS) that will accurately fuse all of the information available from large numbers of sensors using non-Gaussian and multiple hypothesis techniques along with computer resource optimization algorithms and high-performance, inexpensive hardware to allow this computationally intensive data fusion process to take place in near-real-time. GADFOS will utilize the non-Gaussian tracking information when determining the likelihood that a contact is associated with a particular target, will produce target tracks that are as high quality as possible given the available data, and will also optimize the placement and operation of surveillance sensors. We will quantitatively analyze the performance of GADFOS in our Decision Support System Testbed (DSST), using hundreds of simulated targets and hundreds of simulated sensors. This analysis will measure the distance between the GADFOS Situation Awareness (SA) picture and ground truth using operationally oriented and honesty inducing metrics. It will also quantify the performance difference between GADFOS generated surveillance plans and a surveillance plans generated using current operating procedures. The prototype GADFOS will allow us to demonstrate how advanced data fusion and optimization techniques can significantly improve the ability of United States forces to conduct search and surveillance and targeting against ground targets. Improved correlation and tracking technologies such as these are particularly necessary at a time when the United States is facing sophisticated ground threats such as terrorists in a difficult environment with reduced resources.

GLOLINUEAR COMPUTER SYSTEMS INC. 123 Central Avenue Albuquerque, NM 87102
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(505) 247-1238 Mr. Greg Frost AF 02-103 Selected for Award
Title:	NEW CONCEPT IN C4I OPERATIONS CENTER SYSTEMS
Abstract:	This SBIR project will develop DMIMS, an innovative concept for C4I operations centers featuring our innovative technology for information capture, presentation and instant replay in real-time, near-real-time or from archives. It answers the need for a versatile high performance information processing capability in response to the ever-increasing supply of C4I information that must be processed. Phase I will prove the value to the Air Force and feasibility of our concept. We will extend our patented Digital Surveillance Network System to mixed image/video/text data-handling for C4I operations. The system features COTS components and will support legacy C4I software. First, we establish needs and requirements based on realistic data mixes and volumes. Then, via a proven design process and accompanying trade studies, we will produce the architecture and design, including software design, for DMIMS as the central element of a C4I Operations Center. And by analysis we validate the design not only meets the stated requirements but also fully supports the Air Force C4I missions. We offer the expertise in both C4I, computer and data handling system development to assure that the system meets Air Force needs. DMIMS promises a major step toward Air Force' global awareness. This innovation will greatly improve the ability of C4I operations centers to handle very large volumes of mixed media information (recon video, gun cameras, maps, satellite images, data bases, etc.) in support of the mission. It will allow operators to have real time observation and near-real-time replay without disrupting other functions. DMIMS will enable C4I operations to assimilate and manage image/video/text into more usable, accurate and verifiable form to process and handle large amounts of multi-media information. Its modularity will allow custom versions tailored to the type of operations. Our concept allows the Air Force to reuse existing look and feel of the applications software or to enhance it to take advantage of features like the multi-window capability of DMIMS.

GRAMMATECH, INC 317 N. Aurora Street Ithaca, NY 14850
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(607) 273-7340 Dr. Paul Anderson AF 02-103 Selected for Award
Title:	Source-Code Vulnerability Detection
Abstract:	The problem of information security has become critical because of the growing dependence of the economy and the armed forces on complex networked information systems. Of particular concern are security vulnerabilities that are caused by programming errors. We plan to study the feasibility and plan the development of a security vulnerability detection toolkit based on advanced static analyses. Our plan is targeted at semi-automatic detection of security vulnerabilities in C and C++ source code. This work will build on our own dependence-graph based COTS product for program understanding named CodeSurfer. We will focus our efforts on addressing technologies to detect vulnerabilities caused by buffer overflows, race conditions, and memory access errors. We will investigate the application of constraint analysis, dependence analysis, constant propagation, array subscript analysis, and other static analyses to the problem of vulnerability detection. We will develop a plan to integrate these analyses with CodeSurfer, in order to produce a commercial vulnerability detection toolkit. The proposed system will help eliminate vulnerabilities in open- and closed-source software systems. In doing so it will meet an emerging market need for security code-audit tools.

INTEGRATED WAVE TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 4042 Clipper Court Fremont, CA 94538
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(510) 490-9160 Mr. John H. Hall AF 02-103 Selected for Award
Title:	Precision Remote Speech Input
Abstract:	This system will provide a speech-commanded, highly effective, eyes-free, hands-free command/control/data input means for forward observers, target designators working behind enemy lines, UAV operators and others. Compared with other attempts to develop this capability, this device will have superior background noise rejection, higher accuracy, smaller size, lower power consumption and greater ruggedness. This capability is based on Integrated Wave Technology, Inc.'s unique robust, miniaturized, language-independent speech recognition that allows for near-100 percent accurate command/control/information input in noise environments ranging from 0 to 100dB. IWT designs and produces integrated hardware/software modules that filter and process sound energy, match samples with stored templates using a 17-band analysis, and direct actions based upon accurate recognitions. The one-ounce integrated hardware/software modules remove large amounts of in-band and out-of-band background noise. The modules are also have ultra-low internal noise, allowing them to recognize sound more effectively than other systems. The effectiveness has been demonstrated in a series of US Government-sponsored tests. The device will be highly rugged, capable of surviving and performing in duty with combat forces and recognizing speech made under duress. IWT has developed both speaker dependent and speaker independent systems and will build representative articles of each technology for this effort. This system will enhance significantly the performance of C4I systems and subsystems by enabling real-time, eyes-free, hands-free data input and command/control from observers/designators in any selected language. This will provide a more effective interface between a forward observer and communications/data input devices. Further, by enabling forward observers or other personnel to maintain their visual surveillance, this system will provide several benefits. First, the observer will be able to input information much more quickly than by using other interfaces. Second, the observer/designator will be able to maintain eye contact with surveillance subjects and targets, reducing the chance that contact will be lost. Third, the observer/designator will be able to see threats to himself more easily and increase his survivability because he is not breaking eye contact. In the case of a UAV operator, this system will allow the user to control simultaneously core aircraft operations using traditional hand controls while operating surveillance, weapons and other systems using highly precise and reliable voice control. IWT's unique, proven capability to achieve high noise immunity, near-100 percent accuracy, very low power consumption and miniaturization form the basis for this new capability.

LSA 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1300 Arlington, VA 22202
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(610) 363-5808 Mr. Dale R. Tyczka AF 02-103 Selected for Award
Title:	Innovative Information Technologies - Theater-Deployable Self-Healing Free-Space Optical Networks for Mobile Security and Command and Control Operatio
Abstract:	Free-space optical communication's inherently low probability of intercept, resistance to jamming, lack of licensing requirements, ease of use, high-speed capability, and compact size make it an ideal addition to the array of equipment that can be used to form a battlefield network backbone. We propose to develop a field-transportable, mobile free-space-optical auto-reconfiguring self-healing tactical communication (FASTCOM) network to meet the needs of robust, theater-deployable communications. We will accomplish this by integrating sophisticated optical tracking techniques, GPS equipment, and COTS switches and routers with our considerable equipment experience and proven expertise in free-space optical communication systems. The system will operate in a mobile-mesh topology and will consist of multiple communication nodes, each containing several individual eye-safe and covert optical transceiver subsystems. The communication nodes will be low-profile units that take advantage of GPS data to determine and relay their own positions to the rest of the network, along with the positions and identifications of all nodes to which they are connected. This will ensure that even if one node or communication pathway is lost, the network can quickly and efficiently heal itself to handle heavy, continuous network traffic at speeds exceeding 1 Gbps. Reconfigurable, high-speed wireless computer networks have numerous applications in military, commercial and industrial settings. They are characterized by fast setup, upgrade and reconfiguration, and thus can benefit mobile tactical operations that are heavily dependent on information access. In military scenarios, the ability to automatically reconfigure the network and heal the network mesh will prevent any segments of the battle group from being cut off in the event that one or more nodes are lost. Extensions of the FASTCOM technology will enable individual warfighters to have access to the entire information content of the battlefield network for the ultimate in situational awareness. The telecommunications industry, and in fact the population as a whole, will benefit greatly through the addition of reconfigurable high-speed wireless networks in business campuses and neighborhoods. Farming and land maintenance will become more automated and self-coordinating. FASTCOM will aid in improving homeland, harbor and military base security through enhanced surveillance data transmission capabilities. Disaster relief and recovery crews will be able to quickly set up emergency networks and more-effectively communicate throughout rescue operations, enabling them to quickly reunite missing persons with their families. Analogous applications can be found throughout the Government, commercial and industrial markets.

PHOTERA TECHNOLOGIES 12777 High Bluff Drive San Diego, CA 92130
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(858) 755-8855 Mr. Robert Bergstedt AF 02-103 Selected for Award
Title:	Compact Portable Data Wall for Command and Control Applications
Abstract:	The modern battlefield can encompass a vast area of terrain and involve land, naval, and air forces. Managing this complex environment requires that situational awareness displays portray the battle space in a way that quickly and effectively conveys knowledge to the user. Providing such information in an appropriate format typically calls for a fully-interactive multi-projector display which meets exacting standards. In addressing these standards, careful attention must be paid to the spatial alignment and registration of multiple projectors and to the balancing of image brightness over a large viewing volume. Meanwhile, the size and weight of the display must be consistent with ease of transport. Responding to this need, we have devised a panoramic Command and Control display that is both compact and portable. Supplemental features of the display include a means for implementing multiple laser pointers, together with a wireless control that is based upon Bluetooth technology. We also have identified a rear-projection screen structure that offers to eliminate many of the disadvantages associated with multi-projector displays. Our phase I program includes a detailed review of Air Force display requirements, the evaluation / test of all critical components and the preliminary design of a Phase II prototypical system. Successful development of the proposed multi-projector panoramic display will involve significant advances in the fields of display interactivity and video-wall image matching. As such, the program is expected to provide the solutions to problems that have long plagued an important sector of the commercial display arena. In addition, the proposed projection screen may enable a wide range of architectural and interior lighting products.

RAM LABORATORIES, INC. 6540 Lusk Blvd, Suite C200 San Diego, CA 92121
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(858) 677-9074 Dr. Robert McGraw AF 02-103 Selected for Award
Title:	DataMining Implementations for High Performance Computing
Abstract:	Collaborative applications involve the acquisition, processing, and delivery of very large volumes of remote sensing and related data for a variety of applications. In order to handle this data, collaborative environments must manage, store, search for and retrieve data across highly distributed and networked topologies. This effort will provide a technology that supports distributed data management by developing software libraries that consists of data access interfaces and search algorithms that facilitate parallel data analysis and mining. These libraries will be integrated with existing simulation technologies such as SPEEDES and RAM Laboratories WarpIV simulation engine to provide a parallel and distributed data mining capability. This effort will take advantage of existing persistence and save/restore mechanisms to support basic storage and retrieval of data. More complex search mechanisms that traverse a parallel hierarchical grid data structure will then be employed to coordinate searches using massively parallel high-performance interest management. The resultant technology can be applied to both government-based and commercial collaborative applications. This SBIR is viewed as having excellent commercial potential. Naturally, this SBIR and the distributed data mining technology it will develop have far reaching implications for the Air Force. The data access interface and algorithm libraries will allow for better performance and data management for all collaborative environments. This technology will augment an existing technology that already inherently supports parallel and distributed computing. While improving collaborative applications, this technology will also greatly improve the state of the art with respect to performance for simulation and collaborative environments concerning applications using high volumes of data. While improving support for collaborative applications in many areas addressed by the Air Force, this technology also has far reaching applications to commercial industry. The electrical, computer, telecommunications, medical and transportation industries will benefit from this advancement in technology. Specifc commercial uses include the banking and financial communities where the data mining technology can be used to predict trends and detect patterns in both the marketplace and user characteristics. This technology can also be applied to commercial search enterprise to implement linguistic based approaches and other AI based searches.

SCENPRO, INC. 101 W. Renner Rd., Suite 130 Richardson, TX 75082
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(972) 437-5001 Mr. Mark Swenholt AF 02-103 Selected for Award
Title:	Innovative Information Technologies
Abstract:	ScenPro proposes to develop an Incident Response Information Support System (IRISS) application that will greatly improve on-site information management for large-scale incident response efforts. The improvement will be most measurable in Homeland Security incidents with mass casualties that involve multiple responders from different organizations. The IRISS will provide these improvements by combining information management technology from three areas: ú A communications network that can be scaled and configured on demand to provide a communications resource to both expected and ad hoc responders ú A set of role-specific user interfaces that provide appropriate, intuitive, and effective formats for data entry and information push given limited display capabilities and unfamiliar users ú Advanced techniques for information retrieval, aggregation, and display for the following: o situational awareness o critical resource management o incident command decision support aids ScenPro will use its extensive expertise in incident response and the Scenario-based Engineering Process (SEP) to develop the IRISS application. SEP features a Knowledge Acquisition process to obtain and utilize information from subject matter experts. SEP also will provide a preliminary system architecture, which will be the basis for development of a fully functional prototype IRISS tool in a Phase II SBIR program. The proposed IRISS provides the ability for an incident response commander to more effectively manage a large-scale response effort with diverse responding organizations. Improved performance in these situations is of significant value for Homeland Security. To realize this improved performance, the IRISS provides a greatly improved communications capability designed to support on-site information management given a wide variety in the number, type, and role of incident responders. This capability improves the incident response commander's situation awareness, enables critical resource management, and supports use of other "Predict-and Advise" and decision support tools. ScenPro believes that the primary benefit of the proposed IRISS is in situations with civilian and joint military/civilian responders. Military installations are tasked to have the infrastructure, contingency plans, and resources to deal with incidents that occur on-base. Civilian organizations are usually not capable of handling a large-scale response effort without support from a variety of other organizations, which will likely include military ones if Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) are involved. The on-site communications and information management support provided by the IRISS will support an effective response effort in just this sort of situation.

SCS ENGINEERING, INC. 23430 Hawthorne Blvd., STE 240 Torrance, CA 90505
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(310) 373-4243 Mr. Jerry F. Shaw AF 02-103 Selected for Award
Title:	Rapid Visual Database Generation and Real-Time Presentation System
Abstract:	SCS proposes to develop a Rapid Visual Database Generation and Real-Time Presentation System (RVDG/RPS) for Mission Rehearsal Systems and Crew-In-The-Loop Simulators. This project will develop a tool suite with the capability to take multi-source data (e.g., CADRG, CIB, JFIF/JPEG, DTED, feature data, mission data, weather data...) and rapidly produce a coherent real-time 3-Dimensional color and/or monochrome visual image that can be used by mission rehearsal systems and crew-in-the-loop simulators, with a specifiable field of view. These tools will include an OpenGL runtime engine that will be capable of displaying the data on any workstation or PC, and run real-time given the appropriate graphic accelerator. Develop a deployable tool that will take 1600 square mile high-resolution sample CIB, feature data and DTED data and merge it into a common database within 30 minutes. Develop a production visual node that will display the database in real-time. This node will be capable of being networked with an infinite number of nodes, each capable of displaying a segment of a scene. Networked nodes will be capable of producing a 360ø by 360ø display system. Develop an embedded Rendering Engine that will allow Handheld and/or Pocket PC based systems to view the visual database. The anticipated results of RVDG/RPS will be a suite of tools for developing turnkey systems that will allow a crewmember to rehearse in real-time and non-real-time most if not all facets of a Sensor-to-Shooter Operations mission. The RVDG/RPS system will be a highly deployable system based on commercial computer technologies. Core RVDG/RPS technologies will be demonstrated to be applicable to all DoD user communities (e.g., USAF, USA, USN, SOF, USMC, USCG).

SEMANDEX NETWORKS, INC 201 Washington Road Princeton, NJ 08540
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(609) 720-4916 Dr. Leslie French AF 02-103 Selected for Award
Title:	High-Performance Content-based Routing Network for Joint Battlespace Infosphere Applications
Abstract:	All DoD organizations handling mission-critical information are facing intense pressures to avoid costly, dangerous and potentially fatal "information breaks". Semandex Networks has assembled a team of experts in distributed computing and network software to pioneer a new category of information-distribution infrastructure based on the extensible Markup Language (XML) standard. The system automatically knows where content is and to which decision-makers it needs to be delivered, dramatically reducing the occurrence of information breaks. A hierarchy of edge and core routers can be interconnected to ensure scalable, accurate, and timely information delivery, in a manner that could not otherwise be economically or technically realized. Semandex has completed the development of its edge router, and is now considering the challenges of building a high-speed core router capable of handling the aggregated traffic volume of several edge routers and high-speed data feeds. It is the objective of this Phase I SBIR to determine the feasibility of constructing a high-speed content router for time-critical C2 data and to demonstrate its architectural suitability to handle global information-intensive applications within the Air Force's Joint Battlespace Infosphere (JBI). Real-time content delivery is a requirement for applications in the financial, manufacturing, energy, corporate enterprise, government and military sectors. In all these segments, although there is a vast mass of data being generated, too little information arrives at the right place at the right time. Applications of Semandex content routing include targeted distribution of relevant content from news, market and operational data feeds, file and data sharing by content, and content-based instant messaging. Taken together, these applications create a new Intranet/Internet service category, which we call the "Virtual Content Network (VCN)". Market analysts predict that within the next five years more than 80% of enterprises will have implemented content-aware services for business networks to integrate information assets inside and outside the enterprise. However, the key to the success of these networks will be their ability to handle large volumes of traffic in a robust, scalable architecture, for which further research must be undertaken. Because of its single, non-proprietary representation, XML offers a unique opportunity to integrate and fuse information from different sources. Military standards for XML data are already being developed, and XML-based delivery systems will become the means to collect and disseminate mission-critical information. A worldwide, federated XML-based content routing network will not only reduce the deployment time and cost of ownership of JBI systems, but will also provide opportunities to enhance strategic mission-critical applications and will enable the vision of a Common Relevant Operation Picture (CROP) to be realized.

SPLASHNOTE SYSTEMS, INC. 1650 Zanker Road, Suite 244 San Jose, CA 95112
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(408) 398-7065 Mr. Scott Tse AF 02-103 Selected for Award
Title:	Low-cost, Versatile Collaboration System for Distributed Decision-Making & Information Exchange
Abstract:	The U.S. Air Force has several requirements for information systems to provide Global Awareness, Dynamic Planning and Execution, and Global Information Exchange. A key common underlying issue is the need to link remotely located people or groups of people together, share information or data in a meaningful context, such that they can interact, collaborate, or take action in some fashion. While several distinct solutions can be developed to address these requirements, a more innovative approach would be to attack the two key needs of a flexible, customizable interactive interface and an information delivery system with a broad reach. Such a solution can even be more affordable than dedicated solutions if advantage is taken of trends in commercial practices. SplashNote Systems is developing an innovative collaboration system with these objectives in mind. It has an application platform, which allows a project manager to quickly develop and deploy collaborative applications without worrying about the underlying technology. And it provides a broad reach by leveraging common messaging channels such as email. The key is that the message inbox is converted into an interactive and dynamic interface that essentially links all participants together in a shared data environment. Such a system would allow Air Force personnel to stay apprised of the latest information and to interact with each other with no more than a message address. SplashNote will be compatible with most email client in the marketplace, with further plans for other messaging devices such as PDA and wireless WAP phones. What the U.S. military faces in trying to link people together in a meaningful data environment is exactly what most businesses face with their suppliers and their customers in the value chain. A system that provides a broad reach inside or outside of the enterprise, and yet can accommodate shifting supply networks would be valuable to the commercial world. The market opportunity is significant. The worldwide value chain market, comprising of Supply Chain Management and Customer Relationship Management software, is still relatively untapped and is projected to grow at a torrid pace to over $40 billion in software sale alone by 2004.

SYNERGIA LLC 2400 Broadway, Suite 203 Redwood City, CA 94063
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(650) 569-4999 Dr. Michael Fehling AF 02-103 Selected for Award
Title:	Innovative Information Technologies: Risk-Advised Information Management
Abstract:	We will develop a comprehensive methodology, "Risk-Advised Information Management," to support multi-actor (social) choice applications. Well-founded principles from decision theory will be introduced to improve and coordinate decisions among decision-makers. We will show how the support offered by this methodology can be realized in technology, as an enhancement of K2 ("Knowledge Kinetics"), a very powerful information management and collaboration technology. Decision-makers will be able to quantify the value of differing kinds of information, and so sort through the vast available information resources. Decision-makers will also be able to advise, be advised by, and coordinate their decisions with other decision-makers. They will discover opportunities and conflicts among their decisions through analytic calculations on those decisions. By quantifying the rewards and risks associated with these, they will receive support for choices about who to coordinate with, when, and over what topics. Hence two critical challenges to decision-making, information overload and coordination management, are addressed by creating formally-grounded tools to improve choice processes and decision contents. This is the basis for a major improvement in decision quality, especially, for joint and combined/coalition operations. Defense, public-sector, and private-sector activities are becoming more complex, and increasingly inter-dependent in their execution. Information resources will continue to grow in size and complexity. The proposed technology creates a new information management discipline for complex multi-actor decision-making in any venue: overseas military operations, homeland defense, and private-sector management. As the difficulty and stakes of decisions rises, so too will the value of this technology.

TRIDENT SYSTEMS INC. 10201 Lee Highway, Suite 300 Fairfax, VA 22030
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(919) 847-9123 Mr. Scott Thomas AF 02-103 Selected for Award
Title:	Multimedia Collaboration Guard
Abstract:	Recent events, including the horrific terrorist attacks on the United States, serve to highlight the need for improved intelligence and collection management. Collaboration tools are becoming increasingly important to the DoD, Intelligence Community (IC), law enforcement agencies and others that are involved with our national security. Many agencies and services each have their own private, secure networks, which creates barriers to sharing information. Mechanisms are needed to enable MLS multimedia collaboration and to facilitate easy security policy administration. The Air Force ISSE Guard application provides multi-level secure communications between different networks, but currently only supports email and file transfer mechanisms. These transports do not support real-time, multimedia traffic that is generated by collaborative applications. Efforts are underway to look at MLS text chat capabilities, but no initiatives are addressing multimedia collaboration, including audio, video, and shared whiteboard. New transport mechanisms and protocols are needed to enable IC users and others to effectively collaborate. Trident Systems proposes to design and develop the Multimedia Collaboration Guard (MCG) to provide multi-level secure multimedia collaboration. The MCG is based up the ISSE Guard platform. The MCG implementation will leverage the planned ISSE Guard socket-based communication enhancements, and incorporate commercial security policy server technology. The Multimedia Collaboration Guard will enable IC users to collaborate across dissimilarly classified networks in real-time. The MCG architecture supports text chat/instant messaging, audio and video teleconferencing and share whiteboard collaboration tools. By improving IC users' ability to effectively collaborate and share intelligence information, most notably HUMINT, the IC analysis and dissemination capabilities significantly improve.

8BY8 1883 Orangetree Mountain View, CA 94040
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(415) 531-6207 Dr. Nina Zumel AF 02-104 Selected for Award
Title:	A Computational Model of Information Fusion for Situation Assessment
Abstract:	The overall objectives of this proposal are: to develop computational techniques for the information fusion problem as it relates to Situation Monitoring and Assessment. We decompose the Situation Assessment problem into two parts. The first part is the mapping of the raw state of the world (the structural description of the world) to semantic situational features which are relevant to the target situations of interest. The second part is to derive or express the relationships among the situational features with respect to the situation of interest. The second part is the information fusion problem. This decomposition decouples the domain specific problem of situation assessment from the domain independent, and possibly interchangeable, sensor and information processing technologies which extract the semantic features from the raw data. We propose to develop and evaluate algorithms for learning situation-specific relationships among situational features. To this end, we also present a normalized evaluation measure for the reliability of the information processors which extract the semantic features. This normalized measure facilitates the interchangeability of underlying information processing technologies. The research described in this proposal will contribute to development of a knowledge refinery platform which allows domain experts to discover and extract actionable intelligence from massive raw data repositories. Such a platform will have a significant and positive impact in shortening the data-to-action cycle in many disciplines such as marketing, genomics and bioinformatics, national security, financial services, and business intelligence. The shorter decision cycle will yield significant cost savings as well as revenue generation opportunities for commercial users. In some cases, such as bioinformatics, where research-to-shelf product development cycle often spans ten to twelve years, even a one-year advantage could have multi-billion dollar market implications. In other cases, such as national security analysis, shortening the analysis cycle could in fact save numerous lives.

EXPERT DECISIONS 6012 Jewell Court Alexandria, VA 22312
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(703) 916-0474 Dr. Lucian Russell AF 02-104 Selected for Award
Title:	Innovative Approaches for Information Fusion
Abstract:	Expert Decisions proposes to develop a rigorous mathematical basis for information fusion by extending a processing for inducing Fuzzy measures from a simple object space to a complex object space. The Level 1 objects will be in classes of concrete objects and terrain, with their locations and movements. Situation Assessment will proceed by creating abstract objects in two classes, Opportunities and Vulnerabilities. The new mathematical paradigm will be demonstrated on a testbed of Level 1 objects located on a terrain. The ability to assess complex situations represented by objects will greatly expand the capabilities of decision support systems in computer security, finance, and pharmaceutical research.

VERSATILE INFORMATION SYSTEMS, INC. 5 Mountainview Drive Framingham, MA 01701
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(508) 277-0242 Dr. Rajat K. Saha AF 02-104 Selected for Award
Title:	A Formal Framework for Situation Awareness
Abstract:	This project will develop a formal framework for Situation Awareness (SAW). A rigorous mathematical formalization of the SAW problem will be developed. An infrastructure for Situation Analysis compatible with the formalization will be proposed. The infrastructure will be organized around an ontology for the domain of Situation Awareness. The functionality of the infrastructure will include: collection of information from various sources, like JDL's Level 1 sources, intelligence channels, humans; representation of the information in a formal language; reasoning about and update of the relations among the objects in the SAW domain; Level 2 fusion of the various kinds of information and derivation of the uncertainty and the ambiguity of decisions; ability to reason about current and future threats and impacts of particular decisions. An ontology for the SAW domain and SAW scenarios will be developed and used for evaluation of the proposed approach. The results of this project are expected to be useful in both military and commercial domains. Military Situation Awareness systems can be built based upon the approach investigated in this project. Systems to support situation awareness in the commercial world may include fraud detection, enterprise knowledge management and detection of unexpected or unusual behaviors.

CYBERNET SYSTEMS CORPORATION 727 Airport Boulevard Ann Arbor, MI 48108
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(734) 668-2567 Mr. Glenn Beach AF 02-106 Selected for Award
Title:	Quantum Information Science
Abstract: Abstract not available...

LAWRENCE TECHNOLOGIES, LLC 5485 Beltline Rd, Suite 200 Dallas, TX 75254
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(972) 852-0493 Mr. Douglas J. Matzke AF 02-106 Selected for Award
Title:	A High Dimensional Approach to Quantum Computing
Abstract:	It has proved difficult to code arbitrary algorithms in the quantum computing paradigm. We have noticed that our patented corob Technology shares a common high dimensional mathematical basis with entangled qubits. Corob Technology is a computationally complete alternative computing paradigm in its own right. The common mathematical basis provides a means for us to map the known properties and programming paradigm of corob Technology-particularly CAM capabilities-into the quantum computing domain. We expect this to result in a generic corob-inspired quantum CAM compiler system. We have engaged Dr. Tommaso Toffoli of "reversible Toffoli gate" fame as a consultant for this project. In Phase I we will show mathematically that the known corob properties of high dimensional spaces apply to the spinor constrained high-dimensional spaces formed by entangled qubits. We have Fast Track investors available, and we will submit a Phase II proposal, as early in Phase I as possible, to design and implement the product needs of the Air Force and the commercial product interests of our chosen Fast Track partner. We expect to begin marketing initial quantum computing tools before the end of Phase II. This technology will form the basis of a new direction and product line in quantum computing. It has strong dual use capabilities wherever massive speedup is important. It provides both near term commercial tools and future products.

SECURBORATION INC 695 Sanderling Dr Indialantic, FL 32903
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(321) 432-5701 Mr. Lee Krause AF 02-107 Selected for Award
Title:	EBO-Scenario Generation
Abstract:	Securboration is pleased to propose an innovative approach to linking Effect Based Operation (EBO) Center Of Gravity analysis with simulation tools to determine the most effective Course Of Action (COA) to achieve the desired effects, entitled EBO- Scenario-Generation. EBO- Scenario-Generation concept is based on five years of research in to automated Scenario Generation capabilities. The ability to automate the creation of the most promising COA's and pass them off to wargaming simulations has the potential expand the amount of what-if analysis that can be performed during the simulation activity lending itself to improved COA's that meet the desired effects. The ability to automate the selection of course of actions to achieve a desired effect has the potential to improve the current generation of process improvement and Customer Relationship Management (CRM) tools. For corporations that are trying to improve the performance of their organization, employees and gain potential customers, the EBO Scenario Generation technology has the potential to provide innovative COA that will lead corporation in achieving their desired effect.

ARCHITECTURE TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 9971 Valley View Road Eden Prairie, MN 55344
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(952) 829-5864 Dr. John Wu AF 02-108 Selected for Award
Title:	An Integrated Publish and Subscribe Arrchitecture Test Harness
Abstract:	What forms the foundation of the Joint Battlespace Infosphere (JBI) system is a Publish and Subscribe (P&S) architecture, which is composed of protocols, processes, and common core functions permitting participating application and organizations to share and exchange mission-critical information in a timely manner. The Air force is examining various P&S standards that have the potential of forming the basis for a comprehensive JBI platform. Leveraging Architecture Technology Corporation's existing technology in reconfigurable test tools, this SBIR research proposes to develop architecture for an Integrated Publish & Subscribe Architecture Test Harness (InPATH) that will provide JBI platform evaluators a powerful tool to test and assess the capability and performance of various Publish & Subscribe architectures. The proposed easy-to-use and cost-efficient test tool will enable distributed simulation of multiple P&S systems on multiple platforms. This integrated solution will enable evaluation of P&S systems both under development and in operation The military and commercial application for this research is a software evaluation tool aimed at enabling DoD and commercial P&S system personnel for evaluation and comparison of various P&S architectures. Potential customers of the commercial product from this research include the military and commercial P&S system developers as well as evaluators. The anticipated benefits include cost saving in test bed development for evaluating P&S systems.

