AF - 597 Phase I Selections from the 05.1 Solicitation

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597 Phase I Selections from the 05.1 Solicitation

(In Topic Number Order)

APPLIED NANOTECH, INC. 3006 Longhorn Blvd., Suite 107 Austin, TX 78758
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(512) 339-5020 Dr. Richard Fink AF 05-001 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	High Current Density Carbon Nanotube Cold Cathode for TWT Applications
Abstract:	We propose a carbon nanotube based cold cathode designed for high current density, continuous beam operation for Traveling Wave Tubes and other microwave device applications. Our approach in this proposal will be to design the CNT emitters to spread the emission current load and to heat sink the emitters firmly to high thermal conducting carbon fibers. The carbon fiber substrate will also be used to align the carbon nanotube emitters and space them apart such that they will not electrically shield each other. Feasibility of this approach will be demonstrated by achieving 1-10 Amps/cm2 current density in continuous beam operation with a uniformity of 20% across the cathode face.

POWER TECHNOLOGY SERVICES (PTS), INC. 6304D, Westgate Rd Raleigh, NC 27617
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(919) 362-1501 Mr. John Driscoll AF 05-001 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Cold Cathode for Traveling Wave Tubes
Abstract:	A novel method of creating hot electrons via a pn junction will be used to eject electrons from a cold cathode. The accelerated electrons will have suficient energy to surmont the work function and surface dipole. The cold cathode will be used in a new type of minature Traveling Wave Tube or "Twystrode". Advanced semiconductor materials with low work functions will be produced and evaluated as planar field emitters both with and without pn junctions.

XINTEK, INC. P.O. Box 13788, 7020 Kit Creek Road, Suite 280 RTP, NC 27709
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(919) 423-1832 Dr. Bo Gao AF 05-001 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Carbon Nanotube Based Electron Field Emission Cathodes for Traveling Wave Tubes
Abstract:	The conventional thermionic cathodes used in traveling wave tubes (TWTs) suffer from many technical limitations including limited current density, poor energy efficiency, difficulty of control, and lack of miniaturization. Xintek, Inc. has developed proprietary technologies for fabrication of high performance field emission cold cathodes based on carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Our CNT cathodes tested at Air Force have shown high emission current density (up to 75 A/cm2), excellent emission stability, and high pulsation rate (>100 KHz). They have great potential to replace the thermionic cathodes and provide enhanced TWT performances. In this Phase I project we will: a) study and refine the performance of our CNT cathodes to generate current densities of 1-10 A/cm2, the typical performance of thermionic cathodes used in TWTs; b) collaborate with the Beverly Microwave Division (BMD) of Communications & Power Industries (CPI) to investigate the performances of our CNT cathodes in practical TWT environments and predict current density of our cathodes in real TWT devices. In phase II we will: a) integrate our CNT cathodes into actual TWTs and optimize the cathode design to enhance their efficiency, reliability and current density; b) prepare a commercialization roadmap to market the technologies.

ADVANCED OPTICAL TECHNOLOGIES, INC. P.O Box 8383 Albuquerque, NM 87198
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(505) 250-9586 Dr. Brian G. Hoover AF 05-002 Awarded: 14APR05
Title:	Laser discrimination of unresolved space and airborne targets based on the effects of surface correlations on the backscattered state of polarization
Abstract:	Changes in the state of polarization of scattered laser radiation can be utilized to discriminate among targets according to surface microstructures on the wavelength scale. Newly-developed rigorous electromagnetic coherence theory is applied to the inverse problem of laser discrimination of unresolved space and airborne targets based on the effects of surface correlations on the backscattered state of polarization. Algorithms are developed to deal with speckle noise and the narrow spatial bandwidth characteristic of active ground-to-space and ground-to-air scenarios. Laboratory measurements are utilized to verify the theory and test the algorithms.

NANOHMICS, INC. 6201 East Oltorf St., Suite 400 Austin, TX 78741
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(512) 389-9990 Dr. Byron Zollars AF 05-002 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Target Identification via Laser-Material Interaction
Abstract:	The Advanced Tactical Laser (ATL) is being developed for precision strike missions utilizing a directed-energy laser weapon mounted to or in an aircraft to engage ground or airborne targets. When there is some uncertainty about the visual identification of targets, the coherent radiation from the ATL assists determination of targeting by probing the material and surface characteristics of the irradiated object. Backscattered radiation from potential targets can be analyzed for changes in polarization, speckle size and modulation depth, and dependence of backscattered intensity with angle. These quantities all depend upon the composition and surface topology of the object being irradiated. Coupled with a traditional passive sensor system, the laser-material interaction can provide additional discrimination information to the aircrew when attempting to positively identify a target, or actively avoiding a particular type of target in a cluttered or obscured area. Nanohmics Inc. will use the fundamental physics of scattering to develop insight and expectations regarding the scatter characteristics of a variety of potential target materials. We will use our existing scatterometer instrument to verify the predictions of the analytical model and to demonstrate the performance of candidate target discrimination algorithms.

G A TYLER ASSOC., INC. 1341 South Sunkist Street Anaheim, CA 92806
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(714) 772-7668 Dr. Glenn A. Tyler AF 05-003 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	High-Resolution Wide-Dynamic-Range MEMS-Based Closed-Loop Adaptive Optics System
Abstract:	This proposed effort bridges the gap between the present state of development of MEMS deformable mirror technology and the practical implementation of this technology in high resolution, wide dynamic range applications. The work begins with a detailed assessment of the requirements associated with a wide variety of applications and ends with the conceptual design of a test bed that can experimentally evaluate and demonstrate the performance of MEMS deformable mirror technology in a variety of important applications. A key feature of the proposed effort is its synergy with other ongoing efforts such as the DARPA CCIT program.

INTELLITE 1717 Louisiana, NE Suite 202 Albuquerque, NM 87110
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(505) 268-4742 Mr. Keith Bush AF 05-003 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	High-Resolution Wide-Dynamic-Range MEMS-Based Closed-Loop Adaptive Optics System
Abstract:	This work researchs the use of a novel, patented Moire fringe wavefront sensor for fast, high density wavefront correction in an adaptive optics system. Based around existing technology for lightweight, durable and inexpensive membrane deformable mirrors already under development at Intellite (in transition to AgilOptics in 2005), this innovative adaptive optical system with a fast optical computer Moire wavefront sensor, will operate at speeds up to 500Hz and have the ability to remove most of the atmospheric distortions in military optical systems. The system should be very lightweight, rugged, require minimal computer processing and very conservative operating power.

OPTRON SYSTEMS, INC. 3 Preston Court Bedford, MA 01730
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 275-3100 Mr. Jeremy Hui AF 05-003 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Dual Wavefront Sensor Adaptive Optics System
Abstract:	Recent developments in MEMS-based deformable mirrors offer improved performance for adaptive optics (AO) systems. However, because of current limitations in wavefront sensing and processing, these performance gains have been largely unexploited. To address this need, we propose building an AO system with dual wavefront sensing techniques. The heart of the system is a novel optically addressed MEMS-on-VLSI spatial phase light modulator that also performs a key part of the wavefront phase computation. The two wavefront sensors serve as complementary backups and provide accurate wavefront correction data over a variety of conditions. One of the wavefront sensors uses a Hartmann-Shack sensor, directly integrated with an on-chip analog wavefront processor and deformable mirror. The analog wavefront processor uses massively parallel on-chip computation and is expected to solve the wavefront difference equations in hundreds of nanoseconds. The second wavefront system is based on dithered optimization of the image sharpness function. This approach leverages the high pixel refresh rates (>160 kHz) of the DM, and systematically arrives at an optimal solution. Combined with Optron's large-stroke MEMS deformable mirror technology, this AO system will be capable of 8�m of phase modulation (16�m in reflection), have greater than 8-bits of phase resolution, and potentially tens of thousands of pixels.

COHERENT TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 135 S. Taylor Avenue Louisville, CO 80027
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(303) 604-2000 Steve Johnson AF 05-004 Awarded: 12APR05
Title:	Laser Vibrometry System for Space Situational Awareness
Abstract:	CTI proposes to develop a ground-based coherent laser radar for satellite vibration measurements. This system will be designed to make measurements of surface vibrations of satellites in orbits of up to 1000 km altitude. The vibration measurements will yield velocity power spectral densities up to 1 kHz. The proposed system will also be designed to work with existing telescope and satellite tracking facilities. The proposed Phase I research will include accurate modeling of the velocity estimate noise sources in the vibrometer. Key noise sources include local oscillator laser shot noise, local oscillator frequency instability, atmospheric refractive turbulence, and speckle noise due to relative motion between the sensor and the target. In the analysis, dominant noise sources will be identified and techniques for mitigation of these noise sources will be studied. Possible methods of noise mitigation include improved laser frequency stability and a variety of diversity techniques for mitigating speckle noise. The proposed Phase I research will conclude with a preliminary design of a Phase II sensor meeting the requirements established in Phase I.

HAYES INDUSTRIES, INC. 551 Morse Ave Placentia, CA 92870
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(714) 528-5275 Dr. C. L. Hayes AF 05-004 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Laser Vibrometry System for Space Situational Awareness
Abstract:	Laser vibrometry systems have been fabricated, tested and used to collect data in tactical scenarios to interrogate, classify and identify targets of interest. Airborne, ground and ship-based platforms have been evaluated in field tests over relatively short ranges(< 20 Km) to verify operability of the systems. The extension of this technology to long-range scenarios (satellite observation) requires a re-evaluation of the influence of those factors unique to long-range operation (atmospheric effects, site location, source coherency, transmitter power, macroDoppler frequency ranges, large scale optics,---). The Phase 1 program addresses the relevant factors applicable to long range operation and defines those modifications of existing hardware (software) needed to mechanize the system. Laboratory tests will be conducted using legacy hardware to confirm operability using realistic ground-based (stationary) targets.

PHYSICAL OPTICS CORP. 20600 Gramercy Place, Bldg. 100 Torrance, CA 90501
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(310) 320-3088 Dr. Russell Kurtz AF 05-004 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Phase Conjugate Micromotion Detection-Based Interferometric Vibrometer
Abstract:	The U.S. Air Force is seeking a laser vibrometry system for monitoring the health of our satellites, and monitoring and recognizing foreign satellites. To address the Air Force need for a high-resolution, long-distance vibrometer, Physical Optics Corporation (POC) proposes to develop a new Phase Conjugate Micromotion Detection (PCMD)-based Interferometric Vibrometer (PIV). The PIV consists of a laser to illuminate the target, a telescope to receive reflected light from the target, and a PCMD interferometer to measure vibrations. The return signal is Doppler-shifted due to satellite motion. This shift is amplified using PCMD technology, which reduces the required reflected signal by a factor of >1000. The PIV will measure vibrations with amplitudes as small as 5 nm and vibration velocities as low as 20 nm/s, exhibiting a sensitivity of a factor of 500 more than current systems, at a distance of >2000 km, which is an improvement of a factor of 8 over the state of the art. In Phase I POC will demonstrate the feasibility of PIV through computer modeling and testing of a proof-of-principle prototype. In Phase II POC will develop an engineering prototype to measure vibration through testing at Air Force test sites.

ACREE TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 308 Jackson St., Suite 2 Oakland, CA 94607
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(510) 923-0291 Dr. Mike McFarland AF 05-005 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Refractory Coatings on Mechanically Resilient Insulators
Abstract:	The purpose of this proposal is to demonstrate the effectiveness of using ceramic coatings on plastic high-voltage insulators to increase their surface breakdown voltage and improve their recovery after a breakdown event. The goal is to produce a coating that can be applied to high-power microwave tube, coaxial plasma gun and z-pinch insulators that will allow higher voltage operation, reduce flashover events, and minimize the effects due to flashover, thereby reducing operating costs and increasing uptime.

ELTRON RESEARCH, INC. 4600 Nautilus Court South Boulder, CO 80301
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(303) 530-0263 Ms. Sara L. Rolfe AF 05-005 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Refractory Paint for High Voltage Insulators
Abstract:	This Phase I program will result in a tough refractory paint that adheres to a variety of plastic insulators with complex shapes creating a strong, adherent, refractory coating with optimal surface roughness. The proposed program targets the properties of the vacuum-insulator interface for high voltage applications and has commercial applications in a wide range of electronic and electrical devices and systems including High Power Microwave tubes and high-energy particle accelerators. Plastic insulators with a thin layer of refractory paint will have increased surface flashover voltage and improved strength in high voltage applications. The refractory paint developed within this Phase I opportunity will be easily sprayed onto the surface, cured at a low temperature, and adherent to a wide variety of insulating plastics. The surface roughness of the insulator will be optimized by the inherent roughness of the paint. The vacuum outgassing characteristics and durability of the paint during plasma gun discharges will be identified. Since the refractory paint developed in this Phase I program will be sprayed using commercially available paint sprayers to form uniform films, complex shapes will easily be coated.

NEI CORP. Suite 102/103, 201 Circle Drive Piscataway, NJ 08854
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(732) 868-1906 Dr. Mohit Jain AF 05-005 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	A new class of ceramic coatings on plastic insulators
Abstract:	Refractory coated polymers are a superior alternative to uncoated polymers or pure ceramic insulators, as they provide the flexibility of polymers and the superior properties of ceramic as insulators. The proposed program aims to develop a technology which will address the problems associated with currently available refractory coated ceramics. Building upon our expertise with nanoparticle synthesis and processing, we propose to develop fully dense ceramic coatings with significantly high adherence to polymers compared to conventional coatings, which will make them suitable for use in high microwave tubes, particle beam accelerators, and other pulsed power applications. In Phase I, we will develop coating formulations, deposit coatings on polymer substrates, characterize the structure, and determine the peel strength and vacuum surface flashover. The properties will be benchmarked against currently available coatings. Additionally, commercialization and scale up plans will be developed during Phase I to be implemented in Phase II, so that the product can be manufactured and marketed in Phase III.

APPLIED PHYSICAL ELECTRONICS, L.C. PO Box 341149 Austin, TX 78734
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(512) 264-1804 Dr. Jon R Mayes AF 05-006 Selected for Award
Title:	Tuneable Low Frequency Microwave Source
Abstract:	High voltage RF sources designed to deliver frequencies from 10's of MHz to 1 GHz can be excessively large systems due to the geometric dependence on the radiating wavelength and the high voltage insulation requirements. Past efforts have targeted specific frequencies with specific temporal signatures and typically require large overhead in ancillary devices. Applied Physical Electronics, L.C. offers a method for delivering frequency agile, high voltage RF with variability in the temporal signature. With a frequency range from less than 100 MHz to more than 500 MHz, and with antenna voltages in excess 600 kV, the proposed design offers frequency agility and variable signal damping in a very compact package and with minimal ancillary device requirements.

ASR CORP. 7817 Bursera, NW Albuquerque, NM 87120
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(505) 830-3000 Mr. Michael D. Abdalla AF 05-006 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Tuneable Low Frequency Microwave Source
Abstract:	The ASR Corporation has developed a novel pulse forming system based on a variable geometry Blumlein source. ASR Corporation proposes to design and fabricate a variant of this new pulse forming network to explore it's usefulness in fulfilling the requirements in SBIR topic number AF05-006. The novel Blumlein pulse forming system utilizes a demonstrated approach to obtaining tunability in a pulsed power system.

SPARKTRONICS, INC. 2300 Chelsea Road , PO Box 1151 Palos Verdes Estates, CA 90274
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(310) 529-8649 Dr. Joseph Yampolsky AF 05-006 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Tuneable Low Frequency Microwave Source
Abstract:	Air Force systems such as Ultra Wide Band impulse radiators require advancement past the current state of the art in pulse power technology. Systems operating at several 100kV to MV at repetition rates of 500Hz to 2kHz have been large, complex, expensive and difficult to deploy as airborne systems. Present components are being pushed to their limits which results in issues of reliability and repeatability. We propose a different approach. We have developed a repetitive modular pulse power generator using innovative circuit topologies that allow present components to operate at higher performance levels. The system consists of a solid state pulsed charged multiple Blumlein generator using sparkgap switches combined with a variable pulse forming line and fast output switch. The system is designed to produce a damped sine waveform output that can be varied over the frequency range of 100MHz to 700MHz. The phase I proposal will demonstrate this device at >100kV and >1kHz repetition rate.

RF ENGINEERING 157 North Reamstown Road Stevens, PA 17578
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(717) 336-6721 Dr. Ronald J. Focia AF 05-007 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Solid State Ultra-Wideband Microwave Source
Abstract:	This Phase I SBIR proposal outlines an effort that will advance the state of the art in high repetition rate solid state pulse generators. For this effort, we have assembled a team of key people with direct experience in high peak power solid state pulse generator design, measurement and characterization of fast transient waveforms, and semiconductor interconnection and packaging techniques. The main thrust of the effort involves assembling a very low inductance, high voltage and high peak power solid-state silicon diode stack from the chip level rather than modifying pre-packaged devices. The diode chips used to assemble the high voltage stacks will not be fabricated in this effort, but rather, will be purchased from a well known semiconductor supplier. The new diode switches developed in this effort will be combined with high repetition rate capacitor charging techniques and be used as closing switches in a novel solid-state Marx-like design to form an all solid state, high peak power, high repetition rate pulse generator. The resultant pulse generator will be an ideal candidate for use as an ultra-wideband radar source. A prototype pulse generator that will provide a peak voltage of >30 kV, a rise time of <1 ns, a pulse width of ~20 ns, and a pulse repetition rate of >1 kHz will be demonstrated in the Phase I effort.

TIME DOMAIN CORP. 7057 Old Madison Pike, Suite 250 Huntsville, AL 35806
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(256) 428-6326 Mr. Alan Petroff AF 05-007 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Solid State Ultra-Wideband Microwave Source
Abstract:	The purpose of this project is to design a low cost pulser that can produce a 100kV pulse with a continuous repetition rate of 2kHz. The objective device will have the size, mass and reliability to be compatible with use in aircraft. In contrast, current pulsers tend to be bulky, expensive, have limited lifetimes, and require substantial cooling systems. Time Domain Corporation (TDC) intends to use Drift Step Recovery Diodes and Transistors, a novel semiconductor technology, to produce the required pulses. TDC will also investigate coherent addition of pulses and the use of Silicon Carbide for key components. Experience to date indicates the objective is feasible and can be accomplished by making a single large device or by coherently summing the outputs of smaller devices.

ACULIGHT CORP. 11805 North Creek Parkway S., Suite 113 Bothell, WA 98011
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(425) 482-1100 Dr. Dawn Meekhof AF 05-008 Awarded: 11MAY05
Title:	Optical fiber coupled infrared laser
Abstract:	Fiber coupled mid-infrared and infrared semiconductor lasers provide potential technology for proactive infrared countermeasures systems, potentially reducing life cycle costs for these tactical military systems compared to current lasers. Research will be conducted to explore the feasibility of developing low loss infrared transmitting chalcogenide glass fiber optics. The proposed work will also investigate the feasibility of fiber coupling moderate power infrared semiconductor lasers in military environments. The overall project will assess the practicality of developing a moderate power, fiber coupled, multiband infrared laser for use in military aircraft environments.

G A TYLER ASSOC., INC. 1341 South Sunkist Street Anaheim, CA 92806
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(714) 772-7668 Dr. Terry J. Brennan AF 05-009 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Simulation of Extended Scene Imaging through Turbulence
Abstract:	The computational burden of simulating the process of imaging incoherently illuminated extended objects, through high turbulence, using conventional wave optics simulation techniques is very significant. This simulation capability is crucial for evaluating performance of such systems as the Advanced Tactical Laser (ATL). An innovative approach to this problem, that will significantly reduce the computational requirements, is proposed. The approach is based on a very fast technique for propagating point spread functions. A key feature of the approach is the capability of propagating in both directions, that is, imaging a target through turbulence and propagating a source back to the target which experiences the same turbulence as the imaging direction. This allows the simulation of closed loop laser projection systems. In spite of simplifications introduced to reduce computational requirements, the approach has the potential of a high level of imaging fidelity, even in severe turbulence.

LRK ASSOC. 18223 Indian Creek Drive Lake Oswego, OR 97035
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(503) 620-9977 Dr. Laurence Keefe AF 05-009 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Fast Algorithms for Imaging Simulation through Turbulence
Abstract:	Current techniques for simulating light propagation through atmospheric turbulence employ Fourier transform methods for calculation of diffraction effects. Although highly accurate, these methods are computationally burdensome, and substantially slow the task of computing extended scenes on a time-varying basis, as is required for closed-loop analysis of laser weapons systems' performance. In other areas of computational wave simulation (fluids and electromagnetics) Fourier techniques have been replaced by specialized finite-difference techniques which offer comparable accuracy for substantially reduced computational cost. Alternatively, these same diffraction effects seem amenable to local solution by integral techniques which would also provide a speed-up over use of Fourier methods. Potential speed-ups for the diffraction portion of the simulations range from 6 to over 150. Both alternative methods handle general boundary conditions much more gracefully than Fourier techniques. LRK Associates proposes to adapt both the finite-difference and integral techniques to the scene propagation problem, testing their accuracy and measuring their computational advantages on some simple test problems. This will lead to recommendations on which techniques are the best candidates for implementation in the Phase II to replace Fourier transform techniques for this optical simulation application.

CRYSTAL RESEARCH, INC. 48501 Warm Springs Blvd., Suite 103 Fremont, CA 94539
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(510) 445-0833 Dr. Suning Tang AF 05-010 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	A High-Speed Electro-Optic Phase Compensator for Aero-Optic Applications
Abstract:	Airborne lasers undergo extreme disturbances due to shock waves, turbulent shear layers, and regions of separated flow, caused by the aircraft motion. The net effect of rapidly-varying wavefront turbulence produces degraded beam quality and decreased laser energy-on-target. Unfortunately, progress in adaptive-optic correction has been essentially non-existent because that the required spatial and temporal frequencies are at least an order of magnitude greater than those presently correctable by adaptive-optic systems for the atmospheric-propagation case. In this SBIR program, Crystal Research, Inc. (CRI) proposes to develop a high-speed electro-optic phase compensator for aero-optic aberration corrections. The proposed device is based on high-speed two-dimensional electro-optic phase modulation in a novel crystal that has an electro-optic coefficient 20 times larger than that of conventional electro-optic crystals such as LiNbO3. The proposed electro-optic adaptive system is capable of performing high bandwidth (>100 kHz) wavefront sensing and distortion correction without using any mechanical moving part. In Phase I, we will fully exploit the advantages and feasibility of the proposed concept by designing and fabricating a 2-D EO phase compensator in lieu of a completed adaptive optical system. In Phase II, we will develop and demonstrate a high-speed electro-optic phase compensator for high bandwidth aero-optic applications.

KESTREL CORP. 3815 Osuna Road NE Albuquerque, NM 87109
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(505) 345-2327 Dr. Leonard J. Otten AF 05-010 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Ultra High Speed Aero Optics Compensation
Abstract:	Over the last several years the Kestrel Corporation has been investigating the use of a phase diversity distorted grating wavefront sensor (DGWFS). This earlier research revealed several unexpected aspects of the technology as a technique that has the potential of generating extremely wide bandwidth error signals to control an adaptive optics compensation system while maintaining wide dynamic range, high sensitivity, and very high spatial sampling of the wavefront. These attributes make possible the introduction of adaptive optics compensation of aero optics aberrations. The new technology is based on the direct coupling of a DGWFS to control a deformable optical element. Using this approach avoids the requirement to reconstruct a wavefront to generate an error signal and makes possible extremely efficient non-iterative signal processing. The proposed Phase I SBIR will analytically determine the expected performance envelope for a direct control DGWFS system used to reduce aero optics aberrations. While the technology has direct application to airborne uses of directed energy weapons, there are also uses in improving airborne optical communications and adaptive optics compensation under battle field conditions. Uses in medical imaging have secured strong commercial interests.

STRATONICS, INC. 23151 Verdugo Drive, Suite 114 Laguna Hills, CA 92653
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(949) 461-7060 Dr. James E. Craig AF 05-010 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Aero-Optics Research & Development
Abstract:	Stratonics proposes to develop an aero-optics (AO) wind tunnel facility and the methods for evaluation of a range of advanced, high energy laser, compensation technology, required to improve mission effectiveness and greater missile self-defense coverage. The AO facility would provide for the development and evaluation of advanced aero-optical technology, such as, high bandwidth laser wavefront sensors, adaptive "mirrors", near-field laser beacons, and means to mitigate aero-optical turbulence. This AO evaluation capability does not currently exist in any large-scale, ground test facility, which must be suitable for aero-optics research (turbulence level, Reynolds and Mach number). Major wind tunnel facilities will be surveyed before selecting one suitable for conversion into a facility for AO research and development. This effort will provide for the development of novel turret, pod, fairing and cavity designs and means for active flow control to minimize flow field effects, including approaches that utilize electro-optical mechanical hardware, all optical, or hybrid concepts. The AO wind tunnel facility will prove indispensable to defense contractors and other professional's in universities and government laboratories in their efforts to develop advanced compensation technology, and to transition it to flight qualified HEL systems.

CHARLES RIVER ANALYTICS, INC. 625 Mount Auburn Street Cambridge, MA 02138
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(617) 491-3474 Dr. Mark R. Stevens AF 05-011 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Image Sequences to Image Pairs
Abstract:	Space situation awareness (SSA) requires the ability to monitor, identify, and catalog a wide variety of uncooperative space objects. To help improve Air Force SSA capabilities, we propose the Image Sequences to Image Pairs (ISIP) system. ISIP's input is a sequence of images from a telescope (or micro-satellite such as XSS-10/11) showing an uncooperative space object passing overhead. ISIP processes the sequence in real-time to select sets of stereo image pairs. Each pair is combined into a single anaglyph stereo image and also used for 3D stereo reconstruction. At the core of our system is a structure-from-motion algorithm that computes an estimate of the satellite's full six-degree of freedom pose, based on frame-to-frame changes in satellite appearance. This estimate is used to determine which two input images would make a good stereo pair. Note that as desirable byproducts, our technique recovers the 3D motion of the object (position, orientation, and angular velocity) and the 3D shape of the object. In Phase I, we will develop a fully functional ISIP software system in C++ and perform an evaluation using simulated sensor data of uncooperative space objects. Our Phase II effort will focus on tuning the system to space surveillance imagery and optimizing the system to increase accuracy and throughput.

STELLAR SCIENCE LTD.CO 401 Serenity Ct SE Albuquerque, NM 87123
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(505) 299-2686 Mr. Robert A. Radtke AF 05-011 Awarded: 08APR05
Title:	Algorithms for Stereo Image Creation from a Sequence of Two Dimensional Images
Abstract:	We propose to develop an algorithm capable of autonomously converting standard 2D space surveillance imagery sequences into 3D stereo movies. We will extend and integrate our existing algorithms, which have already been demonstrated to handle space surveillance data, to build a system that requires no sensor or hardware upgrades. The key to automating the solution is to determine the pose of the imaged object from one frame to the next. We will use existing feature-based shape-from-motion code to solve for this unknown, and then use that information to select stereo image pairs whose displacements are compatible with binocular human vision. Because of the low frame rates of existing space surveillance sensors, we realize that many data collections may not contain suitable stereo pairs. To handle such situations we propose a novel technique to generate intermediate frames based on 3D information extracted from the image sequence. The goal is to produce a high-quality 3D stereo movie at video frame rate, even from even relatively sparse image data. For Phase I we will deliver a working prototype system stable enough for Air Force use on research and special analyses missions.

CROSSFIELD TECHNOLOGY LLC 4505 Spicewood Springs Road, Suite 360 Austin, TX 78759
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(512) 795-0221 Dr. Gary McMillian AF 05-012 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Compact Ultra-Wideband Target Identification System
Abstract:	Crossfield proposes a high dynamic range, ultra-wideband, receiver-digitizer that will enable implementation of a compact UWB target identification system for the detection and location of targets and weapons concealed behind walls or foliage or hidden on a person. The design features an ultra-wide bandwidth, high dynamic range sampler developed by Picosecond Pulse Labs, followed by a track-and-hold amplifier (THA) and analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The digitized waveforms are captured in a high-speed memory for analysis and display. Crossfield will investigate two approaches to ultra-high-speed sampling: real-time sampling using parallel samplers, THAs and ADCs, and equivalent-time sampling using a single sampler, THA and ADC with precision timing offsets between waveform digitization cycles. At high pulse repetition rates, the later approach will provide high spatial resolution at a much lower cost, lower power and in a more compact size.

Q-DOT, INC. 1069 Elkton Drive Colorado Springs, CO 80907
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(719) 590-1112 Mr. Thomas E. Linnenbrink AF 05-012 Awarded: 12APR05
Title:	Ultra-Compact UWB Transient Receiver/Digitizer (9693)
Abstract:	Q-DOT proposes to develop an Ultra-Compact (1-2 chip) UWB Transient Receiver/Digitizer to enable the practical military application of UWB for identifying targets behind walls or in foliage. To date, UWB target identification system (TIS) deployment has been severely impeded by the rack-mounted, laboratory equipment required for the receiver/digitizer function. The proposed Receiver/Digitizer will enable numerous UWB TIS equipment for a variety of ground-based and airborne operations, specifically including a handheld UWB TIS. The Receiver/Digitizer will be realized in IBM's 8HP SiGe BiCMOS process via DoD's ITAR-compliant Trusted Foundry Agreement (TFA). During Phase I, the Receiver/Digitizer will be configured to meet mission requirements. Critical elements will be conceptually designed to project their performance. A prototype Receiver/Digitizer will be developed in Phase II prior to developing a handheld UWB TIS in Phase III.

PHYSICAL SCIENCES, INC. 20 New England Business Center Andover, MA 01810
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(978) 689-0003 Dr. Christopher M. Gittins AF 05-014 Awarded: 11MAY05
Title:	Advanced Algorithms for Exploitation of Space-Based Imagery
Abstract:	Physical Sciences Inc. and its subcontractor, SAIC-Boulder, propose to implement and evaluate two novel pattern recognition methods to mitigate cluster noise and enhance the contrast between targets and backgrounds in an automatic target recognition (ATR) applications. The proposed methods are relevant to subpixel target detection using hyperspectral data and are compatible with real-time implementation on airborne and spaceborne operating platforms. Our approach is to integrate a statistically-robust blind source separation algorithm for spectral signature recognition with a Bayesian Evidential Reasoning framework to enable context-based false alarm mitigation. The Bayes net will be used to reduce false rate by evaluating the spectral characteristics of the region surrounding the potential target detect. The proposed spectral pattern recognition approach is robust with respect to the form of clutter noise in the data, i.e., non-Gaussian noise statistics, and will enable modeling of Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves for any user-specified clutter noise distribution. The Phase I program will involve benchmark testing of the proposed methods using real and synthetic data sets and will enable recommendation of an ATR approach to be implemented in hardware in Phase II.

SPACE COMPUTER CORP. 12121 Wilshire Boulevard , Suite 910 Los Angeles, CA 90025
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(310) 481-6000 Dr. Scott G Beaven AF 05-014 Awarded: 21APR05
Title:	Advanced HSI Change Detection Algorithms for Exploitation of Space-Based Imagery
Abstract:	This proposed effort will capitalize on recent advancements in hyperspectral imagery- (HSI-) based real-time registration and spectral change detection processing to enhance our capability to detect, identify and track objects from space-based imagery and high-altitude surveillance imagery. Existing approaches based solely on spatial, temporal or spectral information fall short of demanding DoD needs because of several limiting factors. Primary among these is the complexity of the clutter environment viewed by down-looking spaceborne instruments. This is compounded by the limitation on optical instruments for simultaneously obtaining high-resolution temporal, spatial, and spectral information. We propose to incorporate target spectral signature information into multi-look change detection and tracking algorithms to significantly enhance capabilities of multi-spectral and hyperspectral systems to provide high-performance target detection, identification and tracking.

COMPOSITE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT, INC. 2600 Campus Drive, Suite D Lafayette, CO 80026
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(303) 664-0394 Dr. Marc R. Schultz AF 05-015 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	TEMBOr Bi-Morphing, Controllable Composite Laminates for SBR Applications
Abstract:	The proposed program will develop and demonstrate an innovative concept for achieving bi-morphing shape control in composite panels and structural elements, through the use of TEMBOr BiPolymericT actuator technology. The concept represents a novel adaptation of Elastic Memory Composite technology to the challenging application of shape control of lightweight composite structures.