3 SIGMA RESEARCH, INC. 503 S. River Oaks Dr. Indialantic, FL 32903
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(321) 674-9267 Mr. Michael Winburn AF 02-109 Selected for Award
Title:	Multisensory Assimilation of Complex C2 Information
Abstract:	3 Sigma Research proposes an innovative two-part approach that provides both a new information visualization capability called the InfoSlider and a scientifically-based Case Study methodology called the Visualization Evaluation Environment (VEE). The InfoSlider allows users to visualize data through various ranges of object attributes. This assists the user in quickly locating objects that meet specific criteria from within large, complex data sets. VEE provides a quantitative, consistent, and repeatable methodology to evaluate information visualization components and their environments. Our approach to evaluating the visualization of complex data relies on both computer software and an understanding of the human cognitive process. By quantifying the usability of visualization components and systems, the overall value to commanders in the field is that they are presented with information as opposed to raw data. The proposed work will result in 1) A Case Study methodology with the ability to evaluate a wide range of information visualization components and environments, 2) the InfoSlider: A new information visualization component, 3) reuse of the InfoSlider Java class for integration into existing analysis and visualization applications, such as JVIEW, and 4) a proof-of-concept, case study evaluation, of the InfoSlider using VEE. The visualization evaluation methodology and the dynamically configurable display technologies described in this proposal have very broad applicability. Many government and commercial organizations recognize the advantage of tailoring information presentation to aid in the decision making process in areas that are characterized as time critical, high stress, or information intensive. Areas such as military command and control, agencies involved in Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance; air traffic control, market analysis, scientific research, and medical test analysis are examples of applications that can benefit from this technology.

MAK TECHNOLOGIES 185 Alewife Brook Parkway Cambridge, MA 02138
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(617) 876-8085 Mr. Kevin Johnson AF 02-109 Selected for Award
Title:	Multisensory Display Toolkit for Assimilation of Complex C2 Information
Abstract:	Under this SBIR effort, MŽK Technologies proposes to develop advanced multi-sensory display management concepts and algorithms that will improve the information flow to the Air Force warfighter on today?s C2ISR displays. Leveraging in-house products and technology, MŽK will implement prototype algorithms for experimentation and test. The Phase I research and prototypes will provide a strong foundation for Phase II development and commercialization of a Multi-Sensory Display Toolkit. MŽK will also leverage its experience in developing powerful, yet easy-to-use toolkits to create a mechanism that will allow the community at large to access the multi-sensory display management technology developed under this effort. The proposed effort will leverage COTS, standards-based, plan view display and 3D visualization software, lowering cost, time, and risk. The proposed MSDT concept has the following benefits: 1. Increased effectiveness of commanders and air controllers due to the more intuitive and readable displays with minimal overlap and occlusion. 2. Reduction of decision times by timely presentation of mission-relevant and mission-critical information. Delivering the proposed capability as a software toolkit aimed at system developers has the following benefit: 1. Increase in the number and capabilities of automated display systems due to the ready availability of the proposed capability in toolkit form, ready for integration. Leveraging MŽK's COTS PVD, Stealth and CGF software and MŽK's extensive experience supporting commercial-grade software toolkits has the following benefits: 1. Increased capability of the proposed multi-sensory display software toolkit due to the $2.3M internal, product funding commitment MŽK has made to these products. 2. Increased viability of the proposed display software toolkit due to MŽK's best-commercial-practices design, implementation, documentation, and support capability. 3. Low cost, time, and risk via extensive leverage of non-developmental software.

NETWORK DISK, INC. 5 Gaslight Lane Framingham, MA 01702
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(508) 872-4586 Dr. Ilya Gertner AF 02-110 Selected for Award
Title:	Secure Peer-to-Peer Object Repository
Abstract:	The advancement of network and storage technologies has generated rapid growth in the field of distributed storage over the past few years. Strong demands for more and improved storage has developed from a growing economic and cultural need to store and archive as much data as possible. The current client/server architectures of most storage systems are not suitable for large-scale global storage solutions. They have a major drawback: as the number of clients increase, the load and bandwidth demands on the server also increase, eventually preventing the server from handling additional clients. The P2P information-sharing model has significant potential in the design of large-scale repositories due to its inherent scalability, decentralized architecture and low cost of entry [10]. The recent proliferation of P2P technologies, such as Napster, Gnutella, Freenet and Free Haven provide working examples of the power of the P2P model to facilitate global information sharing. This proposal addresses this need for a secure, scalable storage system. We evaluate current peer-to-peer (P2P) technologies for the development of a platform to provide a secure, distributed object repository for an enterprise environment. We describe the characteristics that are needed to make such a storage system feasible and explain why the P2P architecture needs to be considered. We then determine which of these attributes are met by some of the most successful P2P implementations today and point out the characteristics that are lacking. Finally, we introduce ideas for a unique, complete, secure, P2P object repository that borrows from many of the strengths of some of the current popular P2P implementations. We intend to apply P2P secure solutions to Internet Storage in general, and in particular focusing on Internet Backup. We will work with Storage Networks (SSP) and Connected, an Internet Backup Company for Compaq Computers.

ODYSSEY RESEARCH ASSOCIATES, INC. 33 Thornwood Drive, Suite 500 Ithaca, NY 14850
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(607) 257-1975 Dr. Matthew Stillerman AF 02-110 Selected for Award
Title:	Peer-to-Peer Object Repository with Integrated Security
Abstract:	The Air Force's Joint Battlespace Infosphere (JBI) requires a secure, scalable, object repository to support the vision of a globally accessible, secure, distributed information "space." Peer-to-peer (P2P) technology holds significant promise for these large-scale information repositories because of its demonstrated scalability and robustness. However, development of a P2P object repository poses these tough challenges: distributed query processing and security. ATC-NY envisions a Peer-to-Peer Object Repository that will exploit innovative strategies for security and distributed query without sacrificing scalability. In Phase I, we will design a prototype of the system and develop an assurance argument as well as design a testbed and scalability experiments. Security for the object repository will be based on four concepts: security information encapsulated in JBI objects, capability-based access control, trust management, and k-of-n secret sharing. Our innovation is the proposed synthesis of these techniques, especially in the context of a P2P application. The query function of the object repository will be implemented using a combination of mobile agents and distributed, fragmented, replicated indices. Again, this represents an aggressive advance beyond current practice, attractive because of its inherent scalability in the P2P environment. A secure P2P-based object repository that is also scalable and meets performance requirements will support (or make possible) the JBI goal to provide tailored, "decision-quality" information to personnel at all echelons. The inherent ability of P2P for dynamic discovery will reduce the need for extensive pre-planning of mission information requirements. With heightened awareness of security, corporations are starting to demand information assurance and security comparable to those expected by the DoD. A secure, scalable P2P object repository will also be attractive to large corporations that must respond rapidly to changing business conditions. We believe that P2P technology will play a leading role in the JBI and in future battlefield information systems. Our Phase II prototype and experiments will make a compelling argument for this point of view. Our commercialization strategy for the DoD sector will revolve around joining the team that develops the mature versions of the JBI, contributing the technology that is developed on this effort. P2P applications are already commercially significant and that trend seems set to continue as the technology matures. Our scalable query mechanism and our novel approach to enforcing security will be valuable contributions.

ACOUSTIC IDEAS INC. 25 Eaton Street Wakefield, MA 01880
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 587-1177 Dr. Vincent Lupien AF 02-111 Selected for Award
Title:	Optimized Phased Array Hard Alpha Inclusion Detection in Castings
Abstract:	Current manufacturing technology for cast titanium components cannot guarantee the absence of hard alpha inclusions. Under the effect of fatigue, such inclusions become likely sites for structural failure. By performing nondestructive inspections on the manufactured parts using phased array ultrasound, one can eliminate parts with the largest inclusions. Despite such quality control, undetected inclusions can be large enough to decrease the life expectancy of the parts by a factor of 20. To avoid such consequences, structural members can be made thicker but the added weight can decrease aircraft performance. Even a 50% reduction in the size of the smallest detectable inclusion would have significant life and/or weight benefits. Fortunately, the current phased array implementation has not been optimized. We therefore propose to optimally design a phased array for cast titanium inspection. We will explore reductions in beam diameter, changes in the number, size and arrangement of the elements, variations in frequency, and a variety of imaging techniques to improve detection while reducing grain noise. Along with reducing the size of detectable inclusions, we will explore techniques to allow phased arrays to adapt to the complex part geometries of titanium castings. By reducing the size of the smallest detectable inclusion in cast titanium components, the U.S. Air Force will benefit financially through an extension of the initial life span of new aircraft, and/or increases in aircraft performance through weight reduction. Our technology will also allow the use of phased array inspection on a broader class of component geometries. The development of an optimized ultrasonic array for titanium would also benefit the aircraft once they enter the Aging Aircraft phase of their service life. The Air Force is the primary customer for this application. Pending a successful Phase I effort, we will pursue further development of our technology into marketable products for the Air Force and large Aerospace contractors. Developments under this contract will have benefits well beyond titanium casting inspection. In particular, commercial engine and power systems forged disk inspections will benefit.

MATERIALS RESOURCES INTERNATIONAL 811 W. Fifth Street, Unit 2 Lansdale, PA 19446
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(215) 631-7111 Dr. Ronald W. Smith AF 02-112 Selected for Award
Title:	Lightweight Titanium Heat Exchangers
Abstract:	MRi proposes to develop cost effective braze joining methods for the fabrication of lightweight titanium heat exchangers. Such heat exchangers are targeted by the Air Force for use in advanced aircraft fluids heat exchanger systems in order for the weapons system to meet weight and cooling requirements. Development of joining processes for fabricating such light weight heat exchangers would increase both the fuel economy and aircraft performance. The proposed Phase I effort would investigate three approaches: i) MRi's new active solder alloys including Sn-Ag-Ti (200øC) and Zn-Ag-Al (380øC) and new Cu-Sn-Ag-Ti active filler metals with active metals and rare earth (lanthanides) additions that promise to make them more compatible for joining titanium, ii) higher temperature braze fillers that include Al, Cu, CuAg, InCuAgTi, CuNiTi and Ni-based braze alloys and iii) innovative activated diffusion joining methods. MRi will join with Lytron, Inc, a leading specialty heat exchanger company for heat exchanger concepts and testing. Phase I efforts will develop and characterize joining techniques then selectively test to show the feasibility of fabricating reliable plate-fin titanium liquid cooling heat exchangers for use at temperatures from 200 - 500øF. Titanium fabrications have a wide range of used based on either its high strength to weight ratio and its corrosion resistance. As such, the heat exchanger applications for military aircraft could extend to commercial aircraft or other transportation vehicles where weight reductions would be needed. Additionally, high power computing (main frame/networks), chemical processing, and medical and instrumentation cooling applications also would benefit as titanium joining would become more cost effective and reliable.

TRITON SYSTEMS, INC. 200 TURNPIKE ROAD Chelmsford, MA 01824
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(978) 250-4200 Mr. Paul Rolincik AF 02-112 Selected for Award
Title:	An Integrated Laser Joining and Direct Fabrication Technique for Lightweight Titanium Heat Exchangers
Abstract:	Triton Systems proposes to develop and characterize an advanced laser joining technique for titanium heat exchangers to provide lighter weight and lower cost heat exchangers while offering equivalent or better performance. Currently, heat exchangers are fabricated from stainless steel or inconel, which are heavy with a density of 6.6 g/cc (0.24 lb./cu.in.), so that weight-efficient designs are difficult to produce. For that reason, lighter weight materials that operate at high temperature are required for the next generation of weapon systems, such as the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter. The density of titanium is 4.6 g/cc (0.17 lb./cu.in.), which is about 60% the weight of current stainless steel or inconel. However, before titanium can be fabricated into lightweight heat exchangers, a technique needs to be developed for providing reliable joining of thin, 0.004 to 0.020 inch (0.102 to 0.508 mm) thick, titanium for plate-fin heat exchangers. Triton's extensive experience in laser joining and deposition using our patented Laser Free Form Fabrication (LF3TM) technique will be directly applied for obtaining an optimum joining technique for titanium heat exchangers. Triton is teamed with Northrop-Grumman and Hughes-Treitler, to adapt the LF3TM technology for joining titanium materials for heat exchanger components. Triton's proposed joining method using the LF3TM technique for titanium heat exchangers will provide the Air Force with a lighter weight system to meet the weight and cooling requirements for applications typical of advanced military aircraft. In addition to military aircraft applications, the commercial aircraft industry will benefit for their large gas turbine engines and airframes.

LAMBDA RESEARCH 5521 Fair Lane Cincinnati, OH 45227
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(513) 561-0883 Mr. Paul S. Prevey AF 02-113 Selected for Award
Title:	Component Surface Treatments for Engine Fatigue Enhancement
Abstract:	The 4th stage compressor IBR of the JSF F119 engine is fatigue limited. Surface enhancement, by the introduction of compressive residual stress, is a practical means of improving fatigue performance without changing material or design. Low Plasticity Burnishing (LPB) provides twice the HCF strength and four times the damage tolerance of shot peening in Ti-64 and IN718 laboratory specimens. LPB applied to the leading edge of the F404 Ti-64 1st stage fan blade has been shown to produce sufficient through-thickness compression for complete tolerance of 1.3 mm (0.050 in.) deep FOD. LPB offers rapid, affordable, surface enhancement using conventional CNC machine tools in a manufacturing environment. With the support of Pratt and Whitney, the feasibility of improving damage tolerance of the F119 4th stage compressor IBR blades with LPB processing will be investigated. LPB parameters and control software will be developed using existing tooling and 4-axis CNC facility. The HCF life and damage tolerance achievable with LPB will be documented and compared to the current practice of shot peening. Phase II will thoroughly document HCF performance of LPB processed blades, and address the development of an automated production facility for LPB processing full IBRs in manufacturing and repair. The immediate anticipated benefit of the proposed effort to the Air Force is elimination of the fatigue related performance limitations imposed on the F119 4th stage compressor IBR. Surface enhancement by LPB processing is expected to improve the 4th stage IBR blade HCF life and FOD tolerance sufficiently to allow engine operating restrictions to be relaxed. Long term benefits will be realized from expansion of LPB processing to improve damage tolerance of other IBRs, and as a post process following weld repair. Continuing benefits will be realized in both IBR performance and reduced maintenance and inspection costs. Commercialization will begin with production LPB processing of the F119 4th stage IBR, followed by transition of the technology to other military aviation applications. LPB is well positioned for commercialization due to the low costs of processing and capitalization relative to laser shock peening (LSP), and the improved depth and stability of the compressive layer produced by LPB relative to shot peening. LPB can be applied with conventional CNC machine tools, and can be easily incorporated into existing manufacturing operations. Surface Enhancement Technologies, LLC has been licensed and positioned to provide the LPB technology and support necessary for rapid effective transition into manufacturing. Demand for improved HCF performance and cost reduction from military owner-operators will lead to LPB processing of other critical rotating parts during manufacturing and overhaul. Aging aircraft applications to improve HCF, SCC and corrosion fatigue performance in aluminum airframe alloys and steels will follow. Military applications will be followed in the commercial aviation sector, driven by improved HCF performance and cost reduction. Potential secondary commercial opportunities for LPB to improve HCF and SCC performance in the aerospace, automotive, and power generation turbine industries are vast, and will follow the initial military applications over a period of several years.

LSP TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 6145 Scherers Place Dublin, OH 43016
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(614) 718-3000 Mr. David F. Lahrman AF 02-113 Selected for Award
Title:	Laser Peening: Cost Reduction
Abstract:	The fatigue life of aircraft engine components such as turbine blades has been significantly increased by the application of laser peening. The cost of laser peening is decreasing as new technological advancements are implemented to the process. These advancements include more robust laser systems that are easier to maintain than the previous generation lasers. New processing methods are being developed such as the RapidCoaterT system that automates the application of processing overlays and thereby increases throughput and decreases processing labor. Additional reductions in processing costs are desired to decrease component cost and to promote widespread application of laser peening to lower cost components. This program will evaluate two specific laser peening effects. These processing effects will be evaluated using specific processing methods that will increase the laser peening rate. These processing methods when applied with a low cost low maintenance laser system will lead to a significant reduction in the processing cost. The benefit of this program will be to provide new processing methods that, when combined with lower cost equipment, will reduce the cost of laser peening substantially. The new processing methods can be applied to all components. This application includes components that are currently in production such as the 1st stage fan blades for the F110 engine for the Air Force. Other low cost parts, such as gears and shafts for automotive applications, will be able to take advantage of the LaserPeenT process.

CAPE COD RESEARCH, INC. 19 Research Road East Falmouth, MA 02536
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(508) 540-4400 Mr. Francis L. Keohan AF 02-114 Selected for Award
Title:	New High Durability Sol-Gel Surface Pretreatments for Aluminum
Abstract:	Conversion coatings, which both inhibit metallic corrosion and promote coating adhesion have long been a key component in aircraft maintenance. Commercially available conversion coatings and primers contain toxic and corrosive chemicals, most notably, hexavalent chromium compounds. In order to achieve the same type of surface chemistry and morphology necessary for effective corrosion inhibition without chromates, a novel pretreatment method is proposed. The objective of the Phase I program is to identify candidate materials which meet the goals of low toxicity, simple application, removal on command, adhesion promotion, and corrosion inhibition of non-ferrous alloys. This involves synthesizing novel corrosion-inhibiting compounds and formulating new ionic self-assembling monolayer-based coatings. A novel combination of metal surface-active compounds and sol-gel precursors will be used to form self-assembling coatings that possess optimum barrier properties, primer coat adhesion and suppression of electrochemical reactions. These properties will be tested on common aircraft aluminum alloys for salt fog resistance and paint adhesion. Potentiodynamic electrochemical analysis will be used to study the corrosion inhibiting mechanisms. A system will be devised for rapidly removing the protective coatings. The pretreatment systems are designed to be easily applied and removed, chromium-free, and to form long lasting interfaces between metals and coatings. An effective, corrosion inhibiting material or process which excluded chromium compounds would provide the DoD and commercial aviation with a cost-effective process for maintaining an aging aircraft inventory. Potential commercial applications would include corrosion prevention treatments for the aerospace, electronics, automotive and marine industries.

TRITON SYSTEMS, INC. 200 TURNPIKE ROAD Chelmsford, MA 01824
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(978) 250-4200 Dr. Allan Shepp AF 02-114 Selected for Award
Title:	Nano Metal Oxide - Conductive Polymer Anti-Corrosion Coating for Aluminum
Abstract:	Triton Systems in collaboration with Prof. Sze Yang of the University of Rhode Island (URI), responds to the Air Force need for a new and innovative non-chromium (environmentally friendly) anti-corrosion coating for Air Force aluminum alloy surfaces. We will develop a new anti-corrosion coating system based on non-chromium nano-metal oxides (NMOs) blended into an integrally doped conductive polymers (CP) matrix. The coating system will be applied to aluminum alloys of interest to the Air Force from an aqueous system using ISAM techniques. The release on command ability of both surface conversion and primer layers will be demonstrated, as well as superior performance against acid pitting corrosion. On Phase I we will show proof of principle of the proposed surface conversion and primer coatings; on Phase II we will address processing and compatibility issues with aircraft manufacturers and the Air Force, and on Phase III we will develop pre-prototype applications to aircraft surfaces with verification by field testing. A highly effective, non-chromated, release on command protective coating system that meets corrosion resistance requirements will greatly reduce the monetary and environmental costs associated with corrosion for the Air Force and other defense department agencies. Such a coating will have similar benefits in large commercial aircraft markets and in other applications where corrosion protection is desired.

EPIR, LTD 590 Territorial Drive, Suite B Bolingbrook, IL 60440
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(630) 771-0203 Ms. HyeSon Jung AF 02-115 Selected for Award
Title:	Superlattice Materials for Very-Long Wavelength Infrared Detectors (VLWIR)
Abstract:	The fabrication of large format, highly sensitive Focal Plane Arrays (FPAs), sensing at very long wavelength in the IR region i.e beyond 15um (VLWIR) is highly desirable for Air Force's space based applications. Currently, only limited types of arrays such as 256 X 256 Si:As (5-20 um) are available in this IR region. However, these extrinsic detectors suffer from some fundamental limitations, such as low quantum efficiency, relatively low detection sensitivity and low operating temperature. Intrinsic detectors made from HgTe/CdTe superlattices (SLs) have several advantages over extrinsic detectors such as low tunneling current, low noise and high quantum efficiencies. Compared to bulk HgCdTe, the cut-off wavelength of HgTe/CdTe SLs can be easily tuned to VLWIR by adjusting the layer thickness of HgTe layers. Strained layer HgTe/CdZnTe SLs can even be band structure engineered in order to suppress Auger recombination and impact ionization, which will lead to lower noise and higher operating temperature. Another important advantage of HgTe/CdTe SLs, compared to HgCdTe, is related to the p-type doping which can be achieved without high temperature annealing through arsenic incorporation in CdTe layers. Furthermore these SLs could be grown on Si substrates which would pave the way for Megapixel hybrid or possibly monolithic VLWIR FPAs/ Through the design of HgTe/CdTe SL's electronic band structure, detectivity computation and in-situ control of layer thickness it is proposed to grow high quality SLs for the fabrication of high performance IR detectors, sensing cut-off wavelengths between 20-25 microns with operating temperature above 40 K. Successful growth of high quality HgTe/CdTe or HgTe/CdZnTe superlattices will provide high performance IR detectors sensing at very long wavelengths between 20-25 microns and beyond with operating temperature above 40 K. Such detectors will satisfy various Air Force space based applications. These high performance IR detectors will also have tremendous commercial potential in various civil markets such as space-based earth and atmospheric conditions imaging, environmental monitoring, and natural resource assessment and management. Therefore, commercialization of these HgTe/CdTe or HgTe/CdZnTe SLs IR detectors will provide substantial benefits in both military and commercial applications.

MP TECHNOLOGIES, LLC 1801 Maple Avenue Evanston, IL 60201
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(847) 491-7251 Steven Slivken AF 02-115 Selected for Award
Title:	Type-II InAs/GaSb Superlattice Detectors and Focal Plane Arrays in the Very-Long Wavelength Infrared Range
Abstract:	Photon detectors presently available in the very long wave infrared range (lambda > 15 æm) are based on extrinsic silicon and HgCdTe. Due to excessive dark current, the operating temperature of these detectors is below 20K. At present, the most promising alternative is III-V compound semiconductor superlattices based on arsenides and antimonides, such as type-II InAs/GaSb. It is here proposed to develop improved and innovative epitaxial growth techniques for growing such superlattices with much reduced spitting defect density through, in part, the use of newly available effusion cells for the gallium and indium sources in molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattices will be grown and characterized. Large area type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice detectors will be grown, fabricated and tested in order to evaluate the technical and commercial viability of the proposed approach. Upon successful achievement of the proposed work, it is anticipated that higher quality and uniformity type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice infrared material will be available. High performance large area single-element detectors based on this material system, operating beyond 15æm and at temperatures above 40K, will be demonstrated. This will in turn enhance the prospect of focal plane arrays exhibiting similar operational characteristics for space-based applications, including long range missile threat warning, pollution monitoring, and astronomy. The developed material technology will also have a far reaching impact on the development of mid to very long wavelength infrared devices, such as uncooled infrared photon detectors and mid-infrared lasers.

APPLIED SCIENCES, INC. 141 W. Xenia Ave., PO Box 579 Cedarville, OH 45314
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(937) 766-2020 Mr. Elliot B. Kennel AF 02-116 Selected for Award
Title:	Conductive Resin Systems for Aircraft Composite Structures
Abstract:	Conductive carbon nanocomposites can be created for multiple functions. In addition to structural applications, these materials can have secondary functions which may include lightning strike mitigation; EMI suppression; radar absorption and possibly others. In general the interaction of nanomaterial with high frequency electromagnetic radiation is considerably different than for conventional materials, and thus there are several targets of opportunity which are available to serve Air Force needs. In addition to electrical shielding and lightning strike mitigation for air vehicles, nanofiber additives in polymers offer important attributes for commercial applications such as automotives applications, including reduced production cost, improved stiffness, paintability, creep resistance, reduced shrinkage, lower coefficient of thermal expansion and enhanced impact resistance.

METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES COMPANY P.O. Box 356 Midway, UT 84049
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(435) 654-3683 Mr. George Hansen AF 02-116 Selected for Award
Title:	Metal Nanostrand Additives for Conductive Resin Systems for Aircraft Composite Structures
Abstract:	Lightning strike protection for composite aircraft components is traditionally provided by application of a secondary surface process, usually consisting of a metal mesh in additional resin. These systems are difficult to apply and repair, are parasitic in weight, and are expensive. An alternate method to provide protection would be to make the composite conductive. Sufficiently conductive fibers exist, but they are still impregnated into the non-conductive resin. The objective of the proposed research is to provide a conductive resin. There is no currently available resin additive which is small enough, long enough or conductive enough for the application. This proposal will investigate the use of a new "metal nanostrand" material; strands of very high aspect ratio metal which are small enough to fit into the inter-fiber region of the composite, long enough to provide interconnectivity, and exhibit high conductivity. If the metal nanostrands are proven successful, they will become an integral part of conductive composite systems, thus decreasing the need for secondary lightning protection. Additional commercial uses of the metal nanostrands will include conductive paints and coatings for ESD/EMI protection of electronic components and facilities, and as an additive to create conductive plastics. The etal nanostrands will become a staple additive to paints, resins, plastics, papers, textiles, etc., as a preffered mthod to achieve ESD/EMI protection. THe low concentrations needed will dramatically reduce cost and preserve the bulk properties of the polymer system.

FOSTER-MILLER, INC. 350 Second Ave. Waltham, MA 02451
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 684-4114 Dr. Robert Kovar AF 02-117 Selected for Award
Title:	Tamper Resistant Coating Development
Abstract:	Current thermal spray ceramic tamper-resistant coatings (TRCs) for electronic components are expensive, unreliable and can cause significant thermal damage to underlying circuitry during application at high temperatures. Foster-Miller proposes to develop a secure and reliable, environmentally-compliant tamper-resistant coating that is sprayable without using VOCs and cures at low temperatures in air to a hard, tough, adherent coating. The proposed coating is opaque to light, x-rays and infrared radiation. It bonds strongly to both electronic components and substrate and is so durable that removal of the cured coating via chemical or mechanical means obliterates all evidence of underlying interconnects, traces and dies. In Phase I, we will formulate the coating, prepare coated electronic component test specimens and demonstrate their resistance to tampering. In Phase II, we will refine and scale-up the TRC and conduct tests using coated electronic components leading to early commercialization. (P-020173) A tamper-proof zero VOC coating for electronic components, will be welcomed by both the military and commercial sectors for its security and reliability. Commercial applications include system from pay-TV, digital entertainment, individual computer chips, information system and financial institutions.

CORNERSTONE RESEARCH GROUP, INC. 2750 Indian Ripple Rd. Dayton, OH 45440
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(937) 320-1877 Mr. Mark Stacy AF 02-118 Selected for Award
Title:	Secure Polymeric Printed Circuit Board System
Abstract:	Tamper resistant coatings and encapsulation methods are currently employed to deter any attempt at stealing defense electronics technology. However, these coatings are difficult to apply and add weight to the final assembly. Cornerstone Research Group proposes to develop and apply novel polymer materials for manufacturing improved tamper-resistant electronic circuit boards. The Secure Polymeric Circuit Board System is a system designed to improve performance and weight of the final assembly while maintaining security. Also, this system will be easy to manufacture in comparison with current techniques. The system is a three-part design involving the development of a new substrate, interconnection layer, and hard encapsulation covering. Each one of these developments has applications in current circuit board manufacturing methods as a complete system or as an individual component. New circuit board materials and manufacturing techniques to integrate tamper resistance, improve performance and increase reliability are essential to the next generation of Air Force communications and electronic equipment. This system will be used to increase the flexibility and security of circuit boards used in Air Force equipment. The success of this technology in the Air Force could be used as leverage for applications in other military and aerospace platforms. This technology could also be used in the commercial electronics field to ensure security and reliability.

SYSTRAN FEDERAL CORP. 4027 Colonel Glenn Highway, Suite 210 Dayton, OH 45431
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(937) 429-9008 Dr. V. ("Nagu") Nagarajan AF 02-118 Selected for Award
Title:	Secure Circuit Board Materials and Processes
Abstract:	Systran Federal Corporation (SFC), the sister-company of Systran Corp., which is a Products Development and Marketing Company specializing in high-performance electronic and networking products, is proposing to novel approaches to developing tamper resistant circuit boards. SFC proposes to use a combined "coatings + circuits" approach to provide tamper resistance. Various sol-gel based multiplayer coatings that provide tamper resistance will be developed. In addition, various circuits that provide tamper resistance will also be developed. Both will be combined in an "intelligent" manner to provide highly sophisticated approaches to conferring tamper resistance. Both SFC and Systran Corp., have strong expertise in the development of complex high-performance electronic products, and have a good track record of commercializing government-funded research. SFC has a well-defined commercialization plan, which permits prototypes developed under SBIR programs to be commercialized either through Systran Corp., or any other commercial company. Hence, SFC feels that it can successfully commercialize the "tamper resistant circuit board design solutions" that will be developed in this proposed SBIR program. These "tamper resistant design solutions" may be commercialized through Systran Corporation, the sister-company of SFC, which sells electronic and networking products to the Defense Industry. This SBIR program has been designed with the innovative idea of providing tamper resistance using the combined approach of utilizing both surface coatings and various circuit element additions (at the board level and the chip level). Hence, it is strongly felt that practical and highly effective solutions will be developed. These will be marketed to circuit board manufacturers so that tamper resistant boards can be developed for the DoD.