MMICMAN, LLC 826 N. Red Robin St. Orange, CA 92869
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(310) 980-3039 Mr. Rick Sturdivant AF 05-015 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Electronically Scanned Array (ESA) Antenna Transmit/Receive Module
Abstract:	Space based radar and T/R module performance goals require very light weight T/R modules. The radar may be folded out to form large arrays. Aggressive packaging techniques must be used to achieve a radar that is light weight. In fact the solution to the light weight space based radar is a microwave packaging challenge. MMICMAN proposes to prove the feasibility of achieving 2kg/m2 using innovative methods.

STARSYS RESEARCH 4909 Nautilus Ct. North Boulder, CO 80301
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(303) 530-1925 Mr. Jeff Harvey AF 05-015 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Development of a Self deploying Articulated Spacecraft Boom
Abstract:	The ability of space borne systems to gather information can be enhanced by separating instruments from the spacecraft or by increasing antenna apertures to many times the size of the spacecraft. These deployments are often accomplished by using deployable booms as both deployment linear actuators and deployed structure. In many cases the ability to deploy structures that are extremely stable thermally and structurally is a requirement. There are several variations of deployable booms for systems that require precise thermal stability, articulated trusses are unequalled because they can use low coefficient of thermal expansion materials and provide the requisite stiffness. Articulated booms require a motor and deployment mechanism to form the boom once on orbit. The state of the art deployment mechanisms, used in articulated booms are large, massive and complex, requiring power from the host spacecraft to deploy. Starsys research is developing a new type of self deploying articulated spacecraft boom that does not require a conventional deployment mechanism therefore exhibiting lower volume, lower mass, lower parts count, lower cost and has enhanced capabilities over existing deployment mechanism and boom technologies.

STARSYS RESEARCH 4909 Nautilus Ct. North Boulder, CO 80301
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(303) 530-1925 Mr. Jeff Harvey AF 05-015 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Jack Screw Deployed Articulated Boom
Abstract:	The ability of space borne systems to gather information can be enhanced by separating instruments from the spacecraft or by increasing antenna apertures to many times the size of the spacecraft. These deployments are often accomplished by using deployable booms as both deployment linear actuators and deployed structure. In many cases the ability to deploy structures that are extremely stable thermally and structurally is a requirement. There are several variations of deployable booms for systems that require precise thermal stability, articulated trusses are unequalled because they can use low coefficient of thermal expansion materials and provide the requisite stiffness. Articulated booms require a motor and deployment mechanism to form the boom once on orbit. The state of the art deployment mechanisms, used in articulated booms are large, massive and complex, requiring power from the host spacecraft to deploy. Starsys research is developing a new type of articulated spacecraft boom with a revolutionary deployment mechanism that exhibits lower volume, lower mass, lower parts count, lower cost and has enhanced capabilities over existing deployment mechanism and boom technologies.

STARSYS RESEARCH 4909 Nautilus Ct. North Boulder, CO 80301
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(303) 530-1925 Mr. Jeff Harvey AF 05-015 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Development of Analysis Tools for a Jack Screw Deployed Articulated Spacecraft Boom
Abstract:	Deployable booms are critical in enhancing the ability of space borne systems to gather information by separating instruments from the spacecraft or by increasing antenna apertures to many times the size of the spacecraft. Examples of currently envisioned missions exist in both the commercial and military worlds. Deployable booms act as both deployment linear actuators to form the structure and, once fully extended form the deployed structure. In most cases spacecraft booms are designed and analyzed on a "one off" basis, that is, slow and inefficient. Access to space in a rapid manner would be enabled by developing analysis and design packages for booms to reduce the design and analysis cycle. Starsys Research is developing a new generation of articulated boom assemblies for space craft. The design and analysis time, as well as the accuracy of the results of the effort would be improved significantly by creating and validating tools for this sizing process.

TIALINX, INC. 8 Halley Irvine, CA 92612
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(949) 285-6255 Dr. FRED MOHAMADI AF 05-015 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Electronically Scanned Array (ESA) Antenna Transmit/Receive Module
Abstract:	Space-based radar (SBR) and mobile surveillance systems require effective integration of phased-array antenna modules for beamforming. This proposal in response to the SBIR phase I solicitation addresses reduction of components by combining desired performance features and integrates them on a Si-based wafer. Additionally, wafer scale antenna module (WSAM) includes integration of large number of antenna elements on the same substrate. Wafer scale integration objectives have been addressed by focusing on incorporation of interconnects and radio frequency active components, direct current, and control signals for an optimum power dissipation. The proposal predicts a 40X weight reduction and better than 37X volume reduction for beamforming module, while operating without a cooling system. Furthermore, integration of the antenna array with fully integrated electronics on a Silicon wafer enables removing connectors that cause serious insertion losses, hence, improving the signal-to-noise for more efficient transmission and less required sensitivity for signal receiver.

LINQUEST CORP. 6701 Center Drive West, Suite 425 Los Angeles, CA 90292
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(310) 410-2411 Mr. Aaron Tu AF 05-017 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Field Programmable Gate Array Based Channelizer
Abstract:	Transformational Communications require the development of a reconfigurable low power radiation hardened channelizer capable of scaling up to support 25 20 MHz narrowband and wideband channels. Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) technology is ideal for rapid development of customizable circuit. Xilinx and Actel are the only vendors with radiation hardened FPGA having over a million usable gates count. Xilinx FPGA is based on SRAM technology which requires Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR) to eliminate Single Event Upset (SEU) while Actel FPGA is based on anti-fuse technology with triplicated gates. LinQuest is proposing to use Xilinx QPRO-R FPGA to satisfy Transformational Communications Channelizer requirement. This proposal will also review various channelizer architectures and implementations approaches. The final architecture will be simulated in C/C++, MatLab, and Verilog/VHDL. The channelizer design will be synthesized and routed for the purpose of accessing resource utilization, power consumption, and maximum clock speed. The final analysis will be Phase I deliverable. LinQuest is an employee-owned small business with exceptionally strong qualifications in the Military & Commercial Satellite Communication Systems, Engineering and Technical Assistance (SETA) arena. LinQuest has over 20 years of experience development state-of-the-art end-to-end simulation platforms (MEESE) providing SETA support for Milstar, AEHF, and now Transformational Communications (TSAT). Over the years, LinQuest has developed a library of channelization capabilities including channel coding, modulation, fading, jamming, and nuller functionalities. LinQuest's engineers hold advance degrees and have extensive experience in flight hardware design including AEHF transponder and channelizer. Thus, LinQuest is uniquely qualified to support the development of Transformation Communications Channelizer.

THE ATHENA GROUP, INC. 3424 N.W. 31st Street Gainesville, FL 32605
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(352) 371-2567 Mr. Michael P. Lewis AF 05-017 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Field Programmable Gate Array Based Channelizer
Abstract:	This SBIR Phase I project, called the Athena Channelizer Technology 1, or ACT1, involves the innovation and evaluation of a new channelizer technology that will meet the needs of Department of Defense Transformational Communications program. Transformational communications is part of the military's overhaul of its currently diffused communications assets into an integrated system that expands military communications capabilities by an order of magnitude (10x). A critical enabling technology is a new class of 300 Mbps channelizers capable of assembling information channels by adaptively combining subbands found within a broadband spectrum, and also capable of efficiently operating in hostile environments using radiation hardened FPGA components. The proposed ACT1 solution is based on fusing a number of Athena authored and demonstrated innovations in the area of multi-band channelizers design, signal processing, design implementation, and fault tolerance. In Phase I, the proposed ACT1 solution will be developed and analyzed. When complete, ACT1 will provide the Transformational Communications Office with an infrastructure technology capable of adaptively maintaining acceptable bit-error-rates (BER), signal-to-noise ratios (SNR), and other signal quality metrics required to ensure the reliable delivery of information under a variety of satellite-borne conditions and circumstances.

AMERICAN SEMICONDUCTOR, INC. 3100 S. Vista Ave., Suite 230 Boise, ID 83705
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(208) 336-2773 Mr. Kelly DeGregorio AF 05-018 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Advanced Commercially Available Inherently Radhard Primitive Cell Designs.
Abstract:	The Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), Military Satellite Communication (MILSATCOM), and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) have a current and future need for advanced commercially available inherently radhard primitive cell libraries to support new designs for satellites and other spacecraft. American Semiconductor Inc. proposes the use of double gated Flexfet technology for primitive cells. This can enable next generation spacecraft for operations and missions with high density, low power, and high speed radhard components. Moreover these primitive cells endow spacecraft designers with the ability to increase spacecraft performance over current designs without having to use large chip area or redundancy and still have low power and high speed reconfigurable performance. This SBIR Phase I proposal will result in primitive cells in scaleable, sub-lithographic, low power, low cost, and inherently radhard Flexfet CMOS. These primitive cells have commercially viability and will be of significant commercial interest to industry.

SILICON SPACE TECHNOLOGY CORP. 3620 Lost Creek Boulevard Austin, TX 78735
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(512) 891-9702 Wesley H. Morris AF 05-018 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Radiation-Hardened By Design Techniques for Total Dose and Single Event Upset
Abstract:	Silicon Space Technology and team member ATK Mission Research, in collaboration with Jazz Semiconductor, propose to develop and demonstrate a very deep submicron cell library and design system for radiation hardened ASICs and standard products. Specifically, we will develop a scaleable 180 nm, hardened-by-design (HBD) cell library to support the radiation-hardening of ASICs fabricated in commercial silicon foundries. The performance and radiation hardness will be demonstrated in Phase I by extensive modeling and simulation of the process. Our team has extensive expertise in commercial process integration, device development in leading-edge commercial technology, device development in traditional HBD, and radiation-hardening techniques using HBP and HBD technology. This critical combination is the key to successful implementation of the radiation-hardened process modules. Silicon Space Technology's proprietary HBI approach, combined with leading-edge silicon foundry manufacturing and an industry leading HBD innovator, should realize significant performance and manufacturing advantages over existing RHIC producers, while reducing component cost and time-to-market. The emergence of such products from leading-edge CMOS foundries should achieve the previously unattainable goal of deploying the latest electronics while minimizing the risk of mission failure due to space radiation.

ADVANCED SCIENCE & NOVEL TECHNOLOGY 27 Via Porto Grande Rancho Palos Verdes, CA 90275
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(310) 377-6029 Dr. Vladimir Katzman AF 05-019 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Low Power Ultra-Fast Analog-to-Digital Converter with Integrated DSP
Abstract:	The front end digital processing of a communications satellite/warfighter typically consists of an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) followed by a demodulator and Digital Signal Processor (DSP). The integration of both functions in an ADC/DSP monolithic Integrated Circuit (ADIC) is an effective way to overcome the difficulties associated with propagation delays and transmission line effects in the required high-speed parallel interconnects between the ADC and the DSP application specific integrated circuits. In order to satisfy the described need, our company in cooperation with the Georgia Tech University team under management of Byers Professor John Cressler proposes to develop a novel ADIC architecture based on a proprietary, extremely low power, 2.5 Gs/s ADC block, which will be implemented in one of the most advanced modern SiGe technologies. ADIC architectures with either an analog demultiplexing scheme based on a proprietary dual-bridge sample-and-hold amplifier (SHA), or a high-speed SHA and a signal splitter will be evaluated in order to select the best design approach.. The required reduction of supply voltage and power consumption will be achieved at the basic cell hierarchical level through application of the fully differential bipolar-based current-mode logic or MOS-based source-coupled logic with ADSANTEC's proprietary voltage referencing scheme.

CSWITCH CORP. 3101 Jay St , Suite #110 Santa Clara, CA 95054
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(408) 986-1964 Mr. Narbeh Derhacobian AF 05-020 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Chalcogenide Based Field Programmable Gate Array
Abstract:	Cswitch is planning to investigate the implementation of non volatile chalcogenide material as a replacement to the 10-50Mbits of SRAM used to configure the FPGA LUTs and switches. The Cswitch FPGA will as a result eliminate the triple redundancy required in RAD Tolerant FPGAs used for military and space applications. Cswitch's core technology team has spent roughly 9 months researching FPGAs and memory technologies.

RESONANT MICROSYSTEMS, INC. 2900 Lakeridge Drive Los Angeles, CA 90068
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(310) 634-2741 Dr. Shui-Lin Chao AF 05-021 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	MEMS Components for Phased Array Applications
Abstract:	High bandwidth free space communication links are critical for next generation DoD systems, including low-loss phased shifters for a MEMS-based ESA and mirror arrays for turbulence compensation. For the proposed SBIR project, Resonant Microsystems will model and simulate free space links and design a K-band MEMS phase shifter.

TOYON RESEARCH CORP. Suite A, 75 Aero Camino Goleta, CA 93117
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(805) 968-6787 Ms. Shannon M. Petzold AF 05-021 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Micro-Electrical Mechanical Systems Based Electronically Steerable Antenna
Abstract:	The use of multiple beams and frequencies make phased arrays desirable elements in modern communication systems. Phased arrays enable area scanning with much greater detail and speed than traditional antenna systems. High insertion-loss phase shifters in the array currently create the need for expensive hardware to compensate for poor phase shifter performance. MEMS switches have features that make them an ideal candidate as a device technology for high-performance phase shifters. The offer very low insertion loss, small physical size, and demonstrate proven results for high performance phase shifters. The insertion loss of the phase shifter will be improved by an innovative approach which eliminates the longest true time delay bit in a multi-bit system. Toyon Research Corporation and Rockwell Scientific Company have outlined a comprehensive Phase I project for the design of a low-loss, reliable, MEMS multi-bit phase shifter, including the design and simulation of a complete multi-bit phase shifter and the development of a production plan for the completed system. The final application of the completed phase shifter is for use in an antenna phased array system which Toyon will focus on during the Phase II effort. A cost analysis will be performed for transitioning the phase shifter to commercial production.

HYBRID PLASTICS 55 WL Runnels Ind. Dr. Hattiesburg, MS 39401
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(601) 544-3466 Dr. Joseph D. Lichtenhan AF 05-022 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Radiation-Resistant Nanoscopically Enhanced Solar Cell Coverglass
Abstract:	Hybrid Plastics proposes to develop a low cost, and versatile method for shielding commercial and military solar cells from damage against proton and electron radiation. The technical approach utilizes metallized nanoscopic polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes as conformal coatings on coverglass and on solar cell surfaces. Such coatings would permit spacecraft designers to increase duty cycles while operating in half-geo orbits. Also, POSS coatings may provide a means to shield flexible solar cells against space radiation, a task that conventional cover glass cannot do. Hybrid Plastics also proposes to perform fundamental proton and electron testing of coatings coverglass and cells to determine their shielding effectiveness.

ION BEAM OPTICS, INC. 2060 E. Ave de Los Arboles #D243 Thousand Oaks, CA 91362
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(805) 493-1631 Mr. Michael Fulton AF 05-022 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Radiation-Resistant Solar Cell Coverglass
Abstract:	Solar cell coverglass coatings are subject to darkening under the Half-GEO radiation environment, and require increased radiation resistance. Premature power loss reduces satellite life below the required 15 year EOL goal and impacts the expense of satellite operation. We propose to apply advanced high-energy deposition technology to produce optical coatings for the cover glasses that exhibit high radiation resistance due to their superior micro-structural properties. These properties include bulk-like packing density, lower defect density, better optical homogeneity, and uniform morphology. We shall evaluate three of these deposition technologies in parallel, and after evaluating the results recommend one for production development. The research team brings nearly 70 years of experience in coating technology innovation and production development, with relevant experience in solar cell cover coating deposition, problem analysis, and solution development. The results will be applicable to all applications and requirements; military and commercial regardless of orbit, and could be marketed to the international solar cell panel industry.

NANOHMICS, INC. 6201 East Oltorf St., Suite 400 Austin, TX 78741
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(512) 389-9990 Dr. Keith Jamison AF 05-022 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Radiation Hard Amorphous Nitride Based Solar Cell Coverglass Anti-reflective Coatings
Abstract:	Solar cells are typically protected from the environment by a coverglass that has good light transmission properties in the response region of the solar cell. Newer generations of multilayer solar cells are extending the response region from the UV into the infrared portion of the spectrum to increase the efficiency of the solar cells. This is critically important for space based solar cells where the electrical output per unit weight is paramount. Unfortunately, solar cell coverglass materials have not kept up with the improvements in solar cell spectral range. It is difficult to fabricate the anti-reflective coatings and index matching layers to be efficient over the wider wavelength region of the newer solar cells. In addition for satellite power, the high radiation environments common at certain earth orbits cause the solar cell coverglass to lose transmittance (darken) through the formation of color centers in the glass or oxide materials. In this program Nanohmics proposes to examine the use of amorphous wide-bandgap nitride coatings to improve the performance radiation-resistant solar cell coverglass material. The amorphous nitrides will be used as an anti-reflective and index matching interface layer for the solar cells with the intent of increasing their spectral absorption and efficiency.

AONEX TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 129 North Hill, Suite #108 Pasadena, CA 91106
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(626) 583-9101 Mr. James Zahler AF 05-023 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	A New Class Of High Efficiency, High Specific Power, Multi-junction Photovoltaic Cells Using Wafer Bonding And Layer Transfer
Abstract:	The objective of this proposal is to demonstrate the feasibility of a process for producing ultra-high conversion efficiency (37-41%) AM0 multijunction solar cells from dislocation-free non-lattice matched heterostructures using a proprietary wafer bonding / layer transfer process. The overall cell fabrication process will yield a two terminal, series-connected four junction InGaP/GaAs/InGaAsP/InGaAs/InP/Si solar cell. Specifically, as a proof of principle, we will transfer of Ge layers < 500 nm thick and 50 mm in diameter onto Si substrates, and then use the resulting Ge/Si substrates as epitaxial growth templates for high bandgap InGaP/GaAs tandem cells. We will also transfer < 500 nm thick InP layers and 50 mm diameter onto Si substrates and use the InP/Si substrates as epitaxial growth templates for low bandgap InGaAsP/InGaAs tandem cells. Device active region structure will be characterized via electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and minority carrier lifetime will be characterized via time-resolved photoluminescence. The dark and AM0-illuminated current-voltage characteristics of an InGaP/GaAs dual junction cell on Ge/Si templates will be determined. The results obtained will be used to estimate the overall four junction cell efficiency potential and guide development of a commercial prototype four junction cell process in Phase II.

EPIWORKS, INC. 1606 Rion Drive Champaign, IL 61822
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(217) 373-1590 Dr. Brian McDermott AF 05-023 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Next-Generation 30-45% Efficient Multi-Junction Solar Cell
Abstract:	We will demonstrate novel, Si-based technology for ultra-lightweight, high-efficiency, triple junction solar cells. Next-generation satellites require increased payload mass and power budget capabilities. Ultra lightweight, 40% efficient solar cells employing Silicon substrates will reduce array size and solar cell payload mass while still enabling power level scale-up. Our advanced, next generation design will enable extremely high efficiency by using materials with ideal band gaps for efficient solar cells. By employing Si substrates (> 2x lower density than Ge), solar cell payload mass will be reduced by more than two times over current Ge-based technology. Current state-of-the art solar cell technology employs tandem Ge/GaAs/InGaP junctions on Ge substrates. This approach has shown promise for 40% converstion efficiency by employing 1.0 eV InGaAsN material as an intermediate cell between Ge and GaAs. However, InGaAsN has shown fundamental limitations due to the presence of deep level traps. A new alternative Si-based approach could result in similar 40% efficiencies in addition to substantially lower weight and cost. Silicon has a 1.1 eV bandgap, significantly lower cost and weight than Ge, and provides superior mechanical stability and radiation hardness.

STRUCTURED MATERIALS INDUSTRIES Suite 103, 201 Circle Drive Piscataway, NJ 08854
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(732) 302-9274 Dr. Catherine E. Rice AF 05-023 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	High Efficiency InGaN Solar Cells
Abstract:	This Phase I SBIR program will demonstrate the feasibility of fabricating high efficiency solar cells based on InGaN photovoltaic devices using MBE for material parameter optimization and MOCVD for manufacturability. Recent results demonstrating that InN has a much narrower bandgap than previously believed open the door to fabrication of photovoltaic devices responsive from the near infrared through UV ranges. Thus, unprecedented efficiencies should be possible. Currently, Structured Materials Industries (SMI) and Cornell University are conducting a Phase I STTR in InGaN solar cell development. In this program we have identified that crucial developments in InN and In-rich InGaN are the key to realizing the potential of InGaN full spectrum solar cells. Specifically, (1) the achievement of thick (>2 m), adherent InN layers; (2) p-type doping in InN; and (3) understanding and control of surface carriers. In this program we propose to focus on and solve these important material issues. In Phase I, together with Dr. William Schaff of Cornell University, a pioneer in InN and InGaN technology, SMI will deposit InN and In-rich InGaN films and evaluate deposition and post-processing parameters enabling these material goals. Fabrication and demonstration of prototype devices and process scale-up will take place in Phase II.

ORORA DESIGN TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 17371 NE 67th Court, Suite 205 Redmond, WA 98052
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(425) 702-9196 Dr. Monte Mar AF 05-024 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Design-Hardened Analog/Mixed-Signal Electronics
Abstract:	• Orora Design Technologies, teamed up with ATK Mission Research, proposes to develop and demonstrate the feasibility of a template-based synthesis approach to the design of high performance radiation hardened analog-to-digital converters with 100 MSPS sampling rates at 12-bit or greater resolution with 250 miliwatts or less power consumption. The output of this research is a parametric cell and architecture library that captures expert radiation-hardening design techniques and can be adapted to different design performance requirements and fabrication processes, along with the computer-aided design toolset that enables such template-based automated radiation hardened synthesis in a mainstream EDA design environment that can be used by satellite electronics designers. The technical novelty of this research consists of (a) joint optimization of architectures, processes, and circuits for varying applications and radiation hardenness, (b) adaptive design templates, and (c) hierarchical radiation-aware parametric behavioral modeling.

BLACK RIVER SYSTEMS CO., INC. 162 Genesee Street Utica, NY 13502
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(315) 732-7385 Dr. Peter J. Shea AF 05-025 Awarded: 18APR05
Title:	Adaptive Tasking of Radar and Optical Sensors
Abstract:	Today's battlefield environment contains large number of sensors onboard multiple platforms. This set of sensors types includes SAR, EO/IR, GMTI, AMTI, HSI, MSI, and video and for each sensor type there may be multiple modalities. In an attempt to maximize sensor performance, today's sensors employ either very simplistic tasking approaches or require an operator to manually change sensor tasking operations. As such, the sensors become less effective as the sensing environments deviates from the assumed conditions. In order to improve the overall system capability, this effort examines a genetic algorithm approach to solving the adaptive sensor tasking problem. The genetic algorithm approach is a method for intelligently searching a large solution space with the added benefit that it is highly parallelizable and easily incorporates prior solution information. This Phase I effort will develop an objective function that accurately models the adaptive sensor tasking problem, develop a genetic algorithm solution for this problem, and provide a proof-of-concept demonstration of this capability.

PHYSICAL OPTICS CORP. Information Technologies Division, 20600 Gramercy Torrance, CA 90501
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(310) 320-3088 Dr. Wenjian Wang AF 05-025 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Adaptive Sensor Tasking for Missile Defense
Abstract:	To address the Air Force need for adaptive tasking of RF and EO sensors based on background clutter and signal detection limitations, Physical Optics Corporation (POC) proposes to develop a new Controllable Robust Integrated Management Sensing Optimal Network (CRIMSON) system. CRIMSON is based on constrained optimization, dynamic resource/QoS performance management, and a controllable Petri net. The CRIMSON system will dynamically allocate resources to multiple networked sensors, with self-configuration to optimize performance of target sensing, detection, recognition, and tracking for missile defense. The CRIMSON system can configure itself and the onboard sensor assets to optimal operational status for available power, sensors, environments, mission objectives, and targets of interest. Even when faced with threats and environments outside the design optimization space, the CRIMSON system can ensure functionality (surveillance, detection, tracking, and discrimination) of the sensor platform. In Phase I POC will design the CRIMSON system, analyze its theoretical performance limits, and demonstrate its feasibility by simulation. In Phase II POC will optimize the CRIMSON system architecture and adapt it to an ACTD program such as the Multi-sensor Aerospace-Ground Joint ISR Interoperability Coalition (MAJIIC), demonstrating its strategic advantages for adaptive tasking.

SAGE TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 1601 N Sepulveda Blvd, PMB 501 Manhattan Beach, CA 90266
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(425) 455-0665 Dr. Keith Norsworthy AF 05-026 Awarded: 22APR05
Title:	Electro-Optical (EO) Signal Processing for Detection and Classification of Cruise Missiles
Abstract:	This program evaluates the feasibility of a spaced-based infrared sensor for detecting, tracking, and spectrally classifying cruise missiles that fly over a structured earth background. Recent advances in image processing technology, by SAGE and subcontractors Boeing and DRS, have shown improved suppression of (time varying) structured earth backgrounds, and a capability for multispectral characterization of detected targets. SAGE, and its team members Boeing and DRS, plan to review available SSGM and Air Force optical sensor databases (from previous airborne and space-based missions) and perform trade studies to define the most appropriate spectral bands for a space-based cruise missile detection sensor. Novel image processing algorithms that exploit spatial, temporal (hyper-spatial) and spectral features of the targets and background will be used to detect flying objects and classify them on the basis of spectral surface features and exhaust constituents. The planned space-based IR sensor design uses a fast-sampled large-mosaic infrared detector array in contact with a linear gradient spectral filter, both cryogenically cooled to minimize noise. Clutter suppression and target discrimination performance will be evaluated versus the number of spectral bands in the IR sensor (single color, 2-color, 3-color, or multi-color with up to 20 color bands).

SOLID STATE SCIENTIFIC CORP. 27-2 Wright Road Hollis, NH 03049
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(603) 598-1194 Dr. James E. Murguia AF 05-026 Awarded: 04MAY05
Title:	CDP Cruise Missile Algoritms
Abstract:	The objective of this program is to develop algorithms for detecting and classifying cruise missiles observed from space platforms in support of future theater advance warning systems. The algorithms will be developed for hyperspectral sensor data with hyperspatial resolution (imaging with 2-5m spatial resolution). Detection of cruse missiles from space is distinct from most applications of hyperspectral imaging since the target of interest is moving. Further, in the context of hyperspatial imaging the target movement can be large relative to the spatial and temporal sampling. It follows that the architecture of the hyperspectral-hyperspatial sensor must be appropriate for detection and classification of moving targets. The algorithms developed will be specific to moving cruise missiles observed with a CD sensor positioned on a space platform. These algorithms are expected them to be similar to those SSSC has developed for shoulder-launched missiles and air-to-ground rockets.

SPACEDEV 13855 Stowe Drive Poway, CA 92064
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(858) 375-2079 Mr. Assi Friedman AF 05-027 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Small Launch Vehicles (SLV) Technologies
Abstract:	SpaceDev has made extensive use of commercial standards to achieve more responsive flexibility in its subsystems. SpaceDev would undertake an approach similar to an advanced microsat systems. It will utilize commercial communications busses (such as Ethernet and LVDS) and communications protocols such as TCPIP to interconnect the various subsystems. Instead of routing hundreds of wiring harnesses to various sensors, smart nodes would be utilized to instrument the vehicle and control actuators. In addition, programmable circuitry would be used to upload operational profiles without having to perform hardware denegation. SpaceDev's goal is to take advantages of its microsat approach to first increase the responsiveness of the launch vehicle and second to reduce the mass fraction of avionics. On a medium size launch vehicle, total mass of avionics could be as much as 500kg. If the mass of the avionics could be reduced by 30% roughly one more 150kg microsat could be launched on the same vehicle.

WICKMAN SPACECRAFT & PROPULSION CO. 3745A Studer Casper, WY 82604
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(307) 265-5895 Mr. John Wickman AF 05-027 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Small Launch Vehicles (SLV) Technologies
Abstract:	Difficulties in using foreign air bases and airspace is constraining the Air Force from striking high-value, time critical targets. The Small Launch Vehicle (SLV) and Common Aero Vehicle (CAV) that deploys weapons over the target within minutes after being launched from the United States can solve this. The SLV can also be used to launch satellites. Wickman Spacecraft & Propulsion Company is proposing a versatile and low cost SLV that will be air launched from Air Force cargo planes. It uses an innovative solid rocket motor with individually controlled nozzle throats providing real time controllable thrust and steering with a fixed nozzle. With an expansion-deflection exit cone, it has an optimum expansion ratio at all altitudes. The propellant is an environmentally friendly, low cost, phase stabilized ammonium nitrate propellant with a delivered specific impulse equal to ammonium perchlorate propellants. The solid rocket motors are "field" reloadable. Phase I determines the feasibility of this approach while Phase II demonstrates all the enabling technologies.

GENERAL SCIENCES, INC. 205 Schoolhouse Road Souderton, PA 18964
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(215) 723-8588 Dr. Peter D. Zavitsanos AF 05-028 Awarded: 26APR05
Title:	Practical Ionospheric Enhancement Technology
Abstract:	The main objective of the proposed program is to develop highly exothermic compositions capable of generating temperatures up to 4,000K in order to achieve significant vaporization of certain metals, with boiling points in excess of 3,000K, which are capable of generating ionization in the presence of atomic oxygen. Laboratory studies are proposed to show proof-of-concept and derive vaporization yields for at least two such metals. Part of the laboratory study will include metal atom emission measurements, and canister design for 500g releases as well as potential atmospheric releases in the 10 kg size.

RESEARCH SUPPORT INSTRUMENTS 20 New England Business Center Andover, MA 01810
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(732) 329-3700 Mr. John F Kline AF 05-028 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	The Microwave Ionosphere Reconfiguration Ground-based Emitter (MIRAGE)
Abstract:	Research Support Instruments, Inc. (RSI) proposes to develop the Microwave Ionosphere Reconfiguration Ground-based Emitter (MIRAGE). MIRAGE will use a novel combination of an inexpensive, portable microwave transmitter array on the ground and a small chaff-carrying launch vehicle in the air. The goal will be the creation of artificial ionization, either below or within the ionosphere, for a variety of tactical purposes including reflection of signals for over-the-horizon radar or radio transmissions as well as jamming of satellite signals to the ground. The concept will utilize RSI's experience in atmospheric pressure microwave plasmas to produce a mobile solution to future Air Force challenges in radar and radio communications. Microwave power less than that required for breakdown will encounter metal chaff released by the small rocket, triggering formation of a microwave plasma. This plasma can be formed below the natural ionosphere to produce an artificial ionosphere, or modify the natural ionosphere. MIRAGE would fit in mobile trailers and be easily assembled in theater operations. In Phase I, RSI will demonstrate free-space microwave plasma breakdown using metal field enhancement at short range in the laboratory, and use the results to predict scaling and design a large-scale system for Phase II.

MS TECHNOLOGY 7922 Avenida Kirjah La Jolla, CA 92037
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(858) 558-6363 Dr. Saeid Ghamaty AF 05-029 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	New Sensing Capabilities for Space Situational Awareness
Abstract:	MS Technology (MST) proposes to develop a new type of low cost, low power, fast and small magnetometer that could attain a sensitivity of approximately 1 femto Tesla (10-15 T) per root hertz. Magnetometers with such sensitivity could easily be used for space situational awareness , and small target identification from rifles, to vehicles, or large targets such as planes, boats and submarines, on space, ground, air, or water. This new magnetometer could be in a small (~SO8, ~5x4x2mm3), low power instrument package operating at ambient temperature. Such sensitivity currently requires costly superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) that needs expensive and cumbersome cryogenics to operate. In Phase I, MST will quantify the performance gains possible from this new magnetometer and its measurement of magnetic field and noise in operational contexts for space situational awareness. MST will develop system concepts, evaluate and benchmark performance, cost and compatibility for a complete magnetometer system. MST will explore all additional uses/value-added of the sensor option, and will specify hardware/software requirements and sources for a complete prototype system. MST will limit demonstration of selected sensors to provide proof of feasibility.

NDP OPTRONICS LLC 236 Saint Martins Dr SE Mableton, GA 30126
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(404) 463-9623 Dr. S. G. Matsik AF 05-029 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	New Sensing Capabilities: GaN Based Dualband UV-IR Detectors
Abstract:	The proposed innovation is the development of a novel dual band detector responding in both the UV and IR regions, based on a GaN/AlGaN heterostructure. The IR response is based on HEterojunction Interfacial Workfunction Internal Photoemission (HEIWIP) detectors, which have been demonstrated using AlGaAs/GaAs structures. By also using interband transitions, response in the UV range can be incorporated into the device. A GaAs detector structure was shown to respond in both the NIR and FIR regions demonstrating the dual band capability. A material system change to GaN/AlGaN is expected to shift the NIR response into the UV range providing a UV-IR dual band detector. By varying the material compostion the spectral ranges can be tailored for the specific application. The initial detectors will operate in the 0.2 - 0.35 micron UV range and 8--14 micron IR range. The proposed detector would allow simultaneous imaging of both spectral ranges using a single detector array. This would provide a large advantage over current approaches which use separate detectors to image the two regions. By varying the Al fraction in the AlGaN, the detector can be easily extended to cover the range up to 40 microns.

NOVASPECTRA, INC. 777 Silver Spur Road, Suite 112 Rolling Hills Estate, CA 90274
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(310) 408-3225 Dr. William S. Chan AF 05-029 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Mega-pixel, 16-micron FPA for Space Situational Awareness Surveillance
Abstract:	We propose to develop a mega-pixel, long wave infrared (LWIR, 8-16 micron) focal plane array (FPA) for space situational awareness surveillance, for which the high resolution detects closely-spaced objects in a large expanse of space. It consists of 1,900x1,400 pixels of micro-antennas each coupled to a micro interferometric sensing element capable of high sensitivity, high speed, high fillfactor and high uniformity when cooled to 40K for detecting faint objects against a cold space background. It can also operate at temperatures between 40-300K for higher background detection. The large antenna area maximizes the LWIR wave reception while the micro interferometric sensing small area minimizes the thermal mass and thermal conductance for high sensitivity. The entire FPA is highly producible by conventional CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) foundries for low-cost production. Phase I will analyze and design the FPA and layout, delineate the processes for fabrication and fabricate a simple structure to demonstrate its fabricability. Phase II will fabricate the FPA and integrate it with support optics and electronics for test.

PHOEBUS OPTOELECTRONICS LLC 15 West 72nd St, Apt. 5A New York, NY 10023
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(845) 838-0187 Dr. Sujata Mahapatra AF 05-029 Awarded: 17MAY05
Title:	Semiconductor Heterostructure Quantum Wire Multiwavelength IR Photodetectors for Focal Plane Arrays
Abstract:	The objective of this program is the study of the feasibility and an analysis of the scientific and technical merit of using a nanotemplate, developed by Phoebus Optoelectronics LLC and it academic collaborators, to electrochemically grow II-VI/II-VI semiconductor quantum wire heterostructures (QRHS), specifically CdTe/CdS for LWIR and CdTe/CdSe for MWIR and LWIR sensing applications. These structures and materials will be used to fabricate superior performing and more cost effective forward-looking multiwavelength IR focal plane arrays (FPA). Increased optoelectronic integration leading to increased performance and decreased costs are expected.

DATA DESIGN CORP. 7851-A Beechcraft Avenue, Department SH Gaithersburg, MD 20879
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(301) 670-1157 Mr. Mark A. Shaw AF 05-031 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Innovative Data/Electrical Interfaces for Modular Spacecraft
Abstract:	Spacecraft systems generally contain an array of sensors connected to a central controller via a myriad of electrical interfaces. An interface control document that contains a detailed description of each of the electrical interfaces is required to specify the interconnection of the various subsystem components. Satisfying all the electrical requirements imposed by this document is time consuming, and adds a significant cost to the overall integration effort. In many final spacecraft designs, the engineering effort expended to interconnect many different sensors each having unique electrical interfaces involves as much time as does the design of the actual sensor electronics. Data Design is proposing to investigate an alternative method of interconnecting spacecraft subsystem components or sensors using one of the standard protocol interfaces employed with connectivity of personal computers to peripheral devices. The approach will work both with new sensor designs as well as with legacy ones.

PLANNING SYSTEMS, INC. 12030 Sunrise Valley Drive, Suite 400, Reston Plaz Reston, VA 20191
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(505) 242-7840 Mr. Joseph Wieber AF 05-031 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Plug and Play Compatibility Enhancements for the Network Data Acquisition System (NDAS)
Abstract:	The Air Force has an operational need to launch satellites on demand for a variety of missions as well as to provide last minute tailoring for dynamic mission requirements. One of the critical capabilities required to achieve this goal is the ability to rapidly integrate all the necessary satellite subsystems, including mission specific payloads, in a short time period before launch. The capability to rapidly integrate components prior to launch also supports the ability to rapidly reconfigure a spacecraft to accommodate changing mission requirements. In support of this operational need, the AF has established a roadmap for the development of satellite components that can perform these functions, with the initial phase concentrating on establishment of a "Plug and Play" (PnP) interface similar to those implemented on standard personal computers via Universal Serial Bus (USB). In support of this Phase I SBIR, PSI is modifying their existing high-speed, dual redundant, multi-drop network for space (Network Data Acquisition System - NDAS) by adding USB compatibility. We will provide an integrated PnP design that that can plug into an existing USB device as well as host numerous USB components along the network. The Phase II effort completes the design work for an ASIC implementation.

REAL-TIME INNOVATIONS 155A Moffet Park Drive, Suite 111 Sunnyvale, CA 94089
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(408) 203-9322 David Mintz AF 05-031 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Innovative Data/Electrical Interfaces for Modular Spacecraft
Abstract:	This proposal is to develop a limited Publish-Subscribe networking infrastructure suitable for use in the development of modular, reusable spacecraft components. The proposed infrastructure, or middleware, is based upon the OMG standard Data Distribution Service (DDS). The limited offering, NDDS-Lite, derives from RTI's NDDS middleware, which is compliant with the DDS standard. NDDS-Lite will support smaller, less capable processors likely used in spacecraft components. The work proposed herein will culminate in a set of concrete requirements for the NDDS-Lite middleware, as well as a functioning prototype that will implement some of the features proposed as part of the Phase I requirements specification tasks. Features to be examined include: OS independence: Identical source code modules will be used on nodes running different operating systems Platform Independence: Support a variety of hardware platforms, including small, resource poor boards. Fault tolerance: System robustness to various single point failures will be shown Plug & Play: Demonstrate automatic discovery of added and removed nodes. No OS version: Run on a processor with no OS Interoperability between NDDS-Lite and DDS-compliant NDDS will be demonstrated in a realistic experimental testbed containing both fully-capable computers and "thin-client" nodes.

DESIGN_NET ENGINEERING LLC 10311 Hampden Ave. Suite A107 Lakewood, CO 80227
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(303) 462-0096 Dr. Ken Center AF 05-032 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Low Cost, Tailor able Avionics for Rapid Response Satellites
Abstract:	Responsive Space goals include the ability to design, fabricate, and launch a small tactical satellite in 7 days. One required enabling technology is a framework with which to define and assemble standard components from mission requirements. The focus of this research effort is the definition of a "Device Object Module" standard. This "DOM" contains all information necessary to support analysis within the various systems engineering disciplines (thermal, structural, power, etc.). It also contains characteristics of the component to allow configuration to mission requirements and a behavioral model to support simulation activities. Packaging modular components in this fashion naturally facilitates the implementation of a Knowledge-Based Satellite Engineering Design Tool, allowing a satellite system engineer to interactively configure a satellite to requirements while ensuring system integrity in parallel. As the tools are applied to an increasing number and variety of missions, the accumulated "mission knowledge" can be used to gradually diminish the role of systems engineering in the design loop. Ideally, a mission could ultimately be configured to tactical requirements in a period of days.

INTERFACE & CONTROL SYSTEMS, INC. 8945 Guilford Road, Suite 120 Columbia, MD 21046
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(321) 723-0399 Mr. Brian Buckley AF 05-032 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Sleuth & Guide - Auto Checkout and Tasking for PnP
Abstract:	The problem of long and costly development cycles for satellite command and control flight software is not unique to the AFRL's TacSat Programs. In order to shorten the time-to-flight for spacecraft software systems, Interface and Control Systems has devised a software ontology which will greatly reduce the development and validation time required to field new flight software systems on Spacecraft. Our Phase 1 SLEUTH and GUIDE products will automate the discovery of device and service capabilities and adapt the onboard system based on the information provided by SPA compatible, plug and play avionics hardware and software. The proposed architecture will replace labor intensive, hand-generated logic with auto-generated embedded systems code in an extremely cost-effective manner. The round trip time to sense PnP device capabilities, generate code, load the code to the target processor, and validate functionality will be reduced to minutes. Auto-coding tools will allow rapid reconfiguration of algorithms and flight profiles. ICS will demonstrate a highly automated test and checkout capability with the Sleuth architecture and provide an advanced planning and tasking capability (Guide) which shares a common infrastructure for definition of relationships between onboard sensors and subsystems.

SEAKR ENGINEERING, INC. 6221 S. Racine Circle Centennial, CO 80111
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(303) 790-8499 Mr. Paul Murray AF 05-032 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Low Cost, Tailor able Avionics for Rapid Response Satellites
Abstract:	A significant element of costs and development time for a satellite is the complexity of the avionics (command and control, interface electronics, data storage, etc.). Typically, the approach is to design a unique system for a specific mission incurring high costs and risk associated with developing a once-use only system. Additionally, these systems have not been very flexible and are typically not able to adjust to changing mission demands or correct unforeseen design errors that might not have identified prior to launch. SEAKR's ReConfigurable Computers (RCC) offers a flexible reprogrammable platform that could be used in a number of spacecraft applications from interface electronics controls, guide and navigation control, high end processing of sensor data such as loss-less compression or image processing, robotic controls, real time encryption/decryption, packet switching, or target recognition and identification. The RCC architecture reduces risk, costs, and schedule for satellite missions by providing a reprogrammable space based platform that could be used for a number of different spacecraft avionic applications. For this proposal, SEAKR will develop an engineering flight design of a two CoProcessor (COP), Virtex II-Pro RCC (RCC3). In phase II, the flight design could be easily manufactured and delivered in time to fly on the AFRL JSW-D2, Advanced Responsive Tactically Effective Military Imaging Spectrometer (ARTEMIS) satellite formerly known as TACSAT-III.

MICROCOSM, INC. 401 Coral Circle El Segundo, CA 90245
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(310) 726-4100 Mr. Thomas Morphopolous AF 05-033 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Innovative, Low Cost, Plug-and-Play Intertial Measurement System
Abstract:	For this Phase I SBIR, Microcosm proposes to coordinate with the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) Space Plug-and-play Avionics (SPA) working groups to develop a breadboard Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) interface that meets the latest SPA interface standards. In addition, Microcosm will study implementations for other plug-and-play GN&C components. Today's spacecraft components come with a variety of electrical interfaces and non-standard data interfaces. Changing the IMU on a spacecraft usually requires custom changes to the flight software. Plug-and-play spacecraft components offer the flexibility and simplified integration that will be required to realize a 6-day spacecraft. With a standard interface, spacecraft components will be interchangeable and can be selected specifically to meet mission needs. The AFRL is coordinating SPA working groups to define a plug-and-play standard. The final result of this Phase I SBIR effort will be a breadboard plug-and-play IMU unit based on a Microelectromechanical (MEMS) device that meets those standards. In the Phase II SBIR effort, Microcosm will apply the same underlying technology to build other plug-and-play GN&C components, such as magnetic torquer drive electronics and star sensors. In a related Phase II SBIR, Microcosm built a breadboard GN&C system to internally defined plug-and-play standards.

STARVISION TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 1700 Research Parkway Suite 170 College Station, TX 77845
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(979) 458-1445 Mr. Michael Jacox AF 05-033 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	SpeedStar: A Plug and Play Stellar Gyroscope for Responsive Spacecraft
Abstract:	StarVision Technologies proposes an innovative concept to significantly reduce cost and increase flexibility of tactical satellites. By employing the stellar gyroscope, we replace separate attitude and rate sensing instruments with a single device that is capable of measuring spacecraft inertial rates and attitude by observing the celestial reference - the stars. The SpeedStar innovations allow a star tracker instrument to operate at update rates greater than 100 Hz, providing a tactical spacecraft with inertial rates and attitude at low cost without sacrificing the accuracy of conventional star tracker/gyro systems. The Phase I tasks will result in a hardware test bed to measure the performance and verify the feasibility of the concept.

SYSTEMS & PROCESSES ENGINEERING CORP.(SPEC) 101 West Sixth Street, Suite 200 Austin, TX 78701
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(512) 479-7732 Mr. Brad Sallee AF 05-033 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Low Cost Satellite Inertial Measurement System (LCSIM)
Abstract:	Satellite Inertial Measurement (LCSIM) sensor suite which incorporates a grouping of sensors that are capable of both short-term lockdown of the inherently quick moving objects, as well as long term positional and angular update capability to maintain zero drift orientation control. In order to allow cost effective quick turn satellites for a variety of missions, there is a need for a miniature, low cost, low power, and extremely capable inertial measurement unit. Recent advancements in MEMS sensors, GPS sensors and imaging sensors allow such a unit to be constructed using Commercial Off The Shelf (COTS) components. By optimizing the synergy between the sensors, the strengths of each sensor can be used to enhance the overall suite, compensating for sensor weaknesses. The result is a high speed, quick lock down, ultra high accuracy suite made up of a large number of miniature sensors rather than a few ultra high accuracy (and high cost) ones. With the miniature high accuracy system small satellites could be used, in place of some sensor suites now capable of flying only on larger attitude controlled busses.

NU-TREK 16428 Avenida Florencia Poway, CA 92064
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(909) 864-7858 Mr. William Poland AF 05-034 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Self Organizing Sensor Arrays
Abstract:	Using Nuclear Event Detectors (NEDs) and Dosimeters, Nu-Trek, SAIC, and Kinney Consulting will demonstrate, feasibility and benefit, of sensors that self-organize during assembly. Sensors are part of the spacecraft avionics and can be reconfigured as needed. Our Space-ZigBee architecture, combines the approach of the ZigBee wireless standard with the SPA-U plug and play interface, for a "wired" approach especially well suited for sensors and control devices. In the context of a nuclear threat, Nuclear Event Detectors (NEDs) are used to initiate circumvention. In NED implementation internal shielding greatly impacts the dose rate reaching the NED and it is VERY difficult to determine computationally where to place the NED. In the demonstration, the dosimeters will activate the NED that is closest to the location in which the dose is highest. We will also perform a Trade-Of-Study and prepare a roadmap for the development of the dosimeters and NED/dose rate sensing arrays.

VULCAN WIRELESS, INC. 7009 Rockrose Terrace Carlsbad, CA 92009
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(760) 473-7656 Mr. Kevin Lynaugh AF 05-034 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Reconfigurable Electronics for Responsive Space Systems
Abstract:	Vulcan wireless is proposing a highly integrated, reconfigurable satellite communications and sensor payload. Antenna systems are multi-band, multi-beam and multi-polarization using the same aperture. RF transceiver electronics provide multi-band and multi-channel utilizing the reconfigurable antenna-systems. The modulating and demodulation hardware is implemented in a Software Defined Radio architecture enabling JTRS waveforms and protocols. Due to the highly flexible reconfigurable DSP processor engine it is also able to be used for sensor applications. Data encryption is done in a general purpose encryption engine. The entire payload is highly integrated to minimize mass and is also low power.

INTELLIGENT AUTOMATION, INC. 15400 Calhoun Drive, Suite 400 Rockville, MD 20855
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(301) 294-5223 Dr. Margaret Lyell AF 05-035 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Cognitive Agent Framework for Self-Aware Satellites
Abstract:	Enhancing satellite Situation Awareness (SA) requires increased on-board automation for data processing,, intelligent decision making and capability for re-configuration and re-tasking. Our innovative solution to meet these goals is integrated agent-based framework coupled with innovative application of recent developments in ontology representation. Our solution has been based on the premise that any solution enabling situation awareness requires three core components: 1) a common model for the representation of the shared notion of the `Situation' between the satellite and ground station, 2) a mechanism for the semantic exposure of on-board sensory capabilities and the data generated by them, and 3) an integrated, composable and adaptable framework for processing raw `data' into critical `information', intelligent decision making and resource management. We propose ontological mechanisms for the representation of the situation model and the sensor metadata. The basis of the SA framework is a set of cognitive agents and a library of formally defined protocols and roles that describe the interactions between these cognitive decision components. This framework is built upon IAI's Cybele Agent Platform, which has been proven in large-scale decision making frameworks for air traffic control, logistics decision support systems, and distributed battle management (BMC2) systems.

MULTIMEDIA DATA SERVICES CORP. P.O. Box 73 Hyde Park, UT 84318
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(435) 787-7429 Ms. Angelique Crane AF 05-035 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	The Self-Aware Satellite
Abstract:	A Task Manager software module compatible with the AFRL Satellite Data Model will be developed. This software system will support a complete task and process management system appropriate for future rapid-deployment satellites.

NEMOMETRICS CO. 28 Constitution Road Boston, MA 02129
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(617) 242-0050 Dr. John I. Rodriguez AF 05-035 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Satellite Awareness through Power Monitoring
Abstract:	This SBIR project will develop a new technology for in-depth measurement of operation and health of satellite systems and components and so enable self-awareness. By careful measurement of voltage and current at the power supply and in-depth analysis of power transients, the Non-intrusive Electronic Monitor (NEMO) will assess satellite operation and evaluate systems. Because NEMO makes multiple use of existing power supply wiring and requires very few sensors, space and weight requirements are minimal.

STAR TECHNOLOGIES CORPORTATION 10303 Galpin Court Great Falls, VA 22066
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(703) 759-2933 Mr. Robert R. Strunce, Jr. AF 05-035 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	3D Satellite Builder
Abstract:	The Air Force is developing new approaches to the Rapid Response or Rapid Fielding of small spacecraft such as Road Runner and DSX which represent an aggressive approach to developing and launching satellites in a short period of time. Road Runner is aimed at developing a spacecraft from concept baseline to launch readiness in under 14 months with the ability to deploy the spacecraft from storage to full on-orbit functionality in 7 days. The current research is aiming at being even more aggressive where a spacecraft could be designed, developed, integrated, tested and launched within 6-7 days. Star Technologies Corporation proposes to develop a "3D Satellite Builder" that provides (1) a flexible Plug-n-Play software architecture for prototyping of subsystems such as the Electrical Power Subsystem (EPS), the Propulsion Subsystem (PS), Flight Computer System (FCS) or the Attitude Determination and Control Subsystem (ADACS) using hardware components such as batteries, solar cells, attitude sensors and actuators; (2) the ability to swap hardware components with equivalent software emulators in a real-time ?Integration & Test? environment; (3) 3D Visualization User Interface (UI) in support of spacecraft design, development, and testing.

PHYSICAL SCIENCES, INC. 20 New England Business Center Andover, MA 01810
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(978) 689-0003 Dr. Gary E. Galica AF 05-036 Awarded: 26APR05
Title:	Enhanced Scattering of Trapped Energetic Electrons in the Inner Magnetosphere
Abstract:	Physical Sciences Inc. proposes to develop a High Energy Imaging Particle Spectrometer (HIPS) to act both as a diagnostic for Radiation Belt Remediation flight experiments and also as an operational space-weather threat sensor. HIPS directly supports AFRLs SWx payload and CYGNUS RBR payloads. During periods of high geomagnetic activity, new radiation belts can form as a result of the energy deposited in the earth's magnetosphere. A high altitude nuclear detonation (HAND) can also produce a similar effect. HAND electrons can become trapped in the Earth's inner magnetosphere, form new radiation belts, and in turn damage space systems. Technologies that reduce the natural lifetimes of HAND belts can dramatically improve space system survivability and ensure the continuation of space-based services. In order to determine the effectiveness of any radiation belt remediation technique, one must measure the energy and pitch angle distributions of ambient electrons, particularly at energies >0.5 MeV. HIPS would characterize the energy and angular distributions of the high energy electrons and protons (0.5-30 MeV electrons and 3-400 MeV protons). While a new instrument design, the HIPS sensor is closely based both on PSI's LPD sensor currently flying on the SERVIS-1 satellite, and the LIPS sensor developed for AFRL/VSB.

PLANNING SYSTEMS, INC. 12030 Sunrise Valley Drive, Suite 400, Reston Plaz Reston, VA 20191
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(505) 242-7840 Mr. Dan Cohen AF 05-036 Awarded: 18APR05
Title:	Antenna Design, Modeling, and Space Flight Validation Enabling Operational Systems that Enhance Scattering of Trapped Energetic Electrons in the Inner Magnetosphere
Abstract:	DoD has identified the potential posed by a hostile nation detonating a nuclear device at high altitude as a very damaging asymmetrical threat. Such a high altitude nuclear detonation (HAND) event can result in severe damage to our nations' critical space assets, as well as to our commercial space infrastructure. Because the energetic electrons produced by HAND can become trapped in the Earth's inner magnetosphere and form new radiation belts hazardous to space systems that can last for many months, replenishment of replacement satellites into their operational orbits may not be possible unless methods are available to remediate the elevated environment. AFRL scientists in concert with academic researchers have developed a promising method that could reduce the natural lifetime of HAND belts from months to days, allowing dramatically improved space system survivability and ensure the continuation of space-based services. This method involves enhancing the electron pitch-angle scattering rate via cyclotron-resonant wave-particle interactions. The primary objective of this effort is to identify issues of implementation and provide design solutions for the injection of waves into the inner magnetosphere from a space-based platform at frequencies of interest for stimulating the pitch-angle scattering of energetic electrons.

RADEX, INC. 131 Hartwell Avenue Lexington, MA 02421
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 761-2288 Dr. Michael J. Kendra AF 05-037 Awarded: 22APR05
Title:	Nowcasting/Forecasting the Battlespace Environment
Abstract:	This effort will characterize the real world features and spatial structure of stressing atmospheric phenomena and demonstrate the feasibility of forecasting such phenomena using data-driven infrared background models. Our approach to this problem involves locating and identifying stressing backgrounds contained in measurements and extracting key structure characteristics in a form that allows their insertion into radiance codes such as MODTRAN and SAMM2. Techniques proposed herein cover spatial and temporal domains. Atmospheric features will be properly located in the global/geophysical environment, accounting for the dependence of real world phenomena on time, latitude, and season, in order to ensure real world fidelity. The feasibility of nowcasting and forecasting these clutter sources will be assessed, and prediction methodologies will be demonstrated when practical.

SPECTRAL SCIENCES, INC. 4 Fourth Avenue Burlington, MA 01803
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 273-4770 Dr. Peter Rochford AF 05-037 Awarded: 18APR05
Title:	Multi-scale Atmospheric Prediction System for Radiance Clutter (MAPS-C)
Abstract:	Atmospheric radiance clutter is a significant impediment to remotely-sensed target identification and surveillance. Clutter events arise from atmospheric phenomena occurring over wide vertical and horizontal scales. These include polar mesospheric clouds, aurora, stratospheric warming, thermal inversions, gravity waves, and mesospheric bores. To forecast radiance clutter from these events for any viewing geometry requires modeling of whole atmospheric conditions (i.e., troposphere to thermosphere) on a global scale. Furthermore, surveillance needs dictate that this be provided at the highest spatial resolution (e.g., ~100 m). To address this critical need, we propose to develop the MAPS-C (Multi-scale Atmospheric Prediction System for Clutter) system to provide 72-hour forecasts of atmospheric clutter conditions. The difficult computational task is addressed by incorporating into MAPS-C, state-of-the-art global and mesoscale atmospheric models (WACCM and WRF) being developed by the scientific community, and the SSI-developed all-altitudes radiation transport code (SAMM2). In Phase I, user-defined clutter phenomena will be embedded into the dynamical core of these models to provide a unified system for modeling the spatial-temporal evolution of clutter radiance. Additionally, a sub-kilometer statistical description of clutter will be provided by an ensemble forecasting tool.

NANTERO, INC. 25D Olympia Avenue Woburn, MA 01801
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 760-0273 Dr. Jonathan W. Ward AF 05-038 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Space Qualified Nonvolatile Memory
Abstract:	The purpose of this Phase I SBIR project is to reduce the power and increase the speed of reprogrammable non-volatile chalcogenide devices. The proposed method employs a porous monolayer of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as local heating elements for chalcogenide devices. By exploiting the molecular nature of carbon nanotubes, very large local temperature changes can be induced on timescales much shorter than using traditional thin film resistors. This innovation directly addresses the bottleneck in performance stemming from the relatively long delay associated with the crystallizing transition of Ge2Sb2Te5 layers. Also, due to the increased heating efficiency of CNT fabrics, a lower total overall power is required to effect each state transition. The proposed Phase I project focuses on electrical and thermal measurements of patterned CNT fabrics and patterned CNT/Ge2Sb2Te5 bi-layers. Completion of a successful Phase I program will allow CNT/Ge2Sb2Te5 test devices to be designed in Phase II and incorporated into BAE's current CRAM technology, increasing the speed and decreasing the power of the integrated chalcogenide devices, which forms a critical component in the effort to exploit higher performance, reprogrammable, reliable and "agile" radiation tolerant non-volatile memory systems for space.

STRUCTURED MATERIALS INDUSTRIES Suite 103, 201 Circle Drive Piscataway, NJ 08854
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(719) 260-9589 Mr. Joseph D. Cuchiaro AF 05-038 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Space Qualified Nonvolatile Memory Leveraging Commercial Fabrication Technolofy
Abstract:	Structured Materials Industries, Inc. recently demonstrated excellent nonvolatile memory properties of a nonlinear dielectric. Within this Phase I SBIR we will transition our preliminary results to model the device and thin-film for a backside gate control EEPROM architecture to be integrated within an established foundry process. This revolutionary architecture is applicable to military and commercial applications, however our intention is to establish a complete radiation hardened device capability by characterizing the intrinsic radiation hardness of the intended state-of-the-art foundry process. Once installed, the technology has the potential to introduce a wide range of radiation hardened nonvolatile memory products that are produced in a cost effective silicon process. Our Phase II effort will begin the installation of the thin-film into the foundry, develop a test chip vehicle for employment of design hardening techniques targeting TID 1Mrad(Si) or greater and prompt dose hardening of 1E10 rad/s or greater and verify program produced devices radiation performance. Our Phase III commercialization will consist of introducing strategically hardened nonvolatile EEPROM (16 - 32Mbits in density) followed by other components requiring embedded memory, as well as the sales of process equipment and licensing of program produced technology. Successful completion of this program will benefit military and aerospace end users with low cost per memory bit nonvolatile memory, system designers requiring radiation hardened nonvolatile memory, as well as commercial device manufacturers utilizing the backside gate control process.

DATA FUSION CORP. 10190 Bannock Street, Suite 246 Northglenn, CO 80260
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(720) 872-2145 Dr. Wolfgang Kober AF 05-039 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Improved Through Waveform Diversity
Abstract:	Data Fusion Corporation (DFC) and Lockheed Martin Space Systems Company propose the development of a technologically feasible radar system using coded waveforms with enhanced Space Based Radar SAR performance. This concept will be relevant to both synthetic aperture radar (SAR) modes as well as moving target indication (MTI) modes.

MMICMAN, LLC 826 N. Red Robin St. Orange, CA 92869
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(714) 997-9226 Mr. Edward W. Ray AF 05-040 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Low-Power Phased Array Control Technologies
Abstract:	The silicon-germanium heterojunction bipolar transistor (SiGe HBT) is the first practical bandgap-engineered device to be realized in silicon. SiGe HBT technology combines transistor performance competitive with III-V technologies with the processing maturity, integration levels, yield, and hence, cost commonly associated with conventional Si fabrication. In the seventeen years since the first demonstration of a functional transistor, SiGe HBT technology has emerged from the research laboratory, entered manufacturing on 200-mm wafers, and is poised to enter the commercial RF and microwave market. State of-the-art SiGe HBT's can deliver: 1. fT in excess of 90 GHz; 2. fmax in excess of 120 GHz 3. minimum noise figure below 1.5 dB at 10.0 GHz 4. 1/f noise corner frequencies below 500 Hz. 5. cryogenic operation 6. excellent radiation hardness 7. reliability comparable to Si. A host of record-setting digital, analog, RF, and microwave circuits have been demonstrated in the past several years using SiGe HBT's, and recent work on passives and transmission lines on Si suggest a migratory path to Si-based monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMIC's) is possible. The combination of SiGe HBT's with advanced Si CMOS to form a SiGe BiCMOS technology represents a unique opportunity for Si-based RF system-on-a-chip solutions.

OPEL 22 Quail Run Road Storrs/Mansfield, CT 06268
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(860) 486-3466 Dr. Heath Opper AF 05-040 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Optoelectronic control technology for Phased Arrays.
Abstract:	Phased arrays are critical for surveillance and tracking. Current TR modules use numerous MMIC chips, ferrite circulators and phase shifters and quasi-optical true-time-delay (TTD). A major power requirement is distribution and synchronization of the T/R function across multiple RF interfaces. Large scale integration could address the problem of interconnecting boards with GHZ RF outputs but is currently not possible. Such integration with optical control holds the key. OPEL proposes a monolithic IC solution based upon novel optoelectronic (OE) thryistor circuit design. Thyristor/HFET circuits implement a novel power amplifier using a gated OE oscillator driving a Class E output. The receive channel is implemented with a thyristor LNA/mixer to achieve down-conversion with gain followed by digitization with a new �A-�' modulator. Control data/return data are coupled optically to/from a processor at a central distribution point. Clock recovery, deserialization, and optical distribution implement a low power control system. A thyristor based ripple counter implements a serializer circuit and produces the inverse TTD function for return signals. Both T and R channels are integrated using novel dielectric isolation. Optical and RF signal paths are maximized and minimized respectively to achieve a dramatic reduction in overhead power loss. OPEL will demonstrate this optoelectronic approach.

SARASWATI ASSOC. 650 5th street, Suite 505 san francisco, CA 94404
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(415) 977-0553 Mr. James Coward AF 05-041 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Electronic Protection for Space-borne Phased Array Antennas (EP-SPAA)
Abstract:	Our baseline incorporates a unique photonic approach. a)Photonic sampler antenna with unparalleled features: low EMI and EMP inherent in optical fiber, b) conformal elements fed by optical fiber resulting in easy S/C integration, c) photonic beamforming network for millisecond rate direction finding, d) very low footprint photonic receiver with embedded signal processing. Unified photonics systems concept resulting in low mass and low cost. Low risk- all elements of system have been demonstrated. Supported by Lockheed Martin, which is separately investing in situational awareness systems and in particular in photonic antenna systems. (see attached letter)

THE HALEAKALA RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT, INC. 7 Martin Road Brookfield, MA 01506
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(518) 409-1010 Dr. Theodore R. Anderson AF 05-041 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Plasma FSS Radomes for Electronic Protection for Space-borne Phased Array Antennas
Abstract:	The Haleakala R&D Inc.will advance state of the art in antenna radomes as an electronic and RF protection for space-borne phased array antennas. The plasma frequency selective surface antenna radome acts as a reconfigurable shield for the antennas inside. We propose to use our plasma frequency selective surface radomes with plasma tubes embedded in an ultra-light and ultra -strong material called Synfoam (http://www.udccorp.com/synfoam.html). We will investigate and develop protection technologies with our plasma FSS radome for space-borne phased array antennas used for communications and Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR). Since future transformational communications and radio frequency based intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) space systems will likely involve advanced, high dynamic range transmitter/receiver devices and large but light-weight apertures, our plasma FSS radome technology is needed to address satellite system vulnerabilities that are associated with high dynamic range sensors and such large apertures. The type of ulnerabilities that our plasma FSS radome technology can address include Net-centric Warfare (penetrate satellite command uplink, insert false instruction and/or data, etc.) and direct radio frequency (RF) attack (spurious signal attack, spoofing attack, etc.). We will compare this to metal frequency selective surface radomes with slots filled with Synfoam and hybrid plasma-metal frequency selective surface radomes. We will research plasma frequency selective surfaces with plasma tubes embedded in Synfoam, and metal slot FSS filled with Synfoam, and hybrid models to meet the Air Force goals

OPEL 22 Quail Run Road Storrs/Mansfield, CT 06268
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(860) 486-3466 Dr. Jianhong Cai AF 05-043 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	High Frequency Optoelectronc Oscillator
Abstract:	Clocks and pulse sources are essential elements for radar systems. Timing control determines total system operation and the fundamental limitation for next generation sub-systems is clock jitter (phase noise). For multi GB/s systems, the clear choice is an optoelectronic oscillator in which the clock period is an optical delay. The phase noise is thereby reduced because the variability of the delay lies only in stability of the refractive index. The major source of phase noise then lies in the mechanism to adjust the clock period and the spontaneous noise on the optical source. Optoelectronic oscillators have been reported that use a collection of lasers , modulators, delays and RF amplifiers. Although phase noise is improved, the system is bulky and power consumptive. OPEL proposes an integrated version based upon a unique switching device that performs both as the optical source and detector. By integration with control HFETs and optical waveguides, the oscillator consumes minimal chip space and achieves phase noise approaching the quantum limit, since the RIN noise is that of the VCSEL (-160dB/Hz) and the control noise is only the shot noise on the injection current (<10fs jitter). In this SBIR, OPEL will produce the integrated OEO.