CORNERSTONE RESEARCH GROUP, INC. 2750 Indian Ripple Road Dayton, OH 45440
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(937) 320-1877 Ms. Chrysa Theodore AF 02-119 Selected for Award
Title:	Oriented Nanofiber Film Adhesive
Abstract:	Cornerstone Research Group Inc. (CRG) proposes to design, develop and characterize a novel, toughened adhesive system for damage tolerant joints. Joint bonding material must meet stringent mechanical and physical property standards to achieve the necessary level of performance for aircraft structures. The bonds will experience a variety of environmental and loading stresses, and appropriate toughening of these bonds must be addressed. Current approaches utilize z-axis pinning of joint, which tend to damage the composite panels. Scrim materials have also shown toughening of the bond, but have not achieved the exclusive z-direction strength that is needed. CRG's approach is based on next-generation materials that are focused on increased bond durability and toughness. This research effort focuses on the orientation of nanofibers in a film adhesive. The nanofibers would be oriented during the film adhesive manufacturing process, not at joint bonding. Therefore, implementation of this technology will be transparent to the joint bonding process. We are partnered with Loctite Aerospace, a leading manufacturer of high-performance adhesive, on this research effort. The toughen adhesives developed in this program opens up a new market for film adhesives. In metal and composite panel fabrication in aerospace, automotive and multiple structural applications, film adhesives are the preferred form of adhesive due their ease of use and high performance. This research would significantly raise the performance level of these adhesives. It would open new opportunities for film adhesive use in situations where fasteners are currently being utilized because current adhesives are not tough enough.

UTILITY DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION 112 Naylon Avenue Livingston, NJ 07039
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(973) 994-4334 Mr. Harry S. Katz AF 02-119 Selected for Award
Title:	Tailored Adhesives for Damage Tolerant Joints
Abstract:	Our main objective will be to develop and improve the integrity and reliability of aerospace- grade adhesives in bonded joints. This will increase ballistic survivability and allow reduction of fasteners with subsequent savings in cost and weight. UDC will develop methods to align short fibers in a perpendicular direction on an adhesive layer. These aligned short fibers will provide superior strength joints when we develop methods for the reliable application and controlled orientation of this reinforced adhesive layer for various joint configurations. UDC will prove the feasibility and potential advantages of the new reinforced adhesives and processing methods during this Phase I program. UDC will fabricate and test mechanical properties and demonstrate the concepts and fabrication of cost and weight efficient quality joints. The concept will be demonstrated by the fabrication and testing of small structural parts. At the end of Phase I, we will provide a report with results and conclusions, and a Phase II plan, schedule and cost estimate. This program will provide adhesives to improve the integrity and reliability of bonded joints. This will increase ballistic survivability and allow reduction of fasteners with subsequent savings in cost and weight. Adhesives are in widespread use throughout the commercial sector as well as in defense. Examples are: automobile components, medical devices, electronic devices, as well as military and commercial aircraft components. This technology will provide lower cost and higher quality adhesives for all these applications.

FREDERICK T. ELDER & ASSOCIATES P. O. Box 44291 Madison, WI 53744
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(608) 257-6661 Dr. Frederick T. Elder AF 02-120 Selected for Award
Title:	Qualifying Light, High-Performance Materials for Airborne Expeditionary Forces (AEF)
Abstract:	Develop a rapid materials-selection strategy and demonstrate efficiency on critical high-energy laser components and vehicle structures. The chemicals used in chemically-driven laser systems are incompatible with many materials used in aircraft and spacecraft. In addition, materials that have been used for ground-based chemical laser systems pose extreme weight penalties for aircraft and space applications. Conventional material evaluation techniques require long test periods and are labor intensive. The objective of this project is to develop rapid, high-confidence materials selection/evaluation techniques to predict material performance for critical aircraft/spacecraft laser systems, in a compressed amount of time.

NANOPOWDER ENTERPRISES INC. Suite 106, 120 Centennial Ave. Piscataway, NJ 08854
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(732) 885-1088 Dr. Mohit Jain AF 02-121 Selected for Award
Title:	Fabrication of polycrystalline IR-transparent ceramics: A potential substitute for Sapphire
Abstract:	Sapphire has been the dominant infrared transparent material for quite some time, and polycrystalline materials such as, magnesium fluoride, aluminum oxynitride and yttrium oxide, have been used to a limited extent when the performance criteria have been less stringent. Polycrystalline and transparent oxide ceramics that have a cubic crystal structure offer an opportunity as a replacement for sapphire, provided a fine grain size is maintained in the fully sintered state. Starting from high quality nanopowders and using a relatively new near net shape consolidation technique, we have sintered a variety of oxide ceramics to full density with a fine grain size. Building upon this work, in Phase I of the program, we propose to fabricate a fully sintered and transparent oxide ceramic, and characterize the mechanical and optical properties. Prototype windows and domes will be fabricated in Phase II and provided for field testing. Working with our collaborators in the industry and a federal laboratory, both of whom have offered support for the proposed program, we anticipate transitioning the technology into military and commercial applications by the end of Phase II. Transparent ceramics offer a number of different opportunities in both military and civilian applications, including infrared windows in heat seeking missiles and optical systems. A powder consolidation approach, which is the subject of this proposal, is an attractive low cost alternative to melt processing and vapor deposition processes that are used to produce single crystals.

PRECISE SURFACE FINISHING 39533 Via Temprano Murrieta, CA 92563
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(909) 677-3619 Mr. Charles T. Warner AF 02-121 Selected for Award
Title:	Use of Alternate Materials for Infrared (IR) Missile Domes
Abstract:	The objective of this proposal is to illustrate the significance of ALONTM as the alternative to sapphire and other hard materials for use in the construction of low-cost high-speed missile domes due to the versatility of the highly developed ALONTM material processing capability. Through the application of high-speed optical fabrication processes and hard-material processing technologies the intention is to demonstrate that ALONTM is significantly less costly to fabricate into high-speed missile domes than that of other hard materials. The ideal replacement for sapphire would be inexpensive to procure, easy and inexpensive to fabricate and still retain the excellent combination of optical and mechanical properties exhibited by sapphire. Of all available candidate materials, ALONTM comes closest to this ideal. ALONTM 's properties are very similar to those of sapphire, yet ALONTM is transparent in its polycrystalline form. Therefore, ALONTM can be made by powder processing techniques, in larger sizes, more complex shapes, and at lower costs than are possible with sapphire. Furthermore, ALONTM's isotropic mechanical properties make it much easier and less expensive to polish using high-speed optical fabrication techniques than the an-isotropic sapphire. ALONTM is also in the process of being commercialized on a large scale, unlike other candidate materials, such as spinel. The economics and availability of these materials is a crucial consideration. Lower cost high-speed missile dome material and fabrication processes. Lower cost missile dome.

POLYCOMP TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 13963 Recuerdo Drive Del Mar, CA 92014
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(858) 530-2151 Dr. Chuk L Leung AF 02-122 Selected for Award
Title:	Organoclay Moisture Barrier for Moisture Protection of Plastic Microcircuit Components
Abstract:	Plastic encapsulated microcircuits use organic packaging material to protect integrated circuit dies and interconnects from environmental hazards. However because PEMs are non-hermetic its reliability in some harsh environments suffer from rapid moisture outgassing, called popcorning. PolyComo Technologies proposes to use low moisture resins reinforced with organoclay to form nanocomposites that hinders the total moisture sensitivities of these PEM packages. Commercial and military PEM will benefit from this research because the development of a moisture insensitive coating will enable the long term storage of microelectronic components without expensive dessicant or enclosures and enabling the use of these components where ambient pressure is low.

UTILITY DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION 112 Naylon Avenue Livingston, NJ 07039
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(973) 994-4334 Mr. Harry S. Katz AF 02-122 Selected for Award
Title:	Individual Plastic Component Water Sealing
Abstract:	Our main objective will be to develop and evaluate material and process to prevent moisture absorption by plastic parts at the component level during storage prior to use in building next-level assembly, during storage as spares, storage of higher level assemblies, and while in operational use. The new coatings/sealants will have excellent moisture barrier properties, improved fire retardance and controlled coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). Nanofillers will be used to improve permeation barrier and reduce the thermal expansion coefficient. Additives will be used to improve the adhesion and fire retardance. The developed coating/sealant will be tested by the coating of small parts by UDC. The results will be verified by an independent test facility/subcontractor. At the end of Phase I, we will provide a report with results and conclusions, and a Phase II plan, schedule and cost estimate. This program will provide a new coating to prevent moisture absorption. The developed coating will improve the performance, lower the cost, and improve reliability of all electronic components used in Air Force systems. These coatings/sealants for microcircuits are urgently needed throughout the commercial sector as well as in defense.

RESEARCH SUPPORT INSTRUMENTS 4325-B Forbes Blvd Lanham, MD 20706
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(609) 580-0080 Dr. Jon R. Fox AF 02-123 Selected for Award
Title:	Embedded Microexplosives for Secure Hardware (EMESH)
Abstract:	The EMESH program will deliver hard, epoxy based materials embedded with microscale quantities of micro explosives (mu X) for tamper-reactivity. Using the same high aspect MEMS photosensitive epoxies the EMESH project will produce demonstration circuit traces which use all three dimensions above the substrate (or circuit board). Using "thick" resists as a material to embed both complex three dimensional circuit traces and microexplosive mine fields, it is now possible to construct secure hardware using UV photolithography and electroless metal deposition. Because of technological advances in the world of micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS), the same techniques used to assemble micro-sized components to replace macro systems can now be applied to the problem of infrastructure protection and tamper-resistant and reactive hardware. A tamper reactive material would deny attackers the ability to dissect components by imparting damage to critical areas -- rendering the device inoperative. Additionally, EMESH architecture is also inherently difficult to reverse engineer. MEMS techniques can produce circuit traces with a cross-sectional profile only microns in dimension. Furthermore, tamper-proof circuit traces using MEMS electroforming techniques can use all three dimensions to bewilder an attacker attempting to understand the device's design.

ASTRALUX, INC. 2500 Central Ave. Boulder, CO 80301
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(303) 413-1440 Dr. John T. Torvik AF 02-124 Selected for Award
Title:	Hybrid semi-insulating SIC wafers
Abstract:	Researchers at Astralux, Inc. propose to develop hybrid semi-insulating SiC wafers using a novel technique. Specifically, our overall goal is to commercialize epi-ready 3-inch and 4-inch 4H and 6H SiC wafers for the emerging wide bandgap microwave device market. The hybrid SiC wafers are deemed complementary to the existing bulk SiC wafers, and the value added is to increase the production volume and significantly reduce the cost of larger-area semi-insulating SiC substrates with a minimum of defects. During Phase I, researchers at Astralux will demonstrate 35-50 mm hybrid SiC prototypes with an application demonstration. An important feature of this program is to work closely with an AlGaN HEMT manufacturer who in Phase I will test our substrates by growing and characterizing III-V nitride epitaxial layers and later provide device correlation efforts in Phase II. The epitaxy and devices will be benchmarked and compared to equivalent epitaxy and devices on conventional substrates. The availability of affordable and high quality 3 and 4-inch semi-insulating SiC wafers is crucial for SiC and III-V nitride power transistor manufacturing.

TITECH INTERNATIONAL, INC. 4000 West Valley Boulevard Pomona, CA 91769
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(909) 595-7455 Dr. Edward Chen AF 02-125 Selected for Award
Title:	Predictive Tool for Inclusion Crack Initiation and Growth in Titanium Castings
Abstract:	This study will examine the current understanding on hard alpha inclusion crack initiation and growth in titanium investment castings to determine the required information needed to predict their effects on component durability. Specific focus will be made on the small crack growth regime for defects of various sizes and locations since it can encompass a majority of the fatigue life. This information will be used to develop an innovative predictive tool that complements current lifing models based on long crack growth behavior. This study will also generate an accept/reject criteria that will assist in qualifying fracture-critical titanium castings (and improving the manufacturing process) by identifying the most critical inclusions that must be found/removed, thus providing airframe designers with the necessary confidence to expand the use of titanium castings. This project will develop an accept-reject criteria for qualifying fracture-critical titanium castings to allow their expanded use in airframe applications. It will also construct an innovative crack physics-based predictive tool for analyzing the effects of hard alpha inclusions on durability of titanium airframe castings. The tool will allow engineers to account for the potential impact of the inclusion failure mode to more confidently assess component durability. It can also be used to intelligently conduct in-service inspection schedules.

NASCENT TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS, LLC P. O. Box 1470 Yorktown, VA 23692
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(757) 224-0687 Dr. Joesph S. Heyman AF 02-126 Selected for Award
Title:	Verification of Composite Bonded Joint Integrity
Abstract:	Quantitative nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of adhesively bonded joints has been an elusive goal for decades. In this Phase I SBIR effort, Nascent will explore the development of Differential Nonlinear Elastography (DNE), linking quantitative physical measurements to practical engineering properties. The only way to fully characterize bond strength today is to fail the bond. Inspection limitations coupled with fault tolerant design philosophy often require mechanical fasteners, adding weight and may actually weaken the structure and introduce paths for water intrusion. Because of these limitations, advanced structures are currently unable take full advantage of adhesive bonding. This proposal brings a robust area of physics to focus on this problem, building on advances from both medical and geophysical systems. DNE will topographically assess higher-order elastic properties that are missed by conventional ultrasonic measurements. These properties are directly tied to the local state of the material and are especially influenced by strain. DNE creates a differential strain state that is used to assess the strength of the insonified bond. The work will progress along two paths: the first to quickly verify aspects of the concept, the second leading to a fieldable instrument. Success in these efforts would represent a genuine breakthrough in quantitative NDE. The successful development of Differential Nonlinear Elastography (DNE) will increase confidence in structural adhesive bond strength inspection sufficiently to permit bonded structures to be treated as primary, standalone elements eliminating many inspection-prone fasteners. The cost savings derived from the successful development of DNE could be significant, resulting from both new structural design and fabrication allowables and reduced inspection requirements. Enhanced safety and mission assurance are key drivers for this research application. Anticipated life-cycle cost savings on the order of $100 million dollars for the DOD alone is likely. Broad commercial applications are also envisioned, including industries such as aerospace, automotive, construction, sports equipment manufacturing, electronics and medicine.

ALTEX TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION 650 Nuttman Road, Suite 114 Santa Clara, CA 95054
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(408) 982-2303 Dr. Mehdi Namazian AF 02-128 Selected for Award
Title:	Logistic Fuel Organic Sulfur Trap for Fuel Cell Use by Air Expeditionary Forces
Abstract:	Effective, low cost and compact sulfur removal technologies are required for military and commercial fuel cell applications. Altex Technologies Corporation (Altex) and Pennsylvania State University (PSU) have identified the Logistic Fuel Organic Sulfur Trap (LFOST) concept that can remove sulfur compounds from logistic fuels at ambient temperatures and pressures without using hydrogen or any other chemical reactant. The hydrocarbon components in logistic fuels remain intact after passing through LFOST, but the sulfur compounds are retained by selective chemical adsorption on the surface of solid adsorbent materials. The concept has been demonstrated at PSU on gasoline fuels. During this program, the technology will be extended to logistic fuels. The design and screening of the adsorbent materials will be carried out at PSU, and the long-term sulfur capture and regeneration testing of an LFOST module will be carried out at Altex. Based on these tests, an LFOST system will be designed for integration into the Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) fuel cell system and the LFOST performance and cost will be projected. These activities will provide the basis for the Phase II efforts to fabricate, demonstrate and deliver the LFOST for integration into the AEF fuel cell reformer A successful development of LFOST will provide a compact and low cost deep desulfurization technology that has extensive military and multiple commercial applications. In the military market, LFOST makes it possible to use PEM fuel cells with logistic fuels. In the commercial market, it allows the use of fuel cells with commercially available gasoline and distillate fuels. In addition to fuel cell applications, LFOST will also have extensive applications in the refinery industry, particularly related to the need to meet the new EPA super-low sulfur fuel requirements by 2006. Considering these applications, it is projected that LFOST could ultimately capture over a billion dollar market.

ASPEN PRODUCTS GROUP, INC. 184 CEDAR HILL STREET MARLBOROUGH, MA 01752
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(508) 481-5058 Dr. Mark Fokema AF 02-128 Selected for Award
Title:	Novel Absorbent for the Desulfurization of Liquid Fuels
Abstract:	In order to employ logistic fuels in fuel cell applications, fuel sulfur content must be reduced to below 10 ppm. We propose a new sulfur removal technology that will remove greater than 99% of the sulfur present in conventionally processed fuels. The proposed absorption-based technology requires no hydrogen feed, is very efficient, and can be regenerated without disrupting performance. Absorbent synthesis, characterization and testing will be performed in the Phase I effort. Significant reduction of logistic fuel sulfur content will enable widespread application of fuel cell power generation devices within military and civilian markets. These devices will offer reduced noise, increased reliability and improved fuel efficiency over conventional power generators. Use of thoroughly desulfurized fuel in conventional applications will also reduce harmful exhaust emission, as current exhaust remediation catalysts operate better in low sulfur content exhaust. The proposed technology will work well in small mobile desulfurization applications as well as large stationary applications.

CERACOM INC 200 Turnpike Road, Suite 4 Chelmsford, MA 01824
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(978) 250-4200 Dr. Frederick Lauten AF 02-129 Selected for Award
Title:	Elimination of Print-Through in Adaptively Controlled, Ultra-lightweight CMC Mirror Materials
Abstract:	Ceracom, Inc. and our industrial team members will demonstrate a revolutionary method for manufacturing reduced cost and light weight (<8 kg/m2) primary mirror structural materials which will not exhibit beam quality degrading print-through. Using a sub-scale model we have obtained very promising results, demonstrating the feasibility of using non-mechanical adaptive control to rapidly focus ceramic matrix composite (CMC) mirrors. Ceracom's proposed Phase I and II programs will build upon these results, specifically addressing one of the most important technical issues: development and scale-up of processing approaches producing mirrors which maintain figure while eliminating performance limiting print-through. In Phase I we will develop, evaluate and demonstrate processing methods that will eliminate the occurrence of print-through in our micro-engineered CMC materials. In Phase II we will scale-up the CMC processing technology and fabricate a 1 to 1.5 meter primary mirror demonstrator to show the feasibility of the Ceracom deployable mirror and control concepts to meet weight, cost and operational requirements. While the technology scales to the sizes (4 meter and larger petal structures) needed for SBL, at the 1.5-meter Phase II stage, this "breakthrough" affordable CMC mirror technology will offer improved cost and performance to other systems, like ABL and THEL. Offering vastly reduced manufacturing cycle times and costs, we will commercialize this technology for both defense applications, such as surveillance optics or high energy ABL and SBL systems, and non defense commercial applications. Two such US market segments are high speed telecommunications discs at $100 million per annum; and, advanced directed energy deployable mirror and optical mirror dishes at over $50 million per annum.

CORNERSTONE RESEARCH GROUP, INC. 2750 Indian Ripple Rd. Dayton, OH 45440
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(937) 320-1877 Dr. Tat H. Tong AF 02-129 Selected for Award
Title:	Multi-Component Composites for Lightweight Space-Based Mirrors
Abstract:	Cornerstone Research Group, Inc., proposes to develop a multi-component composite material system which will address the drawbacks of conventional materials and current fabrication processes for space-based mirrors. Going beyond a simple two-component composite (resin plus woven fabric), this program will develop a new multi-component composite material system and demonstrate its practical application for fabricating lightweight mirrors for space-based optical systems. The resulting material will provide major reduction in mirror areal density (compared with current operational mirrors) while achieving strength, stiffness, and thermal properties optimized for space applications. This novel composite material will also enable fabrication techniques that are faster and cheaper than current practice for space-based mirrors. Operational Benefits: (1) Material with lower mass density will enable larger mirrors by both reducing the areal density of the mirror itself and reducing the mass of support structure that essentially becomes non-performing "scar" mass after orbital deployment; (2) Mirror material with low CTE will improve performance while simplifying the system design challenge; (3) Mirror material enabling simpler, faster fabrication processes with less expensive facility requirements will dramatically reduce mirror costs. Commercial Applications: (1) Government, quasi-governmental, and commercial orbital imaging enterprises (e. g., LANDSAT and SPOT); (2) Large high-end research observatories; (3) Lightweight inexpensive consumer-level telescopes.

METAL MATRIX CAST COMPOSITES, INC. 101 Clematis Avenue, Unit #1 Waltham, MA 02453
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 893-4449 Dr. James A. Cornie AF 02-129 Selected for Award
Title:	Low Cost Light Weight Graphite Fiber Reinforced Mg Space Mirrors
Abstract:	MMCC will develop an isotropic graphite fiber reinforced magnesium rigid mirror material that will result in an areal density of 5 kg/m2, reduce lead times for paraboloid blanks by two-thirds, and cut mirror costs by at least 50% over Be mirror systems. Phase I will design, build, and test graphite magnesium composite variants and mechanical, thermophysical, and optical surface evaluations will be performed on flat graphite magnesium blanks, while a near net shape cast ROTF (rough oversize to finish) sub-scale component will be cast simultaneously to demonstrate efficiencies in manufacturing. Moreover, it will be shown, that an isotropic and dimensionally stable mirror can be produced through novel preforming methods, proper alloy selection, and heat treatment. An ultra-lightweight graphite magnesium mirror blank will be near net shape manufactured with a thermal expansion coefficient as low as 1 ppm/K, a thermal conductivity of 200-300 W/mK, stiffness approaching steel, and a density near that of beryllium. Furthermore, the graphite fiber reinforced alloy will be engineered with isotropic mechanical and thermophysical properties, resulting in dimensionally stable optics for space. A 5 kg/m2 areal density space mirror material will become readily available to the space community with short lead times. Cost of fabricating mirrors will be a fraction of that of beryllium or other competitive materials. Innovative control of fiber architecture will result low thermal expansion, high thermal conductivity and high stiffness and hence in a highly stable mirror with high vibration dampening capacity. Economic benefits will be measured in launch weight reductions and increased system performance as well as system procurement savings. Alternative applications in the electronic thermal management heat sink industry will also benefit from the concurrent development of the preforming technology needed to produce isotropic composites.

XINETICS INC. 2 Buena Vista Devens, MA 01432
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(978) 772-0352 Mr. Jerry Weaver AF 02-129 Selected for Award
Title:	Advanced Materials for Lightweight Space-Based Mirrors
Abstract:	This program will provide meter class CERAFORM Silicon Carbide mirrors with an areal density of < 2 kg/mm2 for use in space based laser and surveillance systems. Providing larger, stiffer structures, CERAFORM SiC provides optical, structural and thermal properties which exceed that of the glasses such as Zerodur and ULE, the composites such as graphite epoxy, and the metals such as aluminum and beryllium. Recent developments in SiC forming have produced SiC mirrors with areal density of < 7.5 kg/mm2 with the potential to achieve an areal density of < 2 kg/mm2. These will provide the needed optical material for the next generation of flight based optical systems providing significant technical advantage over current material and fabrication techniques. Phase I will provide a representative-scale demonstration article, a set of designs, performance predictions and manufacturing plans for the meter class SiC mirror. Phase II will fabricate a 1 meter scale demonstration article, designed to have wall and facesheet thickness commensurate with the 2 kg/mm2. Critical performance requirements of low temperature thermal response and structural response to launch loads and low level dynamic environment will be among the properties of the test article to be demonstrated. . Mirrors for NASA based missions such as Next Generation Space Systems (NGSS) and Space Infra Red Telescope Facility (SIRTF) . Lightweight stiff mirror applications, including high speed tip-tilt mirrors and secondary mirrors for ground based telescope systems, particularly those in a stressing thermal environment.

GLOBAL BUSINESS SYSTEMS 23520 Telo Avenue, #4 Torrance, CA 90505
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(310) 408-3225 Dr. William S. Chan AF 02-130 Selected for Award
Title:	Dynamic Fabry-Perot Tunable Filter for MWIR
Abstract:	We propose to develop a dynamic Fabry-Perot Tunable Filter (FPTF) capable of being tuned rapidly over the MWIR (medium wave infrared, 2-5 micron) spectral region for multi-spectral imaging and infrared detection. Micromachined out of a silicon wafer, using the so-called MEMS (micro electro-optical mechanical system) technology, the FPTF is a microchip containing an airgap cavity spacing between two partially-reflecting mirrors, one of which is made movable relative to the other, so that the spacing can be changed when a voltage is applied across a series of capacitors disposed around the periphery of the cavity. This spacing will cause an interference between the incident and reflected IR beams within the cavity, resulting in an emerging narrow passband centered at a specific wavelength dependent on the spacing and a bandwidth dependent on the reflectivity of the mirrors. By changing this spacing, the tuning of the cavity can be made to pass any passband within the MWIR in microseconds. When this FPTF is placed in front of an MWIR focal plane array and arranged with suitable IR optics, multi-spectral images will be obtained in the MWIR rapidly. Phase 1 will define the requirements of the FPTF device, design its structure, analyze its dynamic tunability in the MWIR and delineate its fabrication process by micromachining using the MEMS technology. Phase 2 will fabricate and test a breadboard version the FPTF device. Multi-spectral imaging, medical and industrial imaging and sensing.

MICROCOATING TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 5315 Peachtree Industrial Blvd Atlanta, GA 30341
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(678) 287-2477 Dr. Yongdong Jiang AF 02-130 Selected for Award
Title:	Epitaxial ferroelectric thin films for electrooptic devices in the MWIR region via CCVD
Abstract:	The rapid pace of development in the fields of optical telecommunications and networks over the past decade has led to an increasing demand for integrated-optic devices that are capable of processing large quantities of information more rapidly than could be done with conventional electronics. In the meantime, the rapid and continued growth of optical applications and devices outside the visible and communication wavelengths for both military and civil applications has also resulted in a need for optical control elements in these wavelength regions, such as in the MidWave InfraRed (MWIR) spectral region. To meet these requirements, ferroelectric thin films are being used to develop new classes of electrooptic components and devices with high optical quality and high electrooptic coefficient. Using its innovative, high volume, low cost and open-air Combustion Chemical Vapor Deposition (CCVD) technique, MCT's proposed Phase I program is to deposit dense, epitaxial ferroelectric thin films on single crystal substrates for the applications of dynamic filtering of infrared lights for both military and civil purposes, and to evaluate the chemical, optical and electrooptic properties of these films. An industrial support letter is included. Tunable filters for MidWave InfraRed Radiation are required for industrial, medical and environmental applications for materials processing, inspection, diagnostics and chemical sensing. Successful development of films and devices proposed in this Phase I and a follow-on Phase II effort will result in meeting the market need. Industrial partner has been identified and recruited for this effort. If MicroCoating Technologies triumphs in its product plan, both military and commercial segments would benefit immensely with the availability of a commercially viable production technique.

FOSTER-MILLER, INC. 350 Second Ave. Waltham, MA 02451
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 684-4139 Dr. William Dorogy Jr. AF 02-131 Selected for Award
Title:	Active Thermal Management System (ATMS) for Spacecraft in a MEO and GEO Space
Abstract:	Foster-Miller proposes a highly innovative concept for an Active Thermal Management System (ATMS) that is sufficiently robust to allow operation in a space environment for between 15 to 20 years. ATMS is designed to generate a surface exhibiting a constant low absorptance value throughout the solar spectrum and variable emissivity values over the thermal IR region. Impinging sunlight will be efficiently reflected off the surface and thus contribute little or no additional heat to the spacecraft interior. High emissivity values will allow spacecraft heat to be radiated into space, cooling the spacecraft interior. Low emissivity values will reduce or prevent radiative cooling, allowing heat to build up within the spacecraft. Spacecraft internal temperatures can be maintained at a constant level by selecting appropriate intermediate emissivity values. ATMS robustness results because it relies on no moving parts or changes in polymer oxidation states to generate variable emissivity values. Our concept takes proven terrestrial bound technology, modifies it for this application, and hardens it for use in the space environment. We are teamed with a supplier of key thermal materials, a thermal coatings manufacturer, and a spacecraft manufacturer, which will permit rapid demonstration, qualification, and production of products from this program. (P-020201) ATMS can be used as thermal management system for a variety of applications such as external surfaces of buildings, structures, automobiles, trains, planes, etc. ATMS can be used to prevent excessive heat build up during the day, allow radiative cooling at night, and provide heat during cool/cold days. This will significantly reduce the air conditioning and heating requirements of structures to which it is attached. Savings due to these reduced requirements will be realized in the form of lower heating/cooling costs, reduction in energy consumption and dependence.

PHYSICAL SCIENCES INC. 20 New England Business Center Andover, MA 01810
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(978) 689-0003 Dr. Prakash B. Joshi AF 02-131 Selected for Award
Title:	Novel Materials for Spacecraft Thermal Control Coatings Technologies
Abstract:	Physical Sciences Inc. (PSI) proposes to develop innovative variable-reflectance polymeric devices with on-demand controllable solar absorptivity (alpha) and IR emissivity (epsilon). The goal of the program (Phase I and II) is to design and demonstrate a prototype device with broadly variable (alpha/epsilon). While there are many potential applications, we will focus on spacecraft thermal control. During the Phase I program we will develop concepts and a model of utility for assessing the electro-optical properties of the concepts. Several devices will be fabricated and utilized for proof-of-concept experiments. A detailed Phase II program plan will also be developed. Successful demonstration of advanced thermal control devices will have a very significant impact on space systems designs. The system we envision will reduce the thermal cycling of the interior of spacecraft. This will significantly extend the life of components and allow a broader range of COTS components to be used. The end result will be more cost effective, longer life satellites.