TLC PRECISION WAFER TECHNOLOGY, INC. 1411 West River Road North Minneapolis, MN 55411
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(612) 341-2795 Mr. S. VAJHA AF 05-043 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Novel Integrated X-band and Ku-band Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) MMICs
Abstract:	New fully integrated low-cost, low-phase noise microwave Voltage control oscillator MMICs will be developed after the successful demonstration of the proposed effort. TLC will integrate exclusive doping profiles of their patented varactor diode capabilities with their patented VCO MMIC desings on a lattice engineered substrate to develop and deliver a family of single chip VCOs with more than 2 GHz tuning bandwidth, phase noise less than -140dBc/Hz at 100KHz, and output powers greater than 16dBm. The proposal presents a novel method of integrating varactor diode to the VCO MMIC, there by, avoiding time consuming, unreliable, error prone usage of external varactor diodes with VCO MMICs. The proposed VCO is an ideal solution for the future Space Based Radar Constellation application.

PLANNING SYSTEMS, INC. 12030 Sunrise Valley Drive, Suite 400, Reston Plaz Reston, VA 20191
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(321) 768-6500 Mr. James Carter AF 05-044 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Enhanced Radar Metrology by Means of Miniature Angle Sensors
Abstract:	The physics of future space-based radar systems that are capable of tactical-grade target tracking require very large apertures operating at high orbital altitudes. It is essential to develop a system for locating the critical RF antenna components in response to thermal and dynamic inputs if the required coherent performance is to be achieved. For the large aperture architectures PSI has studied, basic geometric considerations mandate that angle measurement techniques have the greatest usefulness for the radar problem. PSI has chosen laser-scanning instruments as its basic angular measurement technology for space, due to their combination of speed, accuracy, simplicity of processing, and size. Our proposed innovation reduces by approximately a factor of ten the errors associated with temperature drift and digital processing in comparison with today��s similar market technologies. Our proposed miniature angle sensor enables measurement of an example large, flexible antenna to better than ��/100 accuracy.

TECHNOLOGY SERVICE CORP. 1900 S. Sepulveda Blvd, Suite 300 Los Angeles, CA 90025
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(602) 889-3616 Mr. William Joseph Arnold AF 05-044 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Advanced Metrology Technologies for Next-Generation Space-Based Radar
Abstract:	Space-based radar concepts employing large (~ 300 m length) semi-rigid, active phased array antennas are being investigated for surveillance missions that include detecting surface moving targets in severe clutter environments. To achieve the required transmit and receive antenna pattern characteristics, metrology concepts are needed to address aggregate phase errors from structural, electronic and propagation sources. These error sources degrade the knowledge of the relative phase between sub-panels thereby producing an ineffective antenna pattern and poor beam pointing control. Technology Service Corporation and BBN Technologies will develop innovative techniques to isolate the phase and differential range errors. Our layered metrology concept utilizes miniaturized electronics already designed into the waveform generation and reference signal paths and that are distributed in the antenna. In Phase 1, a dedicated radar antenna calibration mode will be formulated for a candidate payload design to develop mission performance models and orbital demonstrations. Feasibility studies of how observations can be made both locally and in the far-field of the antenna to support the calibration will also be conducted. Novel orthogonal waveforms to support calibration will also be investigated by our team. In Phase 2, TSC and BBN will implement a metrology concept that is compatible with emerging AESA designs for Air Force SBR programs.

JACKPINE TECHNOLOGIES CORP. 1380 Corporate Center Curve, Suite 108 Eagan, MN 55121
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(651) 452-8468 Mr. Robert J Shepherd AF 05-049 Awarded: 14APR05
Title:	Air Traffic Control (ATC) Tactical Briefcase
Abstract:	Jackpine Technologies, teamed with Lockheed Martin Transportation and Security Solutions, present a plan to build an Air Traffic Control Tactical Briefcase (ATCTB). The ATCTB will be used by personnel who require airspace situational awareness, but need to hand carry their ATC equipment. In addition to providing the necessary functionality, the system will need to meet size, ruggedness and reliability requirements, and adhere to standards contained in the DoD IT Standards Registry (DISR) and Joint Tactical Architecture (JTA). Our proposed solution will be based on well-tested, stable software and off-the-shelf hardware components, but use a Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) to deliver a migration path for net-centric warfare, specialized decision aids, and integration with the Global Information Grid (GIG). The overall Phase I goal is to analyze the ATCTB requirements and design the system, using an optimal mix of off-the-shelf components and innovative new ideas.

THE DESIGN KNOWLEDGE CO. 2661 Commons Blvd., STE 242 Dayton, OH 45431
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(937) 427-4276 Mr. Nick Longinow AF 05-049 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Air Traffic Control (ATC) Tactical Briefcase
Abstract:	The MCATS system will provide two fundamental capabilities. 1) Initiating air traffic control and air surveillance for where none previously existed, and 2) Improving the overall mission effectiveness of advanced party teams. The approach is to integrate advanced materials, network centric interoperability, and advanced work-center techniques. This will broaden its effectiveness as a multi-role sensor integration system in providing ATC, or terminal approach and enroute or air surveillance. Basic air traffic control capabilities define the core requirements for providing sensor interfaces, developing the air picture, and providing basic approach control. More stringent communication requirements are introduced to support the tactical and covert operating environment. This would support a scenario for an advanced party establishing basic ATC capabilities prior to the deployment of the MACS or Joint Precision Approach and Landing System (JPALS). The MCATS vision is to provide sufficient ATC capability to meets performance requirements and to be able to do this in an expeditious or covert manner.

VIPMOBILE, INC. 655 Montgomery Street, 5th Floor San Francisco, CA 94111
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(415) 837-3201 Dr. Ben Knapp AF 05-049 Awarded: 02MAY05
Title:	VIPMobile Air Traffic Control (ATC) Tactical Briefcase
Abstract:	Current air traffic control (ATC) tactical operations require disparate pieces of software and hardware equipment that fail to provide the controller or the pilot with network-centric real time information. The controller does not have a single unified graphical view of the area of operations (AO) that would allow him to make quicker decisions. This requires both the operator and pilot to envision a "mental picture" of the AO. The controller must use of multiple pieces of gear, which include a laptop, radios, lazing device, lights, and GPS. Scalability is dependent on the number of controllers who can carry all the ATC gear. VIPMobile will investigate and design a highly integrated network-centric, software/hardware solution that will provide the controller with up-to-date situational awareness to allow optimal information transfer, improved decision-making, and succinct communications between controller and pilot. The VIPMobile Integrated Software Visualization (VIP ISV) package combines VIPMobile's existing visualization and interactive GUI software, Georgia Tech's FalconView, and Harris' Multiple Image Exploitation Tool (MET) to create a single unified combat controller interface with multiple selectable dynamic layers that can be customized for mission type and data availability. The innovation is in the ability to dynamically register and update these layers and will be one of the key technical outputs of this project.

INFRARED IMAGING SYSTEMS, INC. 1275 Kinnear Road Columbus, OH 43212
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(614) 675-3729 Dr. Dale Siegel AF 05-051 Awarded: 04MAY05
Title:	Novel Methods for Delivery of Lifesaving Fluids and Medications
Abstract:	Devices to improve the field medic's capabilities to insert IVs into injured warfighters are designed to resolve the problem of difficult venous access when veins collapse from blood loss and shock. Intraosseous access devices are an option to failed venous access but exhibit drawbacks in resilience to harsh conditions, size, weight, ease of use, and battery power in some cases; additionally they are used after several peripheral access attempts have failed and critical time is lost in casualty care management. A novel technology invented by scientists at AFRL is capable of visualizing peripheral veins using small, low power near-infrared light and tactical night vision goggles. The technology has FDA clearance and shows exceptional clinical results in gaining first time vascular access. This project proposes to modify the FDA cleared device for use by field medics to withstand the rigorous working conditions of typical Special Operations Pararescue personnel in combat. The project will define product characterization for the final specification of a device that meets the following requirements: lightweight, small, stowable in a tactical pack, durable against impact forces, temperature extremes, submersion, dirt and sand exposure, simple and quick to use with minimal parts, controls, training, and with long-lasting power.

VIDACARE CORP. 722 Isom Road San Antonio, TX 78216
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(210) 375-8500 Dr. Larry J. Miller AF 05-051 Awarded: 02MAY05
Title:	Novel Methods for Delivery of Lifesaving Fluids and Medications
Abstract:	The objective of this Phase I proposal is to evaluate a number of optional device designs for use in obtaining intraosseous access in combat conditions. Through discussions with experienced combat medics, one design will be selected and a proof-of-concept prototype built. The device will be designed to permit infusion through the sternum, tibia, humerus or other long bones. The proposed innovation, will offer several advantages over the current alternatives for IO infusion. Drawing on the observation that orthopedists use drills rather than nail guns in working with bones, the new device should be designed to penetrate to the IO space by drilling rapidly through the bone with a hollow drill, thus securing its correct placement with little chance of dislodgement during transport. This approach features a high safety margin for both the medic and the wounded.

PAYLOAD SYSTEMS, INC. 247 Third St. Cambridge, MA 02141
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(617) 868-8086 Dr. Javier de Luis AF 05-052 Awarded: 26APR05
Title:	Smart Restraint System (SRS)
Abstract:	Rear helicopter aircrew need to move around to perform their missions. They often kneel or stand while moving around and working in the rear of the aircraft, which means that they cannot be restrained to their seats in the same way as the pilots can. Because of this necessity for movement they are exposed to the danger of potentially serious injury, particularly during high-g evasive maneuvers, and of course, in crash situations. Payload Systems Inc. (PSI) proposes to solve this problem through the development of an innovative Smart Restraint System (SRS) combining active and passive energy absorbing elements that will allow free movement under normal flight conditions, but intuitively adjust the level of restraint in response to aircraft flight maneuvers, or impending crash. This would permit the crewmember to perform his or her duties without being distracted by having to pay attention to the aircraft's movements in order to avoid injury. The result would be reduced stress and improved mission effectiveness.

WOLF TECHNICAL SERVICES, INC. 6836 Hawthorn Park Drive Indianapolis, IN 46220
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(317) 842-6075 Mr. Michael D. Pepe AF 05-052 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Helicopter Aircrew Restraint
Abstract:	The purpose of this project is to develop magnetic technology to be incorporated into aircrew restraint system designs that will address limitations of current restraint systems in protecting crewmembers in the full range of dynamic flight environments. The new restraint technology will supply a continuum of restraint level that will automatically adapt to the severity of the flight dynamics of the aircraft, while still allowing crewmembers the necessary freedom of movement during normal flight conditions. It will be compatible with inertia reel technology used on the lap and shoulder harnesses for the cockpit crew and seated cabin crewmembers. It will also be applicable for use on the tethers used by cabin crew that move about the aircraft during flight. The technology will be aircraft-independent, so that it can be retrofitted into existing airframes, or incorporated into new designs of more modern aircraft.

APPLIED NANOTECH, INC. 3006 Longhorn Blvd., Suite 107 Austin, TX 78758
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(512) 339-5020 Dr. James. P. Novak AF 05-053 Awarded: 26APR05
Title:	Metal Oxide Nanoparticle CO Detector Kit
Abstract:	Applied Nanotech Inc. proposes a miniaturized, low power, rapid responsive CO sensor based on molybdenum oxide nanoparticle networks applied to a thin-film transistor architecture. This sensor will be designed as a low maintenance detector for CO levels in air vehicles. Molybdenum oxide is an n-type semiconductor that shows an increase in conductance due to the oxidation of CO. The thin-film transistor architecture creates a selective, sensitive approach providing considerable improvement over the most successful commercial technology of CO detectors.

PHYSICAL OPTICS CORP. Photonic Systems Division, 20600 Gramercy Place, B Torrance, CA 90501
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(310) 320-3088 Dr. Jimmy Luo AF 05-053 Awarded: 13APR05
Title:	Nano-Structured Carbon Monoxide Detector for Aerospace Applications
Abstract:	To address the Air Force need to detect carbon monoxide (CO) levels on military airlift aircraft and warn aircrew members once CO levels rise beyond a safety limit, Physical Optics Corporation (POC) proposes to develop a new and reliable Aero CO Detector (ACOD) based on a microcontroller and solid-state nanotechnology. Use of a nanostructured metal oxide semiconductor sensor and a microcontroller for signal processing make the ACOD light and compact. ACOD will accurately and reliably display real-time readings of CO concentration in parts per million (ppm) by volume, and emit distinctive visual and audible warnings when a CO level above the 35 ppm warning threshold is detected, as well as a further alert when CO level rises above the 200 ppm danger level. In Phase I POC will demonstrate the feasibility of ACOD by designing and developing a prototype ACOD, and testing it. In Phase II POC plans to optimize the ACOD design, and ACOD performance, and to consolidate the ACOD structure to increase sensitivity, stability, reliability, and durability even under extreme environmental conditions such as those in an airlift aircraft cabin during aircraft normal and emergency operations.

METROLASER, INC. 2572 White Road Irvine, CA 92614
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(949) 553-0688 Dr. Stephen Kupiec AF 05-054 Awarded: 22APR05
Title:	Multiple View Autostereoscopic Display via Temporal Multiplexing
Abstract:	In this project, MetroLaser proposes to develop a conceptual design for a prototype time-sequential multiperspective autostereographic display (ASD). This system will have multiple stereoscopic viewing zones over an extended field of view. The envisioned architecture for the ASD will extend the capabilities of the display so that three-dimensional images can be seen by multiple viewers. In the Phase I program, we will develop a breadboard system and conduct a series of proof-of-concept experiments to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed technology and experimentally verify the key components of the system. Part of the Phase I work will also include a commercialization plan for the ASD system. The display system to be built in Phase II will provide high quality 3-D imagery without the need for glasses, goggles, or other viewing aids. Ultimately, a commercial system will be built that will provide multi-user interactivity at near real-time speeds.

THIRD DIMENSION TECHNOLOGIES 3601 Bluff Point Drive Knoxville, TN 37920
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(865) 579-0113 Dr. C. E. (Tommy) Thomas Jr. AF 05-054 Awarded: 28APR05
Title:	Warfighter 3-D Display
Abstract:	Third Dimension Technologies proposes a truly innovative combination of the very latest state-of-the-art developments in optics and electronics to produce a true 3D display that approaches the limits of what the human eye can resolve. A proprietary optics tiling technology allows complete modularity and scalability of the display. For an HPO (horizontal parallax only, three-dimensional in the plane of eye separation) panel the requirements for a 50 cm (20-inch) high-resolution color display would be an effective 120 Mpixels per 3D image. That is, 1600 x 1200 resolution with a 60 degree FOV, one-degree resolution, each pixel in color. This is more than three orders of magnitude down from the true holographic HPO display requirements, but would provide resolution close to the limits of human perception. The display would be readily scalable from a few cm to 100 cm or larger. This provides visual data at densities very close to the highest resolution the human eye can perceive. The display is fully adaptable to both HPO and full parallax (both horizontal and vertical).

CYBERNET SYSTEMS CORP. 727 Airport Boulevard Ann Arbor, MI 48108
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(734) 668-2567 Mr. Steven Rowe AF 05-055 Awarded: 28APR05
Title:	Enterprise Portal Software for Improved Situation Awareness
Abstract:	We propose to develop an enterprise portal architecture for integrating Air Force data sources, making this information accessible through standard web appliances. Our proposed solution is a two-fold approach. First, we will develop an enterprise portal server technology that makes use of and extends Cybernet Systems OpenSkies� networking and simulation technologies. Second, we will design and implement a framework for situation awareness including a thorough investigation and trial of prototyped human-computer interfaces. We will design the visual presentation of the portal website with a focus on improving situation awareness on a variety of web-enabled platforms in a distributed ground network.

MAK TECHNOLOGIES 10 Fawcett Street Cambridge, MA 02318
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(617) 876-8085 Mr. Russell Lane AF 05-055 Awarded: 12APR05
Title:	Portal Workstation Development: Multi-Sensor Network-Centric, Open Systems Portal
Abstract:	M�K Technologies (M�K) will specify a service oriented, open standards based architecture that lets data from a variety of live and simulated sources be combined in flexible ways to compose an integrated model of the battlespace. This model will represent the common operations picture (COP) shared by all warfighters, and will be presented to each user through a common point of access or portal in ways that best support their particular mission. The architecture will be defined as a set of well-documented, open standards based interfaces, services, and processes, and will allow the convenient integration of independently developed components including HLA/DIS based simulations. M�K?s approach enhances the warfighter?s situational awareness by leveraging the open standard HLA simulation architecture to compose a rich, realistic, and responsive model of the battlespace. The use of HLA in this way directly supports the compatibility of the architecture with the HLA-based AFRL/HEC SAFIRE simulation suite.

RESEARCH ASSOC. OF SYRACUSE 6780 Northern Blvd, Ste 100 East Syracuse, NY 13057
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(315) 463-2266 Mr. Stan Hall AF 05-055 Awarded: 20APR05
Title:	Portal Workstation Development: Multi-Sensor Network-Centric, Open Systems Portal
Abstract:	While great strides have been made in converting service-specific military operations into joint operations, USAF's Common Operating Picture (COP) is still stove-piped. Attempts have been made to use portals for faster, easier access to data by multiple users and user groups. The results have been mixed, with some portal development efforts successful and others not successful. Research Associates of Syracuse proposes to develop an Operator Centric Collaborative Intelligence System (OCCIS) as a COP portal to address this need. This COP portal will allow multiple users and user groups to easily access, contribute, and consume information. It will format and display data in intuitively obvious and easy-to-use ways, each determined by the information user, not the information provider. It will accept data, especially all the INTs, from multiple streams and sources, at multiple security levels, and permit humans to compare and correlate that data. It will permit the reverse flow of that finished intelligence up to decision makers at remote locations. This portal will use open standards and COTS software whenever possible, and it will always use COTS hardware.

KUTTA CONSULTING, INC. 2525 W. Greenway Road, Suite 332 Phoenix, AZ 85023
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(602) 896-1976 Mr. Jeff Getzlaff AF 05-056 Awarded: 19APR05
Title:	Network-Centric Communications: Distributed Real-Time UAV Access
Abstract:	This proposal addresses the significant need for the design of a Human Computer Interface (HCI) in a Distributed UAV Access System (DUAS). The DOD roadmap goals of UAV interoperability are addressed utilizing the Global Information Grid (GIG). Goals and objectives for the design of two desired Distributed UAV Access Systems are presented, along with goals for simulations of the systems. An impressive team of industry partners is assembled, including The Boeing Company. The Phase 1 work plan employs the Rational Unified Process (RUP) to ensure a focus on user needs. Examples of unique and innovative proposed functionality for the HCI DUAS solutions include 3D situational awareness, mission plan comparison and visualization, UAV filtering, and route retasking. Technologies developed from Kutta's previous work creating a hand-held PDA controller for small UAVs are leveraged. Kutta captures the requirements of two candidate systems in a system and software requirements specification document and creates a simulation integration plan. At the end of Phase 1, time sensitive targeting prototype demonstrations are presented for both proposed solutions. Military and civilian market segments are defined, including the DOD, Coast Guard, Border Patrol, and police departments.

OR CONCEPTS APPLIED 7032 Comstock Avenue, Suite 100 Whittier, CA 90602
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(562) 907-6700 Dr. Michael Leen AF 05-056 Awarded: 28APR05
Title:	UAV Access Design Experiment (UADE)
Abstract:	This SBIR effort will result in human-computer interface (HCI) design requirements to support expanded interoperability among and between unmanned air vehicles (UAVs). A key research issue is how information can be tailored by mission type, user level of access authority, and display/input device for a particular HCI. This proposal discusses what information could be presented to an operator. Although raw data is important and useful, it is possible to present the operator with information, consisting of interpreted data, as well as automated mission planning tools. OR Concepts Applied (ORCA) will document the data, information, and tools that are available as well as document how a given HCI could be tailored. ORCA will then apply human effectiveness techniques to build two separate UAV access systems. To facilitate software development, ORCA will leverage commercial off-the-shelf mission planning software that can be tailored and customized. ORCA will both demonstrate the UAV access systems using a time sensitive targeting (TST) scenario and describe a mechanism to integrate with existing simulation suites. ORCA will also perform an analysis of tradeoffs associated with semi-automating the information tailoring. HCI design requirements will be created as a result of this research.

ADAPTIVE TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 2020 Kraft Drive, Suite 3040 Blacksburg, VA 24060
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(540) 951-1284 Mr. Andre Goldstein AF 05-057 Awarded: 19APR05
Title:	Actuator Design and Development for Optimized CIC Audio
Abstract:	Advancements in subminiature earphone drivers are sought to provide desired improvements in active noise reduction (ANR) earplug attenuation magnitudes and bandwidth. Prior investigations have illustrated a need for improvements in frequency response, sound power output, geometrical configurations, and ease of manufacturing for drivers that are optimized for military ANR earplug applications. This Phase I program begins with theoretical descriptions of existing earphone driver parameters, followed by further investigations of specific conceptual improvements described herein. All Phase I program objectives seek to identify advanced earphone driver designs that are feasible, with low-risk paths to reasonable-cost manufacturing methods. The success of the program will rely on ATI's extensive experience designing completely-in-the-canal ANR earplugs. Past development work has led to precise information about desired open-loop earphone driver frequency response characteristics that will optimize the closed-loop attenuation performance. This information will be used in considering new advancements in electromagnetic and piezoceramic earphone driver concept designs, with an initial prototype available at the end of the Phase I program.

PHYSICAL OPTICS CORP. Information Technologies Division, 20600 Gramercy Torrance, CA 90501
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(310) 320-3088 Dr. Keehoon Kim AF 05-057 Awarded: 13APR05
Title:	Micro-Sized Smart Material Earphone Driver
Abstract:	To address the U.S. Air Force need for an advanced high output subminiature loudspeaker/earphone driver for use in active noise reduction (ANR) earplug systems, Physical Optics Corporation (POC) proposes to develop a new communication earplug driver for a side-impact-safe-bidirectional transmission earplug based on micro-sized smart material actuators (MSMA). The MSMA system will consist of a micro-size earplug (MEP) in a protective housing with easy connectivity to an external linear amplifier and an Air Force selected ANR controller to actuate the MEP. The MSMA will be designed to produce high-fidelity sound up to 140 dB within a 6 mm diameter by 7 mm long cylindrical volume. The MEP will have a safe, simple structure of just two simple non-protruding components -- an earplug housing and a smart material acoustic membrane embedded in the housing -- to generate counter-acoustic energy according to ANR control signals. In Phase I POC will develop a feasibility demonstration laboratory model MSMA system, including a system analysis of output, magnitude and phase of the frequency response, total delay, and size. In Phase II we will refine the MSMA design and then fabricate/test three prototype advanced high output subminiature earphone drives, and deliver ten units for testing.

RH LYON CORP. 691 Concord Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(617) 864-7260 Dr. Richard H. Lyon AF 05-057 Awarded: 22APR05
Title:	Advanced Subminiature Loudspeaker/Earphone Driver
Abstract:	Communication and ear protection in an extremely noisy environment has been aided by the development of noise reduction headsets that employ active feedback between a loudspeaker and microphone, both located within the headset. But externally worn muffs can be dislodged, imperfectly worn, and subject to sound leakage. In addition, their passive noise reduction is limited, particularly at lower frequencies. The development of in-the-ear hearing aids using small electrodynamic receivers and electret microphones has raised the opportunity to incorporate such elements in an in-the-ear active noise reduction communications unit. The principal challenge in doing so is the output capabilities of the receiver. The noise levels at the eardrum with an insert in place may still reach damaging proportions. The receiver must be able to generate pressures of similar magnitude in order to cancel the intruding noise. The purpose of the work described here is to develop a systems model for the ANR earplug and employ that model to evaluate a variety of driver configurations that employ both electrostatic and electromagnetic transduction as a basis for fabrication and testing of candidate drivers in Phase II.

LASAIR DESIGN 4747 Oceanside Blvd. Suites J & K Oceanside, CA 92056
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(760) 724-6576 Mr. Rene Brown AF 05-059 Awarded: 28APR05
Title:	MEMs Co-located Integrated Microphone/Earphone for Active Noise Reduction
Abstract:	An innovative approach for a hearing aid with active noise cancellation. A microphone that performs frequency spectrum analyzation during acoustic signal detection is proposed. The device would be low cost to manufacture and able to be integrated with a low power actuator on a similar substrate. The system is proposed with colocated driver and CMOS processing electronics. The sensing of the signal would be insensitive to amplifier variations by using a fast sampling amplifier operating in a sigma delta mode. An adaptive filter is proposed for the active noise cancellation. The sensing of all the frequencies would be performed by a single ratiometric source multiplexing the input to create a time multiplex input of the data to the signal processor.

RESEARCH SUPPORT INSTRUMENTS 20 New England Business Center Andover, MA 01810
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(732) 329-3700 Mr. John F Kline AF 05-059 Awarded: 20APR05
Title:	A Microformed Magnet-Based Microphone/Speaker Array for Active Noise Reduction
Abstract:	Research Support Instruments, Inc. (RSI) proposes to develop a MEMS microspeaker/ microphone array for use in active noise reduction (ANR). Micromachined pressure transducers using piezoresistive or capacitive sensing techniques are well developed; this project will instead develop a magnetic microphone. Magnet-based microphones in macroscale technologies have advantages in sensitivity, bandwidth, and ruggedness; similar advantages can be expected on the microscale. The same technology will be used to develop a microspeaker. RSI has an innovative technology to develop micromagnets; using micromagnets in both the microphones and the speakers will ease integration of the two circuits, and take advantage of both technologies. The Phase I program will involve design, fabrication, and test of magnet-based MEMS microphones and speakers to determine their sensitivity, speaker amplitude, ruggedness, and bandwidth. RSI will use its experience in silicon nitride membranes, micromagnets, and pressure sensors to employ a highly innovative microfabricated technology - the magnetic MEMS speaker/microphone array - in order to develop speakers and microphones with a combination of sensitivity and speaker amplitude previously unattained by MEMS-sized devices.

SEGMODE TECHNOLOGIES 24332 Acaso, #6 Laguna Hills, CA 92656
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(949) 705-9041 Dr. Mark Bachman AF 05-059 Awarded: 02MAY05
Title:	Feedback-controlled multifrequency MEMS for active noise cancellation
Abstract:	This proposal seeks to explore the use of a multi-resonator, directional MEMS microphone as an enabling technology for ANC ear plugs. The basic strategy is to use force-balanced feedback of the MEMS transducer into an adjacent speaker to produce zero noise at the MEMS transducer in sub-bands of interest. This strategy does NOT employ the use of a DSP, making it a potentially powerful technology for ANC ear plugs.

DISPLAYTECH, INC. 2602 Clover Basin Drive Longmont, CO 80503
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(303) 772-2191 Dr. Mark A. Handschy AF 05-060 Awarded: 09MAY05
Title:	Helmet Mounted Image Source/Display for Tactical Air Combat Operations
Abstract:	We propose development of innovative head-mounted display (HMD) imagers that combine a commercially-proven technology with performance characteristics that would let a single display product serve a wide range of military HMD applications. Our HMDs are based on low-voltage/fast-switching ferroelectric liquid crystal on silicon (FLCOS) display panels with LED illumination. This combination enables HMDs with the following distinguishing characteristics: (a) all-digital gray-scale with integrated drive electronics including programmable gamma control and refresh-free display of stored images and (b) ultra-high brightness up to 30,000 fL and beyond. These characteristics enable single-chip, low-power HMD image-generation systems in compact packages with few-wire cable interconnects. The Phase I effort will demonstrate an ultra-high brightness 1280 x 1024 full-color laboratory-prototype HMD. Through the design, fabrication, and characterization of a CMOS test chip, it will also prove the feasibility of an innovative all-digital gray-scale pixel architecture providing the foundation for one-chip HMDs with resolution roadmap driven by Moore's Law from 1280 ' 1024 to 2K ' 2K.

PHYSICAL OPTICS CORP. Electro-Optics & Holography Division, 20600 Gramer Torrance, CA 90501
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(310) 320-3088 Dr. Tin Aye AF 05-060 Awarded: 09MAY05
Title:	Parallel Reconfigured Line Image Scanning Miniature Super-High-Resolution Light Engine
Abstract:	To address the U.S. Air Force need for an innovative core image source technology for high performance helmet mounted displays, Physical Optics Corporation (POC) proposed to develop a novel full color super high resolution high luminance miniature head mounted display (HMD) based on line image scanning of laser illumination, a high speed liquid-crystal-on-silicon (LCOS) display, holographic optics, and a simple one-dimensional scanner. The proposed approach offers superior resolution (5k x 4k pixels) from a relatively low resolution LCOS, taking advantage of its high refresh speed and only using relatively slow line image scanning. The proposed technology is made commercially attractive by its unique integration of available commercial components and low cost fabrication techniques. The effort will focus on developing a compact Parallel Reconfigured Line Image Scanning Miniature (PRISM) display demonstration unit in which commercially available LCOS microdisplays will be integrated with compact laser diodes and POC's 2D-image-to-1D-line-image transforming optical element to generate color sequential full resolution images for current U.S. Air Force HMDs. In Phase I POC will demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach through computer design, performance analysis, and an experimental proof-of-concept demonstration, so that in Phase II we can build a brassboard prototype HMD miniature display.

CYBERNET SYSTEMS CORP. 727 Airport Boulevard Ann Arbor, MI 48108
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(734) 668-2567 Dr. Charles J. Cohen, Ph.D. AF 05-061 Awarded: 19APR05
Title:	Multi-Modal Hands-Free Interface for Aircraft Maintainers
Abstract:	We propose a hands-free data entry system to be used by Air Force aircraft maintenance personnel in noisy environments. To mitigate the noise sensitivity of voice recognition systems, we propose using simultaneous methods of input including voice, non-interfering gestures, facial feature extraction, and workspace analysis to disambiguate user focus of intention.Cybernet is ideally suited to do this work because of our corporate focus on man/machine interfaces, our current work creating aircraft maintenance aids, and our previous work with all of the component technologies including voice recognition, gestures, facial feature extraction, and real-time image processing.

TOTAL QUALITY SYSTEMS, INC. 1990 West 2550 South Ogden, UT 84401
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(801) 731-2150 Mr. Kevin Berk AF 05-061 Awarded: 22APR05
Title:	Hands Free Data Collection for Aircraft Maintainers
Abstract:	Hands-free access to maintenance, logistics, and emerging IT Systems will enhance the ability of maintainers to concentrate on performing critical aircraft maintenance functions without being interrupted to physically enter or retrieve maintenance data. The focus of this research project will be systematic and emphasize the integration of innovative, cutting-edge technologies that provide effective, efficient, and transparent maintenance data capture and information feedback to the flight-line technician while improving the accuracy of maintenance data collected. Input technologies to be evaluated will include haptic devices, and devices that track movement, such as head-trackers, eye-trackers, and magnetic or optical motion trackers. Effective human-computer interaction techniques to "attentive environments" will also be considered, such as multi-modal input methods that will include avatar and agent data translation taxonomies. This technology should also be able to withstand the noise, vibration, and generally harsh environment of the flightline. The concept of this Phase I research project will enable interoperability with existing legacy logistic systems, as well as the future autonomic logistics systems of the F-35.

DYNAMIC EYE, INC. 243 Brantwood Road Amherst, NY 14226
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(716) 837-5499 Dr. Christopher Mullin AF 05-064 Awarded: 29APR05
Title:	Segmented Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal TFB Glasses
Abstract:	Surface mode nematic liquid crystal light shutters have previously been shown to supply sufficient switching speeds and optical densities to serve as thermal flash blindness (TFB) protection shields. Ferroelectric liquid crystal light shutters exhibit similar switching speeds and contrast ratios to surface mode nematics. In addition, ferroelectric liquid crystals shutters are bistable, so they can be employed in a multiplexed, segmented array of pixels. Segmented ferroelectric shields would improve the operational effectiveness of the aircrew by only darkening the portion of the shields between the operator's pupils and the blinding light source while leaving the remainder of the field of view unaffected. This proposal demonstrates the feasibility of segmented ferroelectric liquid crystal flash blindness shields by assembling a specialized segmented sensor, a microcontroller, driver circuitry, and ferroelectric shields into a proof-of-principle prototype. The prototype is tested for response time, switching speed, viewing angle, and spectral characteristics. Segmented shields would have an impact far beyond TFB protection. Configured as sunglasses, they would revolutionize glare protection throughout the military by improving visual acuity and curtailing eyestrain due to glare.

PHYSICAL OPTICS CORP. Electro-Optics & Holography Division, 20600 Gramer Torrance, CA 90501
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(310) 320-3088 Dr. Alexander Parfenov AF 05-064 Awarded: 02MAY05
Title:	Flexible Liquid Crystal Eye Protection System
Abstract:	The Air Force is seeking goggle for aircrew eye protection against high intensity, rapid-onset thermal flashes such as from nuclear blasts. Existing protective devices are heavy, bulky, and logistically unsupportable. To overcome these limitations, Physical Optics Corporation (POC) proposes to develop a new Flexible LIquid crystal eye Protection (FLIP) system based on high speed electro-optical effects in liquid crystals (LC) on flexible substrates. Protective devices based on FLIP system technology will have a large dynamic range (switching transmission from 20% in the open state to an attenuation density of 3, a change of more than a thousand times, and a high switching speed (within 100 microseconds). It will be stable despite nearby radar radiation, and resistant to false alarms from natural events such as lightning and reflection of sunlight from clouds, sea surfaces, etc. In addition, it will be lightweight and compact, with a wide viewing angle, made possible by new liquid crystal technology and commercial display development. Phase I will culminate in proof of the feasibility of the proposed design by experimentally building a working model and testing it. In Phase II a FLIP system will be developed for testing at an Air Force site.

SYTRONICS, INC. 4433 Dayton-Xenia Road, Building 1 Dayton, OH 45432
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(937) 431-6110 Mr. Jeff S. Collier AF 05-065 Awarded: 02MAY05
Title:	DYNAMO--Dynamic Network Analysis and Monitoring Agency
Abstract:	A DMO network topology is critical to the proper operation of distributed training exercises. The ad-hoc nature of most simulation networks provides a measure of flexibility but at the expense of easily quantifiable performance characteristics. There are many commercial tools that address network performance. Unfortunately, solutions targeted at industry are based on an office model and not a DMO training simulation network model. As such, they are able to ignore two important characteristics that must be addressed with a DMO system: (1) the need for an embedded measurement system to have negligible impact on the network particularly at critical points in the simulation, and (2) the need for the measurement system to adapt to rapidly-changing network topography and the effect of a particular simulation on the network performance. SYTRONICS proposes to develop an embedded network monitoring system, utilizing multi-agent design that can be used to efficiently measure and optimize the interactive performance of entities within and across DMO training simulations. The intelligent agents are distributed, highly-configurable, capable of integrating information at a high level from various sources, and unobtrusive to the networks on which it is deployed.

VIRTUAL TECHNOLOGY CORP. 5510 Cherokee Ave, Suite 350 Alexandria, VA 22312
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(703) 333-6205 Mr. Stephen Berglie AF 05-065 Awarded: 12APR05
Title:	Network Health Monitoring and Diagnosis for Distributed Mission Operations (DMO) Training
Abstract:	The promise of simulation to make training more effective, reduce cost, and increase operational readiness is nowhere more apparent than in Air Force Distributed Mission Operations (DMO) training simulations. With increased complexity in simulation systems, particularly in distributed environments, it is necessary to ensure simulator system performance does not negatively impact training transfer. Under this research effort, Virtual Technology Corporation will design and prototype an embedded network monitoring and diagnosis system that can efficiently measure and optimize the interactive performance of entities within and across DMO simulations. This tool, called Distributed Mission Operations - Networked Simulation Training Remediation Automation Tool (DMO-NSTRAT), will provide a fully integrated, real-time, simulation performance monitoring and measurement capability, compatible with current DIS and HLA standards to support operation within a DMO. This will permit engineers and training researchers to understand the linkage between simulation performance and training effectiveness, display relevant entity attributes, and display performance information in a format that is easy to understand and allows pinpointing of potential simulation performance and training issues. This research builds upon VTC's considerable expertise and experience in distributed simulation design and infrastructure and our capable federation management and control, data collection and analysis, and enterprise management tools and technologies.

APTIMA, INC. 12 Gill Street, Suite 1400 Woburn, MA 01801
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 496-2489 Ms. Jeanine Ayers AF 05-066 Awarded: 25APR05
Title:	Role Based Real-Time Virtual Collaborative Toolkit for TST
Abstract:	Military operations are transitioning from a platform-centric (or unit-oriented) approach to a network-centric (or enterprise-oriented) architecture. This architecture will provide decision makers with unprecedented amounts of information. However, information availability alone is insufficient to attain the timeliness demanded by operations. What is needed is the right information to the right person at the right time. To achieve this, we must manage the flow of information within distributed collaborative environments. The Air Force environment presents particular challenges such as complexity, dynamism and integration, to the application of traditional workflow management systems. We propose an alternative solution which will accommodate complex, dynamic environments. The overall approach is twofold. First, emphasize role-based, local decision making which decentralizes the process and contributes to an increase in efficiency. Second, develop a smart INTEL object that encapsulates state information and contributes to a more secure and flexible system. The approach will use intelligent agents in conjunction with human input to facilitate workflow decisions.

CHARLES RIVER ANALYTICS, INC. 625 Mount Auburn Street Cambridge, MA 02138
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(617) 491-3474 Dr. Subrata K. Das AF 05-066 Awarded: 28APR05
Title:	Toolkit for Role-aware Exchange of Knowledge
Abstract:	Real-time collaboration often involves fluid, dynamic assignment of responsibilities within a community of users. As a task develops, users are asked to fulfill a variety of roles that shape their interaction with the system. Each role may have different information needs, possibilities for action, and skill requirements. However, existing collaborative software does not generally take into account the role(s) a user is fulfilling when the interaction of the system is designed; additionally, systems that do provide tailored, role-specific interfaces do not provide capabilities for fluid role membership, role creation, or on-the-fly transitioning of roles from user to user. To address these concerns, we propose developing a Toolkit for Role-aware Exchange of Knowledge (TREK), supporting development of collaborative, real-time, role-based information-sharing systems. Our target domain for the Phase I work will be Time-sensitive Targeting, a complex real-time task domain involving a variety of interrelated roles and numerous sources of noisy and uncertain information. The domain offers challenges to the users in making decisions, building a consensus, and executing fateful tasks in a rapid, effective fashion. TREK will make use of in-house expertise in knowledge modeling, user modeling, and information presentation to provide cutting-edge technological solutions to these complexities.

21ST CENTURY SYSTEMS, INC. 12152 Windsor Hall Way Herndon, VA 20170
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(719) 495-7969 Mr. Thomas Resha AF 05-069 Awarded: 13APR05
Title:	Grid-Group Cm-alpha, Profiling Cultural Factors for Decision Aiding
Abstract:	Culturally diverse people are now participating in military multinational coalition applications as well as in extreme environments - once the province of American males drawn from a relatively homogenous cultural pool. Human biases and routines, capabilities and limitations strongly influence overall system performance; whether during operations or in simulations using models of humans. Many missions and environments challenge human capabilities (e.g., combat stress, waiting, fatigue, or long tours of duty). The capability to measure and model individual human performance is important, but mission, team, and relationships add a very important dimension. A team that consists of a culturally diverse group requires performance measures for measuring the group's performance in command and control centers. 21st Century Systems, Inc is pleased to propose an approach that is based on social components of a grid-group model for the representation of culture, a coherence-based model of cultural change, and a rational actor model given particular cultural values and beliefs. We make the case that Grid-group and military physiological variables represented can be modeled as stresses in simulated multidimensional volume producing strain as a measurement. To bring together the disparate military factors we start visualization of the models using a stress-strain analogy from theoretical physics.

ANACAPA SCIENCES, INC. 301 East Carrillo Street 2FL, P. O. Box 519 Santa Barbara, CA 93102
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(805) 966-6157 Dr. Michael D. Silver AF 05-069 Awarded: 12APR05
Title:	Identifying Cultural Factors Relevant to Human Behavior Modeling and Simulation
Abstract:	Current models used in military simulations generally do not include representations of human behavior that vary realistically between humans of different cultures. This lack of realism has the potential to result in tragic consequences for US military personnel and others through, for example, inappropriate planning or being inaccurately trained to anticipate an opponent's reaction to a particular military action. In Phase I we will gather data from existing studies (translated as necessary when conducted in other cultures) and perform several meta-analyses to quantitatively summarize the influence of cultural variables (e.g., individualism and collectivism) on other high-priority variables of interest to military modelers (e.g., the relationship between stress and team or individual decision-making). The combined effect sizes identified through these meta-analyses will allow the explicit comparison of the relative strengths of selected cultural variables on the effects that are investigated. The results of these meta-analyses would be used in Phase II to develop statistically-valid models of the effects of interest that for the first time accurately take into account cultural variation. Additionally, the quantitative review work conducted in Phase I will result in the identification of existing data gaps and will serve as highly-focused guides to future research on high-priority effects.

APTIMA, INC. 12 Gill Street, Suite 1400 Woburn, MA 01801
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(202) 842-1548 Dr. Justin Boesel AF 05-069 Awarded: 14APR05
Title:	Simulation of Cultural Identities for Prediction of Reactions-(SCIPR)
Abstract:	A central challenge for the U.S. armed services lies not in fighting nation-state armed forces, but in dealing with more irregular forces. The glue that holds many of these forces together and motivates them to fight is a common belief system, or shared cultural identity. Hence, it is essential to grapple with cultural identities and cultural issues. This is difficult because cultural identities are neither monolithic nor static. An individual person can have multiple cultural identities because he or she belongs to a number of different groups. Cultural identities are also dynamic. To address these difficulties, we propose to create the Simulation of Cultural Identities for Prediction of Reactions (SCIPR) system. SCIPR is a set of analysis methods and a simulation modeling tool that combines a method for determining relevant cultural identities with an agent-based simulation tool to predict responses to U.S. courses of action (COAs). SCIPR draws on cultural anthropology to understand how cultural identities are defined and how they may change over time in response to events and actions, and employs agent-based modeling to simulate these dynamics and predict responses to COAs.

SMART INFORMATION FLOW TECHNOLOGIES, D/B/A SIFT 211 N 1st St., Suite 300 Minneapolis, MN 55401
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(612) 716-4015 Dr. Christopher A. Miller AF 05-069 Awarded: 19APR05
Title:	Cultural Etiquette and its Impact on Directive Human Performance
Abstract:	We argue that traditional definitions of cultural factors (e.g., Hofstede, Nisbett, etc.) are too abstract to provide good, predictive models of important human performance behaviors. Instead, we propose examination of culture-specific "etiquette" as a more concrete and quantifiable bridge between abstract cultural factors and human performance regarding compliance with issued directives. We describe a quantitative, computational model of etiquette and face threat perceptions that we are developed under other funding. We propose to integrate abstract cultural factors models into our quantitative etiquette model in the form of specific, hypothesized weighting factors, and then validate and tune these factors via a series of human performance experiments in a testbed that we will design in phase I and construct in phase II. Experiments will involve human task performance in a militarily-relevant domain where directives are given. Experimenters will select participants for cultural factors and will quantitatively control the level of etiquette of the directives. Relevant compliance data (e.g., accuracy, response time, attitudes, etc.) will be collected as a dependent variable. While we will select a testbed simulation and domain as a part of Phase I, candidates already exist in aviation cockpit interactions, multi-cultural air traffic control, and joint force urban stability operations.

FRONTIER TECHNOLOGY, INC. 26 Castilian Drive, Suite B Goleta, CA 93117
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(937) 429-3302 Mr. Sam Boykin AF 05-070 Awarded: 19APR05
Title:	Decision Support Technologies for Logistics Readiness Center
Abstract:	This proposed research combines Frontier Technology, Inc.'s AFSPC and decision aide experience along with Synergy's insight and knowledge of the Virtual Space Logistics Readiness Center (VSLRC) to develop and demonstrate a decision support system that predicts ground support failures before they occur and their operational impact. The existing VSLRC, an interactive system that increases support to the space systems surface-fighter by providing access to near real-time system operational and equipment status and linking logistics data to its impact on operational readiness, will be the demonstration platform. The FTI/Synergy Team will model the reliability of system components and provide a probability of system failure based on system components and their relationship to the function of the system as well as the impact to the overall mission. The Phase I research effort will determine the feasibility of developing the algorithms into a prototype capability and then integrate PC-based reliability evaluations and decision support tools into a support environment with which analysts can evaluate operational readiness of the system(s). This effort will provide for the space community with real-time access to ground-support space systems' health and operational status data which will improve the efficiency and effectiveness of sustainment and logistic activities.

QUALTECH SYSTEMS, INC. 100 Great Meadow Rd., Suite 501 Wethersfield, CT 06109
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(860) 257-8014 Dr. Amit Mathur AF 05-070 Awarded: 14APR05
Title:	Decision Support Technologies for Logistics Readiness Center
Abstract:	Qualtech Systems, Inc. (QSI) proposes to develop a comprehensive software environment for evaluating space system designs for mission reliability, supportability, and diagnostics (Integrated Health Management) performance. In addition to providing the capabilities to identify single points of failure and to estimate the probability of system failure as a function of the age of the system's components, the software tool set will enable system engineers to model complex and evolving system designs, trace design decisions, assess the system/mission reliability and availability, and perform a suite of analyses in support of performance enhancement. Specifically, the objectives of the software environment are to: (1) identify and model potential failure modes of a space system, (2) estimate the system reliability and the impact of the failure rates of the single point failures have on the overall reliability of the space system, (3) evaluate the mission reliability taking into account the interactions among different systems, and (4) incorporate system reliability in maintenance scheduling decisions. While Phase I will address algorithmic requirements and feasibility, Phase II will focus on tool development and integration needs with the Air Force Space Command's Virtual Space Logistics Readiness Center.

APTIMA, INC. 12 Gill Street, Suite 1400 Woburn, MA 01801
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(202) 842-1548 Dr. Michael Paley AF 05-071 Awarded: 28APR05
Title:	The Resource for Applied Cognitive Engineering - (TRACE)
Abstract:	Future C4ISR capabilities must provide warfighters with the abilities to clearly and comprehensively understand the battlespace and quickly decide on appropriate courses of action. Future systems must account for the cognitive capabilities and limitations of users, giving warfighters the ability to truly "leverage asymmetric advantages". Better, faster decision making by warfighters is the ultimate goal; developing new systems that will support the warfighters in reaching this goal is part of the solution. Traditional systems engineering practices do not expressly consider cognitive factors, consider them but underestimate their importance, or consider them too late in the design process. Cognitive engineering methods must be embedded within the systems engineering process, but their application to systems design is still a difficult, risky process. Intelligent designers with the best of intentions can create a system that is hopelessly unusable for its users. Even designers with knowledge of usability pitfalls can develop a system that does not support its users. We propose developing The Resource for Applied Cognitive Engineering (TRACE), a web-based resource to be used in conjunction with the current Defense Acquisition System. By embedding cognitive engineering processes into systems engineering practices, TRACE will help bridge these gaps between these two disciplines.

CHARLES RIVER ANALYTICS, INC. 625 Mount Auburn Street Cambridge, MA 02138
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(617) 491-3474 Dr. Jonathan D. Pfautz AF 05-071 Awarded: 25APR05
Title:	A System for Facilitating Interaction Between Cognitive Engineers And System Engineers (FIBEA)
Abstract:	As today's military adapts to meet new challenges, a concomitant change in perspectives about technology acquisition has occurred. Central to this evolving viewpoint is the need for increasingly human-centric support systems, developed with traditional Systems Engineering (SE) processes, but incorporating Cognitive Engineering (CE) principles and practices. To support the coupling of these engineering approaches, we propose to develop and prototype a system for Facilitating Interaction Between Cognitive Engineering And System Engineering (FIBEA). Three core components characterize our approach. First, we will devise a common spiral engineering process incorporating SE and CE approaches to ensure acceptability in both communities. Second, we will develop methods for dynamically: (1) translating the requirements produced by the CE process into concrete system requirements; and (2) translating the system's functional capabilities and limitations into implications for the cognitive system design. Third, we will prototype a software system that provides this translation functionality, along with displays and interfaces designed for both cognitive and system engineers. We will leverage our team's expertise in both SE and CE practices to develop the common engineering process and the supporting FIBEA system, and will demonstrate the application of the process to the development of command and control decision-support software.

CHI SYSTEMS, INC. 1035 Virginia Drive, Suite 300 Fort Washington, PA 19034
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(407) 277-9288 Dr. Jennifer Fowlkes AF 05-071 Awarded: 04MAY05
Title:	Joint Systems Engineering Methodology (JSEM)
Abstract:	Systems Development (SD) processes demonstrate a need for improvement, particularly to increase the frequency with which systems succeed in real world settings. Cognitive Systems Engineering (CSE) offers numerous principles, methods, and tools that are well-suited to addressing areas in which SD is currently most weak (e.g., handling complexity and supporting the design phase). In response to this opportunity, CHI Systems, Inc. proposes to develop CogLink, an SD model that integrates strengths of existing SD models with relevant CSE practices. The proposed Phase I effort will focus on the development of Command and Control, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (C2ISR) technologies. To derive the CogLink model, we propose to conduct a documentation analysis and case-based interviews with SD and acquisitions professionals to identify obstacles and affordances associated with current SD models; assess CSE methods as they address the obstacles and the identified opportunities; and develop a structured representation of C2ISR systems acquisition processes. The resulting Phase I products will include the CogLink model for an integrated SD process, recommendations for developing and adapting methods and tools contained within CogLink, and a structured plan for developing CogLink during the Phase II effort

DEAL CORP. 131 North Walnut Street Yellow Springs, OH 45387
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(937) 767-1366 Mr. Steven Deal AF 05-071 Awarded: 23APR05
Title:	Embedding Cognitive Systems into Systems Engineering Practice
Abstract:	Cognitive engineering when integrally practiced with systems engineering, enriches both the human and the equipment sides of interfaces to improve situational awareness, speed information to the warfighter, and enabling more rapid decision-making. The design of highly effective human-equipment interfaces requires specification of the information required by operators as well as the equipment's components that provide the information. A process that provides Cognitive Systems Engineers (CSE) with a full-scope perspective of the hardware, software and human components can impact the equipment and the human interface to enhance human cognitive performance. This work investigates the feasibility of a model cognitive engineering-systems engineering process. It breaks down the DoD acquisition process and attributes of system types to identify information-driven entry points for the methodologies of cognitive engineering. It identifies the CSE influence sphere. A requirements set is developed from these. A draft model process results. Cognitive engineering techniques are matched to informational entry points to identify opportunities for integration, new technique requirements, and 3) implementation barriers. Technique inputs are compared with systems engineering products to determine discipline interfaces and remove process redundancy. A panel of cognitive and systems engineers reviews the model process with techniques. A Phase II maturation plan is developed.

KLEIN ASSOC., INC. 1750 Commerce Center Blvd. North Fairborn, OH 45324
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(937) 873-8166 Dr. Thomas E. Miller AF 05-071 Awarded: 14APR05
Title:	CSE-I: Integrating Cognitive Systems Engineering Within the Systems Engineering Life Cycle
Abstract:	Cognitive Systems Engineering (CSE) extends the concept of Systems Engineering (SE) with the intent of presenting a framework for engineering systems to support and extend human cognitive capabilities. Unfortunately, the two disciplines, CSE and SE, are rarely coordinated in practice. Both share a common goal of designing and developing complex systems of people and technology that get the job done well. Having been developed to this point by different communities, these endeavors have focused on different priorities. There is some overlap in concerns, processes, tools, and representations, but not yet a pleasing harmony. We will integrate CSE approaches into the appropriate phases and products of the Systems Engineering lifecycle. We will begin by refining our initial list of barriers to the integration of CSE within SE, assessing best practices of the current CSE approaches on the market, and developing a model process for integration which features the constant coordination and iterative change management principles of Agile Development (AD). We have assembled a team well-versed in a variety of CSE approaches, systems engineers from Northrop Grumman Information Technology (NGIT) which holds SEI CMM-I level 5 certification, and Dr. Alistair Cockburn, an expert methodologist and pioneer in AD to create an innovative multi-disciplinary team.

GENEGO, INC. 500 Renaissance Dr. Ste. 106 Saint Joseph, MI 49085
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(269) 983-7629 Dr. Andrej Bugrim AF 05-073 Awarded: 29APR05
Title:	Developing Bioinformatics Tools for Proteomics Research
Abstract:	We propose to develop an analytical system for import, visualization and comprehensive network analysis of proteomics data. Proteomics data will be integrated with other datasets relevant for the same biological system, and compared in the framework of biological networks. The system will be based on our existing comprehensive database of human protein-protein interactions MetaBase, the toolkit for visualization and computational analysis of biological networks MetaCore and the medicinal chemistry tool MetaDrug. The new platform will be capable of recognition and incorporation of proteomics data of different formats and aligning them with microarrays gene expression, DNA sequences, metabolomic data and human diseases. On the next step, we will develop and validate algorithms and methodology for identification of biological networks from the assembled data. When developed, the new platform will have a broad range of applications in drug discovery, bio- and chemical defense and academic research in several disciplines.

NUVERA BIOSCIENCES, INC. 400 West Cummings Park, Suite 2850 Woburn, MA 01801
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 938-3844 Dr. Christos Hatzis AF 05-073 Awarded: 26APR05
Title:	Developing Bioinformatics Tools for Proteomics Research
Abstract:	In this program, Nuvera Biosciences, proposes a practical approach to connect diverse molecular events monitored at the genomic and proteomic level. The objective of the proposed project is to develop a much-needed framework to facilitate construction of molecular pathways of pathological or physiological responses from relevant large-scale archived data. Although data repositories are available today for accessing and processing the information generated from genome-wide research, none of these resources offers a complete, integrated view of the data that is crucial for analysis and understanding the relationships between genes and proteins. In the absence of such infrastructure, the research data generated through large-scale gene and protein expression efforts are likely to produce incomplete or inaccurate molecular pathways of response and derive limited benefit in understanding the biological underpinnings of physiologic stress responses. In Phase I, we propose develop a methodology and prototype for integrating information-rich repositories, with gene expression and proteomic-level measurements to facilitate elucidation of physiological-response pathways. The prototype Phase I effort aims at an analytic framework to help visualize upstream and downstream pathway effects and key molecular effectors of a monitored phenomenon irrespective of whether the critical effects are at the genomic or proteomic level.

SEIRAD, INC. 3900 Paseo del Sol Santa Fe, NM 87507
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(505) 438-1881 Dr. Callum Bell AF 05-073 Awarded: 03MAY05
Title:	Developing Bioinformatics Tools for Proteomics Research
Abstract:	High throughput proteomics and genomics methods have gained widespread acceptance as ways of monitoring global changes in gene transcription and translation in response to environmental changes. While quantification and identification of mRNA and protein is now routine, software is still required to relate expression patterns to broader biological phenomena. Specifically, given an mRNA or protein expression experiment, can the observed changes be used to make inferences about events upstream and downstream of the point in time that the experiment represents? We propose to develop software that that helps researchers predict what cellular and molecular events may have preceded a given expression profile, and what events may follow, including physiological changes, and pathological and clinical conditions. This will be done by integrating a set of highly-respected, human-curated data sources in biology and medicine, and developing a software inference engine that mines this data resource for associations. Predicted upstream and downstream events will be displayed graphically, in a browsable format wherein the user directs the line of inquiry through the data.

SEVEN PEBBLES CORP. 57 Brentwood Circle Needham, MA 02492
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 223-6508 Dr. John Zhang AF 05-073 Awarded: 29APR05
Title:	Bioinformatics Software for Proteomics Research
Abstract:	The overall objective of this project is to develop an innovative bioinformatics software to aid in the analysis and interpretation of proteomics data. The software is capable of quantifying and interpreting complex and time-dependent global changes in various biological pattern profiles. It will identify the links between protein expression changes with upstream and downstream events in the context of biological pathways. Phase I effort will be focused on defining and developing the software concept that will be used to identify or link to databases that identify altered protein expression. The feasibility for further development will be demonstrated by a prototype system on PC. Protein expression and post-translational modification data such as protein arrays, LC/MS and gel electrophoresis (1-D or 2-D) data will be used to identify protein expression changes. The proteomics data will be integrated with gene expression data and metabolomics/metabonomics data to identify the molecular events up- and down-stream of these protein changes in the pathways involved in the cellular response to the external insults.

YAHSGS LLC 182 Bradley Blvd. Richland, WA 99352
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(509) 946-9686 Mr. Anthony Knepp AF 05-073 Awarded: 29APR05
Title:	Bioinformatics Tools for Proteomics Research
Abstract:	The goal of this project is to create bioinformatics software that will rapidly and accurately search and mine proteomics-related information from multiple databases and relate the expression of proteins to upstream or downstream events. The proposed product will link upstream and downstream data to those from multiple biotechnologies (e.g., two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, liquid chromatography, microarray), as well as other files such as ADMET (adsorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicology) resources, and present results in a form that will help researchers to understand biologically-significant molecular responses. We propose a web-based proteomics discovery tool using intelligent agents with enhanced search capability based on a semantic similarity measure between ontology terms which takes into account the semantic, syntactic, and structural information available in protein databases. Using the similarity measure, weighted links are induced across ontologies from the textual description, biomedical references, and protein sequences associated with those in protein databases. This approach will make it possible to capture similarities that arise from orthogonal, but de facto closely related, ontology annotations, while resolving the problems of synonymy and polysemy. Intelligent agent technology will be used to continuously search databases for correlations and alert researchers when new relevant information is obtained.

EXCITON, INC. 400 Linden Ave. Dayton, OH 45403
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(937) 252-2989 Dr. Paul Cahill AF 05-074 Awarded: 29APR05
Title:	Laser Eye Protection Contact Lens
Abstract:	Exciton demonstrated that two classes of Exciton's laser eye protection (LEP) dyes (absorbers) can be doped into soft contact lenses to useful optical densities. There was no obvious haze or distortion of the scripted contact lenses used for these experiments. The successful integration of dyes into a soft contact also suggests how other LEP dyes for additional wavelength of interest might be modified for incorporation into soft contact lenses to high OD. LEP dyes have also been incorporated into rigid gas permeable (RGP) materials. The technical proposal includes a detailed work plan.

NANOSPECTRA BIOSCIENCES, INC. 8285 El Rio Street, Ste 130 Houston, TX 77054
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(713) 842-2720 Dr. Joseph B Jackson AF 05-074 Awarded: 09MAY05
Title:	Nanoshell-Based Near-Infrared Blocking Contact Lens
Abstract:	This Phase I SBIR proposal involves the design of a contact lens that will provide nanoparticle-based protection from high intensity near-infrared illumination. The near-infrared protection is provided by embedding a new class of optically tunable nanoparticles, called nanoshells, within the contact lens. Nanoshells consist of a non-conducting core surrounded by a thin metal shell. This structure allows the particle to be designed to extinguish target wavelengths of light throughout the visible and infrared spectrum. Our preliminary review of "off the shelf" nanoshells indicates a substantial level of feasibility can already be demonstrated. In separate work, nanoshells have been demonstrated to be relatively inexpensive to manufacture and have a high safety profile when used in vivo. We believe the proposed technology will provide a high luminance transmission while delivering protection in the region of 670 nm to 1200 nm. Additionally, we believe that our plasmon resonant nanostructures embedded in contact lenses will have no haze, distortion, aberration, prism, or artifacts that impair visual performance or create distractions in the visual field and will not disturb desired contact lens properties such as oxygen permeability or wettability.

REVEO, INC. 3 Westchester Plaza Elmsford, NY 10523
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(914) 345-9555 Dr. Bunsen Fan AF 05-074 Awarded: 29APR05
Title:	Contact Lens with Selective Reflection for Laser Eye Protection
Abstract:	This Small Business Innovation Research project is to develop and commercialize contact lenses for laser eye protection (LEP). LEP is achieved by incorporating a thin, flexible, polymeric reflecting film on or within the lens. The film can be incorporated on soft lenses made from hydrogel materials, as well as "rigid" or "hard" lenses, including gas permeable lenses. This film is based on special polymers and is self-assembled to form a periodic structure. The film is engineered to reflect completely incident light in the far red and near infrared (670 nm - 1,200 nm) regions, while remaining highly transparent (> 90%) elsewhere in the visible range. The film will be made with high optical quality, such that it does not impair visual performance or create distractions in the visual field. The film is also processed to be nanoporous for exceptionally high oxygen permeability, thereby increasing comfort for the lens wearer. Phase I will develop the LEP films and demonstrate the selective light-blocking capability of the contact lens with such films.

APPLIED SPECTRA P.O. Box 5049 Walnut Creek, CA 94596
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(408) 945-7753 Dr. Jong Yoo AF 05-075 Awarded: 09MAY05
Title:	Remote propellant residue detection using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS)
Abstract:	The objective of this SBIR Phase I proposal is to demonstrate the feasibility of using Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) for detecting propellant residues (exploded and unexploded) on various surfaces (emphasis on clothes initially) that support shoulder-launched rockets. Applied Spectra will work with LIBS experts at the Army Research Laboratory (ARL) and an expert on high explosives (HE) from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Critical issues related to sensitivity and precision of analysis will be addressed in the experimental program.

ARETE ASSOC. P.O. Box 6024 Sherman Oaks, CA 91413
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(520) 571-8660 Mr. Asher Gelbart AF 05-075 Awarded: 09MAY05
Title:	FLUOR-Scope
Abstract:	Remote detection of shoulder-fired rocket residues (SFRR) on enemy combatants is needed to discriminate enemy combatants from civilians in urban warfare environments. Arete Associates' FLUOR-Scope sensor concept utilizes thermal imaging and laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy for identification of combatants that have recently fired shoulder fired rocket weapons. A miniature thermal camera is used for day/night video surveillance. A novel, low-power, eye-safe laser induced fluorescence spectrometer that is insensitive to ambient daylight irradiance is bore-sighted to the video imager and detects the presence of SFRR. Under the Phase I effort, Arete Associates will measure laser induced fluorescence spectra of SFRR on cloth samples to identify a unique fluorescence signature in the vis-NIR spectrum for SFRR. We will also team with Final Analysis Forensics to perform x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) to characterize the constituents of SFRR. A conceptual design of the FLUOR-Scope will be performed that utilizes existing technologies to comprise a compact, low-cost, light-weight, battery operated, day/night sensor for identification of enemy combatants at standoff distances of a few to 10s of meters.