MICROCOATING TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 5315 Peachtree Industrial Blvd Atlanta, GA 30341
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(678) 287-3919 Dr. Robert E. Schwerzel AF 02-132 Selected for Award
Title:	A NOVEL APPROACH TO THE FABRICATION OF POLYMER-BASED ELECTROOPTIC DEVICES AND SUBSYSTEMS-ON-A-CHIP
Abstract:	The proposed research program seeks to develop a totally new methodology for the fabrication of polymer-based electrooptic waveguide devices and subsystems-on-a-chip. These devices are currently produced using conventional spin-coating or dip-coating technology. However, these techniques constrain the selection of polymers for the electrooptic waveguide layer and for the upper and lower cladding layers because of the need to use solvent systems that will not disrupt the previously deposited layers. To avoid having to expose the polymer layers to potentially harmful solvents, we propose to adapt MicroCoating Technologies' (MCT's) patented NanomizerT spray deposition technology for the fabrication of optically clear polymer cladding films. The key feature of the proposed approach is MCT's unique nozzle design that disperses a liquid solution of the polymer (or reactive oligomers) into sub-micron droplets. This allows the solvent to flash-evaporate as the droplets travel toward the substrate, and results in the deposition of a pinhole-free film with minimal solvent exposure to the substrate. In addition, it enables the fabrication of mode-matched waveguides having adiabatic tapers, with graduated thickness and refractive index profiles. To ensure that we will be working with state-of-the-art materials, MCT has established a teaming relationship with the research group of Professor Larry Dalton, a world leader in electrooptic polymer development, for the proposed project. If successful, the proposed project will greatly enhance the selection of polymer materials for each layer of an electrooptic polymer device, and will allow device designers to focus on the key properties of refractive index, conductivity, thermal expansion, and optical quality without having to be concerned with solvent compatibility issues. MCT expects that the successful completion of the proposed Phase I program, together with an anticipated Phase II development program and a subsequent Phase III commercialization program, will enable the development of a variety of polymer-based electrooptic subsystems-on-a-chip. Because these electrooptic polymer materials can be tailored to provide frequency response in excess of 100 GHz with drive voltages below 1V, the resulting polymer-based subsystems-on-a-chip will offer extremely high bandwidth with very low power requirements. They will therefore be well positioned to meet the growing demand for greater bandwidth, lower power, and smaller size for both military and commercial telecommunications and signal processing applications. The resulting products will be able to combine multiple optical and electronic functions on a single chip or wafer, and will have greatly increased robustness as compared to comparable subsystems today, which must be assembled from a number of discrete components. Because MCT's deposition technology provides a unique capability for fabricating the chips we envision, based on the state-of-the art electrooptic polymers developed by Professor Dalton's research group, the proposed project represents a major opportunity for MCT. MCT expects to license its deposition technology to companies that are commercializing Professor Dalton's electrooptic polymers for integrated-optic devices. In 2005, the targeted marketplace is estimated at $23 billion/year. Capturing even a tiny percentage of this market represents a significant opportunity for MCT.

PACIFIC WAVE INDUSTRIES, INC. 10390 Santa Monica Blvd.,, Suite 100 Los Angeles, CA 90025
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(310) 229-0099 Dr. Cheng Zhang AF 02-132 Selected for Award
Title:	Optimization of Polymer Cladding Materials for Polymer-Based Electro-Optic Devices
Abstract:	We propose to design and synthesize new polymers that are more conductive than currently used UV-curable polymer at both low and high temperatures (~200 oC ). Low loss, non-UV curable host polymers will also be identified and developed. The more conductive polymers and the host polymers will be blended or covalently incorporated. Thin films and waveguides will be prepared to examine film quality, film resistivity at different temperatures and voltages, as well as dielectric constant and optical loss. During Phase I, the goal is to increase conductivity of cladding materials to a level that is two orders of magnitude higher than that of EO polymers made from PWC proprietary highly active chromophores. At the end of Phase I, working devices will be fabricated using the more conductive polymer blends to demonstrate the enhancement in EO performance. The use of proposed cladding polymer materials with increased conductivity in polymer modulators is expected to enhance a poling efficiency by 35%. That will translate into cost-effective, broadband devices with driving voltages under 3 V that satisfy reliability requirements of telecommunication industry.

APPLIED SCIENCES, INC. 141 W. Xenia Ave., PO Box 579 Cedarville, OH 45314
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(937) 766-2020 Dr. Ronald L. Jacobsen AF 02-133 Selected for Award
Title:	Improved Carbon Nanofiber/Polymer Composites by Low Shear Compounding
Abstract:	Carbon nanofiber reinforced polymer composites are anticipated to offer a suite of physical property advantages similar to conventional carbon fiber composites reinforced with PAN- or pitch-based carbon fiber. Early results show high promise for use of carbon nanofibers to enhance the physical properties, including electrical conductivity, coefficient of thermal expansion, strength, and modulus, of polymer composites. An artifact of high volume methods of production for carbon nanofibers and nanotubes is that fibers are generated in a birdnested form, and are difficult to separate in compounding into a uniform dispersion throughout the matrix polymer. In order to disperse other nanoparticle additives such as carbon black or nanoclays, high shear mixing is frequently used; however, when applied to nanotubes and nanofibers, the aspect ratio of the fibers may be seriously compromised, reducing the reinforcement value of the nanofiber. As a result, the observed physical properties for carbon nanofiber reinforced polymers represent only a small fraction of the values predicted by theory. It is proposed to use methods of low shear processing, low viscosity resins and in situ polymerization to create masterbatch compounds of uniformly dispersed carbon nanofibers where the high aspect ratio of the as-grown carbon nanofiber is preserved. The Air Force has a variety of aircraft and satellite applications that a successfully developed material would find use in. Commercial applications include electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and enhanced thermal management for electronics packages

MATERIALS RESEARCH INSTITUTE, LLC 1961 N Springcrest Court Beavercreek, OH 45432
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(937) 426-4398 Dr. Chung-tse Chu AF 02-133 Selected for Award
Title:	Conductive Multifunctional Polymer-Nanotube Hybrids
Abstract:	This SBIR Phase I research program will develop a processing scheme for producing polymer-nanotube hybrids with significant electrical and thermal conductivity for multifunctional applications. Using carbon nanotubes to impart transport properties to organic polymers requires the nanotubes to form a conductive network in the polymer matrix. To obtain high electrical and thermal conductivity, the Phase I research will focus on achieving uniform dispersion of the choice carbon nanotubes, maintaining their large aspect ratio during processing, and enhancing inter-tube charge transport properties. The processing scheme will be applicable to a wide range of polymers, including thermoplstic, thermosetting, and high-temperature aromatic heterocyclic polymers. The resulting conductive polymer-nanotube hybrid material will have applications in shielding, thermal management, electrostatic discharge, corrosion protection, and electro-optical devices such as photovoltaics. The polymer-nanotube hybrids can be tailored with a wide range of thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties for multifunctional applications in coatings, caulks, sealant, adhesives, fibers, films, sheets, tubes, and large structural components. Potential commercial applications for the conductive nanocomposite material include shielding, charge dissipation, electrostatic painting, corrosion prevention, thermal management, mechanical reinforcement, and electro-optical devices such as photovoltaic solar cells.

TRITON SYSTEMS, INC. 200 TURNPIKE ROAD Chelmsford, MA 01824
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(978) 250-4200 Dr. Bryan Koene AF 02-133 Selected for Award
Title:	Multifunctional Thermally and Electrically Conductive Carbon Nanotube-Polymer Hybrid Material
Abstract:	Triton addresses the US Air Force need to develop multifunctional polymer nanotube composites and adhesives for aerospace applications requiring high electrical conductivity (EMI shielding for electronic packaging, stealth), thermal conductivity (thermal management), and high strength (structural applications). Nanotube composite research has demonstrated that these materials can theoretically achieve high levels of thermal and electrical conductivity, as well as high strength providing huge reductions in weight over conventional composite systems. Difficulties in achieving substantial nanoparticle dispersion have prevented these materials from achieving these enhanced properties. Triton's nanotube composite research team has developed enabling chemistries and processing methods in which to homogeneously disperse these nanotubes to achieve significant improvements in the properties required to validate them for these applications. These techniques are truly cross platform, and will allow their use over a wide variety of polymer matrices and will result in materials that can be processed by traditional methods such as melt extrusion and spray coating. For the Phase I program, Triton will demonstrate the fabrication of well dispersed carbon nanotube polymer composites, which will exhibit isotropic electrical conductivity greater than 25 S/cm and thermal conductivity greater than 50 W/mK The carbon nanotube composite technology developed by Triton Systems will open the opportunity for applications in many areas. The benefit of electrical conductivity to traditionally poorly conducting or insulating matrices lends their use in many applications such as EMI shielding and thermal management of structural materials. The conductivity may also provide static discharge for fuel system components in the automotive and aerospace industries

AUSTRAL ENGINEERING & SOFTWARE, INC. 408 Richland Avenue, Suite 102 Athens, OH 45701
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(937) 431-8500 Mr. Enrique A. Medina AF 02-134 Selected for Award
Title:	Strategy and Software Environment for Virtual Design and Nondestructive Evaluation Prototyping
Abstract:	Austral Engineering and Software, Inc. proposes to develop a strategy and corresponding software for integrating nondestructive evaluation models and simulations through a systems-based approach incorporating optimization-based, computer-aided design tools. Design objectives to be modeled and optimized include damage tolerance, service life, performance and cost. In Phase I, AES will study existing NDE modeling approaches, and will establish methodologies for integrating NDE models with manufacturing process models, design space exploration and optimization algorithms, and multidimensional visualization methods. AES will then define a strategy for virtual design and NDE prototyping that considers product, process, and inspection requirements at all life cycle stages. Phase I will result in a limited proof-of-concept demonstration, and a complete strategy for execution in Phase II and beyond. The integrated design capability expected from Phase II will enable optimal design space exploration for products, manufacturing processes, and NDE methods, to be applied at various stages of a product's life cycle, from conceptual design through economic service life management. This system will allow rapid evaluation and optimization of tradeoffs among multiple, competing design, inspection, maintenance, damage tolerance, and life-extension objectives and alternatives. This approach will reduce development costs by minimizing the need for expensive empirical studies. AES anticipates that the U.S. Air Force, other defense organizations, and their OEMs will benefit from using the products of this effort for optimized life-cycle design of military and commercial products. Results will be commercialized in the form of software applications and related consulting services for NDE and product and process design.

NDE TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 1785 Sourwood Place Charlottesville, VA 22911
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(434) 973-0299 Irving J. Gray AF 02-134 Selected for Award
Title:	AF02-134 Virtual Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE): Computational Methods for Virtual Prototyping
Abstract:	Assessment of the Requirements for a Virtual NDE Environment and its Integration into a Virtual Design Process The recent advances in NDE modeling provide an opportunity to begin developing a Virtual NDE Environment. There are a number of issue, such as robustness of the NDE models, the availability of appropriate input to the models and the integration of expert knowledge systems that must be at a sufficient level to be used. Similarly the NDE Virtual Environment must have the ability to integrate into the larger Design Environment. We propose to build of significant past experience in NDE model development, Virtual Design Environment development. In this work we propose to complete an assessment of the needs and provide a development framework for realizing the significant potential improvements in productivity, safety, and optimization that these Virtual environments promise. The market applications for Virtual NDE applications is in the millions of dollars annually. All manufacturing processes could benefit from the use of these simulation technologies--minimally anyone currently using CAD/CAM would be a likely customer. With Six Sigma reaching cult status Virtual NDE simulation applications would offer a real world opportunity to dramatically improve the design / manufacturing cycle. Our current experience marketing XRSIM, an X-ray simulation program and our associations with the Center for Non-Destructive Evaluation and other simulation companies uniquely qualifies us to commercialize these sorts of applications.

WINTEC, INCORPORATED 220 Eglin Parkway SE, Suite 4 Fort Walton Beach, FL 32548
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(850) 664-6203 Mr. Fred Benedick AF 02-138 Selected for Award
Title:	Distributive Processing Techniques For Interconnected Embedded Systems
Abstract:	Evolving smart miniature munitions will be carried in large numbers on combat aircraft to enhance operational effectiveness and reduce required missions. Near term carriage and control of these munitions will be primarily via advanced carriage devices (captive dispensers) which adapt multiple munitions to a single MIL-STD-1760 aircraft electrical interface. Maintaining all operational flight program (OFP) functionality for initialization and employment of these stores within the aircraft processing suite is expected to exceed the processing and data bus throughput capacity of some existing platforms, without costly upgrades. By moving some control functionality (within applicable safety and timing constraints) to the dispenser level via either preprogrammed or dynamic distributive processing techniques, such upgrades can be delayed or avoided entirely. WINTEC has already developed a set of "store macro commands" under ongoing programs which execute in the dispenser to reduce aircraft processor and communication bus loading associated with store employment. The proposed effort would build on this previous work to provide a more comprehensive solution to the problem. Specifically, it would investigate store control requirements, develop a model system architecture, define appropriate distributive processing functions, and develop a demonstration system concept and associated plan for a follow-on prototyping/ demonstration program. The technology provided by this program will help eliminate or significantly delay required upgrades for some existing aircraft platforms to effectively employ large loadouts of miniature stores. It also has significant commercial applicability to robotic vehicle, factory automation, and intelligent vehicle/highway systems.

SYSTEM DYNAMICS 5346 SW 91st Terrace Gainesville, FL 32608
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(352) 371-8035 Mr. Kevin J. Shortelle AF 02-141 Selected for Award
Title:	Micro Air Vehicles for Munition Bomb Damage Indication
Abstract:	The U. S. Air Force has identified a need to develop innovative concepts for gathering timely and accurate bomb damage assessment (BDA) information. This information is used by mission planners to quantify the success of an airborne attack, determine the extent of any collateral damage, and ultimately provide information as to whether additional attacks are necessary. One particularly attractive BDA concept involves the use of low-value assets such as micro air vehicles (MAVs) to gather BDA information and transmit this information to applicable ground or airborne platforms. The sensor-equipped MAV would be attached to an air-launched munition and deployed at a pre-determined point along the munition's descent trajectory. Following deployment, the air vehicle would achieve stable flight and proceed to the target area to record the impact event and gather post-impact BDA imagery. The MAV would continue to loiter in the target area and transmit real-time imagery until its on-board power source was exhausted. The focus of this research is to develop implementable hardware and software solutions that enable the use of low-cost, expendable MAVs for BDA missions. Specifically, the research will address: (1) the design, fabrication, and packaging of the munition-deployed MAV, (2) the stability and autonomous guidance and navigation capability of the air vehicle, and (3) the collection and transmission of real-time video imagery from the MAV's on-board sensor. Camera-equipped MAVs have great potential for surveillance and monitoring tasks in areas either too remote or too dangerous to send human scouts. Opera-tional MAVs will enable a number of important missions, including chemical/radiation spill monitoring, forest-fire reconnaissance, visual monitoring of volcanic activity, surveys of natural disaster areas, and even inexpensive traffic and accident monitoring. Additional on-board sensors can further augment MAV mission profiles to include, for example, airborne chemical analysis. As other examples of MAV benefits, consider the following scenarios. The forestry service is interested in tracking wildlife migration patterns within its park; a hiker is lost in the wilderness; people are trapped in trees or on rooftops during flooding, following a major hurricane. In each instance, small UAVs or MAVs, capable of self-stabilized flight, could be deployed to actively search and track motion and/or targets of interest on the ground.

FOSTER-MILLER, INC. 350 Second Ave. Waltham, MA 02451
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 684-3949 Mr. Ben Dobson AF 02-142 Selected for Award
Title:	Detachable Bomb Pursuit Vehicle (DBPV) for Bomb Damage Assessment
Abstract:	The development of low-cost guided munitions has given mission planners a new set of tools to achieve their objectives. These weapons have much greater accuracy than "dumb" iron bombs, but they can still be delivered from aircraft flying safely at high altitudes, and are effective in all weather conditions. Although the munitions are usually successful in such situations, often the methods used to measure their effectiveness are not. Imagery for bomb damage assessment (BDA) is difficult to obtain from high flying aircraft or satellites during bad weather, so additional strikes may be ordered when they are not necessary, reducing the overall efficiency of the weapon system. Foster-Miller proposes an innovative solution to this problem of collecting BDA information for guided weapons. The Detachable Bomb Pursuit Vehicle (DBPV) will provide a low-cost method for the collection of high-resolution pre- and post-impact imagery, gathered from close proximity to the target. The DBPV will ride a host munition toward its target, detach shortly before impact, and follow the bomb into the impact area while collecting and transmitting digital images. In Phase I, Foster-Miller will produce a preliminary design for the DBPV and demonstrate the validity of the flight control concept. (P-020171) At the successful completion of this multi-phase program, the Department of Defense will be able to procure a low-cost modular device, called the Detachable Bomb Pursuit Vehicle (DBPV), that will be used to upgrade existing guided munitions, which will be used in large numbers in future air campaigns. The use of the DBPV will provide high-resolution bomb damage assessment (BDA) images, and data from a variety of other sensors used to characterize targets. This information will prevent the occurrence of unnecessary follow-up strikes, thereby reducing overall costs and risks to aircraft and their crews. The technology developed under this program will also find other applications where low-cost, disposable, self-guided air vehicles are required. Examples include the surveillance of wildlife and habitat in remote areas, the delivery of humanitarian aid to isolated populations, and the resupply of ocean-going vessels from high-flying aircraft.

FULL SPECTRUM TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 503 Golfview Dr., Suite 200 San Jose, CA 95127
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(408) 756-1055 Mr. Duane Jensen AF 02-143 Selected for Award
Title:	Effects of Internal Weapons Bays on Advanced Munitions
Abstract:	The F-22 main internal weapons bay is selected to evaluate its effects on advanced munitions. The Low Cost Autonomous Attack System (LOCAAS) is selected as the "advanced munition", since it contains a seeker, warhead, autonomous target acquitision, antenna , transceiver, signal processor, turbojet engine, and commercial electronics. The Phase I program has three objectives: (1) obtain the F-22 internal weapons bay flow field and acoustic environments over a wide range of Mach/flight conditions, (2) identify LOCAAS critical components, compare to the F-22 acoustic spectra, and provide ROM costs to harden critical components that may fail in the F-22 environment, and (3) complete the conceptual design of a flexible composite flow field/acoustic supressor as an improvement over existing methods. In Phase II, critical LOCAAS components that fail F-22 environments will be tested to failure to understand their capability. Then, the evaluation of safely separating LOCAAS from the F-22 will begin. Advanced munitions, including LOCAAS, are becoming lighter and more complex. These weapons do not have the inertia to simply drop clear of the aircraft. Nor, can the weapons be ejected with more force because the weapon's electronics cannot with stand excessive accelerations. Flexible composites offer substantial volume, weight and cost savings over current designs. These advanced technologies are applicable to air-launched munitions as well unmanned aerial vehicles used for either millitary or civilian purposes, aircraft and underwater vehicles. Application of of flexible composites technology to commercial commuter or private civilian aircraft would provide significant range improvements because the smaller volume that the flexible composite control surfaces provides for a larger fuel tank within existing wing configurations. Race cars and the commercial trucking industry could also use the technology to reduce drag and increase the race car or truck's performance.

STAR BRIDGE SYSTEMS, INC. 7651 South Main Street Midvale, UT 84047
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(801) 984-4444 Mr. Jim Yardley AF 02-144 Selected for Award
Title:	Reconfigurable Computing Applications for Aircraft, Munitions and Dispensers
Abstract:	Specialized digital circuitry in weapon systems can be replaced with general purpose chips, FPGAs, whose circuitry is configured and reconfigured through software. This facilitates continual improvement throughout the lifecycle of the weapon system, reduces the range of spare parts required, reduces parts obsolescensce and improves the long-term supportability of the weapon system. There are many requirements for long term support for high tech systems without having to change microprocessors or other circuitry that becomes obsolete within a few years of life. With the advent of reconfigurable logic through the use of field programmable gate arrays, funtions of previous and current design microprocessors and support circuitry can be programmed into the FPGA chips. The problem to date has been the ability to cost effectively program the FPGA chips and utilize the reconfigurability of the chips. Star Bridge Systems has solved this problem by developing a software compiler and FPGA program development tool which makes complete integration of reconfigurable FPGAs into existing and new logic functions a cost effective reality. This technology is applicable to devices ranging from cell phones to supercomputers.

CFD RESEARCH CORPORATION 215 Wynn Drive, 5th Floor Huntsville, AL 35805
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(256) 726-4812 Dr. D. Scott Crocker AF 02-145 Selected for Award
Title:	High Resolution Simulation of Liquid Jet Ejection and Aerosolization for Chemical/Biological Defense
Abstract:	High resolution modeling of the ejection of liquid payloads is needed to compliment and improve the design of weapons that will inject neutralization agents into clouds of hazardous chemical or biological agents. A high fidelity model, which currently does not exist (especially for relatively large diameter jets), is needed to provide accurate prediction of droplet location, size, and velocity distributions near the injection location which will usually have a first order effect on the larger scale distribution of the aerosolized neutralization agent. CFD Research Corporation (CFDRC) will develop such a model through the innovative coupling of several advanced modeling capabilities including: 1) Volume of Fluid (VOF), two-phase enthalpy method, and mesh-embedding technique for modeling the dynamic and turbulent formation of the liquid jet core will be evaluated, 2) aerosolization modeling correlated to the liquid jet turbulence, 3) secondary breakup of the initial droplets, 4) dispersion of the droplet field using Large Eddy Simulation (LES). In Phase I, existing models will be coupled in CFDRC's commercial CFD software, CFD?ACE+, and preliminary validation will be performed. In Phase II, the model will be enhanced by implementing a two-phase LES capability and an innovative two-phase enthalpy model. Experimental data will be collected as necessary to enable much more extensive validation of the model. The final product of this SBIR project will be a commercial quality, high resolution CFD model for the ejection of liquid jets, including liquid jets up to 50 mm or more in diameter. The model will be of benefit to designers of weapons that must inject liquid payloads such as chemical/biological neutralization agents. Another weapons application is the distribution of fuel for thermobaric weapons. The capability is also important for predicting dispersion of hazardous materials released on the ground from either acts of war/terrorism or accidentally. The capability will be coupled with CFDRC's Urban Dispersion Simulator (UDS) software which is of interest to a wide variety of military, civil government, and private organizations.

ALPHATECH, INC. 50 Mall Road Burlington, MA 01803
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 273-3388 Dr. William C. Snyder AF 02-146 Selected for Award
Title:	Feature Extraction and Shape Reconstruction for SAR to LADAR Target Transfer
Abstract:	Laser radar (LADAR) has emerged as one of the key technology candidates for application as a precision weapon terminal seeker. Targets of interest include unplanned targets of opportunity, such as fixed buildings and bunkers, and relocatable and moving targets. To discriminate such targets, a seeker requires a template, based on the target surface shape, that must be constructed from the available information. LADAR can provide an image with three channels of target information, namely a map of range, active reflectance, and passive reflectance and emission. The RF frequency for SAR doesn't provide information about active or passive target emission in the visible, but it can be applied to construct the target surface shape. Accordingly, we investigate how best to construct the 3D target shape from standoff SAR to support LADAR terminal seeker autonomous target acquisition and track. We leverage our experience from the model-based SAR ATR MSTAR program in deriving features from the SAR data and converting these features to suitable 3D surface representations, but the proposed system here will not be an ATR. In particular, we propose to investigate a direct shape reconstruction approach and a shape matching approach. In order to analyze the performance tradeoffs of the different approaches and understand their benefits and limitations, we will perform extensive analysis on available in-house SAR imagery covering a broad range of operating conditions. The technology developed under this program will contribute directly to the overall military objective of improving real time target designation and track for a variety of weapons and targets, and under a variety of conditions. Specifically, extracting 3D information from the SAR signatures will improve rapid targeting of known, unknown, and variable target types in a combat scenario. We anticipate that the signature extraction could be used to automate SAR and LADAR peacetime applications such as treaty compliance assessment and monitoring.

MALLTECH, LLC 3733 S. Telegraph Rd. Dearborn, MI 48124
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(248) 788-3900 Mr. V. Fedchun, PhD AF 02-147 Selected for Award
Title:	Improvement of Penetrator Performance by Increasing/Engineering Case Mechanical Properties
Abstract:	The proposal submitted herein is based on prior research into effects of various groups of alloying elements on structure and properties of alpha- and gamma-iron based steels. Developed theory and previously obtained test results indicate that a complex of excellent mechanical characteristics (strength, ductility and fracture toughness) can be achieved in low alloy steels without the need for expensive purification processes (reduction in the level of S, P and other undesirable elements) and / or high levels of Co, Ni, Mo. These properties can be obtained through proper selection of relatively inexpensive alloying elements based, among other factors, on the element's atomic structure, their solubility in iron and their inter-crystalline and inter-phase adsorption activity. The objective of this proposal is to demonstrate that our alloying methodology allows production of relatively inexpensive steel alloys with excellent combination of mechanical properties - tensile strength, ductility, impact strength and fracture toughness, with yield strength and impact strength values within the target ranges of 235-325 ksi and 30-34 Ft-lbs respectively. It is expected that processing characteristics of these alloys will be comparable to common medium-carbon steel grades. Having also low cost, proposed alloys could potentially find wide military and commercial applications. Having low cost and excellent combination of mechanical and processing characteristics, proposed steel alloys could find use in various industries, potentially replacing some of the more expensive grades currently on the market.

AUBURN CHEMICAL COMPANY INCORPORATED 2058 Fieldview Drive Auburn, AL 36830
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(334) 826-6500 Mrs. B. T. Neely AF 02-149 Selected for Award
Title:	Agent Defeat Short Time Neutralization Data Collection and Modeling
Abstract:	This research will provide ability to predict the effectiveness of thermal-based Agent Defeat weapons. Tasks are compilation of previous experimental data, modeling to estimate the time-temperature conditions produced by selected Agent Defeat weapons, the design and evaluation of a test system to determine the extent of spore killing by high temperatures for various short times. The military benefit will be the ability to accurately predict the effectiveness of new thermal Agent Defeat weapons. The commercial benefit will be added ability to design rapid high temperature medical sterilization equipment.

Q-DOT, INC. 1069 Elkton Drive Colorado Springs, CO 80907
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(719) 590-1112 Mr. Michael E. Harrell AF 02-150 Selected for Award
Title:	Flight Test Receiver and Decoder (FTRD) for Universal Flight Termination System (FTS) (9610)
Abstract:	Abstract: Q-DOT proposes to develop a low-cost standard Flight Test Receiver and Decoder (FTRD). The FTRD will fully support RCC 319-99 plus additional range-specific requirements. It will be easy to install and interface to a wide range of munitions. High performance will be attained at low cost by realizing the FTRD as a single integrated circuit in advanced, SiGe BiCMOS technology. Development cost will be minimized by working closely with Q-DOT's Fast Track commercialization partner, The Raymond Engineering Operation of Kaman Aerospace Corporation (Kaman). Kaman is currently developing a Flight Termination Safe and Arm (FTSA) for FTS. Q-DOT will leverage Kaman's FTSA experience while assuring that the FTRD and FTSA are compatible and optimized to complement each other. Together, the FTRD and FTSA form the core of a complete FTS. In Phase I, the FTRD will be conceptually designed to accommodate a broad range of munitions and range-specific requirements while fully complying with RCC 319-99. Since Kaman plans to support our Fast Track application, the FTRD will be substantially developed in Phase II toward certification into production in Phase III. Safety is paramount when handling explosives anywhere. The FTRA (and FTSA) can be employed for safe, remote detonation in mining, blasting and demolition. Police and special forces can safely detonate terrorist bombs. Commercial rocket launches can use the FTRD and FTSA to abort errant launches.

SCIENTIFIC SYSTEMS COMPANY, INC 500 West Cummings Park, Suite 3000 Woburn, MA 01801
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 933-5355 Dr. Constantino Rago AF 02-151 Selected for Award
Title:	Use of Single and Multiple Model Kalman Filter for Independent Fuze Safeing
Abstract:	Some of the general purpose bombs in use by the Air Force and Navy (for example the MK80 and M117), are equipped with an air-driven turbine alternator (the FZU-48 produced by Alliant Techsystems). This air-driven turbine alternator has a double function: it provides the electric power to the fuze(s), and also is used as a way to activate the fuze. The air turbine provides power to the fuze only when the bomb is detached from the airplane (lanyard activation) and is traveling at a speed above a given threshold. Nowadays, most general purpose bombs are equipped with a battery that supplies power to all the on-board electronics. Elimininating the air-driven turbine alternator will decrease the bomb drag, as well as reduce the cost, but will require a new system to activate the fuze. The goal of this Phase I effort is to develop a low-cost, reliable fuze activation systems that relies only on pre-existing on-board hardware, and to investigate, via simulation, the performance of such system. The fuze activation system will use information provided by the bomb's navigation system (IMU and GPS) and other existing on-board information, including the lanyard and the number of GPS satellites in-view by the bomb. An Interacting Multiple Model (IMM) Kalman filter, will be used to detect the bomb's free-falling condition from other dynamic situations, including aircraft maneuvers. The following tasks will be performed under the Phase I effort: 1) Obtain dynamic models for the bomb 2) Implement an IMM filtering scheme 3) Compare IMM performance with single Kalman filter decision based schem 4) Develop the necessary logic to include lanyard release and GPS shadowing 5) Simulate the fuze activation system under different conditions 6) Final report and Phase II recommendations For this effort, SSCI has teamed up with Alliant Precision Fuze Company (ATK), a leading company in the manufacturing of electromechanical and proximity fuzes, and the actual manufacturers of the FZU-48 air-driven turbine generator to be replaced by the system here proposed. ATK will provide technical support, data, and evaluation of results during Phase I and II. It will also be an excellent partner for a Phase III commercialization effort. The proposed system will decrease the cost of the bombs, by eliminating the air-driven turbine generator, and it will also reduce the drag of the bomb. By eliminating the dependency of the fuze-activation process on moving parts (air turbine) it has the potential to increase the ruggedness of the whole system.