METROLASER, INC. 2572 White Road Irvine, CA 92614
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(949) 553-0688 Dr. Stephen Kupiec AF 05-075 Awarded: 29APR05
Title:	Visualization of Propellant Residues From Shoulder-Fired Rockets Upon Skin and Clothing
Abstract:	Shoulder launched missiles, particularly the RPG-7, constitute 50% of all casualties in Operation Iraqi Freedom. Returning direct fire is difficult due to the insurgents use of crowds as cover. As a result, the Air Force requires a means of detecting propellant residue on skin and clothes in order to identify individuals who have recently fired rockets. In response to this need, MetroLaser, proposes the standoff optical acquisition propellant detection (SOAP-D) system based on a recently discovered photoluminescence effect which generates a sharp 705 nm emission in response to the vast majority of modern explosives and propellants, including the four major components of RPG propellant. The technique does not require contact or deposition of chemicals and can be used in real time over considerable distances. Initial testing using smokeless powder firearm discharge residue indicates that detection is possible under realistic conditions. The SOAP-D system will implement a rugged, portable, easy to use system for the detection of propellant residues. In Phase I, MetroLaser will obtain samples of propellant residue, evaluate and optimize the photoluminescent effect employed, and demonstrate an optical breadboard system capable of detecting operation over distances of several meters. Commercial applications include screening of baggage and parcels and forensics.

OPTON TECHNOLOGIES 1400 Main Street, Suite 1206 Columbia, SC 29201
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(843) 814-2907 Dr. John C. Blackburn AF 05-075 Awarded: 10MAY05
Title:	Visualization of Propellant Residues From Shoulder-Fired Rockets Upon Skin and Clothing
Abstract:	Opton is developing an MOE-based solution to enable the warfighter to detect the residue from RPG launch propellant on the clothing of hostile combatants. Samples will be collected and analyzed to determine the feasibility of using optical processing to identify the residues of interest and to distinguish them from background signals from clothing, skin, and other materials.

GENEXPRESS INFORMATICS, INC. 13091 Ponds Springs Road, Suite 150 Austin, TX 78729
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(512) 219-8588 Dr. Robert Chin AF 05-076 Awarded: 03MAR05
Title:	Multi-IMmmunotoxicity Assay System (MIMAS)
Abstract:	GeneXpress Informatics, Inc. (GXI) proposes to develop a Multi-IMmunotoxicity Assay System (MIMAS) based upon the Luminex Corporation (Austin, TX) xMAP system, a flexible analyzer based on the principles of flow cytometry. The proposed MIMAS will utilize three core technologies. The first is the Luminex xMAP microspheres, a family of 100 fluorescently dyed polystyrene microspheres that act as both the identifier and the solid surface to build the immunotoxic assays. The second is a handheld flow cytometry-based instrument, which integrates key xMAP detection components such as lasers, optics, advanced fluidics and high-speed digital signal processors. The third component is a disposal cartridge containing immuno-coded beads, assay incubation chambers and a flow cell. GXI and Dr. Claudia S. Miller of the University of Texas Health Science Center (UTHSC) will also identify immunotoxic biomarkers for bead assay development. In Phase I, GXI and Dr. Miller proposes to integrate immunotoxicity assays into a field portable MIMAS system. The Phase II program will result in a bench MIMAS prototype system for use in demonstrating the integration of these technology components. The envisioned MIMAS system will be used to assay human samples (i.e. blood, saliva, sweat).

PATHOLOGICS, LLC 625 Elmwood Avenue Rochester, NY 14618
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(585) 275-8396 Dr. Scott R. Horner AF 05-076 Awarded: 27APR05
Title:	Immunotoxicity Monitoring Method for Unknown Noxious Exposures (IMMUNE)
Abstract:	Even minute exposure to toxic substances elicits a marked immunological response, most notably the release of cytokine and chemokine markers into the blood. Thus, technologies capable of real-time detection and quantitation of key serum components could potentially serve as early warning systems to chemical exposure and aid in the diagnostic process. We have developed a highly sensitive optical technology, Reflective Interferometry (RI), which allows specific, rapid, and label-free detection of analytes (microgram to nanogram quantities) in complex molecular mixtures. These biosensors have been utilized for the detection of nucleic acids and protein markers that are indicative of human infection and disease. We have recently adapted the technology for use with antibody components as our capture agents, which as allowed us to significantly broaden our application arena and the biomarkers in which we target.

PHYSICAL SCIENCES, INC. 20 New England Business Center Andover, MA 01810
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(978) 689-0003 Dr. Mitchell R. Zakin AF 05-076 Awarded: 27APR05
Title:	Immunotoxicity Monitoring Method for Unknown Noxious Exposures (IMMUNE)
Abstract:	In this proposal we describe the development of a technology (nanoCyl) that can assay multiple protein biomarkers in small sample volume physiological fluids. It offers the potential for a novel immune assessment tool that can be deployed in the field for the rapid assessment of exposure of troops to a wide range of toxic agents. Proof of concept for the technology will be provided through the measurement of cytokine/chemokine expression profiles that characterize the immune system response to respiratory tract pathogens, through collaboration with Dr. Wayne Ensign of the Naval Health Research Center. A model profiling system will be demonstrated that will assay TNF-alpha and IL-1beta with an analyte detection sensitivity of < 10 pg/ml and a coefficient of variation of < 20%. This detection sensitivity is consistent with the changes in TNF-alpha and IL-1beta levels secreted into sputum. A subsequent Phase II project would involve the development of a prototype system suitable for deployment in the field.

SPORIAN MICROSYSTEMS, INC. 515 Courtney Way Suite B Lafayette, CO 80026
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(303) 516-9075 Dr. Kevin Harsh AF 05-076 Awarded: 28APR05
Title:	Handheld Biomonitoring Device for Estimating the Adverse Health Effects of Noxious Exposures
Abstract:	Environmental monitoring is not always an adequate method to evaluate human exposure to toxic chemicals. There exists a need for a biomonitoring device to measure immunotoxicity and exposure to toxic industrial chemicals and materials in the body fluids of military personnel. Chemicals concern include: common heavy metals (lead, uranium, cadmium), industrial compounds (benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes), and agricultural pesticides (pyrethrins, organophosphates). The objective of the proposed work is to develop an immunoassay-based biomonitoring device similar in size in function to a Personal Digital Assistant. The proposed immunoassay approach allows for a potentially small, low cost, highly selective biomarker detection system for immunotoxicity monitoring. The system will include signal conditioning circuitry, a human interface, and replaceable and expandable immunoassay based sensor elements. Work will concentrate on evaluation of potential molecular detection elements and supports, evaluation and demonstration on potential optical sensor configurations of which there are several, and evaluation and development of the signal conditioning, display, and human interface hardware. Phase I efforts will focus on sensing representative biomarkers in order to demonstrate the concept. Later work will expand the detection capabilities to a wider range of biomarkers as a broad immunotoxicity indicator .

ATC - NY 33 Thornwood Drive, Suite 500 Ithaca, NY 14850
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(607) 257-1975 Dr. Frank Adelstein AF 05-077 Awarded: 13APR05
Title:	CYDEST: CYber DEfense Simulation Trainer
Abstract:	As the level of conflict increases in the new battlefield of our nation's infosphere, the demand for better training of cyber security professionals is critical. In response, a small number of efforts have attempted to provide network defense training simulators to prepare students for real-world conditions. Most of these early efforts have fallen short of the mark, generally by oversimplifying their simulations and thereby providing only a basic level of instruction. ATC-NY envisions a modular cyber defense simulation framework that will allow for a level of detail previously only achievable using real networks. We will use this framework to create CYber DEfense Simulation Trainer (CYDEST), a training simulator designed to provide students with a realistic and dynamic training experience and to give trainers a flexible instruction platform that allows them to teach at any level. CYDEST will incorporate a number of innovations, including (1) an automated evaluation facility, (2) simulation of hosts as well as the network itself, (3) a realistic and unrestricted training interface, and (4) remote accessibility to students.

MILCORD LLC 1050 Winter Street , Suite 1000 #10008 Waltham, MA 02451
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(617) 905-1486 Dr. Alper Caglayan AF 05-077 Awarded: 29APR05
Title:	An Attack Graph Simulation Approach to Cyber Defense Training
Abstract:	With increasing levels of vulnerabilities, exploits, worms, viruses, and the increasing sophistication of the attacker profile, the training of security personnel is essential in the protection of DoD infrastructure and mission critical information assets. Here we propose an attack graph simulation approach to cyber defense training. In the vulnerability assessment area, attack graphs create a graphical structured model to describe the ways in which a system may be compromised. By using network topology based graph attack simulations that are synched with a vulnerability dictionary, students will be able to understand the ways in which computer networks will be attacked, determine the likelihood and impact of these attacks and decide what action to take where the risks are unacceptable. Our attack graph simulation approach captures attackers' techniques and multi-stage decision processes to develop a vulnerability assessment picture for the student. Our approach will be able to display domain expert's decisions both visually as attack maps and textually as reports to guide students towards achieving the same. In Phase I, we will design, analyze and demonstrate the feasibility of an attack graph simulation approach to cyber defense training by developing student, teacher and curriculum models.

SKAION CORP. 51 Middlesex Street, Suite 114 North Chelmsford, MA 01863
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 396-1095 Mr. Sam Gorton AF 05-077 Awarded: 26APR05
Title:	Using Realistic Network Traffic to Create a High-Fidelity Training Environment
Abstract:	Skaion proposes to create an automated training system using realistic network traffic (whether stored, replayed, or generated using Skaion's existing Traffic Generation System). During Phase I, Skaion will analyze this approach for the IDS analyst domain. Skaion will research which situations are most effective for testing, and derive test scenarios that illustrate the lessons we wish to teach. Skaion will create a proof-of-concept environment using a real Network Intrusion Detection System (NIDS) system by implementing prototype test scenarios. These test scenarios will use background traffic generated by Skaion's Traffic Generation System, overlaid by attacks created via open source probing and attack tools such as nmap and Metasploit. Generalized knowledge and skill training with these test scenarios can be applied to a variety of COTS and GOTS NIDS systems - low-level network traffic fidelity keeps the training technology vendor-independent.

STOTTLER HENKE ASSOC., INC. 951 Mariner's Island Blvd., STE 360 San Mateo, CA 94404
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(650) 931-2700 Dr. Sowmya Ramachandran AF 05-077 Awarded: 13APR05
Title:	A Simulation-based Intelligent Tutoring System for Enhancing Decision Effectiveness in Computer Network Defensive Operations
Abstract:	Arguably the most crucial aspect of maintaining Computer Network Defense (CND) readiness is having adequate supply of highly trained personnel to serve on the frontlines. Training today is mostly limited to classrooms, books, and expensive seminars, all of which fail to provide the practical experience necessary to make effective decisions under pressure. We propose a new approach to training CND that marries an innovative and affordable approach to producing high-fidelity simulations of complex computer networks with an intelligent tutoring capability that enables effective automated performance measurement and feedback to optimize the training experience. The proposed distance-learning solution will provide hands-on scenario-based exercises augmented by automated tutoring to provide customized coaching, feedback, and after-action review. Our approach to simulation overcome barriers to simulator development through the exploitation of COTS network traffic simulators with commodity hardware running genuine operating systems and software applications. Through automated assessment, in-depth explanations of expert solutions, what-if analyses, and interactive dialogs, the tutor will address higher-level cognitive skills like pattern recognition, hypothesis formation and testing, and decision-making. The system will include an authoring tool for the development of custom scenarios by SMEs. Phase I prototype development will provide a solid foundation for complete implementation in Phase II.

APTIMA, INC. 12 Gill Street, Suite 1400 Woburn, MA 01801
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 496-2400 Dr. Kevin Gildea AF 05-078 Awarded: 27APR05
Title:	Performance Effects Related to FORce-Cueing Manipulation- (PERFORM)
Abstract:	The purpose of the proposed effort is to develop a predictive model-based tool, and associated metrics, to assess the impact of various levels of simulator fidelity on training effectiveness and combat mission performance. Aptima will base the proposed tool on an updated categorization of the levels of fidelity associated with various combinations of simulator subsystems. Aptima will identify the combat performance metrics currently being collected and identify new metrics that are appropriate for comparative assessment. In addition, Aptima will identify the technological, cognitive, and perceptual factors that may be mediating or moderating the effects of simulator fidelity on combat mission performance. In Phase II, Aptima will validate the model and metrics via experimentation utilizing operational subject matter experts (SMEs) and force cueing technology representing various categories of simulator subsystem fidelity.

COMPUTER GRAPHICS SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT CORP. 2483 Old Middlefield Way #140 Mountain View, CA 94043
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(650) 903-4922 Mr. Roy W. Latham AF 05-078 Awarded: 18APR05
Title:	Force Cueing Technology Integration and Feedback Metrics to Improve DMO Simulator Effectiveness
Abstract:	The proposed effort comprises four parts: (1) a comprehensive review and analysis of the literature on cueing fidelity and associated metrics, (2) identification of metrics and a scenario, and subsequent implementation of a Phase I demonstration, (3) definition of an approach to the implementation and testing of software tools to be implemented in Phase II, and (4) development of a new methodology for relating metrics to actual training costs. The review and analysis of force cueing metrics will be performed in conjunction with consulting researchers having substantial familiarity with work done in the field. The scenario development for the Phase I demonstration will be done in close coordination with the Air Force. Planning for Phase II software tool implementation will be done with emphasis on end user ease of use and commercialization. The proposed method for relating metrics to training costs has the potential for substantial lowering the costs of evaluating training system effectiveness by reducing the required number of subjects needed for evaluation.

SDS INTERNATIONAL, INC. One Crystal Park, 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 100 Arlington, VA 22202
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(407) 282-4432 Dr. Fred Patterson AF 05-078 Awarded: 10APR05
Title:	Force Cueing Technology Integration and Feedback Metrics to Improve DMO Simulator Effectiveness
Abstract:	In many cases, simulator quality is equated to the physical characteristics of hardware and software contained within a simulator system. In conjunction with this practice; the term �fidelity�" is often used to express compiled performance of various simulator components. In view of these comparisons, between mechanical parameters and software performance, it is not unusual to find that fidelity requirements frequently reflect how much technology an organization can afford, instead of defining the level of technology necessary for producing an optimal training environment. Rather than base fidelity requirements solely upon inanimate parameters (optical, mechanical, and piezoelectric) SDS proposes development of a Biometic Fidelity Assessment Standardization Tool (BioFAST) that is based upon physiological responses, related to sensory and cognitive functions. Among the variables planned for BioFAST evaluation are sensory spatial reflexes such as: opto-kinetic cervical reflex, opto-kinetic nystagmus, vestibular ocular shifts, digital EEG, and stick control variations. This information will be integrated into a software package that also permits subjective scoring of fidelity criteria using simulator sickness questionnaires and Cooper-Harper surveys of observed vs. desired training outcomes. These and other potential measures can be combined into a composite score that will define simulator fidelity in terms of human compatibility and training accomplishment.

LOS GATOS RESEARCH 67 East Evelyn Ave., Suite 3 Mountain View, CA 94041
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(650) 965-7841 Dr. Micah Yairi AF 05-080 Awarded: 14APR05
Title:	Programmable Microfluidic Pump with Skin Penetration Enhancement for Drug Delivery
Abstract:	Our country's safety often falls on the shoulders of soldiers called on to perform their best for extended periods of time, often days at a time. During such situations, the ability to stay awake (or quickly fall asleep) is essential. Properly administered, pharmaceutical agents can play a critical role helping soldiers in these situations. Unfortunately, oral ingestion may result in unwanted drug peaks and valleys or gastrointestinal drug degeneration, while transdermal application is slow and limited to low molecular weight drugs. To provide a solution, Los Gatos Research has developed a massively parallel microfluidic pump capable of providing large flow rates (100 microliters/minute) at low voltages (less than 3 Volts). This unique pump is small, robust, and lightweight without moving parts or inlet/outlet adaptors. Such a pump can be battery-powered and integrated with a microprocessor to provide programmable drug delivery over an extended period of time (up to three days). Furthermore, in conjunction with chemical enhancers and microneedle arrays, our integrated micropump will be able to increase effective skin permeability for pharmacological agents by orders of magnitude. Together, these components will be combined inside a transdermal patch to create a simple, portable, rugged, disposable, and non-intrusive drug delivery vehicle.

CYMFONY, INC. 600 Essjay Road Buffalo, NY 14221
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(716) 565-9114 Dr. Wei Li AF 05-084 Awarded: 14APR05
Title:	Fusion of Entity Information from Textual Data Sources (e.g. HUMINT)
Abstract:	Fusing entity information based on discourse coreference will be explored. This research leads to capabilities such as change detection, the process of automatic notification when significant changes in a person or organization profile are detected. Change detection is an important element of the global awareness requirement and, in turn, supports Homeland Defense activities. One bottleneck in entity fusion is the insufficient support from coreference of entity mentions. About half of the locally extracted entity information cannot be successfully fused into profiles. The dilemma we face is this: if we indistinguishably use the results of coreference in fusion, the fused object is too noisy to be trustworthy. If we only use the high performance part of coreference, however, the fused object does not contain enough information to be valuable. A focused research effort is needed to advance the development of this critical enabling technology for IE fusion. The key is to develop a highly configurable and domain portable coreference capability which will demonstrate its value in generating high accuracy entity profiles. Our approach involves a combination of machine learning and grammatical processing.

INXIGHT SOFTWARE, INC. 500 Macara Avenue Sunnyvale, CA 94085
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(408) 738-6443 Dr. Masayo Iida AF 05-084 Selected for Award
Title:	An Extensible NLP Approach for NE Coreference Resolution
Abstract:	Inxight proposes to develop an extensible linguistic approach for resolution of Named Entity (NE) Coreference. We employ a pipeline approach - where text is first fed through a set of linguistic preprocessing services, then through a series of finite-state grammars to extract candidate entities, and finally through the entity co-referencing process. The new work to be performed in coreference resolution includes new knowledge sources, corpora, parsers, and a complete Coreference Resolution Module (CORM), implemented as a rule-based linguistic system. Syntactic, semantic, and discourse capabilities are provided. Our approach includes innovations in the application of Optimality Theory for constraints reasoning, and the development of discourse features in a hybrid approach that employs finite state transducers and grammar formalisms such as Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG). The proven implementation of finite-state grammars and techniques in the base platform, combined with new coreference research adapting a lexicalist approach such as LFG, provide a performance optimized approach necessary to perform the intermediate-level parsing required to meet the computational demands of coreference chaining. The technology platform also supports the language and domain coverage, and services oriented component architect as may be required by future operational applications.

3 SIGMA RESEARCH, INC. 503 S. River Oaks Dr. Indialantic, FL 32903
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(321) 674-9267 Mr. Michael Winburn AF 05-085 Awarded: 14APR05
Title:	Satellite Ontology Fusion Investigation (SOFI)
Abstract:	An advanced concept is used to provide for the dynamic fusion of multi-security level satellite attack data. The project, called the Satellite Ontology Fusion Investigation (SOFI) provides an ontology for the fusion, classification, and tagging of satellite attack information and other related intelligence products in a multi-security domain. SOFI provides a mechanism for describing and reasoning about sensor data, objects, and relations in the real-world. It provides the foundation to develop a satellite attack fusion engine that interfaces with software-based security guard systems.

PHYSICAL OPTICS CORP. 20600 Gramercy Place, Bldg. 100 Torrance, CA 90501
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(310) 320-3088 Dr. Brian Xu AF 05-086 Awarded: 14APR05
Title:	Integrated Intelligent Decision and Information System
Abstract:	Physical Optics Corporation (POC) proposes to develop a new Integrated Intelligent Decision and Information (IIDI) system integrating grid fuzzy evolutionary algorithms (GFEAs), grid fuzzy neural networks (GFNNs), fuzzy expert systems (FESs), real-time expert systems (RTESs), and relational database management systems (RDBMSs) for the NORAD/USSPACECOM Warfighting Support System (N/UWSS). In the IIDI system, GFEAs will search for optimal solutions to such N/UWSS tasks as scheduling and planning. Each GFEA will work with each subsystem in command and control (C2) systems to accomplish the required tasks. GFNNs will monitor C2 data and mission-critical operations of the sensor networks, identify anomalous behavior, and detect potential external attacks by learning from successful past examples. RTESs will encode and reuse the well-formed knowledge from the C2 systems experts to make decisions in real time. RDBMSs will collect and manage all N/UWSS related data, and communicate with C2 systems, and with other current and legacy systems. In Phase I POC will demonstrate the feasibility of the IIDI system for N/UWSS to improve data access, integration, storage, control, and decision making for space-based sensors across C2 systems. In Phase II we will develop an IIDI system prototype that can be directly integrated with current and future C2 systems.

RAM LABORATORIES, INC. 10525 Vista Sorrento Parkway, Suite 220 San Diego, CA 92121
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(858) 677-9207 Mr. Craig Lammers AF 05-086 Awarded: 14APR05
Title:	Neuro-Networking Techniques for N/UWSS
Abstract:	The NORAD/USSSPACECOM Warfighting Support System (N/UWSS) aims to provide a highly responsive and cost-effective "sensor-to-decision-maker-to-shooter" capability, encompassing all of the known Battle Management Command and Control (BMC2) deficiencies. An intelligent data filtering tool will provide improved data access, integration, storage and control for space-based sensors across C2 systems. The tool will test a variety of algorithms for their effectiveness and efficiency in tuning filters and reducing network traffic across sensors. The algorithms tested will include neural networks, genetic algorithms, and clustering algorithms such as K-means and Kohonen's Self Organizing Map. The search tool will be based on RAM Laboratories' WarpIV kernel, which will link our search tool with real-time databases via the communications infrastructure, and run efficiently via parallel and distributed processing. Specifically, this Phase I effort will (1) demonstrate the feasibility of implementing an intelligent data filtering tool for space-based sensors, (2) research and develop a variety of artificial intelligence algorithms to conduct filtering, and (3) develop a physical proof-of-concept prototype that will improve data access, integration, storage and control for space based-sensors across C2 systems.

ARCHITECTURE TECHNOLOGY CORP. 9971 Valley View Road Eden Prairie, MN 55344
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(952) 829-5864 Dr. Maher Kaddoura AF 05-087 Awarded: 11APR05
Title:	End-to-End QoS IP techniques for heterogeneous networks
Abstract:	A lot of work has been done to develop security and QoS techniques for IP networks. However, existing work doesn't provide a complete solution for addressing security and end-to-end QoS provisioning for multimedia flows traversing heterogeneous networks. Thus, there is a need for a system that can provide end-to-end guarantees to flows in IP networks consisting of wireline and wireless links. The system must accomplish its objectives without modification to existing military and commercial networks. Such a system will be relevant to military and civilian applications. Leveraging extensive experience in network technology and security, Architecture Technology Corp (ATC) will develop a system that provides security and end-to-end QoS to multimedia flows in heterogeneous networks. The system will utilize existing networks' infrastructures and protocols to achieve security and end-to-end QoS for multimedia flows. As a result, the system can be easily incorporated within current military and commercial networks.

DATALINE, INC. 2551 Eltham Avenue, Suite O Norfolk, VA 23513
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(757) 858-0600 Mr. Charles Brewton AF 05-087 Awarded: 13APR05
Title:	Priority/Preemptive Capability within IP (SIP QoS in GIG-ES)
Abstract:	In this proposal, our team (Dataline and Covergence in subcontract) proposes to develop a Policy and Security Manager that provides Quality-of-Service (QoS) aware mechanisms to assure TCP/IP communications in tactical networks. Our approach is based on the SIP protocol, the IETF standard for monitoring, controlling, and securing real-time collaboration (RTC) applications such as VoIP, Chat, and Video Conferencing. Our approach includes significant innovations that address the need for assured delivery and the low tolerance for delay (latency), delay variation (jitter) and packet loss of real-time applications in tactical networks. These include policy management and control across all SIP devices for: QoS Operations and Management including layer 2/layer 3 QoS marking, QoS based routing, bandwidth policing & rate limits, call admission control, policy based session routing, shortest path media routing, and SLA monitoring and verification; Application Level Security including cryptographic authentication, identity-based access control, signaling and media encryption, protocol validation, PKI integration, and denial of service (DOS) prevention; and Interoperability, including near-end firewall traversal, far-end firewall traversal, and protocol normalization. We demonstrate the efficacy of our approach by building a testbed that leverages our extensive experience in, mixed-bandwidth, tactical networks for real-time collaboration.

SALO IT SOLUTIONS, INC. 322 Warwick Street Saint Paul, MN 55105
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(651) 698-9110 Timothy J. Salo AF 05-087 Awarded: 11APR05
Title:	An Extensible QoS Framework for Secure Tactical Networks
Abstract:	Salo IT Solutions, Inc. (SaloITS) will investigate, design, document, model, prototype and demonstrate an extensible architectural framework, protocol enhancements and other technologies that will provide scalable, fine-grained, quality-of-service (QoS) assurances in secure IP networks. The Extensible QoS Framework for Secure Tactical Networks ("the Secure QoS Framework") will be particularly beneficial in networks that experience congestion as a result of bandwidth-constrained links or rapid changes in topology or traffic flows, or that employ security measures such as the IP security protocols. The Secure QoS Framework will enable content-aware QoS assurances that will, for example, ensure geographically localized priority for location-specific, time-critical or survival-critical, situational-awareness information. The Framework will also support the development of highly efficient publish/subscribe dissemination systems that will minimize the unnecessary or redundant forwarding of messages that are not desired by any downstream subscribers.

CHI SYSTEMS, INC. 1035 Virginia Drive, Suite 300 Fort Washington, PA 19034
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(217) 398-6753 Dr. J C Le Mentec AF 05-088 Awarded: 01APR05
Title:	Cognitive Architecture Bridge (CAB)
Abstract:	Years of research in human behavior modeling have yielded a wide array of cognitive architectures. The most vital challenges confronting the field are to find an economical way to leverage the strengths of each of the multiple existing architectures and to facilitate and simplify the manner in which new cognitive models are produced, as well as to reduce the time entailed in their production. Requirements such as cultural effects add another layer of complexity that needs to be addressed. The Air Force is investigating new integrative architectures that incorporate more realistic human and organizational behavior. CHI Systems proposes to address this challenge by developing a new meta-architecture intended to serve as a bridge between existing cognitive modeling architectures. Specifically, CHI proposes the "Cognitive Architecture Bridge" (CAB), using a blackboard-system approach to combine different pre-existing components working at different levels of abstraction. CAB will give model developers the ability to assemble existing components from supported cognitive architectures, together with the ability to represent multiple levels of abstraction and cultural effects. Phase I products will include a design for the CAB meta-architecture, a proof-of-concept and demonstration model interface with CAB, an assessment of non-conventional architectures, and a Phase II plan.

CHARLES RIVER ANALYTICS, INC. 625 Mount Auburn Street Cambridge, MA 02138
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(617) 491-3474 Mr. Paul G. Gonsalves AF 05-089 Awarded: 05APR05
Title:	Adaptive Model-based Adversarial Reasoning System (AMARS) for Enhanced Synthetic Battlespaces
Abstract:	Recent military operations have demonstrated the use by adversaries of non-traditional or asymmetric military tactics to offset US military might. This issue has thus come into the forefront of national security. Rogue nations with links to trans-national terrorists have created a highly unpredictable and potential dangerous environment for US military operations. In his testimony to the US Senate, Vice Admiral Wilson, Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) identifies several characteristics of these threats including extremism in beliefs, global in nature, non-state oriented, and highly networked and adaptive, thus making these adversaries less vulnerable to conventional military approaches. Additionally, US forces must also contend with more traditional state-based threats that are further evolving their military fighting strategies and capabilities. What are needed are solutions to assist our forces in the prosecution of operations against these diverse threat types and their atypical strategies and tactics. Here, we propose an Adaptive Model-based Adversarial Reasoning System (AMARS) that supports both training and simulation based acquisition requirements for effective responses to enemy asymmetric tactics and strategies. The proposed system merges model-based reasoning about individual, group, and organizational behavior within a genetic algorithm-based model adaptation and development environment.

STILMAN ADVANCED STRATEGIES 1623 Blake Street, #200 Denver, CO 80202
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(805) 490-2701 Dr. Vlad Yakhnis AF 05-089 Awarded: 13APR05
Title:	LG for Integrated Adversarial COA Generation
Abstract:	We propose to develop LG-WARGAMER, a new an asymmetric adversary simulation environment that can support existing military simulations such as the Joint Synthetic Battlespace (JSB) and the Air Force M&S Foundations initiative for Air Force acquisition and training. In Phase I, we will establish feasibility and develop principles for a high level LG-based architecture for such tool. In Phases II and III, a succession of progressively more powerful software prototypes of LG-WARGAMER, implementing the framework developed in Phase I, will be developed. The approach is based on Linguistic Geometry (LG), a new type of game theory changing the paradigms of battle management and mission planning. The most significant advantages of the LG approach are modeling of the intelligent enemy and extraordinarily fast automatic generation of advantageous strategies, tactics, and COA for all the sides of a conflict. LG-WARGAMER shall be capable of interfacing with simulation environments (such as JSB) and providing adversary tactics and strategy to the simulations. Using these capabilities LG-WARGAMER will assist the operators, commanders, warfighters, and trainees in describing, assessing, and predicting the activities of individuals, teams, and organizations. LG-WARGAMER will be capable to consider factors such as the social, cultural, political, economic, religious, ethnic, and ideology of the adversary. Working with JSB, LG-WARGAMER will permit modeling and evaluation of new conceptual military hardware in terms of its functionalities and new strategic and tactical concepts. If a hardware functionality would have hidden flaws (e.g., too low bandwidth of the communication network), the simulated enemy guided by the LG strategies would be able to exploit them providing the hardware evaluators with hands-on proof of failure. Moreover, assisted by the analyst, LG-WARGAMER will discover the direction of changes toward correcting the flaw. Contrariwise, if the functionality has spectacular advantages, LG-WARGAMER would be able to convincingly demonstrate how these advantages could be translated into victory for the Blue forces.

CYMFONY, INC. 600 Essjay Road Buffalo, NY 14221
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(716) 565-9114 Dr. Rohini K. Srihari AF 05-090 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Enabling Visualization of Event Information from Unstructured Text
Abstract:	We propose to address two outstanding problems encountered in event extraction and visualization. The first focuses on recognizing events in nominal expressions. This is important because nominal coreference among event mentions offers a way of propagating information (e.g. time). It is difficult because not all ``event words'' denote actually occurring events, or even events at all (e.g., `devastation' may refer to the result of an event). The second problem is linking participants to events. When participant roles are defined at too low a level, information extraction systems experience a knowledge bottleneck making them expensive to customize with new event types. We believe that the development of the FrameNet database offers solutions here since the ``frame'' level of detail is more general than event specific template slots. A frame-based approach also simplifies customization: new events are defined mainly by example. Both problems (recognizing events and linking event participants) will be addressed using unsupervised machine learning techniques, mainly bootstrapping techniques. These techniques learn extraction patterns by using a high precision, low recall classifier to automatically construct a very large training corpus. This research if successful will significantly enhance the ability to identify events that can be displayed on a timeline.

LANGUAGE COMPUTER CORP. 1701 North Collins Blvd., Suite 2000 Richardson, TX 75080
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(972) 231-0052 Dr. Sanda Harabagiu AF 05-090 Awarded: 13APR05
Title:	High Precision Event Extraction Using Predicate Arguments (HIPEPA)
Abstract:	Our goal is to facilitate visualization of event information using a novel event extraction paradigm that achieves accuracy close to that of human analysts and allows both a simplified customization to new domains and extraction of complex events expressed as an event extraction framework. The event extraction framework replaces the pattern-based paradigm with predictate-argument structures that allow extraction of events in any domain. Mappings to new domain of interest can be learned in this new paradigm by making use of maximum entropy models. Furthermore, this novel paradigm that we propose takes advantage of several novel open-domain features including (1) an open domain semantic parser used to extract syntactic and semantic information (e.g. predicate-argument relations) from source documents and (2) discourse processing techniques such as coreference resolution of events produced by event normalization and event fusion. This paradigm allows temporal and spatial normalization of events such that space or time expressions are recognized and normalized when they are not explicit references e.g. "last summer", "four years" (duration), every month (set), and "a year after the earthquake (event anchored expressions). Similarly, in the case of special expressions, we consider implicit references e.g. "second house", areas of the country such as "The South", sets "every river", and event anchored expressions, e.g. "twenty miles north of Baghdad". As technical leaders in the field of Natural Language Processing and its application to unstructured text understanding for the military and intelligence communities, Language Computer Corporation (LCC) is well suited to provide this capability. Our proposed work on this SBIR, called High Precision Event Extraction Using Predicate Arguments (HIPEPA) will provide a framework for event extraction that is accurate, domain relevant, and easily customized to the dynamic information needs of the intelligence analyst. LCC will build on our experience and existing capability to provide a prototype pattern-free event extraction framework that normalizes spatial and temporal information for visualization and supports the detection and fusion of event data.

EXPAND, INC. 4303 Vineland Road, , Suite F-7 Orlando, FL 32811
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(407) 540-0920 Dr. John Woodring AF 05-091 Awarded: 12APR05
Title:	Modeling and Executing System and Operational Architectures with Representational Languages
Abstract:	The current generation of executable architecture tools is based upon a monolithic design that does not accommodate modularity and thus forces users to make design and analysis trade-offs based upon the capabilities of the single tool that best suites their particular requirements. Expand proposes to investigate the feasibility of creating tools with interchangeable components, allowing analysts to select the most appropriate combination of features extracted from several tools. The resulting virtual tool will provide performance optimized for a specific task. Two major components are investigated: the design language and the execution engine. The Unified Modeling Language (UML) and the execution engine of CPN Tools will be investigated as replaceable components. Verification and validation of the approach will be performed by integrating these components with Visual Simulation Objects (VSO), a general-purpose modeling and simulation tool kit developed by Expand. Interoperability among tools using module interconnection is an extension of the basic concept of interoperability among simulations, which has resulted in the development of the High Level Architecture specification and application tools that support it. Modular tools can provide analysts with greater power to investigate the dynamic properties of complex systems and operations by providing multiple, independent views of the same architecture.

HIRSCH ENGINEERING & COMMUNICATIONS, INC. 10300 N. Cassel Rd. Vandalia, OH 45377
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(937) 454-9662 Mr. Herbert L. Hirsch AF 05-092 Awarded: 14APR05
Title:	Fusion And Registration System using Innovative Technology Extension (FARSITE)
Abstract:	Hirsch Engineering and Communications, Inc. (HEC) and CACI-MTL Systems propose a unique and commercially-viable solution to the problem of multi-modality image registration and object/target detection for locating HDBTs. Our proposed "Fusion And Registration System using Innovative Technology Extension" (FARSITE) approach will synergistically integrate several methods, including (1) a demonstrated, revolutionary image registration and object/target detection technique called TWIST* (TWo-axis Image Sorting Technique), (2) innovative complexity-domain processing methods, and (3) digital filtering and metric combining. FARSITE captures image complexity information from a images, into a concise feature set, to provide a reliable, accurate, robust method to register images or to detect objects and targets, in multi-modality (EO, IR, SAR, etc.) digital imagery, and associated training aids. Multi-modality fusion is also a feature of this process, and will provide higher-order target or object detection with improved speed and accuracy performance. In Phase I, HEC will perform (1) a prototype development, (2) experimental and analytical feasibility assessments using actual, multi-modality images, (3) a prototype demonstration, (4) a preliminary system design to carry forward into Phase II, and (5) an initial assessment of commercialization potential.

LPA SYSTEMS, INC. 290 Woodcliff Drive Fairport, NY 14450
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(585) 419-3900 Mr. David Russell AF 05-092 Awarded: 14APR05
Title:	Hardened or Deeply-Buried Target (HDBT) Optimization Techniques for Detecting Obscure Geomorphic States (HOTDOGS)
Abstract:	On recent AFRL/IFEC projects, it has been demonstrated that multi-sensor data and exploitation techniques can interoperate and coexist through a reusable library toolkit architecture. This software library toolkit has and is being assembled and demonstrated as an application called Geo*View; although, custom or commercial application developers can use the toolkit to develop or augment their own application. For this HOTDOGS system design and development, the LPA and PAR Team proposes to augment the current toolkit with Government and Commercial Off-the-Shelf (GOTS and COTS) algorithms and software libraries to develop an integrated system that can support the automated generation of MASINT products from both active and passive imagery sources. The Team will maximize use of existing exploitation techniques and software developed for the DoD, and the Team will use a plug-in design approach similar to that used during the implementation on the AFRL HyperVISE capability.

INTELLIGENT AUTOMATION, INC. 15400 Calhoun Drive, Suite 400 Rockville, MD 20855
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(301) 294-5275 Dr. Jason Li AF 05-093 Awarded: 13APR05
Title:	An Agent-based Multi-Tiered Key Management Scheme for Secure Multicast Communication
Abstract:	In this proposal, we propose an innovative agent-based multi-tiered key management (MTKM) scheme for secure TCP/IP multicast communications. The scalability problem is solved by partitioning the group members into subgroups, with a leader in each subgroup, and further organizing the subgroups into hierarchies. Each level of the hierarchy is called a tier. Key generation and distribution will follow the hierarchy, resulting in efficient re-keying operations. Actual communications are generally limited within a subgroup at a tier. Only subgroup leaders can propagate data transmissions across the hierarchies in most cases, and leaders can multicast data to selected subgroups. By doing such, our scheme is more secure and scalable without losing communication capability and flexibility. Further, subgroups can be reorganized to reflect member dynamics and deployment needs, plus we use soft states to adapt to network disruptions and provide added security guarantees. MTKM matches naturally the satellite-based military communication infrastructure, and mobile and/or less equipped users also fit in our scheme. Comparing with most other key management schemes, our approach is extremely scalable and efficient, provides more security guarantees, and is selective, adaptive and robust. Finally, our distributed agent infrastructure provides a reliable and efficient environment to fully explore and verify the proposed scheme.

TRIDENT SYSTEMS, INC. 10201 Lee Highway, Suite 300 Fairfax, VA 22030
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(919) 847-9123 Mr. Scott Thomas AF 05-093 Awarded: 14APR05
Title:	Secure TCP/IP Broadcast/Multicast
Abstract:	The military is transitioning to a fast reaction mobile strike force with increasing reliance on unmanned, autonomous systems, such as the GIG and TCA, which support packet-based communications. There remain significant obstacles, however, before broadcast/multicast data can be transmitted securely over wireless channels. New research into technologies that ensure secure, selective, networked information delivery are key solutions to these mission challenges. Furthermore, issues regarding how information is shared between differently classified networks must also be addressed. Trident has designed a Wireless Reliable Multicast protocol that provides end-to-end, flow-controlled reliable multicast data transfer. As part of this effort, Trident delivered a high-level design of a multicast protocol framework, which allows for heterogeneity of protocols for different applications, yet provides a common API, including much needed security services. Additionally, Trident has developed the Collaboration Gateway (CG) for AFRL/IFEB. The CG enables users on different classified networks to securely share information across a certified guard. Trident proposes the application of these technologies to the problem space of secure multicast transport. We will design a Secure Multicast Framework (SMF), leveraging current state-of-the-art technologies. Trident will leverage our Multi-Level Secure Collaboration Gateway to enable cross-domain information sharing for C2 applications, such as CCIC2S and SEWS.

WESTERN DATACOM CO., INC. 929 Bassett Road Westlake, OH 44149
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(440) 835-1510 Mr. Jim DeFrank AF 05-093 Awarded: 14APR05
Title:	Secure TCP/IP Broadcast/Multicast
Abstract:	During Phase I, Western DataCom proposes to develop a secure multicast implementation including an algorithm/key distribution design directed at secure distribution of broadcast and multicast information over a variety of infrastructures. Of particular interest are satellite and wireless networks and the ability to securely operate over shared infrastructure (domains that are owned by uncontrolled entities). Hardware and firmware modifications of existing Western DataCom encryption units that enable deployment of the secure key distribution will be accomplished during phase II and a the resulting secure algorithm/key distribution will be demonstrated over a prototypical network that includes SATCOM and wireless domains.

CHILIAD PUBLISHING, INC. 44 Belchertown Road Amherst, MA 01002
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(413) 253-7430 Mr. Paul McOwen AF 05-095 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Predictive Analysis Tools for PBA/IPB
Abstract:	Chiliad's Phase I effort will design a continuous monitoring analog to the successful retrospective concept recognition and metadata generation capability that has been deployed successfully across the FBI. Current approaches provide ad-hoc analysis with a human in the loop at each stage, with enterprise-wide data fusion; contextual analysis; concept recognition; automatic metadata generation and extraction; dynamic knowledge navigation and discovery; and task-driven collaboration across pre-indexed decentralized intelligence collections. Data are stationary, while analysis is dynamic. Unlike traditional approaches to predictive analysis driven only by historic data models, the proposed approach will combine well-understood behavior and patterns to anticipate likely courses of action, with new behavior patterns detected from live field sensor data, leveraging value from real-time analysis of `unstructured' content, deriving structured data from these sources, and leveraging further value from these structured data with triggers on relational databases. Analysis and metadata generation are executed on-the-fly, moment-to-moment using live network data, not yet indexed. Detected strategy changes from field data are fed back into the continuous monitoring loop in near real-time, improving adaptive and responsive capability that is proactive, anticipatory, and reactive at the same time. Data are moving, and profiles are stationary, but adaptive. Humans receive instant alerts based on inferential analysis, pattern prediction algorithms, and dynamic Bayesian networks, using real-time field sensor data. Response-time can be almost immediate in time-critical situations.

ZEL TECHNOLOGIES, LLC 54 Old Hampton Lane Hampton, VA 23669
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(757) 722-5565 Dr. Ken Williams AF 05-095 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Predictive Analysis Tools for PBA/IPB:Automated Course of Action Modeling
Abstract:	Zel Technologies proposes an important subset of the full capabilities requested in this topic. We offer to augment Joint Intelligence Preparation of the Battlespace (JIPB) tools, Automated Assistance to IPB (A2IPB) and Intelligence Preparation of the Information Battlespace (IPIB), with a capability for automatic modeling of Courses of Action. Currently, COA development entails substantial manual analyst effort, to the extent that the labor requirement is the main user complaint about JIPB tools. We propose to demonstrate the feasibility of automated production of COA models by treating a variety of JIPB domains as complex networks, inserting topological network penetration analysis algorithms developed by George Mason University's Center for Secure Information Systems to expand and instantiate enemy sub-goals in effects-based COAs, and remapping the resulting topological attack graphs back into Attack Trees and COA scenarios in A2IPB and/or IPIB.

ATC - NY 33 Thornwood Drive, Suite 500 Ithaca, NY 14850
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(607) 257-1975 Dr. Robert Joyce AF 05-097 Awarded: 14APR05
Title:	Dynamet: A Dynamic, Enterprise-Scale Information Flow Management Environment
Abstract:	Mission success requires accurate, timely, and relevant information to be available to decision makers and those taking action in the field. Too often, this information is not available because the needed systems do not interoperate, or because the end user doesn't have the software or access necessary. Worse, changes in the operating environment, mission goals, or incoming information cannot entirely be anticipated by information system designers, resulting in a glut of irrelevant information and clouding situational awareness. ATC-NY and SBS, Inc. will design and develop a dynamic enterprise-scale information flow management environment, Dynamet, allowing the commander to optimize information processing in continually changing, mission critical environments. Dynamet builds on the Joint Battlespace Infosphere (JBI) platform and employs Intelligent Business System concepts to optimize dynamic information flows, while keeping the human in the decision loop.

PEERLESS TECHNOLOGIES CORP. 714 East Monument Avenure, Suite 117 Dayton, OH 45402
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(937) 281-0112 Mr. David Russell AF 05-097 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Dynamic Enterprise Workflow Management
Abstract:	The purpose of this SBIR is to provide an intelligent dynamic workflow management capability that supports reconfiguration of the operations process in near real time without stopping the enterprise. The intent is to provide users with the tools to access information needed to effectively deal with rapidly changing mission tasking. Our approach enables reprioritization of tasks based on manual intervention, changes in the system and data sources, or metadata in accordance with the commanders' guidance. Key features include XML feeds and application server messaging to interface to legacy data sources, utilization of the dynamic workflow of KnowledgeKinetics (K2) and integration of NetOps to provide flexible end to end task management. Building on the Web Logic and NCES infrastructure application services, the integrated workflow capability will enable rapid publishing of information, empower users to pull whatever information they want, clearly identify information authorities, and provide decentralized information management to multiple Communities of Interest (COIs). We will employ web services to enable cross system access to capabilities and to allow data producers and consumers to find each other.

ARGTEC, INC. 8640 Guilford Road, Suite 241 COLUMBIA, MD 21046
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(410) 290-9891 Dr. Monndy Eshera AF 05-098 Awarded: 13APR05
Title:	Automated Assistance with Metadata Generation (A2MG) Tools for PBA/IPB
Abstract:	ARGTEC is developing a new and innovative technology based on the theory of Attributed Relational Graph (ARG) for automated indexing and retrieval in multi-channel, unstructured environments for the Global Information Grid (GIG). Our system captures the information contents of unstructured (as well as structured or semi-structured) data through the use of a hierarchical ARG representation scheme. The scheme does not rely on pre-defined concepts; it automatically defines and extracts relevant sparse information contents and multi-feature concepts from the user query and from the multi-channel data itself. This feature of our approach render our system to be the most suited to deal with the challenges of finding concealed information in difficult scenarios. We have achieved several breakthroughs in the development of this technology which proved it to be very successful in Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems (AFIS) as well as in web-based indexing and retrieval using the contents of free-text documents. ARGTEC proposes to develop and implement a generalized hierarchical ARG model as an Automated Metadata Representation scheme tailored for Predictive Battlespace Awareness (PBA) and Intelligence Preparation of the Battlesapce (IPB). We will show that the hierarchical ARG representation technique, coupled with our suites of inexact matching algorithms are especially effective for identifying and retrieving various types of relevant information, especially in the unstructured GIG environment. We have worked with several industrial partners in both defense and commercial arenas to infuse our technology nuggets into fielded, operational systems.

CHILIAD PUBLISHING, INC. 44 Belchertown Road Amherst, MA 01002
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(413) 253-7430 Mr. Paul McOwen AF 05-098 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Automated Assistance with Metadata Generation (A2MG) Tools for PBA/IPB
Abstract:	Chiliad's Phase I effort will design enhancements, extensions, and integrations of a successful concept recognition and metadata generation capability, already deployed successfully across the FBI. This software provides enterprise-wide data fusion; contextual search; full text analysis; on-the-fly concept recognition; automatic metadata generation and extraction; dynamic knowledge navigation and discovery; and task-driven collaboration across decentralized information sources and servers. Having already purchased a worldwide enterprise license to Chiliad Discovery, the FBI has been pushing the technology envelope for dynamic analysis across distributed collections of full-text messages and documents, merged with structured data from relational databases. This software is deployed to a user community of over 6,000 in an operational system providing unified analysis over a classified network to more than 85 million full-text documents and RDBMS records across multiple Bureau programs. Enhancements will include the capability to import and export standards-based ontologies; additional user tools to enable analysts to easily and rapidly create new concept types and named entities for automated extraction in conformance with XML standards; Web Services extensions; and tight integration of COTS visualization software. These dynamic techniques provide more unified views by connecting the dots across distributed sources of unstructured and structured data located on multiple decentralized server systems to reveal and exploit explicit, implicit, and tacit knowledge and facilitate more informed and effective data-driven decision making.

21ST CENTURY TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 4515 Seton Center Parkway, Suite 320 Austin, TX 78759
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(512) 342-0010 Dr. Paula deWitte AF 05-099 Awarded: 13APR05
Title:	Automated Tools to Assist FDO Duties
Abstract:	21st Century Technologies presents the Phase I SBIR project, TEGO (from Latin, tego, to conceal, protect, shield). TEGO will analyze text messages between US and foreign coalition personnel to detect disclosure-perhaps unintentional-of sensitive information to generate an alert for a human decision maker (i.e., a Foreign Disclosure Officer or FDO). The process is currently too manual to be of effective timely use. What is needed is an automatic system that alerts human decision makers as necessary, thus providing a force multiplier to the FDOs. TEGO will automate much of the analysis of textual communication and provide the alert as information disclosure becomes an issue, thereby resulting in significantly improved security with reduced manpower. This will enable the FDOs to concentrate on the important decision-making tasks. TEGO will work by analyzing natural language text using a combination of graph matching and semantic approaches. Basically, TEGO will represent the semantic content of text in a graph structure and perform graph matching against patterns representing sensitive information. The graph structure will be built from mapping machine analyzed natural language into a semantic graph representation. An ontology will be used to understand the relationships and meanings of concepts within the domain.

SECURBORATION, INC. 695 Sanderling Dr Indialantic, FL 32903
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(321) 591-3295 Mr. Tony Stirtzinger AF 05-099 Awarded: 12APR05
Title:	Automated Tools to Assist FDO Duties
Abstract:	Foreign Disclosure officers are the personnel in the United States AOC responsible for implementing National Disclosure Policy (NDP) that governs disclosure of United States Classified Military Information (CMI) to foreign governments and international organizations. Increasing emphasis on collaborating with multinational forces has put significant burden on release authorities, especially since the release process requires a manual, review of products. The advent of chat tools have greatly benefited communication among AOC and CAOC personnel but chat communications are impossible for an FDO to manually review. Attempts to solve these types of boundary problems based on keywords have proven to be inadequate. Natural Language Processing techniques can contribute to a solution by extracting linguistic artifacts to get the gist of the input, however, that gist still needs to be evaluated. Even if gist or summaries of chat sessions are captured, it is impractical for the FDO to review all of them. Securboration, teaming with Inxight Corporation and Northrop Grumman Mission Systems Division is pleased to propose an innovative solution entitled Automated Assistance for Foreign Disclosure (A2FD) that addresses these problems by leveraging and extending state of the art natural language processing (NLP) techniques to understand the gist, and using ontology-based inferencing to automate the evaluation of the gist, with only potential violations forwarded to the FDO.

CLEAR METHODS One Broadway, 14th Floor Cambridge, MA 02142
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(617) 549-2333 Mr. Christopher Fry AF 05-100 Awarded: 14APR05
Title:	Web-Enabled Information Sharing and Data Distribution
Abstract:	A vast amount of intelligence information is being spewed by the C2ISR systems of advanced sensor systems and collection assets belonging to the US and coalition forces. Intelligence in the military sphere is produced from imagery (IMINT), signals (SIGINT), measurement and signatures (MASINT), and humans (HUMINT). It has become a supreme challenge to effectively deal with this overwhelming amount of data in a time-critical manner. A correspondence can be drawn to the multiple information sources of Distributed Common Ground Systems (DCGS) and sources used for commercial business intelligence. The ability to distribute and analyze intelligence is seriously limited not only by the sheer volume of information involved but also by the diversity of technology required. Analyst, warfighters, as well as business managers need to focus on understanding the information rather than the processes to collect and disseminate the information. This proposal offers a solution, built on the Water language and ConceptNet, to the problem of extracting usable information from the range of data flows as well as a means to easily and adaptively make that information and knowledge available to the appropriate parties in a time-critical manner.

WILLIAMS-PYRO, INC. 200 Greenleaf St. Fort Worth, TX 76107
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(817) 872-1500 Mr. Ed Smith AF 05-100 Awarded: 14APR05
Title:	Web-Enabled Information Sharing and Data Distribution
Abstract:	Williams-Pyro, Inc. proposes to develop an Intelligent Time Sensitive Reconnaissance System (ITSRS) that automatically determines the time-sensitive nature of any intelligence product and distributes that information to the right analysts via a personalized web page. Combined with data gathering, metadata processing, and user profiles, this system will seamlessly automate the delivery of time-sensitive intelligence information to analysts. Specifically, ITSRS will be an open source, Java/J2EE-based system that integrates with a rich set of existing services and components from IOTA, an infrastructure architecture developed by AFRL to interface with multiple intelligence data sources. ITSRS comprises of two major application components: Feedback Loop System (FLS) Personalized Web Interface (PWI)

KNOWLEDGE BASED SYSTEMS, INC. 1408 University Drive East College Station, TX 77840
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(979) 260-5274 Dr. Perakath Benjamin AF 05-101 Selected for Award
Title:	Framework for Adaptive Modeling and Ontology-driven Simulation (FAMOS)
Abstract:	We propose to research, design, and demonstrate an innovative Framework for Adaptive Modeling and Ontology-driven Simulation (FAMOS). We propose a hybrid approach that combines ontology and process analysis methods with ontology-driven translation generation techniques to facilitate (i) robust simulation composability analysis and (ii) semantic modeling and simulation interoperability. The technical and pragmatic viability of the proposed approach will be validated in Phase I through focused military simulation model composition experiments. The Phase I effort will (i) establish FAMOS requirements, (ii) formulate analysis methods for composable modeling and simulation, (iii) design the FAMOS architecture, and (iv) configure and demonstrate a prototype FAMOS. The Phase II project will harden the software and demonstrate its benefits on a focused Air Force application leading to rapid technology transition and commercialization. Key innovations include (i) advanced ontology, process, and information model analysis methods to assess and facilitate semantic simulation model composability; (ii) novel methods to analyze simulation models at multiple levels of abstraction; (iii) innovative ontology-driven translation generation methods that facilitates semantic information integration; and (iv) novel, scalable component-based software design strategy that will facilitate rapid and cost effective integration and deployment of the solution into critical military applications.

TRIDENT SYSTEMS, INC. 10201 Lee Highway, Suite 300 Fairfax, VA 22030
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(703) 691-7781 Mr. Michael Stoddard AF 05-101 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Integration of Composable Simulations with Real-time Applications and Databases
Abstract:	Federated simulations address the need for interoperability, as well as the improvement of reuse and composability. The focal goal in a federated simulation is to facilitate composable simulations by standardizing interfaces to assure technical interoperability among disparate simulations. Yet, existing federated simulation infrastructures neither facilitate substantive interoperability nor are dynamically extensible. Emergent semantic Grid service technologies hold out the potential to significantly improve the development of interoperable, extensible, and dynamically composable federations. As such, recent initiatives such as Extensible Modeling and Simulation Framework are urging the use of open standards that can be applied within an extensible framework for next generation modeling and simulation applications. We propose to research, design, partially prototype a run-time extensible simulation modeling infrastructure that builds on our earlier work on agent-mediated model marketplaces and dynamic composability. Contextualized introspective simulation models along with agent-based mediation, brokering, and matchmaking strategies are proposed to enable dynamic model and simulation updating at run-time. The premise of the strategy entails semantic web services in conjunction with agent technology to provide facilities for run-time model discovery, location, retrieval, composition, and interoperation.

LINQUEST CORP. 6701 Center Drive West, Suite 425 Los Angeles, CA 90292
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(703) 365-2550 Mr. Lou Sparace AF 05-102 Awarded: 14APR05
Title:	Dynamic Resource Reservation on satellite Communication Links
Abstract:	AF05-102 Dynamic Resource Reservation Proposal Abstract The objective of this SBIR is to design, develop and implement dynamic resource reservation (DRR) hardware/software for operation over transponded satellites. The demand for high capacity network centric satellite communications requires more efficient ways to utilize the existing bandwidth and provide real-time bandwidth management. Given the bursty nature of IP traffic and the use of QoS mechanisms such as DSCP to manage traffic streams, the network, link, and physical layers of the OSI model must be designed such that the interfaces and algorithms operate cooperatively to effectively and efficiently support real-time DRR. There are a number of factors that must also be considered that will influence the final implementation. These include the use of `Open Standards' where possible, JTRS SCA compliance, the use of the AES Encryption, netted, as well as, hub-spoke operation, and Communications on the Move requirements. The current IP modem industry would like to use the existing DVB-RCS/S2 standards with extensions to meet the DoD requirements. This standard is of interest because of its built-in Multiple Frequency (MF)-TDMA scheme that allows multiple terminals to move between and share channels. Access is determined based on each terminal's traffic load, resulting in very efficient bandwidth usage. Both the DVB extensions and the IP Modem Function Capabilities Documents (FCD) are being developed today. Both should be available to influence the final algorithms/protocols selected during Phase I of this SBIR. However, it should be noted that there are a number of challenges with the current DVB standards. First, DVB lacks the ability to include priority information with requests for more bandwidth. Second, it was not designed to handle mobility, and third, it was designed for hub-spoke configurations and the DoD needs netted operations. LinQuest is considering three unique DRR implementations to be evaluated during Phase I; an IP modem like design, an IP router TDMA line card, and an external DRR device. This proposal reviews all three architectures and implementation details. The final architecture selection will be heavily influenced by our ability to leverage existing chips sets and hardware being developed today. The key objective on this project is to maintain acceptable risk, a short development cycle, while targeting a low cost product. LinQuest is an employee-owned small business with exceptionally strong qualifications in the Military & Commercial Satellite Communication Systems, Engineering and Technical Assistance (SETA) arena. LinQuest was formed in the fall of 2003 started out as LinCom in 1974. LinCom was acquired by Titan in April 2000 becoming the Titan-Communications & Software Solutions Division (CSSD). The Lockheed/Titan merger announcement in September 2003 caused numerous Organizational Conflict of Interest (OCI) problems with Titan-CSSD's customer base. As a result, Lockheed/Titan divested and sold a large portion of Titan-CSSD to LinQuest in January 2004. So although the name is new, LinQuest has been providing SETA support to government organizations for over thirty years. Thus, LinQuest brings a staff of experienced engineers, analysts, and computer professionals most of which hold advanced degrees. LinQuest is uniquely qualified to support the development of DRR hardware and software given our strong background with Satcom waveforms, DAMA, IP, and QoS traffic management.

MAXENTRIC TECHNOLOGIES LLC 2071 Lemoine Avenue Suite 302 Fort Lee, NJ 07024
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(201) 242-9800 Mr. Houman Ghajari AF 05-102 Awarded: 12APR05
Title:	Dynamic Resource Reservation on satellite Communication Links
Abstract:	US military reliance on SATCOM links has been steadily on the rise as more and more IP intensive applications with high throughput requirements integrated into military applications. Satellite transponder bandwidth has always been at a very high premium, and more efficient use of this scarce asset is highly desirable. Operator around the world (with military or commercial applications) are demanding smarter satellite systems capable of optimized dynamic bandwidth allocation as well cost effective end-user terminals and ground stations based on commercial standards to benefit from global economies of scale. MaXentric is offering a solution that will calumniate in the selection of one of the commercially backed broadband satellite technologies that meets Air Forces requirements in terms of cost, efficiency and performance. This comprehensive study named XTAR Broadband-Satellite Air Force Research (XBAR) will include a thorough analytical and practical evaluation of all currently commercially available broadband satellite technology such as DVB-RCS, IPoS and DOCSIS over Satellite. Based on this study, an end-to-end satellite network system for XTAR satellite is developed. As data throughputs highly depend on actual physical implementation of a satellite broadband technology, XBAR will also include a demonstration of the three most likely technology contenders.

MOBILE SATELLITE SERVICES CORP. 18221 Flower Hill Way #A Gaithersburg, MD 20879
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(240) 631-1111 Mr. Alain Zarembowitch AF 05-102 Awarded: 12APR05
Title:	Dynamic Resource Reservation on satellite Communication Links
Abstract:	For several decades, communication satellite resources, namely time, bandwidth and power, have been apportioned among multiple users with various degrees of dynamic allocation: long-term lease, shorter-term reservation, and on-demand. The lack of resource allocation flexibility, both in the commercial and technical sense, often results in a highly inefficient use of expensive satellite resources, especially for new IP based services which exhibit increasing dynamic bandwidth variations, through their packet nature or through the use of variable data rate data compression techniques. DVB-RCS is the first open standard to specify a complete, cost-effective and flexible satellite data network with dynamic resource allocation. The standard is being widely adopted internationally by satellite operators, service providers and equipment manufacturers alike. Yet, it could further benefit from lower-cost hubs (through open-source software) and portable user terminal software (in the form of licensable and portable VHDL core). The main objectives are to perform realtime simulations of various dynamic resource allocation algorithms, and to perform the preliminary design of a dynamically reconfigurable satellite communication network, relying as much as possible on successful standards and new mass-produced commercial integrated circuits, while focusing on two strategic subsystems to facilitate commercialization: user terminal software and network management software.

SAN DIEGO RESEARCH CENTER, INC. 6885 Flanders Drive, Suite A San Diego, CA 92121
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(858) 623-9424 Dr. Bo Ryu AF 05-102 Awarded: 13APR05
Title:	High Performance, Versatile, and Cost Effective Broadband Satellite Networking System for GIG
Abstract:	San Diego Research Center proposes to develop an end-to-end satellite networking architecture with corresponding hardware, software, and networking protocol stack specifications to provide high satellite link utilization, low access latency (from terminal to hub), high end-to-end performance and security, and the capability to send emergency and high priority traffic at any given time. This design will leverage the Digital Video Broadcast - Return Channel via Satellite (DVB-RCS) standard to the extent possible in order to achieve low system cost provided by the wide adoption of the standard by the satellite industry. Our approach consists of: (i) enhancing the dynamic resource allocation algorithm of DVB-RCS to support end-to-end QoS specified by Multi-Protocol Label Switching standard; (ii) incorporating accurate prediction to greatly reduce the latency penalty caused by large propagation delay and bandwidth-on-demand feature; (iii) simultaneously supporting HAIPE and TCP performance enhancing features that are inherently in conflict by investigating the new promising transport protocol named eXplicit Transport Protocol (XCP); and (iv) leveraging hardware, software and protocols of existing and evolving DVB-RCS technologies. The overall design will allow for seamless integration of the proposed satellite system with the Global Information Grid while enjoying low development cost.

3DB LABS, INC. 7083 Birch Hollow Lane West Chester, OH 45069
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(513) 265-4062 Mr. David Evans AF 05-103 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Signal Processing for Emerging Wireless Technologies
Abstract:	In many cases the analyst's problem is one of finding a needle in a haystack. The ever increasing flood of communication technology and traffic has resulted in a large and growing haystack and presents a daunting problem. The key to maximizing analyst productivity is the development of intelligent tools which automatically and accurately extract potential activity of interest while only rejecting uninteresting activity. As a case in point, the advent of third generation (3G) wireless communications is producing exponential growth of wireless information exchange. Existing stove-pipe systems are inadequate and too inflexible to handle this proliferation. 3G systems exacerbate the problem with increases in bandwidth, data rate, number of users and volume of traffic. Furthermore, complex modern modulation techniques push the envelope of processing requirements. Particularly challenging is the CDMA2000 standard (and its variants) and is the subject of the proposed effort. The focus of this proposal is the study of signal processing algorithms and architectures that will advance the current state of the art an order of magnitude, enabling processing of new and difficult signals and providing a 10X increase in analyst productivity.

ATLANTIC COAST TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 11499 Columbia Pike, Suite 200 Silver Spring, MD 20904
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(301) 625-9315 Dr. William J. J. Roberts AF 05-103 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	MASINT Using Acoustic Signals
Abstract:	The objective of this proposal is to demonstrate the feasibility of developing an extended and more comprehensive MASINT capability using acoustic background signals. Phase 1 will demonstrate the feasibility of identifying the environment of cellular phone conversations from the signature of background noise. The overall concept extends to entail the categorization and identification of engines, aircraft, vehicles, and ambient acoustic backgrounds using communication channels and external acoustic sensors, and of distant events using infrasound.

VEXCEL CORP. 1690 38th Street Boulder, CO 80301
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(303) 583-0220 Mr. David R. Ohm AF 05-103 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Information Exploitation
Abstract:	Through this effort we will introduce a new unattended ground sensor design and architecture for measurement and signatures intelligence (MASINT). The proposed architecture will integrate several of our existing technologies including; radar tags, ground sensors, SAR image processing and ground stations. Our architecture will integrate key exploitation tasks into the sensor design in order to reduce the overwhelming volume of sensor data requiring evaluation by the analyst. The highest priority information will be inherently prioritized through a simple methodology, providing the analyst with initial choices that do not require time consuming processing and signature recognition steps. It is our belief that our unattended ground sensor design and architecture can be extended into other application areas, and we will demonstrate the potential for our sensor/tag architecture with sensor systems designed to perform such operations as SIGINT, COMINT, biological, and radiation detection. The development of these other sensor/tag combinations could be completed under follow-up contracts or other commercial efforts.