SYSTEM DYNAMICS 5346 SW 91st Terrace Gainesville, FL 32608
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(352) 371-8035 Mr. William R. Graham AF 02-151 Selected for Award
Title:	Use of Kalman Filter Residuals for Independent Fuze Safeing
Abstract:	The Air Force has long been aware of the importance of safety devices for the warheads of their air-launched weapons. In fact, all modern air-launched weapons include safety and arming (S&A) subsystems which are designed to prevent the weapon from unintentionally arming itself. The FZU-48 air turbine is a critical component of the S&A subsystems currently installed in the Air Force's Mark 80 series of glide bombs. Although the air-turbine has proven itself to be extremely reliable, it suffers from several shortcomings. First, the turbine adds weight and drag to the weapon. Second, the size of the turbine may preclude its use on smaller guided weapons under development by the Air Force (e.g., the small diameter bomb, SDB). In an effort to redress these shortcomings, the Air Force has expressed a desire to develop alternative S&A subsystems which do not include an air turbine. The objective of this proposed research, therefore, is to investigate the feasibility of replacing the air-turbine S&A subsystem with a battery and a novel algorithm designed to exploit information provided by the weapon's GPS, IMU, and Kalman integration filter. The results of this research may lead to the adoption of lower-cost, less-intrusive S&A subsystems. Significant benefits will result from the successful completion of this research. If it can be demonstrated that the air turbine can be replaced with the proposed novel S&A subsystem without sacrificing system reliability, then a significant cost/weight/size savings would be realized for a broad family of air-launched weapons. Potential Phase III users include the Air Force's Small Diameter Bomb (SDB), Joint Advanced Air to Surface Missile (JAASM), Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM), and the Wind Corrected Munitions Dispenser (WCMD).

NVE CORP. (FORMERLY NONVOLATILE ELECTRONICS, INC.) 11409 Valley View Road Eden Prairie, MN 55344
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(952) 829-9217 Mr. Robert A. Sinclair AF 02-152 Selected for Award
Title:	Intraweapon Wireless Communication
Abstract:	A novel method of intraweapon communications using magnetic field transmissions along with new very low power Spin Dependent Tunneling (SDT) magnetic sensor receivers will be developed under this program. Normal physical wire communication links cannot be expected to survive during and after target penetration. Therefore, wireless methods of communications must be developed. THE PROMISING methods of communication within the munitions will be studied and evaluated. This includes RF, magnetic and any other method that can be determined feasible during this study. A new technique called Magnet Induction holds promise for small, confined areas in metal canisters AND PENETRATOR BOMB BODIES. NVE Corporation will team with Alliant Techsystems (ATK) as a subcontractor to combine their knowledge in munitions and fuzing systems with NVE's expertise in magnetic sensors, wireless networks (LAN) and high shock recorders to design, model and construct a breadboard model of the most promising technology. Magnet Induction technology will be closely investigated since it is effective over distances up to 3 meters, is low power, uses very small antenna coils/magnetic sensors and can be commercialized for the Personal Area Network (PAN). Both the Military and commercial industry will benefit from this product by being able to comunicate inside munitions during and after impact. Synchronized measurements of events will allow distributed control not possible presently in metalic cylinders. The aerospace, utilities, telecommunications, petrochemical, NRC, EPA, and NASA organizations will benefit from this technology as well as internet appliance producers, automobile and aircraft and cargo monitoring.

US POSITIONING GROUP, LLC Arrowhead Research Park, Box 5040 Las Cruces, NM 88003
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(505) 646-2221 Dr. Steven M. Shope AF 02-152 Selected for Award
Title:	Intraweapon Wireless Communication
Abstract:	We propose an intra-weapon wireless communications technique for use within hard-target, penetrating weapon systems. Our hardened and robust technique will eliminate the hardwired physical links that are often severed by the tremendous shock loads experienced by these weapons upon impact. We describe a communications system that is based on resonant electromagnetic fields for communications between the weapon sensor suite, attached to the nose of the munition, and the explosive fuzing section, located in tail of the munition. The overall objective of the effort described in this Phase I proposal is to analyze feasibility using finite-element analysis, measurement of explosive electrical properties, development of field couplers for the cavity, development of a communications protocol, and preliminary shock engineering analyses of our design. We foresee markets in safety related applications where high reliability data links are required including automotive crash detection and airbag activation. Additionally, robust links to "black-box" on-board data recorders in a variety of transportation modes will be a valuable use of this technology. Government markets include smart munitions and artillery projectiles. A robust link between aircraft and air-launched weapons will also have market potential.

ALPHATECH, INC. 50 Mall Road Burlington, MA 01803
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 273-3388 Dr. Joel S. Douglas AF 02-155 Selected for Award
Title:	Multi-Hypothesis Automated Wireframe Generation
Abstract:	Accurate targeting using standoff missiles, such as JASSM, requires automatic target correlation algorithms using significant target features. Wireframe models that describe the significant edges and corners of fixed targets are well suited for this task. Great advances in wireframe construction from stereoscopic imagery have been achieved through the last twenty years of research in computer vision, but significant limitations still exist. Current model construction procedures are human-intensive and time consuming. Existing automated systems create too many spurious objects and incorrect hypotheses that lead to incorrect scene surface topologies, caused by physical phenomena such as surface reflectance, ambient lighting, shadows and occlusions generated by complex scenes. We will make automated wireframe model algorithms truly useful for mission planning platforms by rigorously applying physical and probabilistic models to a wider set of image features. First, we will use a rigorous mathematical treatment of uncertainties to better characterize the data and avoid sensitive heuristics. Second, we will develop new probabilistic, phenomenologically motivated cueing algorithms to distinguish false alarms from targets. Finally, we will enhance algorithms to consider multiple target hypotheses, with a model-based predict and match algorithm to robustly choose among competing hypotheses using predictions of edge, area, and texture features. Our approach will greatly enhance existing algorithms to be robust to confusers such as trees, occluded buildings, shadows, and nearby structures such as roads and parking lots. The resulting system will enable integration with JASSM mission planning platform, and also have clear application to other military systems. For example, NIMA has a great need for automatically generating 3D site models. There are also clear civilian applications, such as robotics, law enforcement, urban planning, and updating the huge geospatial databases built by the Census Department.

INTELLIGENT AUTOMATION, INC. 7519 Standish Place, Suite 200 Rockville, MD 20855
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(301) 222-0444 Dr. Chujen Lin AF 02-157 Selected for Award
Title:	UWB Synthetic Aperture Radar for All-Weather Target Sensor
Abstract:	We propose to develop an algorithm to use the Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) for air-to-ground target sensors. The only signals transmitted by UWB radars are very narrow pulses generated pseudo-randomly in time. The pulses we are currently using are « nanosecond in duration and the energy extends approximately from roughly .8 to 3 gigahertz. This broad bandwidth provides a UWB radar huge processing gain, so it is very difficult to jam. Using the motion of the air-to-ground munitions we can combine successive radar scans to form a high-resolution synthetic aperture radar that can image the target area. Because of the low frequency content of TM-UWB signals, they are able to penetrate rain, clouds, smoke, fogs, dust, even foliage and concrete. With UWB there is no carrier frequency, no up-conversion and no down-conversion, and the output stage can be a single transistor which creates a binary pulse, all resulting in decreased radio size, cost, and complexity. The duty cycle of the pulse generated by our current hardware is approximately 1/200, resulting in low power consumption. During Phase I, we will develop, simulate, and test the proposed algorithm for zero-ceiling, zero-visibility target sensor. The primary potential military application for this technology is the all-weather target sensors and detection and identification of obscured objects. Civilian applications include airborne mapping of buried cables, pipelines, and mine shafts. Intelligent Automation, Inc. and our partner, Time Domain Corp., are aggressively working to develop UWB terrain mapping sensors for mine-breaching vehicles, and UWB through-the-wall imaging radar for use by polices, fire fighters, and for use by the military for MOUT operations. The same technology can also be applied to automatic landing and guidance systems for commercial airlines and NASA.

MS TECHNOLOGY 7922 Avenida Kirjah La Jolla, CA 92037
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(858) 558-6363 Dr. Saeid Ghamaty AF 02-159 Selected for Award
Title:	Heat Removal Device for Munition
Abstract:	Advanced Future Munition (FM) as well as chip and board level electronics or optoelectronics will require innovative heat removal solutions to enable them to meet size, weight, power, high reliability, and low cost. Commonly, these approaches are based on efficient 2-D and 3-D arrangements of electronics, often involving "multi-chip modules" (MCMs). As chips are brought closer together, the area/volume power densities and, therefore, heat increases. MS Technology (MST) proposes a new type of heat removal modular device, which could solve electronic packaging problems of the FM and large scale electronic and optoelectronics systems. This new approach removes the generated heat by first converting it to electricity which could be dissipated in a shunt resistor far from the device or supplement the main system power supply. This supplementary power source further increases reliability, reduces cost and weight of the entire system. MST will evaluate and develop conceptual designs for this new device that should provide significant thermal management improvements compared to the thermal management techniques used in heat removal approaches now. MST will conduct proof of concept demonstrations to indicate the practicality of such techniques for use in device electronic systems. A low cost high performance heat removal modular device, will find commercial application in projects of interest to government, industry and academia, especially with respect to commercial applications. It is also possible in certain circumstances to find applications in other domains, where large amounts of dense circuitry can be confined with limited air flow boundary conditions. In view of general smaller satellite requirements (for cooling more high-power, more dense electronics with less costly, lighter weight, and more reliable systems) the potential market for a successful thermal management system is quite large for both the military (DoD), civilian (NASA) and commercial satellite industries. Potential commercial applications of the thermal management component(s)/system and associated technologies developed by this effort include communications and weather satellites and terrestrial thermal management systems, including co-generation applications, and residential, commercial and industrial heating and air conditioning.

KAZAK COMPOSITES INCORPORATED 32 Cummings Park Woburn, MA 01801
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 932-5667 Dr. Jerome P. Fanucci AF 02-160 Selected for Award
Title:	Low Cost Pultruded Composite Extendable Joined Wing Range Extension Kit with Advanced Aerodynamic Control Technology
Abstract:	Joined, extendable wings provide attractive aerodynamic, structural and packaging characteristics that increase weapon standoff range while requiring comparatively little pre-launch volume. Cost of current joined wing kits is high. Future designs could benefit from more highly automated manufacturing technology and more sophisticated control concepts. The proposed pultrusion process is ideally suited for making low cost, high strength, low signature, high aspect ratio composite wings that will not corrode during storage. Simple modifications to deployment linkage geometry of the joined wing will take advantage of underutilized storage space on the weapon, allowing increased wing span and aspect ratio compared to current technology, resulting in improved aerodynamic efficiency (L/D) and greater standoff range. Differential motion of wing deployment mechanisms can be used to provide vehicle pitch and roll control, eliminating two separate actuators and flight surfaces, enhancing reliability while reducing cost and weight. In Phase I, KaZaK will develop and demonstrate a pultrusion-based technique for making low cost twisted composite airfoils. We have teamed with Dynetics, a firm having considerable experience in design and testing of deployable wings, to perform the aerodynamic modeling of this concept. In Phase II we anticipate preforming full scale wind tunnel and flight testing of the system. Upon completion of Phase I and II, KCI will have designed, demonstrated and flight tested a next generation extendable wing kit that includes low cost pultruded composite twisted airfoils and differential wing motion for pitch and roll control. The resulting system should be considerably smaller, lighter, more reliable and less expensive than the current generation of deployable wings for extended range weapons. Increasing emphasis on use of smart weapons to reduce crew exposure in the high risk environment in the area immediately surrounding targets suggests that the demand for kits of the proposed type will represent an increasingly large market in the future. The enhanced performance derived from the proposed system improvements should position KCI as a leading supplier of next generation kits to weapons system primes and directly to the military.

TRITON SYSTEMS, INC. 200 TURNPIKE ROAD Chelmsford, MA 01824
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(978) 250-4200 Mr. Guy Rossi AF 02-160 Selected for Award
Title:	Cost Effective Materials and Manufacturing for Range Extension Wing Kits
Abstract:	Triton Systems, Inc. proposes to design, fabricate, test, and demonstrate low cost through technical cost modeling, the feasibility of an Advanced Thermoforming Technology AT2 manufacturing method for the production of range extension wing kits. The AT2 approach is expected to provide a factor of two reduction in cost for these wing kits through the application of low cost tooling, high performance/cost ratio materials and the sophisticated application of cost modeling tools. Triton Systems has teamed with Leigh Aerosystems, a leading supplier of range extension wing kits, and Ibis Associates, the leading cost analysts for composite production. The proposed Phase I program will trade-study the candidate composite materials and processes, demonstrate the fabrication of a Leigh Aerosystems "Longshot" composite wing, and validate the structural performance of the prototype wing. The U.S. Air Force needs to develop lower cost materials and manufacturing methods for winged autonomous munitions to allow broader fielding of the range extension kits, and to improve maneuverability, impact accuracy, standoff distance and pilot safety. To reach cost ratios that support extensive fielding, the program goal is for production costs to be reduced by as much as a factor of two. The successful completion of the Phase I program will result in the identification of the optimum manufacturing approach (materials, molding processes and assembly) for the production of range extension wing kits. The trade study will evaluate the sensitivity of the cost of selected manufacturing approaches to mass reduction, production volume and airframe weight. The total cost model results will include predicted total unit production, and a breakdown of contributing cost elements. The prototype wing will be validation tested to show structural feasibility. Leigh Aerosystems has indicated interest in commercializing the composite wing that results from this program. Several other producers of standoff weapons will be approached with successful results from Phase I seeking interest in composite wings produced by the AT2 low-cost method. Triton envisions licensing the AT2 technology to composite fabricators or spinning-off a company to provide AT2-produced wings and other composite parts for the munitions markets. The successful completion of the Phase I program will result in the identification of the optimum manufacturing approach (materials, molding processes and assembly) for the production of range extension wing kits. The trade study will evaluate the sensitivity of the cost of selected manufacturing approaches to mass reduction, production volume and airframe weight. The total cost model results will include predicted total unit production, and a breakdown of contributing cost elements. The prototype wing will be validation tested to show structural feasibility. Leigh Aerosystems has indicated interest in commercializing the composite wing that results from this program. Several other producers of standoff weapons will be approached with successful results from Phase I seeking interest in composite wings produced by the AT2 low-cost method. Triton envisions licensing the AT2 technology to composite fabricators or spinning-off a company to provide AT2-produced wings and other composite parts for the munitions markets. The successful completion of the Phase I program will result in the identification of the optimum manufacturing approach (materials, molding processes and assembly) for the production of range extension wing kits. The trade study will evaluate the sensitivity of the cost of selected manufacturing approaches to mass reduction, production volume and airframe weight. The total cost model results will include predicted total unit production, and a breakdown of contributing cost elements. The prototype wing will be validation tested to show structural feasibility. Leigh Aerosystems has indicated interest in commercializing the composite wing that results from this program. Several other producers of standoff weapons will be approached with successful results from Phase I seeking interest in composite wings produced by the AT2 low-cost method. Triton envisions licensing the AT2 technology to composite fabricators or spinning-off a company to provide AT2-produced wings and other composite parts for the munitions markets.

SURFACE TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES, INC. P.O. Box 1027 Glen Burnie, MD 21060
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(410) 332-0633 Dr. Timothy J. Langan AF 02-163 Selected for Award
Title:	Development of Structural Explosives for Low Collateral Damage (LCD) Warheads
Abstract:	Surface Treatment Technologies (ST2) proposes development of innovative structural explosive material systems based upon formation of structural nano-grained reactive alloys formed via electron-beam physical vapor deposition and magnetron sputtering (EB-PVD/MS). EB-PVD/MS has been developed as a method of rapidly forming nano-grained structures with a high degree of functional gradations throughout a structure. These include the ability to form a structural component comprised on repeating layers of reactive metals. Using the precise control of EB-PVD/MS, ST2 will develop a family of reactive metal systems with varying degrees of thermal reactivity, density, structural properties, and ignition requirements. This new family of structural reactive materials will expand the customer capabilities to address the wide range of threat targets currently available. Phase I will verify that EB-PVD/MS structures will function in this manner, while Phase II will generate specific shapes/configuration for customer demonstration and end-use applications. Specific Phase I activities include: 1) determining the optimum deposition conditions for multi-layered reactive alloy, 2) developing data for thermal reactive capabilities of multi-layered reactive alloy, 3) evaluating shock initiation capabilities of the multi-layered reactive alloy, 4) developing basic structural/mechanical property data for multi-layered reactive alloy, and 5) identify concepts for producing prototype fuze wells and warhead cases. Controlled energy release through combination of explosive and thermal energy with a high degree of tailorability. Commercial application include demolition/construction, rapid cutting for field repair, oil/gas drilling, environmental site remediation.

NOVA RESEARCH, INC. 320 Alisal Road, Suite 104 Solvang, CA 93463
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(805) 693-9600 Mr. Mark A. Massie AF 02-166 Selected for Award
Title:	Conversion of the FGA "Variable Acuity" Array from Visible to Infrared
Abstract:	Perhaps the most computationally-advanced focal plane array (FPA) that has ever been designed for Air Force applications has been developed and is in the testing phase at Nova Research, Inc. The "Variable Acuity" imaging portion of Nova's "Focal Geometric Array" (FGA) is a two-dimensional superpixel-based imaging array that incorporates real-time programmability of the spatial configuration of the visible imager. This Phase I effort will produce design modifications to the existing variable acuity imaging chip design to operate cryogenically as a high speed, high resolution, large format infrared FPA. Two ROIC designs will be produced from this Phase I effort: (a) A ROIC that will support a commercially available single-color 320 x 256 MWIR InSb detector array, and (b) A second ROIC that will accommodate an available dual color MWIR/LWIR detector array to be identified. The following Phase II program will concentrate on the fabrication, testing and integration of the fully functional Infrared Variable Acuity device. The resulting infrared device will be used in a variety of applications requiring wide fields of view and extremely high frame rates without loss of spatial resolution on targets. In so doing, Nova will continue to advance the state-of-the-art in biomimetic infrared sensing technology. The resulting device will provide capabilities heretofore unavailable with infrared imaging devices that are uniquely suited to missile seeker applications.

VERITAY TECHNOLOGY, INC. 4845 Millersport Highway, P.O. Box 305 East Amherst, NY 14051
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(716) 689-0177 Mr. Randy Salizzoni AF 02-166 Selected for Award
Title:	Payload Expulsion for Hardened-Target Penetrators
Abstract:	Hardened targets such as tunnels, underground facilities and bunkers are among the highest priority targets in certain countries that have adversarial relationships with the United States. A goal for future munitions is to either destroy the facilities and their contents or to deny access and routine use of the facilities while minimizing collateral damage. Rather than using an overwhelming high explosive payload, future munitions will use sophisticated fusing and payload concepts to systematically and surgically accomplish agent defeat and/or facility denial objectives. Future munitions will consist of a payload contained in a casing strong enough to penetrate a hardened facility. After entry, the payload elements must be expelled from the casing and the defeat or denial mechanisms activated. The proposed Phase I program will be devoted to formulation and feasibility demonstration of a concept for expelling payload from a hard target munition based on fuze-generated information. The primary goal of payload expulsion is to minimize the residual payload velocity relative to the targeted void space within the fixed hardened facility. The proposed effort will involve computer code development, simulation and experimental development work. The concepts formulated and developed during the proposed program may be incorporated into ammunition designed to attack hardened targets with minimal collateral damage. Potential commercial uses include cro wd or criminal control devices.

SILICON DESIGNS, INC. 1445 NW Mall Street Issaquah, WA 98027
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(425) 391-8329 Mr. John C. Cole AF 02-167 Selected for Award
Title:	Miniature Initiation System Technology (MIST)
Abstract: Abstract not available...

VOXTEL INC. 2640 SW Georgian Place Portland, OR 97201
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(503) 421-4389 Mr. George M. Williams AF 02-168 Selected for Award
Title:	Single-pulse, Infrared Imaging Spectropolarimic Ladar Seeker
Abstract:	Voxtel Inc. proposes to optimize a novel and robust real-time, single-pulse, computed tomographic imaging infrared spectropolarimic ladar (CTIIRSPL) that acquires full multispectral and polarization information for all points within the FOV with high-resolution range and range resolved intensity images for detection and identification of difficult targets. The Voxtel CTIIRSPL system is integrated with a tunable, multispectral and polarimetry capability, operating in the eyesafe SWIR & MWIR (1 to 5 micron)spectral bands, which is less susceptible than the NIR to battlefield obscurants and more responsive to target reflections than the LWIR. A powerful, yet flexible, signal processor and target classifier, using newly available signal processing architectures, will be integrated with the system. Demonstration and validation in the FastTrack Phase II effort will lead to a miniaturized, monolithic architecture, which will be optimized for a variety of military and commercial applications. This work is applicable in target recognition and navigation in civil and industrial applications. Other applications benefiting from the innovation includes: intelligent robots, medical imaging, surveillance, remote sensing, mapping synthetic structures, and other active imaging applications.

ATHENA TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 9950 Wakeman Drive Manassas, VA 20110
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(703) 331-1068 Dr. Ben Motazed AF 02-169 Selected for Award
Title:	Navigation Solutions by Terrain Imaging
Abstract:	Athena Technologies, Incorporated (Athena) and Carnegie Mellon University Robotics Institute (CMU) propose to exploit use of visual odometry capabilities via real-time computer vision, to augment inertial sensors, 3D magnetometer and GPS to determine the velocity, position and attitude of a missile or unmanned air vehicle. The proposed architecture exploits the excellent performance Athena has demonstrated to date with the GuideStar system, which provides a full navigation and attitude solution from a 16 state nonlinear extended Kalman filter, using low grade MEMS technology inertial sensors. This proposal will explore augmenting of this navigation/attitude solution by incorporating CMU's visual odometry signals that are the processed output from digital imaging of local terrain video. With this additional sensing modality, the navigation and attitude solution stands a good chance of improved performance under GPS outage conditions. Athena foresees a large potential market in the application of vision-based flight control systems to both military unmanned and general aviation air vehicles. Vision-based FCS will enable autonomous obstacle managment for autonomous docking, perching and landing on runways in visible, IR or active SAR spectrum.

MTL SYSTEMS, INC. 3481 Dayton-Xenia Rd. Dayton, OH 45432
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(937) 426-3111 Mr. R. K. Hill AF 02-169 Selected for Award
Title:	Navigation Solutions by Terrain Imaging
Abstract:	MTL and Ball Aerospace present a revolutionary method of processing image sensor information, to aid an inertial measurement unit's stability and navigation functions. SPREE fuses optical flow techniques with an extremely rapid, accurate image registration process developed under National Reconnaissance Office and AFRL/IF programs. The rapid registration process transforms the image-processing problem into a signal-processing domain, where real-time image registration techniques reveal egomotion states. The innovative optical flow algorithms optimize the egomotion estimation accuracy. The Phase I Objectives are (1) Define requirements, to lay the groundwork for testing feasibility and to produce a preliminary requirements specification, (2) Implement, test, and assess SPREE Concepts, to build, evaluate and demonstrate a SPREE prototype and determine functional and performance feasibility, (3) Produce a preliminary proof-of-principals (POP) design for Phase II, by refining and supplementing the prototype, and (4) Assess commercialization potential, to determine SPREE market potential and produce a preliminary commercialization (product) plan. The Phase I results will be (a) experimental test and analysis results forming the feasibility assessment, (b) a Phase II preliminary POP design, (c) an initial product plan, and (d) a prototype and its demonstration, to explicitly prove SPREE feasibility to AFRL, users they support, and commercial interests. SPREE can process vehicle-based imaging sensor output to support military navigation, reconnaissance, tactical and strategic operations, and real-time targeting, as well as commercial navigation, environment monitoring, geological exploration, and weather monitoring, to name but a few applications. By solving the real-time image registration problem as well as the navigational/stability update problem, SPREE will provide an ability to automatically and accurately track location in a surrounding environment, independent of the particular environment features, is of great importance to government and commercial enterprises alike. SPREE can provide the ability to navigate locally in GPS "dead zones," to benefit military, commercial or private navigation alike. A strong commercial opportunity is a completely passive, undetectable vehicle speed detector, which could replace expensive and detectable radar or laser traffic speed sensors with a low-cost alternative to expensive, current systems.

POSITRONICS RESEARCH LLC 127 East Gate Dr., Suite 203 Los Alamos, NM 87544
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(505) 661-4949 Dr. Lester E. Thode AF 02-170 Selected for Award
Title:	Virtual Positron Experiment
Abstract:	The objective of this proposal is to establish the feasibility of a virtual-positron experiment by demonstrating the viability of large-scale, three-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation to understand antimatter confinement experiments. The virtual positron experiment is a numerical approximation of an antimatter experiment, including the experimental diagnostics. The success of such a systematic computational approach towards understanding experiments has been previously demonstrated. Three-dimensional thermal plasma simulation is extremely computer intensive, but feasible with parallel computation. Fortunately, extraordinary improvements in microprocessors, memory, buses, networks, and software now make it possible to group inexpensive personal computers together to form a distributed parallel cluster. To date, three-dimensional PIC simulation running on a Linux cluster has not been applied to the antimatter confinement problem. The opportunity to incorporate such large-scale simulation technology into the antimatter confinement program will increase the ability to understand the physics of first-generation high-energy-density experiments, which will ultimately lead to successful design of more complex experiments. More importantly, such simulation technology could lead the way to potential breakthroughs in antimatter confinement. The deliverable will be a final report that includes a description of the cluster design, the PIC model, and the verfication simulation results. A low mass system containing hundred's of MJ's of energy for long periods of time has many potential commercial applications. Advanced computational technology combined with distributed parallel clusters will provide the basic design capability for such commercial applications. For example, a Positron Energy Conversion (PEC) ramjet or turbojet, with up to a 30 day flight time, would impact weather surveys, population, fire, agriculture and pollution studies, as well as land and marine assays.

ALPHATECH, INC. 50 Mall Road Burlington, MA 01803
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 273-3388 Dr. Erik C. Sobel AF 02-171 Selected for Award
Title:	A Biomimetic Range Sensor for Autonomous Air Vehicles
Abstract:	A novel biomimetic range sensor is described which offers improved guidance, navigation and control capabilities and enhanced situational awareness for autonomous air vehicles. Inspired by the motion detection algorithm found in the visual systems of flying insects, the sensor images the surrounding environment and extracts motion parallax which can be used to compute the range to nearby surfaces, targets and obstacles. The sensor is well suited to deployment on an autonomous air vehicle such as a tactical unmanned air vehicle, TUAV or autonomous munitions. By providing fast high resolution range information the sensor can be used to provide targeting or obstacle avoidance capability or used to direct sensor resources to regions of interest for high resolution, foveal inspection. In addition to improving guidance, navigation, and obstacle avoidance for autonomous air vehicles and smart munitions, the biomimetic range sensor described below can be applied to both manned and unmanned ground vehicles. It can be used to provide 3D vision capability for industrial robots in manufacturing and to monitor sensitive facilities in security applications. In consumer automobiles. The sensor can be used to rapidly measure the range to obstacles and other vehicles, for example, it could warn of insufficient braking distance to a car ahead. In this capacity it would be useful for the Department of Transportation's Intelligent Highway Project. It could also be used to warn of children or obstacles behind a car or truck which is backing up. Unlike sonar based detectors for these applications it is not sensitive to jamming and unlike laser radar systems it poses no eye-safety hazards. For autonomous ground based vehicles the sensor can provide the same guidance and navigation capability as proposed for autonomous air vehicles. The sensor can also be used in stationary applications such as providing 3D vision for industrial robots or used to monitor and track approaching vehicles or people in automated security applications for airports and other sensitive facilities.

BUSEK CO. INC. 11 Tech Circle Natick, MA 01760
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(508) 655-5565 Dr. V. Hruby AF 02-175 Selected for Award
Title:	Air Breathing Electric Propulsion for Aerospace Vehicles
Abstract:	All aerospace vehicles, aircraft and spacecraft, are designed to function at an altitude below 30 km or above 150 km respectively. Above 30 km, an aircraft's propulsion system encounters combustion limits and below 150 km a spacecraft encounters atmospheric drag that leads to rapid reentry. A propulsion system that could function adequately in at least a portion of the intervening altitudes would enable new type of aerospace vehicles capable of performing missions inaccessible with the present state of the art technology. To avoid the combustion limit and the need to carry propellant we propose the development of an air-breathing, electric thruster (ABET). Proof of concept experiments performed under conditions that approximate upper edges of the atmosphere, have confirmed that the ABET propulsion is feasible. In Phase I we propose to establish performance and operating requirements for such propulsion system and a thruster, based on representative aerospace vehicle requirements. These requirements and data, from additional experiments, will be used to design a new ABET to be built and tested in Phase II in our existing facilities. Aerospace Corporation will support Busek by developing the ABET performance requirements based on hypothetical mission scenarios. Successful development of a propulsion system that can maintain an aerospace vehicle at an altitude of 100 km for extended period of time would revolutionize, communications and earth observation/military surveillance. Such vehicles, or those at lower altitude and lower speed, would take over many roles currently filled by spacecraft or aircraft, and have the potential for much lower cost.

ELECTRO ENERGY, INC. 30 Shelter Rock Road Danbury, CT 06810
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(203) 797-2699 Mr. MARTIN KLEIN AF 02-175 Selected for Award
Title:	Aero Propulsion and Power Technology, New Hydrogen Storage Electrodes
Abstract:	This proposal is directed at research and development of an advanced battery based on nickel-metal hydride chemistry with an improved hydrogen storage material for the battery anode in place of the usual metal hydride alloy. The goals for the new material will be to store large amounts of hydrogen, and operate at high rates and low temperature. Implication is for a reduction of the weight of the anode electrode by up to 50%, which presently use materials including the LaNi5-type hydrogen storage anode alloy and yields a theoretical upper bound energy density of 215 Watt hours per kilogram. The EEI project would include evaluating the new material as a plastic-bonded electrode made by an EEI patented process and testing it in EEI's patented bipolar wafer cell design. Test cells of a 3" x 3" size will be used for the initial screening. CONSUMER BATTERIES; ELECTRIC & HYBRID VEHICLES; AIRCRAFT BATTERIES; STARTING, LIGHTING AND IGNITION (SLI) BATTERIES

HYPER TECH RESEARCH INC. 110 E. Canal St. Troy, OH 45373
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(937) 332-0348 Mr. Michael Tomsic AF 02-175 Selected for Award
Title:	Development of Low AC Loss Coils for Superconducting Generators and Transformers
Abstract:	New high power airborne and mobile military systems will require megawatts of electrical power produced by very lightweight power sources. The majority of these new systems will require multi-megawatts of power and require very high load voltages. Superconducting technology can allow generators that weigh as little as 20% of room temperature generators, and very light high voltage transformers. While BSCCO and YBCO coated conductors are being considered for generators and transformers at 20K, the AC loss characteristics of these conductors are not ideal. In January 2000 it was announced that magnesium diboride compound is superconducting up to 39 K. Our present properties of magnesium diboride wires in the 20-30 K range in magnetic fields up to 2 tesla appear ideal for superconducting generators and transformers. We have also demonstrated a magnetic shielding approach that can result in a significant reduction of AC losses. This proposal explores the optimizing of multifilament magnesium diboride wire with regard to AC losses, and demonstrating that the wire can be made into the types of coils that would be used in superconducting generators and transformers By accelerating the development of a low cost, low AC loss magnesium diboride wire, commercial applications for superconducting transformers, open MRI, generators, and motors will implemented sooner in the marketplace.

INNOVATIVE SCIENTIFIC SOLUTIONS, INC. 2766 Indian Ripple Rd Dayton, OH 45440
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(937) 429-4980 Dr. Larry P. Goss AF 02-175 Selected for Award
Title:	High Framing Rate Flow Imaging System
Abstract:	The proposed program is directed toward the development of a high-framing rate quantitative flow imaging system, with potential application to a wide variety of optical diagnostic techniques for reacting and nonreacting flows. The system is based around a novel "burst-mode" laser and a companion MHz frame rate CCD camera. The particular emphasis of the proposed Phase I program is to 1) extend the flexibility of the MHz imaging system by building an optimized optical parametric oscillator (OPO) to be pumped by the burst-mode laser, and 2) to demonstrate the utility of this OPO for MHz rate Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence (PLIF) measurements of the CH radical, an important combustion intermediate species. The Phase II program would build upon this demonstration and design novel ways of attaining high-framing rate measurements of the 2D velocity field, using techniques such as Planar Doppler Velocimetry (PDV) and Particle Imaging Velocimetry (PIV), as well concentration measurements of other transient combustion species (e.g., OH, C2, etc.). The proposed quantitative high-framing-rate flow imaging system will provide unique capability for multidimensional scalar and velocity measurements in high speed, reacting flows. The proposed system has the potential to perform modern optical diagnostic measurements at Mhz rates.

ORMOND, LLC 1505 Central Avenue, South Kent, WA 98032
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(253) 854-0796 Mr. Daniel G. Alberts AF 02-175 Selected for Award
Title:	Low Cost Flexible Method of Manufacturing Scramjet Engine Panels
Abstract:	This Phase I program will result in the availability of a reduced cost interim SCRAMJET engine panel manufacturing method to support current test/demonstration engine manufacturing phases of the HyTECH (Hypersonic Technology) Program. It will increase engine design options, provide a demonstration of the technical and economic feasibility, and lay the groundwork for implementing a needed new and novel manufacturing process to support future production engine orders. It is anticipated that the successful completion of the proposed Phase I and Phase II programs will result in a 90% panel production cost reduction from the current $76,000 per engine set. Ormond, LLC utilizes novel experimental abrasive waterjet tooling and processes to manufacture SCRAMJET ground demonstration engine cases with integral heat exchanger grooves. The proposed program addresses the advancement of the technology to make it feasible for economical machining of SCRAMJET panels. Although Ormond is currently capable of manufacturing acceptable engine case components in the laboratory, additional development work is required to advance current capabilities to derive a reliable, low cost manufacturing method and to increase the engineering design options that are available to advance the SCRAMJET engine technology in general. It is anticipated that the successful completion of the proposed Phase I and Phase II programs will result in a 90% panel production cost reduction from the current $76,000 per engine set. Commercialization success is a high probability due to current support from the Pratt & Whitney Propulsion Group. The currently available manufacturing methods are economically and technically limited to the point of destroying the feasibility of the SCRAMJET concept. The proposed technology overcomes these limitations. A second aerospace application that has been successfully demonstrated using the technology is the machining of Channel Wall Combustors in commercial and defense rocket engines. Next generation Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME) technology requires a cost effective method of machining a complex pattern of grooves in combustor liners. This application is a good fit for the ABMACH technology developed in the proposed program, but requires different adaptations of the tooling and process concepts. The development of ABMACH SCRAMJET and channel wall combustor machining technology adaptations in parallel is an excellent example of technology cross-cutting, where although each application has discrete requirements, the individual development of each supports the other. This is a dual use technology that will be commercialized in commercial and defense industries to support PEM fuel cell, heat exchanger and many others that depend on the availability of an economic method of creating grooves in difficult to machine materials.

POWDERMET INC. 9960 Glenoaks Blvd, Unit A Sun Valley, CA 91352
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(818) 768-6420 Mr. Andrew Sherman AF 02-175 Selected for Award
Title:	Aero Propulsion and Power Technology
Abstract:	This Phase I SBIR program will demonstrate the production of high temperature, high saturation inductance magnet materials and power converter circuit designs for directed energy laser power supplies. Powdermet will manufacture and characterize a series of articicially structured metallic magnets with controllable permeabilities and low losses at 300 C. These insulating ferromagnetic heterostructures resolve temperature limitations of ferrites enabling high efficiency directed energy power supplies to be produced and used without excessive cooling requirements. The proposed high temperature, tailorable permeability magnet materials will resolve performance limitations in directed energy power supplies. Commercial applications in induction motors, switch-mode power supplies,and fast selenoids will benefit from the technology.

RESEARCH SUPPORT INSTRUMENTS 4325-B Forbes Blvd Lanham, MD 20706
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(609) 580-0080 Mr. John Kline AF 02-175 Selected for Award
Title:	Magnetohydrodynamic Power Extraction in High Speed Flows using Nonequilibrium Ionization
Abstract:	Research Support Instruments, Inc. (RSI), with the aid of Princeton University, proposes to use non-thermal ionization of high-speed flows to achieve the first-ever demonstration of nonequlibrium magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) power extraction for use onboard an aircraft. MHD power generation has been identified as a method of increasing the electrical power available for onboard systems, including directed energy weapons. Conventional high temperature seeded MHD methods are very problematic for flight speeds of less than Mach 12, because the temperature is simply insufficient at those Mach numbers, but non-thermal ionization is an attractive alternative. Electron beams are much more efficient at generating ionization than other conventional (electric field-generated) approaches. RSI will use highly innovative large area electron beam window arrays to provide a conduction path in a wind tunnel MHD channel as a Phase I proof of principle, while Princeton will provide modeling capabilities, as well as a Mach 5 wind tunnel facility equipped with a 6 Tesla superconducting magnet. Together, RSI and Princeton can provide the unique opportunity to model aerothermodynamic performance, vehicle scaling, and external flowpath, while also immediately demonstrating proof-of-principle of the concept of non-thermal ionization in high speed MHD power extraction. Non-thermal ionization in MHD flows provides a promising solution for aircraft applications, but a rapid proof-of-principal program is needed to move the technology forwards towards maturity. The target market will be strike and space access vehicles with high-power systems like directed energy weapons or plasma augmentation technologies. In addition, large area, low energy electron beams will provide solutions for safe, portable chemical and biological decontamination.

CONVERGENCE ENGINEERING CORP. 1638 Finch Drive Gardnerville, NV 89410
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(775) 782-7227 Dr. Rory R. Davis AF 02-176 Selected for Award
Title:	Improved Composite Duct Design for Increased Safety Margin or Weight Reduction
Abstract:	Practical methodologies will be developed to efficiently design nonlinear composite ducts and panels with large anomalies and cutouts for buckling. The analysis system to be devised will be automated and integrated into the ANSYS finite element code using its macro language capabilities, including optimization with parameterized shell and solid models of subject composite duct systems. Important features to be included in the analysis system are 1) geometric nonlinearity of panels due to initial or load induced curvature, and 2) buckling and snap-through. There is an opportunity here to improve the tools to expedite such design, to encourage the use of modern tools in general, and to greatly improve accuracy compared to commonly used approaches. Improved accuracy is absolutely critical to more optimized and lighter weight designs of composite structures being implemented for the good of the military and the nation. The tools to be developed under this project will also be useful for non military and non government applications, wherever composite structural optimization (and not just panels) is desired to minimize cost in concert with maximizing robustness. After the initial development, the analysis system will be readily adaptable to additional finite element codes besides ANSYS.

AMERICAN TECHNOLOGY & SERVICES INC. 11311 Cornell Park Drive, Suite #124 Cincinnati, OH 45242
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(513) 469-6789 Dr. Eike Richter AF 02-177 Selected for Award
Title:	Innovative Onboard Power and Cooling Solutions
Abstract:	The proposed effort will research development of an onboard 1 MW auxiliary power unit (APU) and cooling capability for installation on heavy aircraft. One important objective is that the total package that includes a generator, a prime mover, and an auxiliary compressor to weigh no more than 1400 lb. Such a solution does not currently exist. Development of technical objective is to be carried out employing a systems approach, keeping a focus on complete integration of all components, and balancing the impact of the APU on the current propulsion system. This innovation, once developed, could provide a lightweight, scaleable enabling power supply and cooling capability for special applications including countermeasures and directed energy weapons (DEW). All four major turbine engine companies have endorsed the effort (pp. 18-19) and are a part of the team. A direct benefit of this research will be development of a lightweight, optimized APU for the Air Force DEW activities. USAF has focused much of its attention on high-energy lasers (HEL) and high power microwave technologies (HPM), and regards the two as complementary to each other. In addition to destroying missiles, infrared countermeasures is another near term application for HEL. The development of sophisticated missile seekers able to discern between flares and target aircraft has prompted the Air Force to seek solutions that damage the missile seeker rather than simply jamming it. Similar DEW efforts are underway with the US Navy's mid-infrared advanced chemical laser (MIRACL) and the Army's nautilus/tactical HEL system. The approach for this research effort is to develop a lightweight and modular APU design that can be readily scaled up or down. It is likely that the turbine powered APU could provide a modularized power source for DOD's DEW and countermeasures activities, be it airborne, sea, or land based. As these first generation weapons yield to more compact, powerful and affordable 2nd and 3rd generation systems, we replace bullets/missiles with microwave and photon.

INNOVATIVE POWER SOLUTIONS, LLC 22 Meridian Road, Suite 3 Eatontown, NJ 07724
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(732) 544-1075 Mr. Scott Jacobs AF 02-177 Selected for Award
Title:	Innovative Onboard Power and Cooling Solutions
Abstract:	A power and cooling system, that could be installed on heavy aircrafts to support special applications including countermeasures and directed energy weapons is desirable. A continuous electrical output of one megawatt of 3 phase, 110 VAC at 400 Hz, in addition to 800 lbs/min of pressurized air at 50 psia, are required. An added benefit of this system is that it could serve as an auxiliary power unit on the ground, making the aircraft independent of any ground support equipment or generators driven by the main engine. The requirement to supply electrical power and cooling air on the ground and in the air, dictates that the system needs to perform from sea level to 40,000 ft altitude. Since this system is airborne, size and weight should be minimized to 1400 lbs. Innovative Power Solutions is proposing to explore among other options, a megawatt generator which is driven by a power turbine. The turbine can supply compressed air required for cooling in addition to driving the generator. A power system that will meet the requirements of this solicitation will enable heavy large aircrafts to operate out of remote fields, carry directed energy weapons and serve in both transportation and offensive roles. The effort described in this proposal has a significant opportunity for commercialization in both the commercial and military markets. The anticipated military application of these technologies is future insertion into heavy aircrafts with large cooling and power demands, or as a mobile electric power station that could power temporary bases away from home. The commercial market includes standby and mobile electrical power generation sources that could also supply cooling capabilities.

STEWARD DAVIS INTERNATIONAL INC. 14705 Aetna Street Van Nuys, CA 91411
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(818) 787-0146 Mr. Stanley W. Epstein AF 02-177 Selected for Award
Title:	Innovative Onboard Power and Cooling Solutions
Abstract:	Problem: Provide lightweight on board capability installed in heavy aircraft to generate 1000KVA electricity and 800lbsm/min of pressurized air at 50psia. Fuel cell technology is insufficiently mature for this purpose. System options: 1). Single turbo shaft engine/generator(s) combined with load compressor(s) sized to requirements. 2). Multiple turbo shaft engines (2 or more) driving synchronized generators and load compressors sized to requirements. 3). Multiple light weight (2 or more) turbo shaft engines with supplemented airflow at altitude (supercharged) driving synchronized generators and load compressors sized to requirements. 4). Integrated single shaft engine generator(s) as represented by SAE Paper 981281coupled with single or multiple load compressor(s). Each option includes: 1). Analysis and selection of optimum generators matched to available shaft power. 2). Develop methodologies for mating generator(s) and load compressor(s) to selected engines. 3). System integration and packaging i.e. enclosures, ducting, control system, fire suppression etc. and provision for delivering electrical power and pressurized air to the aircraft systems. 4). Weight reduction by modifying aircraft system components. Best value candidate(s) will be identified during first month. Research activity at SDII is underway. Best value candidate(s) concepts refined and developed during balance of Phase I. Anticipated Benefits: The technologies developed will provide an independent dedicated source of electric power and pressurized air for aircraft systems whether the aircraft itself is on the ground or airborne. The components of the system to be developed for continuous operation can be optimized for maximum efficiency. A separate system for electric power and pressurized air adds to overall aircraft system redundancy-enhancing safety. Aircraft performance increases, if only minimally, when main engines are utilized only for flight propulsion. No power drain for electricity and pressurized air. Certain military aircraft have requirements for electricity and pressurized air, which cannot be reasonably met by adding generators to main engines or allocating engine power to "bleed air". The proliferation of equipment and appliances added to aircraft require dedicated sources of electricity and pressurized air for safety and reliability, particularly in twin-engine airplanes. Potential Commercial Applications: Certain military aircraft with extraordinary requirements for electricity and pressurized air will use this technology. Commercial and military aircraft in development with their increasing needs for electric power and pressurized air to operate installed, on board, equipment can effectively utilize dedicated source for electricity and pressurized air independent of main engines. The equipment being developed by this program can be scaled up or down to provide an efficient supply of electric power and pressurized air to fit a variety of aircraft. As discussed elsewhere herein, SDII views the commercial requirements for this technology to be an emerging market, which SDII, with its past history, is particularly well equipped to exploit.

REACTION ENGINEERING INTERNATIONAL 77 West 200 South, Suite 210 Salt Lake City, UT 84101
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(801) 364-6925 Dr. Christopher J. Montgomery AF 02-178 Selected for Award
Title:	Fuel Additives For Reduced Engine Emissions
Abstract:	Reaction Engineering International (REI) has assembled a team to develop fuel additives for reducing particulate emissions from gas-turbine engines. The primary focus is on military engines fueled by JP8 and JP5 but the additives would also be applicable to the commercial fleet of aircraft. The additives will have multiple functions: 1) to delay ignition thus providing greater premixing prior to combustion, 2) to suppress soot precursor formation, and 3) to enhance soot burnout kinetics. In Phase I, additives capable of providing these separate functions will be nominated by consultants to REI, Drs E.M.Eyring and B. Dunn of the University of Utah and Dan Dailey and David Forester of Lubrizol. These additives will be screened experimentally in a laboratory droplet-stream combustor at the University of Utah, and theoretically using well-stirred/plug-flow reactor networks of gas turbine engines including detailed chemical models of soot formation. A multi-functional additive combining the characteristics of the best of each class of additives, and satisfying the constraints imposed by cost and performance, will be nominated for synthesis and critical evaluation in Phase II of the program, including testing on a T-63 engine at Wright Patterson and CFD modeling of realistic engine configurations using a reduced chemical mechanism. The anticipated benefits of the proposed program include: 1) the development of low cost fuel additives for reducing emissions of fine particulates from gas turbine engines, and 2) development of a more fundamentally based numerical capability for prediction of soot emissions from gas turbines as well as for evaluation of the impacts of fuel additives on soot emissions The potential commercial applications include: 1) use of fuel additives developed under this program for suppressing soot emissions from both military and commercial aircraft engines, 2) application of commercially available and in-house CFD based software for gas turbine and diesel combustion for prediction of soot emissions utilizing reduced mechanisms for soot developed under this program, and 3) utilization of CFD based software for evaluating impacts of operational and equipment modifications on soot emissions from utility and industrial boilers.

OCEAN OPTICS, INC. 380 Main Street Dunedin, FL 34698
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(727) 733-2447 Dr. Mahmoud R. Shahriari AF 02-179 Selected for Award
Title:	Fiber Optic Oxygen Sensor for Fuel Tank Monitoring
Abstract:	Ocean Optics will determine the feasibility of using Plasma Assisted Surface Modification (PLASM) to add chemical resistance to its current fluorescence based oxygen sensor to meet the requirements of the fuel tank monitoring environment. The effort will focus on: Modifying our existing sol-gel formulation to eliminate the leaching of fluorescence material; Developing high performance overcoats of Teflon or other candidate materials to block armomatic hydrocarbon vapors; Perfecting fabrication techniques, materials and designs that provide a mechanically stable probe over the extremes of temperature and pressure encountered by aircraft. The results of Phase I studies will be used in Phase II to develop a flight worthy oxygen sensor that can be used with Onboard Inerting Systems to protect fuel tanks from explosions caused by ballistics, lightning or other sources of ignition. Successful development of an oxygen optical sensor that meets the fuel tank environment requirements will have direct impact on the safety of fuel tanks against explosions in both military as well as commercial jets. Ocean Optics and its commercial partners intend to develop an Onboard Fuel Tank Inerting System for commercial aircraft, to prevent accidents such as TWA 800 and ValueJet. The oxygen sensor is a critical component of this system. Military applications include combat aircraft, in-flight refueling tankers, and the M1 tank. The sensor will also be sold for polymer process control, modified air packaging for pharmaceuticals and foods and in-vivo medical use.

POLESTAR TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 220 Reservoir Street, Suite 32 Needham Hgts, MA 02494
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 449-2284 Dr. James A. Kane AF 02-181 Selected for Award
Title:	Fuel Tank Ullage Oxygen Sensor for Live-Fire Ballistic Testing
Abstract:	The proposed research will investigate the development of a new optical oxygen monitor for aircraft fuel tanks. A new chemically resistant sensing membrane is described which, when the used with fluorescence lifetime quenching, is expected to provide a robust, lightweight system capable of inherently stable oxygen readings within the tank ullage. The feasibility of the new monitor will be demonstrated during the Phase I effort which will conclude with a field test of a prototype system at the Fire Safety Research and Development center of the Federal Aviation Administration. Stable oxygen sensing systems, like that proposed for the fuel tank ullage application, have considerable commercial potential in several areas including industrial-, bioprocess- and environmental-monitoring, as well as biotechnological research, and drug development. The proposed oxygen sensor is particularly well suited for application in these areas where the need exists for monitoring equipment that is easy to use, reliable and readily adaptable to the particular requirements of the application.

IMPACT TECHNOLOGIES, LLC 125 Tech Park Drive Rochester, NY 14623
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(814) 861-6273 Mr. Carl S. Byington AF 02-182 Selected for Award
Title:	Advanced Ultra-High Frequency Vibration Monitoring for Improved Turbine Engine Diagnostics and Prognostics
Abstract:	Impact Technologies, in cooperation with Epoch Engineering, Rolls Royce, and Honeywell propose to develop and demonstrate a unique vibration monitoring system that integrates high fidelity, acoustic emissions data from a laser interferometer with intelligent feature extraction and fault isolation algorithms to effectively manage fleet-wide turbine engine vibration. The system will be capable of reporting on the early detection and progression of faults by utilizing the laser-based, acoustic frequency measurements for improved, incipient anomaly detection and the traditional bearing frequencies and higher-order harmonics for tracking fault progression as it transitions from low to higher severity levels. The system will focus on utilizing and fusing data from test cells during engine pass-off, initial airframe installation and problem investigations from installed engines to compile a comprehensive database for robust fault identification that continually improves as engines in the fleet are tested. The utilization of wideband, spectral vibration information can provide improved up-to-date assessments of engine health and predictions of component damage for use in automated maintenance and logistics systems. The gas turbine engine vibration monitoring technologies proposed herein will address the existing O&M goals for current USAF engines, as well as those set forth by the USAF's VAATE Intelligent Engines initiative, specifically to reduce engine removal rates by 50% and the time to diagnose faults by 75%. The high bandwidth strategies and specific algorithms to be implemented are based on comprehensive knowledge of how military engines are operated and maintained, as well as how rotordynamic faults develop and propagate over the life of an engine. With the team's knowledge of rotordynamic engine faults, the optimal set of ultra high frequency features and conventional bearing fault frequency features will be determined. These features will be integrated in a state-of-the-art vibration monitoring system that will not only identify faults more confidently and at an earlier stage, but also predicts the time to failure or a degraded condition worthy of maintenance action. The Ultra High Frequency Prognostic System will enable critical engine component health management in military and commercial applications. Using high frequency techniques will allow diagnoses and prognoses to be made more confidently and at an earlier stage. Costly inspection routines and premature component replacements can also be avoided using the prognostic technologies developed under this program. The proposed system shall improve the understanding of engine health, extend time on wing, help maintain engine performance and provide a comprehensive vibration database so crucial to advancing the state of engine health management. Commercial applications for the measurement, processing, and predictive techniques developed can be realized on any machinery health monitoring application in the electrical generation industries, chemical processing industries, commercial aviation as well as gas transmission and oil industries.

WILLIAMS-PYRO,INC. 2721 White Settlement Rd Fort Worth, TX 76107
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(817) 335-1147 Dr. James Kim AF 02-182 Selected for Award
Title:	Advanced Vibration Monitoring Diagnostics and Prognostics Techniques
Abstract:	The objective of this proposal is to revolutionize turbine engine vibration monitoring and health assessment by developing a system to perform accurate, reliable, vibration-based, real-time monitoring while recording at least 20 hours of health signatures for further analysis. This proposed system will use a combination of several technologies: (1) turbine engine computer models such as Finite Element Models, (2) a micro-opto-electro-mechanical systems (MOEMS) accelerometer, (3) digital signal processing using Wavelet transform and decomposition, (4) Artificial Neural Networks to categorize turbine component faults, (5) wireless technology for sensor network and data communication, and (6) user friendly graphic user interfacing (GUI) technology. To provide diagnostic and prognostic capabilities and reduce the false alarm rate to zero, Williams-Pyro. Inc. will apply the latest technologies such as (1) Phase-Locked Loop for Transient Speed, (2) Wavelet Analysis, (3) a Neural Network reasoning system, (4) Fracture Mechanics based on a Finite Element Model, and (5) Wideband Micro Opto-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MOEMS). Using recent technologies, WPI's proposed system can greatly reduce the time and monetary investments necessary to perform aircraft maintenance and ensure that turbine engine components do not fail during flight and/or operation. Commercialization at WPI is generally a 5-part process. The first step is to host a product demonstration at WPI's in-house laboratory for the U.S. Air Force. The feedback from this demonstration will be a great benefit for commercialization, as the advanced vibration monitoring system can be updated and improved early in the commercialization process. Second, our system will undergo a field and flight test on suggested engine systems such as JSF, P&W F117 for the C17. The third step is a trial production to supply a test market. The Air Force test market using the advanced vibration monitoring system will provide invaluable feedback regarding performance of the system under the conditions for which it was designed. Fourth, WPI's marketing department will investigate alternative product applications. The final commercialization step is full production and product launch. Once full production is underway, we will pursue partnerships with aircraft equipment manufacturers such as Lockheed Martin to allow their products to reach end-users pre-equipped with our vibration monitoring system. With more than 200 products on the market, WPI possesses the experience, expertise, and resources to drive this solution from the concept level to a commercialized product.

M-DOT AEROSPACE 3418 South 48th Street, Ste. 3 Phoenix, AZ 85040
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(480) 752-1911 Mr. Frank Holman AF 02-183 Selected for Award
Title:	Small, Low Cost, High Performance Engines for Miniature Munitions
Abstract:	We propose to design and develop a turbine-driven fan module that will attach to the exhaust duct of an expendable turbojet converting it into an aft-fan turbofan. Depending upon selected bypass ratio, thrust can be increased as much as 70% and TSFC can be reduced more than 50%. The complete fan unit would weigh roughly 4-5 lbs and provide significant increase in range and/or mission duration. Design will be similar to the GE CF-700 and to an aft-fan module that M-DOT designed for the Army for the Allison-Rolls Model 150 turbojet. The Army augmenter design is scalable to roughly 44% of its current size to be under 6 inches diameter. In Phase I, mission requirements and core engine data will be obtained. Trade studies of throttle settings, bypass ratios and fan pressure ratios will be conducted and a design point selected. Flowpath geometry will be created. The existing Army augmentor will be used as a baseline for preliminary hardware design and creation of a cross-sectional layout. Weight and production cost will be estimated. At Phase I conclusion, a preliminary design will exist that can be structurally analyzed in detail, fabricated and tested in Phase II. This program will yield a heavy-fueled propulsion system with a significant improvement in TSFC over existing turbojets. This system will have application on any small powered UAV or munition and could improve performance of MALD, LOCAAS, Bird-Dog and other small UAVs and munitions. The USAF Miniature Munition (MM) Phase III program could utilize up to 12,000 of these powerplants over a period of 9 years.

MOHAWK INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY, INC. 1037 Watervliet-Shaker Road Albany, NY 12205
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(518) 860-4290 Dr. Hooshang Heshmat AF 02-183 Selected for Award
Title:	Small, Low Cost, High Performance Engines for Miniature Munitions
Abstract:	One of the weapons systems currently in development for the F-22 Air Superiority Fighter and the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter (JSF), is the Powered Low Cost Autonomous Attack System(P-LOCAAS). This small, smart munition, will be carried internally in weapon bays to maintain A/C low observability, and will incorporate standoff capabilities, allowing the aircraft to launch the weapon at a target from a distance to avoid risk. A critical component of this weapon system is the 30 - 50 pound thrust class turbojet engine used to power it to the target. This same thrust class turbojet engine is also utilized in the Miniature Air Launched Decoy (MALD). The objective of this SBIR proposal is to begin development of a totally oil-free turbojet incorporating Mohawk Innovative Technology, Inc. (MiTir) Oil-Free Compliant Foil Hydrodynamic journal and thrust bearings. Advances in the capabilities of these bearings have now made it possible to totally eliminate the engine lubrication system, reducing engine weight, complexity, and bearing power loss, while increasing range, loiter time, efficiency, maintainability and reliability, as well as greatly simplifying and enhancing storability. Rarely does an opportunity present itself that has this same potential to advance the state-of-the-art of propulsion systems. Incorporation of oil-free air bearings into a turbine engine will eliminate weight, cost and complexity of both commercial and military aircraft turbine engines in various thrust classes, while greatly improving reliability. Other applications that will benefit from this technology include power generation of micro-turbines, high speed compressors, pumps, turbo-expanders, turbochargers and other turbo-machinery.

HYPERCOMP, INC. 31255 Cedar Valley Drive, Suite 327 Westlake Village, CA 91362
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(818) 865-3718 Dr. Ramakanth Munipalli AF 02-184 Selected for Award
Title:	A design environment for plasma and magneto-aerodynamics
Abstract:	HyPerComp, Inc., a leader in physics-based high performance computing proposes to apply advanced numerical tools to enhance understanding of plasma applications in future military and civilian missions. A focussed effort in the development and demonstration of advanced numerical techniques and solutions pertaining to equilibrium as well as nonequilibrium MHD applications is currently underway at HyPerComp under AFOSR sponsorship. The existing capability will serve as the platform upon which the proposed activity in plasma applications will be developed. The need for high fidelity numerical tools for accurate prediction of plasma properties is also prevalent in industries other than aerospace. Plasma interactions with electromagnetic fields, and the propagation of various forms of radiation through plasma layers is of considerable current interest. Code development activities in the present team encompass a range from equilibrium seeded air to unseeded air with basic thermochemical nonequilibrium and then on to integrated Navier-Stokes and Maxwell equation solvers. The additional range of physical phenomena to be investigated in this proposal represents a significant contribution to the present technological readiness. The use of plasma and MHD systems in flow control offers a mechanically and economically more feasible alternative to variable geometry concepts in supersonic propulsion. This is due to the effect of the MHD force on the flow without the movement of control surfaces. The beneficial use of these concepts could extend to all parts of high speed flight, from auxiliary power generation to enhanced mixing, boundary layer transition and thrust vector control, bringing commercial hypersonic flight closer to reality. The development of lighter and cheaper magnets and ionization systems in recent years makes this rejuvenation of interest in MHD particularly exciting.

ALLCOMP INC. 209 Puente Ave. City of Industry, CA 91746
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(626) 369-4572 Mr. Wei Shih AF 02-185 Selected for Award
Title:	Composite Bearing Cage for Advanced Turbine Engine Applications
Abstract:	The next-generation of military and commercial turbine engines will operate at higher speeds; higher pressure-ratio and higher cycle temperature to achieve increased power and engine efficiency. As a result, advanced bearings capable of operating above 3.0 MDN under severe loading are required. Carbon-Carbon (C-C) bearing cages were developed jointly by AFRL/PRTM and Mr. Wei Shih of Allcomp (formerly with Goodrich) to address requirements of an advanced supersonic missile engine. The invention was covered by US Patent 5,752,773 and was licensed to Allcomp Inc by the Air Force in September 2001. A lightweight, high-temperature, low-expansion C-C cage holds the key to reducing the heat generation and in improving bearing reliability in high-speed systems, including advanced turbine engines. In addition, a self-lubricating C-C cage provides significant weight and cost reduction to small gas turbine engines by providing critical bearing technology that allows designers to eliminate the conventional liquid lubricant system. In this effort, we propose to conduct a technology development program under SBIR funding in parallel with on-going prototype C-C cage testing programs being funded under various Engine Development, CRADA, and IRAD efforts. The proposed program will focus on design and fabrication related issues that are needed to support successful and enduring insertion of C-C cage into wide range military applications. Specifically, we plan to focus our effort on reducing cost and manufacturing lead-time, while improving product quality and design methodology. This proposed effort will address technical issues systematically and will provide timely technical supports to all on-going and future C-C cage qualification tests. A successful product insertions in the military sector will lead to full product commercialization.

TECHLAND RESEARCH, INC. 28895 Lorain Road, Suite 201 North Olmsted, OH 44070
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(440) 716-9077 Mr. Bobby W. Sanders AF 02-185 Selected for Award
Title:	Airflow Controller and Isolator for Pulse Detonation Engines
Abstract:	A revolutionary airflow controller and isolator for application with a high-speed inlet and a pulse detonation engine (PDE) is proposed. This innovation has the potential of providing a solution to the unique airflow matching problem imposed by the integration of a PDE with a high-speed inlet. The cyclic (on/off) characteristic in the PDE airflow demand imposes a severe airflow matching problem for the inlet. The proposed concept will serve to control the airflow to the detonation chambers, provide sealing, and function to isolate the inlet from the airflow disturbances that could be imposed by the PDE operation. The inlet when coupled with the airflow controller, will function in a normal conventional mode by providing a constant airflow supply to the engine. Successful design and validation of the concept will provide breakthrough inlet technology for a PDE airbreathing propulsion system. The estimated commercial potential of a pulse detonation propulsion system is significant. Comparison of engine cycles has shown that the PDE offers higher efficiency that other candidate propulsion systems. Successful development of the airflow controller will enable the highly efficient PDE propulsion to be considered for a variety of flight applications. The breakthrough technology that will be provided by the application of the proposed concept will enable propulsion systems designs that have not been possible to date due to restrictions imposed by the cyclic behavior of the PDE airflow demand.

TK ENGINEERING ASSOC., INC 55 Merchant Street, Suite 220 Cincinnati, OH 45246
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(513) 552-5091 Dr. Jayesh M Mehta AF 02-185 Selected for Award
Title:	Innovative SiC-SiC Multi-Hole Cooled Liner Technology for IHPTET Trapped Vortex Combustor (TVC) Concept
Abstract:	The Airforce IHPTET program represents a quantum leap in the gas turbine technology such that it features truly revolutionary advances. These advances comprise increased cycle pressures and temperatures, near stoicheometric combustion, increased strength ceramic matrix composites, and the use of super alloys. In concert with these IHPTET goals, the novel approach described herein features a newly developed Trapped Vortex Combustor (TVC), and the application of a multi-hole cooled SiC-SiC Ceramic Matrix Composite (CMC) as the combustor liner material. In Phase I of the effort, we propose to develop an optimized liner-cooling scheme for the 12 in. TVC combustor model to be tested (Testing will be proposed in Phase 2) in AFOSR, Room 20 facility. The liner will feature the, Rockwell developed, integrally woven, CMC fabric weave technology, and GEAE design practices used for effecting multi-hole cooling. In particular, the development of the weave technology will focus on salient barrier issues, as its application to IHPTET combustors is relatively recent. After having developed the TVC specific interwoven CMC liner technology, we will design a set of two liners and the test rig for high pressure sector testing to be carried out in Phase 2 of the program. A TVC combustor with SiC-SiC CMC liner is expected to have far reaching implications than just the enhanced IHPTET system performance. Despite, superior performance of the TVC combustor in AFOSR testing, its full potential is not realized due to large thermal gradients that exist in the liner walls. These gradients also lessen the effectiveness of high temperature CMC liners. The integrally woven SiC-SiC CMC material is expected to reduce these gradients in the combustor and help realize its full potential. GEAE fully recognizes the commercial impact of the proposed invention. And, they have committed to its development, should the results of Phase 2 AFOSR testing be encouraging as indicated in their letter of support. The successful demonstration of the proposed innovation is expected to impact the IHPTET applications directly in that it will help Airforce to deploy the advanced flight systems that have better durability, longer operational life as well as reduced emissions. In addition, the commercial/technical benefit of the proposed innovation is expected to spill over in the commercial aviation area (e.g. NASA initiatives) also. Under the NASA (GRC, Cleveland) sponsorship, GEAE and TK are developing a "Turbofan Ramjet Mach 4 (plus)- Turbine Accelerator (RTA)" vehicle that will feature TVC combustor in the 2008 TAD vintage design. The successful demonstration of the proposed technology at the conclusion of Phase 2 will provide the synergic inputs to the critical technology decisions that will be made on the vehicle propulsion system. Rockwell Scientific Center also recognizes the commercial potential of the unique weaving technology beyond gas turbine applications and intends to play a leading role in a growing R&D and manufacturing field. Some of their past endeavors at developing integral textile ceramic structures have led to a healthy mix of commercial as well as military applications, as indicated in their letter of support.

WEBCORE TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 591 Congress Park Drive Dayton, OH 45459
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(937) 435-5034 Dr. Donald Klosterman AF 02-185 Selected for Award
Title:	Development of Damage Tolerant Composite Structures for Aircraft Engine Components
Abstract:	This Phase I SBIR project is intended to develop lightweight, damage-tolerant, and affordable composite sandwich structures for military and commercial aircraft engine and structural components. The primary focus of the Phase I work will be to develop the manufacturing processes and evaluate the physical, mechanical and structural performance of TYCOR fiber reinforced foam (FRF) composite sandwich panels for high temperature application. The Phase I work will include identification/selection of appropriate high temperature resin and foam materials, manufacturing process trials, fabrication of aerospace-quality composite sandwich test panels as well as physical, structural and ballistic impact testing. The goal is to demonstrate high temperature processing of TYCOR composite panels while maintaining damage tolerance and affordability. The technology developed in this program will be applicable to military and commercial aircraft engines and structural components. There are numerous commercial applications of this technology in aerospace, marine, transportation, industrial and construction.

WOODBINE LABS, INC. 10624 Kenridge Dr. Cincinnati, OH 45242
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(513) 891-8792 Mr. Richard Ravenhall AF 02-185 Selected for Award
Title:	Technologies for Air Breathing Propulsion
Abstract:	This proposal is to develop and demonstrate a concept for a light-weight/lower-cost integrated process for producing TMC aircraft engine LP shafts. Such shafts will significantly benefit propulsion systems of advanced fighter aircraft like the JSF. The proposed integrated process will reduce the weight of a TMC JSF type LP shaft by approximately 30% relative to TMC shafts produced with the current TMC manufacturing approach and result in a final shaft (with nickel alloy ends) that is 20% to 25% lighter than the current nickel alloy shaft. The proposed approach integrates advances in TMC design, tooling, assembly and processes to use a pre-consolidated (green) arrangement of fibers and matrix that is nearer to the net shape of the post-consolidated part and incorporates more positive separation of the silicon carbide fibers than is provided by the current approach. Process and tooling modeling and preliminary development show feasibility for the concept. Phase 1 will develop the concept, perform analyses and conduct subscale testing to demonstrate its feasibility. Modeling and simulation will guide the direction. Phase 2 will provide detailed analytical derivations and prototypical device demonstrations and will develop a technology transition plan for future systems and commercial ventures. The effort will establish an improved integrated process for the production of titanium matrix composite reinforced LP shafts. Shafts produced by the integrated process will have lower weight and be less costly than shafts produced with current TMC approaches and be significantly lower weight than an all nickel base alloy shaft. A TMC shaft has great potential for improving engine performance and will be applicable in the aerospace and automotive commercial markets because they provide high stiffness and low weight along with greater flexibility for engine configuration modification. The potential for dramatic weight savings, on the order of 70%, are possible when new engines are designed that take advantage of the TMC material's attributes.

MICROVECTION 375 Cherokee Ave. Superior, CO 80027
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(720) 304-2614 Mr. Geoffrey O. Campbell AF 02-186 Selected for Award
Title:	High Heat Flux Laser Diode and/or Solid State Laser Cooling for Airborne and/or Spaceborne Directed Energy Applications
Abstract:	Diode lasers present one of the most challenging thermal problems in industry. The small footprint and the very high power levels combine to create extremely high heat fluxes (0.5 - 10 kW/cm2) in the vicinity of the diode. These heat flux levels raise the diode temperature, leading to lower lasing efficiency, wavelength shifts, and reduce diode lifetime. The cooling problem becomes even more difficult when combined with requirements for low pressure drops, reliability, long operating life, ease of attachment, small volume, and low cost. The best performing thermal management solutions available in the marketplace today are provided through micro-impingement and microchannel cooling methods, which offer thermal resistances as low as 0.035 K-cm2/W. Many customers, however, have expressed interest in even higher levels of thermal performance. To achieve improved performance levels this Phase I study will examine the addition of microfins to the cooling channels, and operation in the flow boiling regime. microVection has also developed a proprietary matched thermal expansion microchannel cooling approach which will also be evaluated during the Phase I program. The existing microchannel cooler market is rapidly growing and can make immediate use of the cooling enhancements proposed here. Other high heat flux systems such as high power elecrtronics or hypersonic vehicle components can also benefit from the proposed work.

TECH EXPLORE, LLC 3967 Lanes Mill Road Oxford, OH 45056
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(401) 419-5938 Dr. Carson B. Roberts AF 02-187 Selected for Award
Title:	Wide Bandgap High Power Optically Triggered Switch
Abstract:	Reliable optically activated, high gain semiconductor switches (PCSS) are being explored for multiple applications, including ground penetrating radar (GPR) and firing set switches. The ability of a PCSS to deliver fast risetime pulses suits them for their use in radars that rely on fast impulses. This type of direct time domain radar is uniquely suited for detecting buried items because it can operate at low frequency, high average power, and close to the ground, greatly increasing power on target. Utilizing wide band gap semiconductors such as SiC and GaN and its alloys, it is very likely that GaAs switch lifetime issues can be eliminated. Wide bandgap semiconductor switches can also handle much higher peak voltages and currents. This proposal seeks funding to exploit and develop switches based on nitrides and carbides. Of particular interest is AlN on SiC with a near lattice match and good interface quality. This combination is already being explored for MIS (Metal-Insulator-Semiconductor) devices in SiC. Similar approaches will be used for a lateral photoconductive switch. The proposed structure will benefit from the high thermal conductivity and robustness of SiC and AlN surface passivation, allowing large switching voltages. Using GaN for ohmic contacts on AlN with uniform current flow will prevent filamentation and premature burn out. Immediate replacement parts for commercial applications include switches for pulsed lasers, high resolution Doppler weather radar for both ground based and aircraft based instrumentation. Future applications may include ignition module switches for aircraft engines. Also, pulse forming network switches for pulsed high energy electron beams for food sterilization.

VIATRONIX 40 Amherst Avenue Waltham, MA 02451
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 899-6924 Dr. Phil Lamarre AF 02-187 Selected for Award
Title:	Ultra-wide bandwidth high-power solid state photoconductive power switch technology
Abstract:	In many military applications, such as radar drive circuits, directed energy weapons, and other high peak-power electrical systems the availability of a compact and reliable wide bandwidth, high-voltage, high-power photoconductive switch can become an enabling technology. HBTs based on wide bandgap materials have been shown to have superior properties to silicon BJTs. Much of the improvement is due to the high base doping achievable through the use of wide-gap emitters, as well as superior properties of the materials used such as higher mobility in the base (for n-p-n devices), and higher drift velocities for the collector space charge region. Because of its superior material and electrical properties, silicon carbide (SiC) and Gallium Nitride (GaN) is expected to enable vastly improved high-power switching devices with substantial benefits to a wide variety of military and commercial systems. With Viatronix's ability to create useful devices on current material, we believe that there are numerous commercial and military markets for this technology.

LUNA INNOVATIONS INCORPORATED 2851 Commerce Street Blacksburg, VA 24060
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(434) 972-9951 Mr. Thomas A. Wavering AF 02-188 Selected for Award
Title:	Electrical Wiring Fatigue Monitoring System
Abstract:	Electrical wiring fatigue is a critical problem for aerospace and civilian infrastructure applications. As summarized in the Review of Federal Programs for Wire System Safety, "The aging of a wire system can result in loss of critical functions in equipment powered by the system or in loss of critical information regarding the operation of certain parts of the equipment. Either result can jeopardize public health and safety and lead to catastrophic equipment failure or to smoke and fire." For this program, Luna Innovations proposes to develop a highly multiplexed wiring fatigue monitoring system utilizing optical fiber sensing technology and magnetostrictive films. Luna has previously demonstrated sensing technology to monitor thousands of points of strains across a structure. By combing these sensors with magnetostrictive films, they will function as electromagnetic field sensors. As the insulation around the wiring degrades, the resultant electromagnetic field will induce a strain in the magnetostrictive film which is then measured by the optical fiber sensor. 1000's of these sensors along the wire length will provide the location and state of wire degradation. Luna has a history of bringing research from the laboratory to full commercial products and will use this experience to commercialize this revolutionary technology. The proposed monitoring technology has immediate use for measurement of current and electromagnetic fields in military, power, and medical applications. The highly multiplexed nature of the technology makes it ideal for health monitoring in wiring systems and in the electric power industry for monitoring the state of transformers and other critical components. The highly multiplexed optical fiber sensor system will have additional applications in structural health monitoring and condition-based maintenance applications. The technology demonstrated during the proposed Phase I program will allow Luna to capture a significant share of the initial target market segment through Luna's proven ability to transfer products from research to market.

FIBER INNOVATIONS INC. 24 Walpole Park South Walpole, MA 02081
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(508) 660-2622 Mr. Douglas Armstrong AF 02-190 Selected for Award
Title:	Affordable Composite Front Frame for Turbine Engines
Abstract:	Composites offer significant weight saving potential in engines, which is of great interest to programs like the X35 JSF and F136 engine. A composite F136 Front Frame offers the AF the potential to save 30 pounds on the JSF alternate engine. Complex composite assemblies made conventionally have been expensive, and cost reductions are needed to insert more composites on engines. Automated fiber placement can provide significant cost savings. Braiding is a proven and cost-effective automation method that is inherently well-suited to many engine part configurations. RTM for engine parts is limited because of the process characteristics of high temperature resins like PMR15. The SARTM process (a subset of RTM) has been developed to enable PMR15 and other high temperature resins to be used for high temperature engine parts. A combination of braiding and SARTM offers the potential to realize weight savings for a fully functional part at a significantly lower cost than present manufacturing methods. FII, in cooperation with GEAE (the engine prime), shall demonstrate the feasibility and potential benefits to accrue to the F136 JSF engine using a low-cost braided front frame. The program has direct benefit to a major DoD program and significant commercial potential. Benefits anticipated from this work include realization of a 30 pound weight saving on the F136 engine and a significant cost reduction versus present SOTA composite manufacturing methods. This will be supported by a well-documented trade study to identify various design options and downselect on a sound technical basis with the full participation of the engine prime contractor. A proof-of-concept part shall be produced to demonstrate feasibility and reduce risk of the selected design approach, leading to a solid basis for further development in Phase II. Successful demonstration of this technology can lead to similar applications in both military and commercial engines, offering a very broad path for commercialization.

ASPEN AEROGELS, INC. 188 CEDAR HILL STREET MARLBOROUGH, MA 01752
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(508) 418-5058 Dr. George Gould AF 02-191 Selected for Award
Title:	Advanced Rocket Propulsion Technologies
Abstract:	The IHPRPT program has the stated mission of doubling rocket propulsion capabilities by the year 2010. This will require a substantial reduction in vehicle weight, particularly parasitic weight. Weight reduction in the vehicle can directly translate into additional payload, at a rate of $10,000 to $40,000/lb, depending on configuration. Aspen Aerogels, Inc. proposes to build on our commercial aerogel flexible blanket insulation technology to provide up to a 22 fold improvement in weight fraction of SRM case insulation over cork, with no sacrifice in performance. Utilizing our unique nano-porous aerogel materials, we will create an insulation system with a thermal conductivity of less than 14 mW/m-K, compared to 65 mW/m-K for standard cork insulation. The Phase I program will demonstrate the feasibility of the concept and demonstrate suitable encapsulation and attachment techniques. In Phase II the system will be optimized and sufficient material will be produced to allow for full scale testing at our teaming partner's facility or a facility of the Air Force's choice. Development and demonstration of a high performance, lightweight, flexible insulation material based on aerogels will result and substantial weight reduction and performance improvement in numerous military applications including; missiles, rockets, and launch vehicles (Space Shuttle and RLV). Significant commercial applications will also be enabled, including; furnace insulation, fire protection, and extreme environment insulation.

AVEKA, INC. 2045 Wooddale Drive Woodbury, MN 55125
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(651) 714-4293 Dr. Gary Pozarnsky AF 02-191 Selected for Award
Title:	Gelled Nanophase Fuel
Abstract:	AVEKA, Inc. proposes the use of nanophase aluminum/hydrocarbon slurries produced by its proprietary process with a novel gelling agent to form an inexpensive gelled propellant. AVEKA's Gas Evaporative Reactor (GER) process produces nanophase aluminum slurries in hydrocarbon fluids. These slurries can be gelled easily using a unique, low molecular weight gelling agent. An ability to "melt" these gelled materials may allow utilization of these proposed propellants in normal liquid fuel systems with only slight modifications to preheat these fuels. The new propellant will be produced and evaluated with regard to its stability and rheological properties at AVEKA. Combustion testing on the propellant will be done at the University of Alabama-Huntsville Propulsion Research Center. The anticipated result of this research is a safe, reliable and low cost alternative to the current solid and liquid propellants. This proposed work will have commercial applications in upper stage and heavy lift vehicles for both the civilian and military space programs. It can also be utilized in various tactical and strategic missile programs, in the formulation of high performance fuels and in ejector devices for aerospace vehicles.

CERACOM INC 200 Turnpike Road, Suite 4 Chelmsford, MA 01824
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(978) 250-4200 Dr. Frederick Lauten AF 02-191 Selected for Award
Title:	Advanced Rocket Propulsion Technologies
Abstract:	Ceracom, Inc. will develop ultra-high temperature fiber reinforced ceramic composites (CMC) for radiation cooled liquid rocket engine components. The SBIR program is focused on developing CMC boost nozzles, reducing weight at least 50% and cost at least 25%. The Ceracom nozzle materials will operate at surface temperatures exceeding 3600oF in the O2/H2 combustion environment and survive a minimum of 40 launch cycles (8.5 minutes each), offering significant advantages over those advanced materials now being considered for large, SSME size-class, radiation cooled nozzles. The majority of our work will focus on this application; however, the technology will also enable higher temperature and more efficient operation for other propulsion systems, e.g., scramjet, RBCC and DACS. In the Phase I program we will demonstrate feasibility by focusing on two critical issues, meeting mechanical property requirements (strength and stiffness), and withstanding the cyclic loadings required by a reusable nozzle. Phase II will rely heavily on the collaboration with our industrial partners and AFRL, and the development will focus on demonstrating process scalability, cost effectiveness, and manufacturability. We will design and fabricate a larger scale demonstrator to justify continuation into a Phase III program where actual nozzles will be designed, developed, fabricated and tested. Innovation will increase thrust/weight, thereby decreasing the cost of access to space. DoD and commercial applications include liquid rocket engine components hypersonic scramjet engine flow paths for missiles and reusable vehicles, RBCC components, and smaller divert and attitude control system bi-propellant thrust chambers for Kill Vehicles.

CONCEPTS ETI, INC. 217 Billings Farm Road White River Jct, VT 05001
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(802) 296-2321 Mr. Kerry N. Oliphant AF 02-191 Selected for Award
Title:	High Suction Specific Speed Inducers for Cryogenic Upper Stage Engines
Abstract:	Pump inducer suction performance is directly linked to turbopump rotational speed and weight. It has become standard practice to use boost pumps to provide higher inlet pressure to main turbopumps. This allows for higher speed, lower weight, and more efficient turbopumps. Propellant tank pressure is also minimized. However, the boost pumps add to the weight and complexity of the propellant management system. The proposer is developing advanced inducer technology using a test intensive approach with support from NASA and the NSF. The latest inducer technology allows for both lower inlet pressures and efficient pump operation without one or both boost pumps. The Phase I project is structured to demonstrate feasibility and to quantify the impact on the engine performance, weight, reliability, and cost. Phase I begins with a pump and turbine scoping study for a selected engine cycle. Iterative engine cycle analyses will be used to judge the relative merits of conceptual LOX and LH2 turbpumps. More detailed preliminary pump and turbine design work and engine cycle studies will take place for the most highly rated configurations. During the Phase II SBIR project, inducer components will be designed and rig-tested for application in a Phase II IHPRPT demonstrator. The most direct application high suction specific speed inducer technology and the engine cycle will be under a Phase II IHPRPT demonstration program. The developed pump technology is also directly transferable to industry. For example, aircraft engine fuel boost pumps require improved suction performance technology. Suction performance is also an issue with equipment used in power plants, chemical/process refineries, and oil production facilities.

PHOTONIC ASSOCIATES 200A Ojo de la Vaca Road Santa Fe, NM 87508
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(505) 466-3877 Dr. Claude Phipps AF 02-191 Selected for Award
Title:	Micro Laser Plasma Thruster Technology Development
Abstract:	The Air Force has a critical need for revolutionary, new aerospace propulsion-related technologies. The micro Laser Plasma Thruster (uLPT) which Photonic Associates originated is such a technology. Our uLPT uses a cluster of diode lasers focused to a 50mm spot on the back of a transparent tape coated with a 50mm-thick carbon-containing absorbing layer. As the tape moves across the laser focus, a high-temperature jet is created on the opposite side from the laser without burning through the tape. This is called "transmission mode" illumination. Under earlier Air Force funding, we developed and tested a preprototype thruster which exceeded the TechSat 21 requirement of 75mN thrust per axis. This preprototype research model employs a 50-cm closed loop fuel tape. Technical issues which remain include "reflection" vs. "transmission" modes of target illumination and minimizing outgassing of ablation coatings. In this Phase I effort, we will address remaining technical issues and design a commercially viable prototype thruster to be built under Phase II. The laser-driven engine we propose will have 200æN thrust and meet or exceed all TechSat21 requirements for one axis. Prototype electrical power requirement will be 30W, and total mass will be 0.75kg. This effort will lead to Phase II development of the first commercially viable laser-driven microthruster for precise orientation and positiioning of micro- and nano-satellites. Applications include TechSat 21 and potential commercial micro- or nanosatellite clusters.

PHYSICAL SCIENCES INC. 20 New England Business Center Andover, MA 01810
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(978) 689-0003 Dr. Hartmut H. Legner AF 02-191 Selected for Award
Title:	Advanced Rocket Propulsion Technologies
Abstract:	Laser beam propulsion is an alternative launch system with substantial potential for reducing the cost of placing satellites in orbit. This unique form of propulsion can also be used to move vehicles at high speeds within the atmosphere and in space. Recent ground-based RP 10.6 æm laser demonstrations of laser-propelled air-breathing vehicles have sparked keen interest in this form of propulsion. Instead of ground-based launch, this proposed effort emphasizes the benefits of launch to orbit from high-altitude aircraft platforms. The approach makes use of the fact that the technology to place a 1.3 æm CW high-energy laser on an aircraft for missile defense applications will be available in several years. The ABL system will solve many of the problems necessary for beam propulsion over large distances, i.e., pointing and tracking, and beam propagation. PSI's program to accomplish a detailed systematic study of launch to orbit from an ABL platform that will be contrasted to launch using a ground-based system. The investigation will trade-off the difficulty of vehicle engagement from an ABL at altitude versus the engagement from ground launch with a GBL. The laser-propelled vehicle dynamics will play a central role in the analysis. The results of this project will have a direct impact on the use of beam propulsion for the commercial satellite launch market. It will guide the development of laser-propelled flight vehicles. Future applications include Space Station resupply, on-demand global sensing, microsat and deep-space probe launch

ULTRAMET 12173 Montague Street Pacoima, CA 91331
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(818) 899-0236 Mr. Jerry W. Brockmeyer AF 02-191 Selected for Award
Title:	Ultrahigh Temperature Oxidation-Resistant Ceramic Matrix Composite for Rocket Propulsion Components
Abstract:	Future Air Force space, missile, and aircraft systems require advanced high temperature materials to meet projected performance requirements. Rocket engine and turbine engine programs such as the IHPRPT and IHPTET initiatives, respectively, are intended to double next-generation propulsion capabilities. Reaching this aggressive goal demands the implementation of high temperature capability, environmentally resistant, lightweight material systems. Prominent among the alternative materials under consideration for such applications are ceramic matrix composites (CMCs). Recent Air Force and NASA programs have considerably progressed the development of CMCs for ~2500øF combustion environments, but additional work is required to extend current CMC capabilities to temperatures of 3500øF. In this project, Ultramet proposes to demonstrate the feasibility of fabricating and using an ultrahigh temperature capable CMC using a hafnium carbide/silicon carbide (HfC/SiC) matrix analogous to Ultramet's Ultra2000TM microlayered HfC/SiC coating system that has previously been shown to be effective for high temperature oxidation protection of carbon/carbon (C/C) and CMCs. Specifically, several innovative variants of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) processing will be evaluated as potential methods for densifying HfC/SiC matrix CMCs, and the resultant structures will be characterized for potential aerospace applications as a demonstration of feasibility. CMCs have broad potential applicability for aerospace and industrial applications requiring high temperature capable, corrosion- and erosion-resistant materials. These include aerospace applications such as the Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV), hypersonic aircraft, and advanced unmanned air vehicles. Successful demonstration of the technology would lead to high-performance, next-generation conventional aircraft and ground-based power generation.

INTERWEAVE, INC 1004 River Rock Drive, Suite 240 Folsom, CA 95630
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(916) 404-1845 Mr. Joseph Morris AF 02-192 Selected for Award
Title:	Air-slew Package for Air-launched Missiles
Abstract:	The primary objective during Phase I is to determine the optimum approach toward the development of a system that fulfills the requirement for enhanced maneuverability in air-launched missiles. To attack targets that are behind the launching aircraft, without turning the aircraft, requires the missile to expend considerable energy and time making a large radius controlled turn to ensure continuous positive air flow over the fins. To overcome this potential limitation within the constraints of the missile operational capability and envelope requires the adaptation of a side thrust producing system that is not limited by the forward velocity of the missile as is the aerodynamic fin system. Three such systems have been developed for other rocket : Reaction Jet Control (RJC), Thrust Vector Control (TVC) and Discrete Pulse Control (DPC). This phase is expected to consist of primarily a design and trade study effort to select the optimum system for this application. The output of this Phase will be a system selection, a development roadmap, and identification of key technology areas that can be tested during Phase II. besides significantly improving the performance of tactical missiles, these technologies have potential application in development of other smart munitions and weapon systems, and in commercial space systems, including launcher and upper stage attitude control systems.

HYBRID PLASTICS 18237 Mt. Baldy Circle Fountain Valley, CA 92708
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(714) 962-0303 Dr. Joseph D. Lichtenhan AF 02-193 Selected for Award
Title:	Significant Improvements in High Temperature Resins for Solid Rocket Motor (SRM) Boost and Orbit Transfer Composite Cases
Abstract:	Nanoreinforcements based upon POSS Nanostructured Chemicals offer alternate mechanisms to increasing the glass transition of high performance polymers. The two primary mechanisms provided by nanoreinforcements are (i) reduced chain mobility via increasing chain stiffness and (ii) reduced chain mobility via confinement of the polymer chains. The objective of this Phase I SBIR proposal is to utilize the fundamental properties of POSSr nanotechnology to provide a new Tg performance level for bismaleimide resins while maintaining their desirable processability and utility in composites. Nanostructured Chemicals based upon Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes (POSS) will be utilized along with nanodimensioned clay nanoreinforcements.. POSSr-olefin monomers and POSSr-imide resins will be substituted for the standard diallybisphenol A curatives and for the bismaleimide resins currently used in commercial bismaleimide (BMI) systems. Additionally POSS-modified nanodimensioned clays will be incorporated into the POSS-BMI resins to improve their thermal and mechanical properties. The effect these nanostructures have upon the properties of BMI resins will be investigated relative to the type of nanoreinforcement and it's loading level. The physical, mechanical, and handling properties of these nanocomposites will be examined and compared to current materials. By the conclusion of Phase I a down selection to one nanocomposite formulations will be made and fabricated into composites for testing. High Tg resins for electronic component markets and for commercial aircraft components

IMPERIUM, INC. 1738 Elton Rd., Suite 218 Silver Spring, MD 20903
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(301) 431-2911 Dr. Marvin Lasser AF 02-194 Selected for Award
Title:	A Real Time, High Resolution, Ultrasound Camera For Imaging Composite Motor Cases
Abstract:	A need exists for improved inspection of composite motor case damage. The systems needed must be field deployable, cost effective and support rapid scans of large surface area to determine damage to the composite case. The system must quantify the damage, determining the depths and locations of the delaminations and possible fiber breakage. The inspection system must have the sensitivity and resolution to determine which composite lamina are separated and the areal extent of each separation. Physically, the equipment must be small, low power and of robust design for hand held inspection in the field. The equipment must be to easy operate and results must be easy to interpret. Imperium proposes a patented, real-time, ultrasound C-scan imaging system to meet these requirements. The solution proposed by Imperium is based on a proprietary 2-D monolithic integrated array. The device produces high quality images with standard video presentation and requires no special training to interpret. An inspector could simply place a handheld probe up to a composite component and get immediate imagery of subsurface faults. The proposed solution is a cost effective, high resolution, real-time, portable, ruggedized camera which will provide positive identification of damage in composite motor cases. Imperium is focused on the development of next-generation ultrasound imaging systems. In a commercial manufacturing setting, the proposed inspection system would allow parts to ultrasonically inspected in a fraction of the time as current scans. This applies to the manufacturing of composites and metals in a variety of markets. In the field, an inspector could simply place a hand-held probe up to an aircraft or aerospace component, pipe, storage tank, or pressure vessel. The commercial potential for this technology is extremely large.

ATTOTEK, INC. 21010 Southbank Street, PMB #800 Sterling, VA 20165
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(703) 263-7223 Dr. David L. Martin AF 02-196 Selected for Award
Title:	Agent Based Correlation for Multi-INT Fusion
Abstract:	The objective of this Phase I proposal is evaluate battlespace geolocation correlation opportunities that may be obtained by fusing measurements from Ground Moving Target Indicator (GMTI) and Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) collections. These opportunities include (1) improving geolocation accuracy at the processing level using individual sensor measurements from dissimilar collection systems and (2) improving sensor tasking throughput by leveraging serendipitous and fully cooperative tasking opportunities. Both a real-time capability that examines live data feeds and reach-back capability that examines previously recorded events will be investigated. Improvements in ISR system performance, timeliness, and capability. Reduced sensor resource requirements

DATA FUSION CORPORATION 10190 Bannock Street, Suite 246 Northglenn, CO 80260
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(720) 872-2145 Dr. W. Kober AF 02-196 Selected for Award
Title:	Multi-Sensor Data Exploitation Capability
Abstract:	DFC propses the development of a multisensor sensing, fusion, and exploitation capability, the Multi-Sensor Exploitation Capability (MSDEC) to support detailed parametric signature collection, mission planning, and sensor tasking, onboard sensor management, and onboard and post-mission analysis data exploitation. Commercial applications will include applications for Air Force program such as Combat Sent and Big Safari, firefighting, agricultural crop estimation, and air traffic control.

INNOVATIVE RESEARCH, IDEAS, & SERVICES CORPORATION 1350 Highland Dr. Suite E, Suite E Ann Arbor, MI 48108
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(734) 677-3604 Mr. Steve Havens AF 02-196 Selected for Award
Title:	Multi-Sensor Data Exploitation Capability
Abstract:	Currently DOD imagery systems have standardized on the National Imagery Transmission Format (NITF) for the capture and recording of IMINT data. The author will argue that NITF is not an appropriate format for the capture of real-time sensor data, especially when it comes to issues such as multi-sensor fusion, sensor cueing, precise geo-positioning, and format adaptability to new sensor systems. Other sensor acquisition standards such as NATO STANAG 7023 are on the right track but are immature and lack the capabilities of a fully robust sensor acquisition capture format. Phase I will integrate the concepts of XML, Numeric-Homomorphic-Space-Time sensor modeling and Entity-Relationship data modeling with a real-time format such as STANAG 7023. It is believed that a truly robust sensor acquisition concept can be achieved. These concepts would enable a sensor acquisition format to describe it self to an adaptable processor utlizing common reference frames. Phase II will continue with a prototype of an adaptable processor matched to this highly self-descriptive format. The common space-time sensor model would provide a basis for the fusion of any sensor with any other sensor based on the definition of a set of common reference systems. With this added capability the description of a sensor is essentially boundless enabling the format to describe sensors as complex as SIGINT, Acoustical, Hyperspectral, Moving Target Indicator, & Synthetic Aperture Radar sensors and as simple as inertial, thermal, audio, or positional sensors. Some of the advantages realized to developing a common sensor model and capturing the sensor data in terms of that model are: 1) increased mission effectiveness through increased interoperability with simular systems across services and nations 2) increased precision and accuracy of sensor data, 3) increased ease of adaptation of new sensor systems, 4) increased fusion capability with other sensor systems, 5) reduced onboard sensor processing requirements, and 6) reduced overhead & bandwidth requirements

APPLIED RADAR, INC. 115 Airport Street, Quonset Point North Kingstown, RI 02852
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(401) 295-0062 Dr. William H. Weedon AF 02-197 Selected for Award
Title:	X-Band Multi-Channel Digital Beamforming Transmit Array Employing both Waveform Agility and Spatial Diversity
Abstract:	A multi-channel transmit array is to be developed for high-speed digital communications and radar applications. Digital beamforming (DBF) will be combined with direct digital synthesis (DDS) waveform generation to achieve a system capable of using both waveform diversity and spatial diversity. Multiple simultaneous transmit beams will be generated that may be configured and scanned digitally. Using DBF, the beamwidths, beam-shapes, scan locations and null locations of the multiple beams are all controlled digitally and may be adjusted rapidly for example to follow a moving target, suppress a hostile jammer or to reduce multi-path. The DDS technique will be used to produce various transmit waveforms for high-speed secure communications at relatively low transmit power levels over a noisy channel. Digital control of the DDS synthesizer allows rapid switching between various communications schemes (CDMA, TDMA, FSK, spread-spectrum, etc.). The synthesizer can also be programmed to produce various radar waveforms. The DBF and DDS techniques together combine to produce an extremely versatile transmit array that can serve a great many users and applications. We focus here on the development of an X-band communication system; however, the waveform generation techniques and array architecture developed here may be used in applications ranging in frequency from L-band through EHF. A satellite-based or aircraft-based DBF/DDS communication array would allow the asset to serve multiple simultaneous users and employ multiple simultaneous communication schemes. Ground-based communication terminals could also use this technology in order to simultaneously and independently talk to multiple satellites, aircraft or other ground stations. Similar arrays could be developed for Navy ships. There are a vast number of both military and commercial communications applications from L-band up through EHF frequencies. The DBF/DDS transmit array can also be used in radar applications in order to code waveforms to reduce interference from multiple sensors, improve S/N performance and form multiple digitally-controlled beams.

APPLIED TECHNOLOGY ASSOCIATES 1300 Britt SE Albuquerque, NM 87123
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(505) 767-1202 Dr. Henry Sebesta AF 02-198 Selected for Award
Title:	Next Generation Inertial Reference Unit (NG-IRU)
Abstract:	The Air Force is pursuing aircraft and satellite-based high power laser systems to engage and destroy missiles at long ranges (hundreds to thousands of kilometers). A precision inertial reference unit (IRU) is critical to successful operation of long range, high power laser systems for missile defense. The IRU enables the system to accurately point the payload telescope and attached tracking sensors to acquire the target and to hold the laser beam precisely on a vulnerable area. However even the best current state-of-the-art IRU cannot meet the precision required for next-generation 1000 km target ranges. ATA proposes to design a Next-Generation IRU (NGIRU) based on a combination of component and system advances that apply knowledge gained by ATA over decades of hands-on experience with development, application and testing of IRU technology for precision pointing of electro-optical payloads. ATA proposes to create a new level of performance for key components based on its patented innovations in rate and displacement sensors. In addition, ATA proposes using an existing prototype as a testbed to identify, quantify, and push back other IRU performance constraints. The resulting IRU will be an enabling technology for future long-range laser defense systems. The extremely high precision Next Generation IRU (NG-IRU) and its component sensors are enabling technology for upcoming DoD laser system applications such as Airborne Laser (ABL), Space-Based Laser (SBL), Bifocal Relay Mirror, and Advanced Tactical Laser (ATL). Initial applications of NG-IRU are restricted to these ultra-high precision government-driven applications. However, ATA is separately pursuing commercialization of related technology for less-demanding, non-DoD applications. The NG-IRU will drive ATA's core engineering and this, in turn, will indirectly benefit NASA and industry air- and space-based remote sensing, laser communications, and optical stabilization.

MILLI SENSOR SYSTEMS & ACTUATORS 93 Border Street West Newton, MA 02465
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(617) 965-1346 Mr. Charles R. (Bob) Dauwalter AF 02-198 Selected for Award
Title:	A High-Performance, Magnetically-Suspended, MEMS Spinning-Wheel Gyro
Abstract:	This proposal presents an approach to the attainment of a family of practical, miniature, true high performance gyros that can be manufactured with low-cost MEMS-type technology. The approach centers on a method of generating substantial angular momentum, (greater than 2,000 dyne-cm-sec), which is equal to the momentum of some existing small conventional spinning-wheel gyros. By comparison, MEMS oscillatory silicon gyros have momentum typically eight orders of magnitude lower. The ability to generate large momentum in the complete absence of material-to-material contact by using a magnetically-suspended spinning wheel offers gyro performance and reliability equal to or greater than that of fiber gyros. The low-cost MEMS fabrication technology uses electrodeposition of widely-used magnetic materials or the electrochemical etching of conventionally-fabricated magnetic materials, technologies which are highly developed and available. The overall size of the gyro is projected to be only 2 cm x 2 cm and 0.5 cm thick. Earlier studies confirmed that the design and fabrication of the magnetically-suspended wheel was feasible. This proposal addresses the design of a baseline gyro, performs an error analysis and projects the expected gyro performance for a subsequent Phase II build program. This concept has the potential of providing a family of rugged, affordable, miniature, reliable, long-lived high-performance gyros for a wide range of IRU and IMU applications. Other mechanical gyros have life/reliability limitations, and performance comes only with high cost in large sizes. Attainment of this very high momentum in such small sizes, with no wear-out modes, is a breakthrough. We expect that a broad class of very high performing miniature gyros can be developed and made available to satisfy the accuracy and stability of inertial references necessary for many military, space and commercial applications.

MISSION RESEARCH CORPORATION Post Office Drawer 719, 735 State Street Santa Barbara, CA 93102
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(937) 429-9261 Dr. Thomas W. Kornbau AF 02-199 Selected for Award
Title:	Improved UHF Antenna
Abstract:	MRC had developed conformal UHF Communications (voice, satellite data) and other CNI antennas, and is aware of many issues involved. These include antenna design, LO treatment, and aperture/aperture/airframe interactions. The installation method called out in the topic description (through the wing) is somewhat unique and opens design options and avenues (as well as potential pitfalls) not possible in single sided installations. In this proposal, we present an approach and techniques for achieving the UHF communications range (horizon gain better than -2 dBil), coverage, and instantaneous bandwidth desired. This is in addition to achieving a certain level of low reflectivity capability. The approaches addressed include conformal directional apertures to minimize interference, highly efficient apertures, a number of matching techniques, and new LO treatment implementations. The conformal aspects of this effort will reduce drag and hide external evidence of an onboard UHF communications system, and be more aesthetically pleasing than a whip or a blade. The LO aspects would be for military or other Government applications.

ALPHATECH, INC. 50 Mall Road Burlington, MA 01803
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 273-3388 Mr. Brian Hodges AF 02-200 Selected for Award
Title:	Profile Fusion for Active Sensor Management
Abstract:	ALPHATECH will develop and demonstrate algorithms for managing multi-mode radars and using the acquired profiles to identify targets with high confidence. ALPHATECH has existing technology and expertise in profile exploitation and sensor resource management. However, no system has been developed for the coordinated exploitation and management of multiple radar modes to identify targets. To accomplish the profile fusion, we propose a statistical analysis of profile data that will yield a set of mode-dependent weights for fusing data without overcounting information. The result will be a well-behaved classifier that will converge to a conservative classification probability vector. To acquire the profiles, we propose to actively manage the sensor. We will extend an existing ALPHATECH dynamic programming framework for sensor resource management to the problem of managing the sensor to acquire profile data. In the dynamic programming framework, we can model both stochastic and deterministic aspects of the system and derive computationally efficient near-optimal management strategies. Enhanced track continuity enables both improved battle space awareness for surveillance missions, and efficient engagement in targeting missions. ALPHATECH envisions the technology that will result from this SBIR program effort has the potential for significant interest from a large customer base, both within DoD and the commercial sector. The technology can also be applied to commercial applications such as the Intelligent Vehicle Highway System (IVHS) and civilian air traffic control systems.

TOYON RESEARCH CORP. Suite A, 75 Aero Camino Goleta, CA 93117
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(805) 968-6787 Mr. Kevin J. Sullivan AF 02-200 Selected for Award
Title:	Continuous Track and ID Fusion (CTIF)
Abstract:	Toyon Research Corporation proposes to develop algorithms that will task future radars so that fusion-aided continuous identification can be supported. Our approach is to treat the problem as a closed-loop feedback system where a fusion-aided continuous ID process works with a dynamic sensor-tasking module to maximize the amount of information contained in a track database. The amount of information is quantified using an information-theoretic definition of the expected entropy in the track database given a candidate sensor schedule. The domain of sensor tasks involves a range of different modes and waveforms so that the tracker may best be serviced for different values of the expected signal-to-interference ratio, resolution, background traffic, and vehicle classification. In order to evaluate the sensor-tasking module, we will build an improved radar model within the SLAMEM simulation with the assistance of our subcontractor CAESoft Incorporated. We will also implement the dynamic sensor tasker within SLAMEM to control the new radar model and evaluate its performance. We will finish Phase I with a demonstration of the tasking algorithm operating in real time. The successful completion of this research will result in the development of a sensor manager that supports the location and identification of ground vehicles. This will be useful for many military applications in addition to civilian uses such as border patrol, counter drug and counter-terrorist operations, and fishery law enforcement.

GREEN MOUNTAIN RADIO RESEARCH COMPANY 50 Vermont Avenue Colchester, VT 05446
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(802) 655-9670 Dr. Frederick H. Raab AF 02-201 Selected for Award
Title:	High-Efficiency Amplifiers with Discretely Variable Output Power
Abstract:	Modern phased-array transmitters employ a separate power-amplifier (PA) module for each antenna element. The transmitted signals have time-varying envelopes and peak amplitudes that vary over a large dynamic range, resulting in inefficient amplification by the conventional linear PAs that are presently in use. A number of techniques for efficiency improvement have been developed recently, but many are complex and unsuitable for inclusion in low-cost modules for phased arrays. The proposed program will therefore examine a variety of techniques for improving the efficiency. The program will begin by determining specifications, evaluating RF-power transistors, and comparing power amplifiers. The program will then compare a number of transmitter architectures for maintaining high efficiency over a range of output amplitudes. Candidates include continuous envelope tracking, stepped envelope tracking, electronic tuning, outphasing (Chireix), and multiple switched PAs (e.g., Doherty). The parameters of interest include not only efficiency, bandwidth, and linearity, but also complexity, cost, size, and weight. Finally module approaches will be synthesized and recommended for various frequencies from 1 to 100 GHz. Adaptations of the technology developed in this program will find use in a wide variety of modern RF/wireless systems. Low-power transmitters will find wide use in cellular/PCS handsets, where they will reduce the consumption of battery power and extend the "talk time." Higher-power versions of these transmitters will find use in cellular base stations, space-based radar, microwave distribution systems, and satellite communication, where they will reduce the power consumption, size, weight, and heat dissipation, resulting in lower cost and higher reliability.

HITTITE MICROWAVE CORPORATION 12 Elizabeth Drive Chelmsford, MA 01824
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(978) 250-3343 Mr. Mitch Shifrin AF 02-201 Selected for Award
Title:	High-Efficiency Amplifiers with Discretely Variable Output Power
Abstract:	The proposal is focused on development of microwave power amplifier techniques to reduce the power consumption of phased array radiating elements. Elements are spaced by l/2 at the center frequency of the array. At L/S-band frequencies this corresponds to 200mm and only 4mm at 40 GHz. The output power of the transmitter ranges from few tenths of watts at millimeter wave frequencies to tens of watts in L/S-band frequencies, and power consumption in amplifiers becomes a practical limit to the output capabilities of the transmitter. To minimize the prime power consumption, the power-added efficiency (PAE) of the amplifier must be maximized. While the amplifier PAE is normally at its maximum at saturation, many of the elements in an array are not always operated at maximum power output. To maintain the maximum efficiency of the amplifier at all operating power levels, it is necessary to develop circuit techniques for adaptive and/or programmed control of amplifier efficiency at all power levels. Those circuit techniques include a method of adjusting the bias level proportionately with the operating power and a method of power output compensation using an auxiliary amplifier. This proposal addresses the need to develop MMIC based amplifier design approaches for efficiency enhancement of power amplifiers over a wide dynamic range. The Phase 1 effort will be focused on development of specific circuits for application in selected radar applications, but the result of such research and development will be generally applicable to other amplifiers as well. The proposed program will lead to reduction of power consumption in MMIC amplifiers with potential benefits in all small, portable, remotely operated, battery-powered equipment, as well as in large arrays with thousands of amplifiers.

MISSION RESEARCH CORPORATION 735 State Street Santa Barbara, CA 93101
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(505) 768-7709 Mr. Jeffrey D. Black AF 02-202 Selected for Award
Title:	Advanced Digital Beamforming Array Technology for Application in Space
Abstract:	Beamforming antennas are used for shaping the antenna patterns for receiving and/or transmitting signals. Antenna patterns are shaped to get maximum gain in desired directions and least gain in undesired directions, like the direction of an interfering source. Typically, beamforming is performed in the analog domain, but advances in digital technology are enabling digital beamforming for higher performance shaping/nulling. However, in applying the technology in space; power, mass, and size are premium considerations. This project addresses digital beamforming array technology for application in space by analyzing low mass materials and low power electronics as well as low power processing algorithms. The goal of this effort is to design a receive-only subarray that will demonstrate low mass, low power, high performance digital beamforming array technology. This project will advance technology for space communications systems, enabling the application of improved beamforming antennas. As a result, this capability will improve satellite control and data flow to satellites.

DEFENSE RESEARCH ASSOCIATES, INC. 3915 Germany Lane, Suite 102 Beavercreek, OH 45431
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(937) 255-2811 Mr. Ronald L. Clericus AF 02-204 Selected for Award
Title:	Simulator Technologies for Rapid Prototyping of Advanced Receiver/Processor
Abstract:	Man/hardware-in-the-loop laboratory simulation is the most cost-effective methodology for maturing advanced receiver/processor technologies because the battlefield can be brought to the laboratory through multi-spectral synthetic battlespace simulation. Current laboratory RF emission simulators cannot generate the high fidelity, real-time signal environment required to evolve advanced receiver/processor technology development. DRA proposes to solve this challenging technology limitation by developing a Modular Analog/Digital Simulator Technology (MAST) concept for rapid prototyping of advanced RF receiver processor capabilities that leverages the Commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) analog/digital component technology base. MAST will utilize a distributed architecture that will support the employment of the DoD High Level Architecture (HLA) concept for conducting collaborative research. The MAST modular architecture concept will utilize digital/analog COTS components to provide a cost effective approach for rapidly increasing simulator fidelity. MAST will provide simulator technology to develop advanced receiver/processors for new military concepts such as Advanced Tactical Targeting Technologies (AT3) and Advanced Threat Alert and Response (ATAR) for application to military aircraft such as F-15, F-16, F-117, B-1B, B-52, B-2, and C-130. During Phase II, DRA will implement a prototype capability into the Sensors Directorate's Integrated Demonstrations and Applications Laboratory (IDAL) and demonstrate key performance characteristics. The Phase II effort will provide a building block capability for rapid evolution of advanced RF receiver/processor technology. The Phase I/II SBIR results shall provide a real-time RF environment simulation base that will address the needs of evolving advanced RF receiver/processors. This simulation technology base will be leveraged to provide RF simulation products resulting in Phase III initiatives that address both government and commercial applications in markets such as the telecommunications and sensor industries.

EMERSON & CUMING MICROWAVE PRODUCTS INC. 28 York Avenue Randolph, MA 02368
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 961-9600 Dr. David A. Gibbs AF 02-205 Selected for Award
Title:	Efficient Luneberg Lens for Multi-frequency SATCOM Antenna
Abstract:	A Luneberg lens is a sphere of low-loss dielectric material whose index of refraction varies along any radius in accord with Luneberg's equation. The lens is inherently wideband and is a candidate for multi-frequency aircraft SATCOM antennas. The continuous index of refraction variation of an ideal lens is often approximated by a series of concentric spherical shells of constant refractive indices. Difficulty has been encountered in achieving maximum gain performance at high microwave frequencies, believed due to difficulties with current multi-shell fabrication technology. Also, current fabrication materials possess a relatively low melting point, limiting transmitting power due to RF heating. We have recently invented syntactic foam composite material and fabrication technology for Luneberg lenses capable of overcoming within shell non-homogeneity, interfacial gaps between shells and current transmit power limitations. Utilizing prediction software using spherical wave functions and boundary value matching, lens design will be optimized for performance/cost. Syntactic composites especially suitable for high frequency and high power performance will be developed. Specific recommendations for the target 8 inch diameter hemisphere illuminated at 44 GHz will be determined. We anticipate demonstrating new composite technologies enabling the manufacture of low dielectric, low loss materials coupled with design techniques that allow fabrication of high performance, low cost Luneberg lenses. Such lenses, combining the high gain of a dish antenna, the steering ease of a phased array at lower cost, and wide bandwidth are especially suitable for video and Internet applications. Examples are: components of SATCOM terminals; video and data connections to the cockpit and passengers in commercial aircraft; and land based antennas for Internet communications with low orbiting satellites.

JAYCOR, INC. 3394 Carmel Mountain Road San Diego, CA 92121
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(858) 720-4081 Thomas B. Simpson AF 02-206 Selected for Award
Title:	High Performance Atomic Clock Using Double-Locked Laser Diodes
Abstract:	High-performance atomic clocks suitable for Air Force missions such as the Global Positioning System would benefit from new enabling technology that overcomes existing performance bottlenecks due to optical pumping characteristics and electronics noise. We will investigate the use of double-locked laser diodes for optical pumping of passive, gas-cell Rubidium frequency standards. The double-locked laser diode produces an output at two optical frequencies that have a frequency offset that can be precisely tuned and stabilized. The offset frequency can be tuned to be resonant with the ground-state magnetic-dipole transition frequency spliiting of the Rubidium atoms used as the frequency reference in optically-pumped, passive gas-phase atomic clocks. Using Coherent Population Trapping, the two-frequency optical excitation has been shown to generate a superior clock signal relative to conventional schemes. The proposed program will demonstrate how the double-locked laser configuration further improves performance through superior optical excitation characteristics and reduced microwave electronics requirements, and reduced size and power needs of the physics package. Experimental investigations will be combined with theoretical modeling of the doubly resonant optical pumping and systems analysis of the atomic clock package. High-precision atomic clocks enhance the performance of devices that use the Global Positioning System. Both military and civilian applications related to precise location and frequency determination would benefit from a more precise frequency standard. Success in the Phase I program would show that the double-locked laser diode would allow existing performance bottlenecks to be overcome, and lead to design and fabrication of improved atomic clocks.

KERNCO, INC 28 Harbor Street Danvers, MA 01923
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(978) 777-1956 Mr. Martin W. Levine AF 02-206 Selected for Award
Title:	High Performance Atomic Clocks for Space
Abstract:	In response to the Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) program solicitation No. AF02-206, "High Performance Atomic Clocks for Space", Kernco, Inc. proposes the further investigation and realization of our new technology known as "Prestimulated Coherent Population Trapping Rubidium Maser" (PCR-MaserTM). The PCR-MaserTM unit combines excellent short-term stability with superior aging and drift characteristics approaching those of the hydrogen maser. The PCR-MaserTM clock is based on the principles of Coherent Population Trapping (CPT), a quantum-mechanical process that allows coherent microwave emission without population inversion. Elimination of the need for an inversion of the hyperfine state populations enables the implementation of maser-like devices without threshold constraints, significantly simplifying both the design and reliability of the maser resonator. Prestimulated-CPT is a major refinement of the Kernco proven Coherent Population Trapping technology. Kernco's PCR-Maser provides excellent short-term stability with superior aging and drift characteristics over that of current GPS satellite clocks. Since there are no consumables, pumping systems or spectral lamps, the PCR-Maser allows longer lifetime with greater reliability. Furthurmore, the PCR-Maser can be fabricated in a compact form factor suitable for direct insertion into the current GPS spacecraft configurations.

AVTEC SYSTEMS, INC. 10530 Rosehaven Street, Suite 300 Fairfax, VA 22030
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(703) 273-2211 Dr. Philip Moser AF 02-208 Selected for Award
Title:	Global Positioning System/Inertial Measurement Unit Ultra-Tightly Coupled Integrity Monitoring
Abstract:	We propose to develop a Global Positioning Satellite/Inertial Measurement Unit (GPS/IMU) integrity monitor using techniques that can be implemented in parallel. The first technique takes advantage of the GPS link modulation, namely spread spectrum coding and bi-phase shift keying. A multiple step procedure will allow spectrum monitoring for downlink integrity, increased background noise, jamming and interference. This procedure will detect changes in the general noise background, the presence of several types of jamming and interference signals. It will also estimate, track the frequency difference of arrival between the downlinks and provide separate, independent geolocation and velocity estimates. The second technique will examine the modeling assumptions of the system errors. Two filters will be developed each based on different probability density functions. A detection criteria will be derived that compares the two filter outputs to a given threshold to determine whether or not the receiver integrity has been compromised An IMU integrity monitor will be developed using trend analysis and frequency rate residuals analysis of the rate data. Archived data taken during previous aircraft experiments will be used to verify and validate the model. The algorithms will be developed and demonstrated using Avtec's heritage GPS receiver simulator. The anticipated benefits and commercialization strategy of the successful completion of the project will provide a new means for providing fault monitoring in a complex navigation system. For military operations, this technology will be key to a number of new concepts under development. Examples include precision airborne navigation that is required during the landing phase of operations, and is also required during terrain following missions. Other possible uses include distributed sensor integration that requires knowledge of the integrity of a participating member in order to make accurate assessments. Additional uses include unmanned aerial vehicles that require fault monitoring at all times during flight in order to make proper unsupervised decisions. There are potential applications associated with marine navigation. The extension to commercial markets is quite feasible, and is certainly possible in aviation.

MISSION RESEARCH CORPORATION Post Office Drawer 719, 735 State Street Santa Barbara, CA 93102
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(937) 429-9261 Dr. Byron M. Welsh AF 02-209 Selected for Award
Title:	Radar Mode Design for Optimal Detection, Tracking, and Identification of Time Critical Targets
Abstract:	The Air Force and DARPA have devoted an enormous effort to the data acquisition, signal processing, and signature exploitation of stationary and moving ground targets as seen from airborne radar sensors. This previous work has, for the most part, concentrated on conventional radar modes and well established target signature features. However, to our knowledge, the research community has not looked at first principles of radar mode design to understand how the radar mode can be set up to optimally produce signature derived information for battlefield intelligence objectives. The objective of this research program is to investigate this fundamental question and understand how radar modes can be designed to optimally produce signature derived information for satisfying battlefield intelligence objectives. In this work we will extend the scope of previous work in signature exploitation and consider higher level battlefield intelligence objectives while, at the same time, optimizing the radar mode characteristics for satisfying those intelligence objectives. Commercial benefits of the proposed research include all applications of detection and identification of moving and stationary targets using high resolution radar systems. These applications include detection and tracking of planes and ground vehicles at airports for safety purposes, detecting and tracking of cars and trucks on highways for track flow analysis and safety, detection and tracking of intruders and non-intruders for building surveillance, detection and tracking of cargo handlers (fork lifts, trucks, people) in large, congested warehouse environments for safety and efficiency, and detection and tracking moving parts within a manufacturing plant for monitoring and controlling the manufacturing process. We anticipate that the need to track and identify a large number of targets in a diverse set of environments (like those mentioned above) will grow significantly as the adaptive signal and array processing capability inproves to the point that clutter and interference are effectively mitigated and target parameters can be reliably estimated. The benefit of such a capability will impact all the commercial applications discussed above simply by making such a capability a reality.

CYBERNET SYSTEMS CORPORATION 727 Airport Boulevard Ann Arbor, MI 48108
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(734) 668-2567 Mr. Glenn Beach AF 02-211 Selected for Award
Title:	Automatic 3-D Structure Creation and Target Identification
Abstract:	The ability to disable a ballistic missile in flight is a major component of ballistic missile defense. Proper surveillance is the first step in this type of defense. The missile must be identified and recognized before any disabling activity can be initiated. Due to the size and speed of typical missiles, standard target recognition approaches have significant problems with recognizing missiles in flight. Once the target is identified, the next step is to predict where it is headed (calculate its trajectory). We believe that the three dimensional structure of the object is the natural framework for performing both of these steps. Cybernet proposes to create a prototype system capable of reconstructing the 3D structure of an object from a series of 2D images of the object. The 3D object information can then be used to determine the object type and the position and orientation of the object in each of the original images. Given enough images, this information provides the necessary data to estimate the missile's trajectory. The proposed technology could be used to increase the speed at which virtual models are created. Additionally, it could be used to improve the capabilities of industrial robots. The ability to accurately determine position and location of an object would allow the robot to properly obtain any item regardless of initial pose.

ENERGID TECHNOLOGIES 258 Belmont St Watertown, MA 02472
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(617) 924-6735 Dr. James English AF 02-211 Selected for Award
Title:	3-D Reconstruction for Missile Recognition
Abstract:	Energid Technologies proposes to develop a three-dimensional missile geometry recognition system. This system includes a modular software framework for integrating spatial- and temporal-processing components. The spatial processing uses three stages. The first stage is image segmentation for which we will use flexible search vectors. The second stage is rough object type, pose, and geometry recognition. For this, we will use a new approach to template matching, which is our primary algorithmic innovation. The third stage is fine object type, pose, and geometry recognition. For this, we will use real-time three-dimensional object matching through on-line synthetic image generation. Adding new modules to the system will be straightforward, and adding new missile families will be done quickly using three-dimensional articulated models. Energid Technologies has developed an XML-based language for describing articulated objects that will be applied to this problem. All software will be implemented in C++ toolkit form for easy use and adaptability. Through the SBIR research effort, Energid Technologies will provide the Air Force with a missile geometry recognition system in software toolkit form. The system will identify the type, pose (position and orientation), and geometry of members of missile families. The completed recognition system will be able to identify the geometry of general moving objects, meeting the Air Force's stated needs for recognition and registration of missiles, but also providing the basis for a commercial three-dimensional object-recognition toolkit. This toolkit will find application in the air traffic control and military domains, where aerospace objects will be identified. But also, because the system will be implemented in a modular form using C++, it will be a powerful tool with application to a wide range of terrestrial applications, including manufacturing and agriculture.

ENIG ASSOCIATES, INC. 12501 Prosperity Drive, Suite 340 Silver Spring, MD 20904
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(301) 680-8600 Dr. Julius W. Enig AF 02-211 Selected for Award
Title:	Unique Model of Plume RF Signatures for Missile Detection, Identification, Characterization, and Tracking
Abstract:	To provide the Air Force with new space-borne intelligence gathering techniques for the detection, identification, characterization, and tracking (DICT) of hostile ballistic and cruise missiles and other advanced systems, we propose innovative and unique physical models that allow for the interpretation of radio frequency (RF) signatures of missile plumes in a way that is directly traceable to the radiating source. The