CHI SYSTEMS, INC. 1035 Virginia Drive, Suite 300 Fort Washington, PA 19034
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(215) 542-1400 Dr. James Eilbert AF 05-104 Awarded: 13APR05
Title:	Cycles Of SiTuation Update with ModEls (COSTUME)
Abstract:	An extensible system for level 2 and 3 data fusion utilizing new classes of Behavioral, Situation and Threat Models will be developed. The framework for this system is based on a model of the human analytic process in which cycles of situation update and revision are performed as evidence arrives incrementally. We argue that people learn a combination of localized information, that we call a mental space, which provides the models people need to update their understanding of the current situation as information arrives incrementally. People gain computational efficiency and flexibility by using a hierarchy of these mental spaces and rules for transitioning between them. We have already developed portions of a system for performing cycles of situation update on incrementally arriving intelligence reports using an iGENTM cognitive model. In this new effort, we will create an autonomous and flexible data fusion system that performs Cycles Of SiTuation Update with ModEls (COSTUME) by adding mental spaces and mechanisms for utilizing them to the existing model developed as part of our effort on Rome Labs' EAGLE program. We will also use an interactive gaming environment to create a set of simple threat scenarios against which COSTUME can be tested.

STOTTLER HENKE ASSOC., INC. 951 Mariner's Island Blvd., STE 360 San Mateo, CA 94404
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(206) 545-1478 Ms. Laurie Spencer AF 05-104 Awarded: 13APR05
Title:	Innovative Approaches to Behavioral Modeling, Threat Modeling and Threat Prediction
Abstract:	While great progress has been made in the lowest levels of data fusion, practical advances in behavior modeling and prediction remain elusive. While certainly there remains much room to improve data fusion algorithms, the most critical failing of existing approaches is their inability to support the required knowledge modeling and continuing refinement under realistic constraints (e.g., few historic exemplars, lack of knowledge engineering support, and the need for rapid system deployment). The proposed Propheteer systems will directly address this issue through a self-facilitating knowledge modeling approach that can flexibly exploit a range of knowledge contributions made by individual SME's including historic exemplars, hypothetical scenarios, existing probabilistic models and model fragments, key constraints, etc. Propheteer will support the integration of these different perspectives into a uniform model that will be employed to intelligently appraise and fuse available evidence and reason about multiple situation interpretations. Finally, Propheteer will provide analysts with the insight required to recognize model shortcomings, and will exploit its ability to compose models from fragmentary knowledge to streamline ongoing model refinement. Our prior experience and existing software components will allow for rapid progress in Phase I prototyping and provide a solid foundation for a complete implementation in Phase II.

ANABAS, INC. 440 Davis Court, Suite #1316 San Francisco, CA 94111
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(415) 637-4198 Mr. Alex Ho AF 05-105 Awarded: 07APR05
Title:	Information Mangement
Abstract:	We will develop a Semantic Grid system for provenance creation, management, retrieval and representation that has broad applicability including to Joint Battlespace Infosphere applications. We propose to design and evaluate a metadata management system that can be used specifically to manage linked provenance/pedigree data that can establish the versioning and history of web entities. The provenance system that we envision is an example of a Web Service Grid architecture. This system is intended to be both a comprehensive information management system that meets the needs of the SBIR, as well as an open architecture that may be extended to provide additional capabilities.

ATC - NY 33 Thornwood Drive, Suite 500 Ithaca, NY 14850
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(607) 257-1975 Dr. Matt Stillerman AF 05-105 Selected for Award
Title:	PMAF, a Pedigree Management and Assessment Framework
Abstract:	Warfighters need information that is both timely and trustworthy. New initiatives such as the Joint Battlespace Infosphere and Net-Centric Enterprise Services have the goal of getting "raw" information to the warfighter as quickly as possible. In order to assess the trustworthiness of such information, the warfighter must be able to automatically check its provenance. PMAF will provide an extensible standard for recording provenance in pedigrees as well as a set of tools for exploring pedigrees and assessing trustworthiness according to user-provided policies. In addition, PMAF will support the generation and checking of pedigree policies to help ensure that they accurately reflect stated user intentions.

PEERLESS TECHNOLOGIES CORP. 714 East Monument Avenure, Suite 117 Dayton, OH 45402
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(937) 281-0112 Mr. David Russell AF 05-105 Awarded: 14APR05
Title:	Information Mangement
Abstract:	This SBIR is to develop a Multi-modal Advanced Technology for Information eXchange (MATRIX) environment that will provide a distinctive way for organizations to share, reason, and collaborate on information and events. MATRIX will enable the Air Force to effectively manage organizations and data to support initiatives like Network Centric Warfare (NCW) and Global Information Grid (GIG). It will enable a user to construct persistent representations of organization structures (directorates, groups, response teams, etc.) that then can be used as roots in MATRIX to communicate, collaborate, share information, perform virtual meetings, etc. The MATRIX tool will be based heavily on open source, public domain software, and libraries to (1) control costs; (2) maximize acceptance; (3) provide the necessary compatibility and interoperability. During Phase I, the Team will demonstrate an operational prototype of MATRIX that can offer much needed organizational, team, and NCW features to meet emerging information management needs, including: (1) web based services for interoperability with other systems; (2) core presence management and collaboration suite of features; (3) efficient thick client plug-ins/interface to enterprise systems like AFRL's Collaborative Enterprise Environment (CEE) and the Air Force Portal; (4) support for human collaboration features (secure chat, VTC), meeting management, audio conferencing.

QUANTUM LEAP INNOVATIONS, INC. 3 Innovation Way, Suite 100 Newark, DE 19711
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(302) 894-8029 Mr. Srikanth Kallurkar AF 05-105 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	AIMS: Agent-based Information Management System
Abstract:	The determination of information provenance in order to establish trust about sources of information and its subsequent quality is an important aspect of information management. The volume of digital information and the scale of its growth, both in terms of proliferation of sources as well as the size of digital information, presents a myriad of problems in their management. Validity and quality assessment of information allow the participants in information systems to associate confidence levels with the operations that utilize or are influenced by the information. The AIMS project will develop enabling technologies for managing and exploiting provenance to facilitate the information source trust and quality assessment of information in the Joint Battlespace Infosphere (JBI) at minimal cost as well as complete provenance at corresponding processing and time-related costs. We propose the novel concept of information chromosomes that associates approximate provenance in specific bits associated with the information. Provenance maintenance and look-up services are provided by corresponding agents in a network-centric architecture. We will also develop evaluation metrics for in-depth analysis of effectiveness and efficiency of provenance obtained through the AIMS architecture.

CHARLES RIVER ANALYTICS, INC. 625 Mount Auburn Street Cambridge, MA 02138
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(617) 491-3474 Mr. Paul G. Gonsalves AF 05-106 Awarded: 13APR05
Title:	Integrated Network Attack Fusion System (INAFS)
Abstract:	In today's information age, the shift is being made from the traditional platform-centric warfare to network centric warfare (NCW). While this shift provides increased capability, it relies on an extensive network of systems that form the Global Information Grid (GIG). The GIG is threatened by numerous entities including terrorist organizations, hackers sympathetic to America's enemies, criminal organizations, and also numerous nation states who have declared their intent to develop cyber warfare capabilities (Bryan, 2003). The ability to prevent, detect, and respond to these cyber attacks is a crucial component for the protection of our computer networks and the mission critical software that relies on them. Here we propose an Integrated Network Attack Fusion System (INAFS) to support cyber attack assessment and defense. Our approach leverages three synergistic technologies: intelligent agent-based information retrieval of network data; a rule-based mechanism for event and alert generation based on retrieved information; and a Bayesian belief network approach to cyber attack detection and assessment. We see considerable potential for this approach in ensuring network survivability from cyber attack and maintaining continuity of operations.

CYBER SPK, LLC 74 Northeastern Blvd., Suite 12 Nashua, NH 03062
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(603) 880-1911 Dr. Duen-Ping Tsay AF 05-106 Awarded: 13MAY05
Title:	Protecting IT Systems From Cyber Attacks
Abstract:	This proposal describes a plan to enhance cyber attack assessment abilities in a way that reduces both the threat to the network and the time it takes to defend it. It will be accomplished by fusing digital forensic data from 4 primary sources and then mining those sources. The data sources will include traditional Intrusion Detection Systems (including IDS/IPS/network management, etc.) and 3 additional sources not normally included. The additional sources will be system configuration snapshots, memory dumps, and both internal (private) and external (public) Cyber Threat Repositories (CTR). The system snapshots will provide all delta to the system configuration linearly over time while the memory dumps will report the state of the system in RAM in a vertical slice in time. The CTR will report actual threats experienced by others as well as any detail or resolutions added by IT staff. Mining will include direct searches as well as Bayesian probability filtering. To ensure that the process is as simple and efficient as possible, it will be incorporated into a design for a new software utility called Cyber SPKT (System Protection Kit). The Cyber SPK will represent a valuable product applicable to any component of the DoD as well as to any commercial office but will be especially valuable for industries including banking, investment, and insurance. Should this Phase I project prove the value it proposes, Phase II can follow on with the building of a demonstrable prototype.

OPEN SERVICE, INC. 110 Turnpike Road Suite 308 Westborough, MA 01581
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(508) 599-2000 Mr. Joe Minieri AF 05-106 Awarded: 13APR05
Title:	Incident Response Decision Aid - irDA
Abstract:	An event correlation and incident response capability is necessary for rapidly detecting damaging and disruptive incidents, minimizing disclosure, alteration, and destruction of digital assets, mitigating the vulnerabilities that were exploited, and restoring computing services. The first line of defense in this war is fought by the Level I information security operators tasked with monitoring the various security software tools. Here we propose to develop an incident response Decision Aid (irDA) that will guide Level I operators in the analysis, verification, notification and remediation of security incidents. In particular, we propose to integrate belief -net based course of action planning technology with our security threat management correlation engine. The belief net-based irDA will fuse the outputs of security threat manager with other in-context digital evidence and dynamically in real time recommend the optimal course of action (i.e. analysis, containment, notification, eradication, recovery) to the operator. Given the relatively inexperienced frequently changing Level I security operator cadre in the DoD workforce, the development of our incident response decision aid will have a substantial impact on improving the risk posture of DoD information assets by providing a 24x7 online help to operators.

21ST CENTURY TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 4515 Seton Center Parkway, Suite 320 Austin, TX 78759
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(512) 342-0010 Dr. Darrin Taylor AF 05-107 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	ATO-STREAM: Streaming ATO Generation
Abstract:	Today's ATO process is inherently complex, and the complexity increases as the Air Force moves to Effects-based Operations (EBO) and dynamic tasking. To support these next generation Air Tasking requirements, 21st Century Technologies and C3I Associates present ATO-Stream, a capability, leveraging previous work, that takes a continuous stream of targets, resources, and battlefield conditions and produces a continuously updated Air Tasking Order (ATO). Our Phase I ATO-Stream prototype will accomplish these aggressive requirements by designing and implementing technical innovations that allow the ATO process to accept streaming inputs and output updated ATO plans based on considerations such as pop-up targeting opportunities, and other dynamic information (e.g., weather and target classes). ATO-stream will dynamically consider competing and changing priorities and account for changes in the status of Air resources. 21st Century Technologies can leverage, ATO-Link, a system developed under SBIR Phase II+ contract, that has been delivered to C2 Battlelabs and successfully evaluated for AOC use, as a basis for the working prototype to be delivered in this effort.

GCAS, INC. 1531 Grand Avenue, Suite A San Marcos, CA 92078
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(760) 591-4227 Dr. Tuan Chi Le AF 05-107 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	A Logic Model-based Interactive and Dynamic Planner for Command and Control
Abstract:	In this proposal we present the design of an interactive and continuous planning system based on the Logic Modeling paradigm. The Logic Model based approach allows us to devise the planning system's architecture that supports outcome-based planning and evaluation at multi levels of authority and collaboration. In addition, this architecture naturally integrates assumptions and external factors that contribute to the success or failure of a plan. Plans are continuously generated and adapted by a Planning/Replanning module that lies at the heart of the planning system. The Planning/Replanning module is designed in such a way that planning is de-coupled from scheduling and they interact with each other in either a master-slave or a peer-to-peer manner. Such decoupling is expected to improve efficiency in plan generation and flexibility in resource allocation. With a User Interface module, the planning system will allow users to interact with the Planning/Replanning module in order to direct plan generation, monitor plan execution, and update information at different levels of operations. Considered as a crucial part of our effort towards building such a planning system, we will investigate several knowledge representation languages, including goal specification language, action and task representation languages, and a domain knowledge language.

INFORMATION EXTRACTION & TRANSPORT, INC. 1911 N. Ft. Myer Drive, Suite 600 Arlington, VA 22209
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(541) 752-7473 Mr. Chester Ornes AF 05-107 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Command and Control
Abstract:	The concept of Effects-based operations (EBO) has been introduced to address new and emergent threats. For successful EBO, the question isn't "Did the weapon hit the target?"; but rather, "Did the weapon, attack, or campaign yield the desired effects?" By creating plans based on the assessment of the current situation, the planner can make decisions to shape the battle space that enhance the effectiveness of operations while limiting enemy options. The proposed Multi-Objective Bayesian Situation Assessment for Interactive Planning (MSBSA) system will support multiple aspects of EBO operations including fusion of sensor reports, situation assessment, and planning/replanning. The proposed system will efficiently create utility-optimal strategies that maximize the chance of achieving desired effects with minimum costs, continuously adjusting to changes in the environment. The MSBSA system for EBO planning uses Bayesian networks as a mean of seamlessly integrating sources of planning uncertainty into the final plans. Bayesian networks will be dynamically constructed from smaller Bayesian network fragments which we term Multi-Entity Bayesian Networks (MEBNs). A stochastic learning algorithm called popMCMC will use situation assessments from these MEBNs to find an optimal set of plans. System users can select any of the resulting plans based on the current objective priorities.

SCA TECHNICA, INC. 17 Port Chester Drive Nashua, NH 03062
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(603) 321-6536 Dr. David K. Murotake AF 05-108 Awarded: 13APR05
Title:	Connectivity Technologies for the Warfighter Network Using Smart Radio
Abstract:	DoD networks require increased digital bandwidth to wirelessly connected users, and is deploying a family of new software-defined radios (SDR) and networks called Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS), based on the Software Communications Architecture (SCA). Current mobile ad hoc networking (MANET) approaches focus on homogeneous collections of devices. JTRS waveforms can allow internetworking gateway layers that integrate multiple, incompatible radio devices and networks. JTRS waveforms such as Soldier Radio Waveform (SRW) and Wideband Networking Waveform (WNW) employ modular components, such as routing algorithms, which can be replaced with improved versions to be developed under this SBIR. In Phase I we conduct requirements analysis, define wireless networking architectures and develop initial designs that provide high bandwidth, energy efficient, communication links between disparate wireless networks. We identify the best two routing algorithms employing location awareness for minimum-energy routing and Service-Level Agreements (SLAs) to establish cost-effectiveness, using MATLAB and SIMULINK to simulate their performance. We leverage our SCA compatible "Smart Radio" prototype currently being developed under an AFRL sponsored Phase II SBIR. We will embed our new algorithms as a component of our SCA waveform stack, which shares many common components with WNW and SRW. This guarantees smooth technology transfer to JTRS waveforms.

SCIENTIFIC SYSTEMS CO., INC. 500 West Cummings Park - Ste 3000 Woburn, MA 01801
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 933-5355 Dr. Joao B. D. Cabrera AF 05-108 Awarded: 13APR05
Title:	Connectivity Technologies for Tactical Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks
Abstract:	Tactical Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) operate in hostile environments, and consist of a highly connected heterogeneous mixture of nodes. Current routing protocols for MANETs disregard node heterogeneity and high connectivity, leading to poor bandwidth utilization. Environmental hostility is also disregarded, making the network susceptible to packet interception and eavesdropping. The proposed effort (Phases I and II) will develop and prototype a suite of novel routing protocols which will dramatically increase the digital bandwidth of tactical MANETs, while making them robust against packet interception and eavesdropping. The suite will be based on HSLS (Hazy Sighted Link State) routing, which is the first ad hoc routing protocol that scales with network size. HSLS routing will be enhanced in two ways: (1) To benefit from node heterogeneity and to account for a hostile environment, we define an Entity Capability Profile (ECP) for nodes, describing several characteristics of the nodes, including its degree of attack susceptibility; (2) Taking advantage of high-connectivity, we propose a novel multiple path routing technique we call multi-ply routing, centered on multiple, nested parallel paths. The resulting ECP sensitive multi-ply HSLS suite of routing protocols -- ECP-mp-HSLS routing -- will dramatically increase network capacity, while protecting the network against eavesdropping and packet interception. BBN Technologies will serve as a subcontractor, providing unique expertise on MANET routing and support for prototyping in Phase II.

TECHNOLOGY INTERNATIONAL, INC. 429 West Airline Highway, Suite S LaPlace, LA 70068
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(985) 652-1127 Dr. Zeinab A. Sabri AF 05-108 Awarded: 13APR05
Title:	Connectivity Technologies for the Warfighter Network
Abstract:	In this Phase I SBIR Project foundational innovations in connectivity technologies are developed for the warfighter network to effectively increase the digital bandwidth to wirelessly connected users. The innovations involve wireless networking architectures and initial designs that provide high bandwidth, energy efficient, communication links between disparate wireless networks; the best two routing algorithms and projected throughput enhancement from their use; and approaches to model and simulate their performance. The innovative applications of radio and networking technologies are based on exploitation of the dense concentrations of wireless users to support high bandwidth but bursty applications such as image and video transfers. Communication between ad hoc networks containing nodes of disparate types can be accommodated by fitting some nodes with multiple radios, in order to bridge the different node types. Route discovery in the next-generation ad hoc routing protocol must then take into account the types of nodes involved in a transmission, to ensure that communication between the endpoints is possible. By studying the existing ad hoc routing protocols, suitable candidates can be selected to form the basis of new ad hoc routing protocols. Accordingly, new protocols can then be developed and tested, embodying the next-generation features.

APTIMA, INC. 12 Gill Street, Suite 1400 Woburn, MA 01801
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 496-2486 Dr. Paul Allopenna AF 05-109 Awarded: 11APR05
Title:	EBP: The Ersatz Brain Project
Abstract:	This proposal arises from an attempt to design a computer suitable for the efficient execution of software that displays human-like cognitive abilities. Examples of such software applications include natural language understanding, text processing, conceptually based internet search, natural human-computer interfaces, cognitively based data mining, sensor fusion, image understanding, and higher-level cognitive tasks, such as combining lower-level data originating from different sources (senses) into coherent concepts. We base our fundamental architecture on the design of the mammalian neocortex. Our proposed architecture, is named the Ersatz Brain Project (EBP), because current knowledge will only allow us to build a weak approximation of human cortex. Even so, such a computer will be a starting point for projects that progress further in realizing systems with the power, flexibility, and subtlety of the actual brain. In Phase I, we intend to build and test a small software prototype of the EBP, and test it in a natural language (NLP) task. We suggest that a "cortex-power" massively parallel computer is technically feasible, requiring on the order of a million simple CPUs and a terabyte of memory for connections between CPUs. Furthermore, we maintain that such an architecture meets a necessary if one wants to build a realistic cognitive computing in the future.

LEXXLE, INC. 1121 Pembroke Jones Dr. Wilmington, NC 28405
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(910) 616-7327 Dr. Edwin R. Addison AF 05-109 Awarded: 11APR05
Title:	Agent Based Computing Machine
Abstract:	The objective of this SBIR project is to develop an attached processor called an "agent based computing" module (ABC Machine) that is optimized to convert information into knowledge and enable "cognitive computing" for higher understanding. The architecture of the ABC Machine is based upon a concept called "statistical dataflow computing" and it operates in local contexts over string operators. It is motivated in part by analyzing the biochemical processing in biological cells, but with a goal to provide an architecture for computing problems not easily solved by traditional machines.

MANAGEMENT SCIENCES, INC. 6022 Constitution Avenue NE Albuquerque, NM 87110
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(505) 255-8611 Dr. Carl Stern AF 05-109 Awarded: 11APR05
Title:	Computer Architectures for Understanding
Abstract:	We describe a new Bayesian architecture for knowledge-based information exploitation and situation assessment, the Cognitive Bayesian INformation EXploitation (CBNX) architecture. CBNX provides mechanisms for the effective transformation of data into information and the dynamic integration of information into higher level cognitive structures supporting situation assessment and dynamic decision making. CBNX combines three distinct forms of knowledge representation. At the top level, schemas encode cognitive "design patterns", i.e., patterns for the large scale organization and interpretation of information. Domain knowledge is encoded at the middle level into a version of first order probabilistic logic with recursion called Loopy Logic. Finally, this time-independent domain knowledge is dynamically compiled into Situation Specific Bayesian Models at the bottom level. CBNX builds on recent work in frame-based probabilistic models, probabilistic relational models, and probabilistic logic, but extends it with new schema-based meta-representations and algorithms. This architecture provides a powerful set of mechanisms for aggregating data and information into interpretive frames, filtering out data that is contextually irrelevant, and illuminating the potential significance of the relevant information in context. It also allows the opportunity for dynamic data management and dynamically configured displays that clearly exhibit the relationship of new information to situation or threat components.

SAFFRON TECHNOLOGY, INC. 1600 Perimeter Park Drive, Suite 150 Morrisville, NC 27560
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(919) 468-8201 Dr. Manuel Aparicio AF 05-109 Awarded: 11APR05
Title:	Computer Architectures for Understanding
Abstract:	Saffron Technology, Inc., www.saffrontech.com, is the leader in the application of associative memory technology in cognitive computing applications. This work will identify and solve the computational architecture issues associated with creation of a hardware associative computing element and its integration into emerging cognitive computing architectures. This phase one effort will lead to a demonstration of critical design features and functionality in a FPGA test bed. Subsequent phases will lead to the development of a hardware component (a memory appliance) that can be marketed commercially as part of our current product offerings.

CHARLES RIVER ANALYTICS, INC. 625 Mount Auburn Street Cambridge, MA 02138
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(617) 491-3474 Dr. Subrata K. Das AF 05-110 Awarded: 14APR05
Title:	Hybrid Model Based/Knowledge Discovery Approach to Situation Assessment
Abstract:	This proposal explores a hybrid model based/knowledge discovery approach to situation assessment (SA), especially suitable for detecting and identifying targets in urban network centric warfare (NCW) environments. The approach recognizes significant enemy activity patterns from messages collected at distributed NCW nodes (e.g. sensors and various units) by taking into account environmental clutter. It uses clustering to perform a space and time-series analysis of messages without requiring semantic information. The approach, for example, will be able to detect spatially correlated moving units over time within the environment. Detected patterns trigger the need for assessing newly developed situations, resulting in invocations of various doctrine-based computational models, including causal static and dynamic Bayesian belief networks (BNs) considered in this proposal. The selected models then perform SA based on other observables propagated as evidence into the models. Our approach extends further by recognizing significant patterns without relying on doctrinal knowledge. It is based on Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI), which is a proven technique in text based information retrieval applications. We use LSI to extract underlying patterns from observables reported in formatted or text messages. These patterns form a "normal" profile against which incoming observations are matched so as to detect any unusual activities.

R & D SOFTWARE SYSTEMS, INC. P. O. Box 199 Marcy, NY 13403
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(315) 794-5540 Mr. Robert A. Labuz AF 05-110 Awarded: 14APR05
Title:	Situation Awareness within a Network Centric Operations Construct
Abstract:	Situational Awareness for Network Centric Warfare requires the ability to access raw and exploited data and to be able to transform that data into information. Currently, battlefield intelligence data is provided by real-time sensors (GMTI, ELINT, TRAP/TRE), databases (MIDB, IPL, and AODB), finished intelligence products, plus exploited HUMINT, COMINT and UAV. These systems all provide their information in various formats such as streamed text, USMTF messages, PDF, HTML, Word documents and relational databases. Access methodologies vary from proprietary APIs to more standard methods such as JDBC, HTTP and Web Services. In phase I, R & D Software Systems proposes to design and develop a prototype distributed Intelligent Data and Information Collection system which will provide secure access to the both the structured and semi-structured data sources mentioned above plus the unstructured data available on the Web delivering the data in a single format such as XML. The proposed system has many dual use applications. For example, the commercial side may require access to both structured and unstructured data to perform both market and product research. Law Enforcement requires access to many structured and semi-structured data sources in order to perform a thorough money laundering or drug trafficking investigation.

BIG FUN DEVELOPMENT CORP. 620 Lakeshore Drive Berkeley Lake, GA 30096
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(770) 300-0308 Mr. Dov Jacobson AF 05-115 Awarded: 14APR05
Title:	Battlefield Airman: Tactical Air Control
Abstract:	Tactical Air Control is a complex problem with high stakes. A failed strike leaves the ground unit vulnerable and may inflict collateral damage. Fratricide is a grave risk. Respect for this reality demands that the highest value in the game design cannot be technology, nor feature list, nor dramatic graphic effects. The highest value must be fidelity. "Battlefield Airman: Tactical Air Control" is a wargame designed to address: Training, Certification, Readiness, Rehearsal, After Action Analysis. Workplan: Research-- Continue experimental evaluation of speech recognition, comprehension and conversation (including COTS hardware), Engineer CAS radio-traffic simulation. Design-- Collaborate with Hurlburt Field and Nellis AFVB so game meets future syllabus. Tooling-- Assemble toolset for rapid content development, mixing developmental (scenario generator) and non-developmental (AI designer) applications. Construction-- Complete two playable prototype scenarios during Phase I. Technical Qualifications: The proposer brings a unique set of functional components to this assignment: - Speech recognition, conversation engine (SAPI, VoiceXML, ConvX) - Optimized 3D engine, high capacity terrain manager (DEM, NIMA) - Mission Planner -with waypoints, threats, behaviors, and validator - AI for characters, vehicles, etc (including SimBionic standard) - SME relationships - many networked and singleplayer games delivered to commercial market and DoD.

ENERGID TECHNOLOGIES 124 Mount Auburn Street, Suite 200 North Cambridge, MA 02138
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(888) 547-4100 Mr. Brian O'Flynn AF 05-115 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Tactical Air Controller Wargame
Abstract:	Energid Technologies proposes a JTAC training system that combines spoken dialog with a 3D spatial-reasoning module based on rendering the environment with synthetic colors. The use of high-speed PC graphics cards will allow the reasoning module to execute in real time on a PC. In addition to the synthetic-vision-based reasoning module, the Energid system will use an advanced dialog module and a module to integrate the virtual pilot's world knowledge into a context system. This software framework will be refined based on the expertise of members of the team in close air support. An innovative engineering design combined with the best field expertise will allow the creation of a realistic and useful JTAC training system.

FEDERAL FABRICS-FIBERS 45 W. Adams St Lowell, MA 01851
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(978) 441-3037 Dr. Fred geurts AF 05-117 Awarded: 05APR05
Title:	Chemical/Biological (CB) Protected Mobile Maintenance Shelters
Abstract:	Servicing fighter aircraft continuously and effectively requires a shelter, especially during adverse weather or during a suspected Chemical and Biological attack. Continuous and effective service will bring the fighter back to its next sortie faster, thus maximizing this high value asset. While a full size hanger for each and every aircraft is desirable, during an overseas bare base operation, the likelihood of such hanger availability is remote. A solution is required to protect the maintenance crew from the environment, such as sand storm and a Chemical or Biological attack. An AirBeam frame (AirFrame) supported structure will offer stability in high wind, and relatively fast setup. An AirBeam supported shelter is self supporting and once inflated does not require a continuous air supply to remain deployed. This shelter will then require only a small continuous flow of fresh CB filtered air, the amount of which is dependent on the number of personnel, their activity levels, and the leak rate (through airlocks, doors, or vents). In the event of a power interruption the AirBeam frame will continue to support the structure (essentially indefinitely) and the shelter will function as passive protection. The shelters are designed such that the end wall can be completely removed without compromising the integrity of the system. The AirBeam frame can encapsulate the part of the aircraft that is being serviced.

PRODUCTION PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING & SALES, INC. 1285 Dunn Road St. Louis, MO 63138
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(314) 868-3500 Mr. Barry M. Corona AF 05-117 Awarded: 04APR05
Title:	Chemical/Biological (CB) Protected Mobile Maintenance Shelters
Abstract:	Production Products is proposing a rapidly deployable Chemical/Biological (CB) protected shelter to house fighter aircraft or portions of the aircraft during maintenance operations. The shelter system will be rapidly deployable, have its own filtration and air handling system, and will be highly adaptable to sealing against surfaces. Furthermore, the shelter will be able to ship on the standard military air cargo pallet. The proposed shelter technology to be developed under this program will enable Air Force ground crews to service fighter aircraft in a mobile enclosure that can be quickly positioned over any portion of the aircraft while providing an environment that is protected from CB contamination. In Phase I, the design concepts for the shelter will be developed. We will perform material and equipment trade studies and downselection to optimize CB protection. Further, analysis will be completed to demonstrate the feasibility of fabricating and incorporating CB protected materials into a protective system with an integrated filtration system coupled with and ECU that meets the program goals for protection levels inside the shelter. To demonstrate the feasibility of the shelter, subscale shelter components (shelter body seams and interfaces) will be fabricated and tested. In Phase II, we will fabricate a full-scale prototype that will be field tested to evaluate its CB protection capability, ease of deployment, and ability to meet the program requirements.

TEXAS RESEARCH INSTITUTE AUSTIN, INC. 9063 Bee Caves Road Austin, TX 78733
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(512) 263-2101 Mr. John Bulluck AF 05-118 Awarded: 25MAR05
Title:	Lightweight Durable Intumescent Paint
Abstract:	The USAF has a critical need for innovative, low observable, flame and heat resistant coatings for composite aircraft structures. Texas Research Institute Austin, Inc. proposes to build on our previous successful work with preceramic coatings to develop a new class of fire retardant, low observable intumescent coatings. Upon exposure to fire, this new coating swells into a tough, durable, insulating char that extinguishes burning and protects the underlying composite substrate. Our preceramic binder does not burn; it converts to a ceramic. Presently, commercially available intumescent coatings do not provide the adequate heat and fire protection required in the solicitation. The purpose of the proposed program is to develop new protective coatings that can be applied over composite aircraft structures and impart unique and vastly improved flame, smoke, and toxicity (FST) characteristics to the composite. Our approach uses novel materials, including preceramic binders, intumescing agents, RAM fillers, and glass microspheres. The proposed new flame retardant preceramic coating binders are very new materials, with revolutionary application possibilities emerging within the last few years.

WRIGHT MATERIALS RESEARCH CO. 1187 Richfield Center Beavercreek, OH 45430
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(937) 431-8811 Dr. Seng C. Tan AF 05-118 Awarded: 01APR05
Title:	Lightweight Durable Intumescent Paint for Aircraft Composite Protection from Fire Damage
Abstract:	Many military and commercial aircraft industries have been increasing the use of advanced polymeric composites to reduce fuel consumption. One of the main challenges, however, is the flammability of these organic composites when exposed to fire. Most organic composites ignite within 1 minute when exposed to fire and their structural integrity are significantly degraded. Therefore, it is highly desirable to develop a lightweight flame resistant coating to protect aircraft and aerospace structures. It is also desirable for many commercial structures to have fire protective coatings. Commercially available intumescent paints are usually applied with a thickness from 3 to 18 mm. Normally, a coating with thickness of 9 mm or higher is needed to provide sufficient protection of a structure from fire damage. These values of thickness and weight are too high for aircraft and aerospace structures applications. Current intumescent paints have another major concern; that is, they all contain additives that release inorganic acids. The acid reacts with the existing paint and negatively affects the durability of the coating. In this SBIR Phase I project we propose to develop an inert, lightweight, intumescent coating material to protect military and commercial aircraft structures from fire damage. The proposed technology has no negative impact on the existing aircraft paint and is environmentally safe. Preliminary test results demonstrate that the proposed intumescent paint can protect a thin aluminum sheet from fire damage at fire temperatures up to 900�C.

MACH I, INC. 340 East Church Road King of Prussia, PA 19406
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(610) 279-2340 Mr. Albert C. Condo AF 05-119 Awarded: 25MAR05
Title:	Fuel Processor Hardware Components For Deployable Fuel Cell Power Generation
Abstract:	The objectives for this SBIR Phase I study are to establish feasibility for deployable logistic-fuel processor to produce a clean hydrogen gas (sulfur free) from JP-8 fuel. The processor is a portable laboratory or beta-site (off-site) non-thermal plasma (NTP) cell. The portable NTP cell is believed capable of hydrogen gas extraction from logistic-fuels such as gasoline, diesel, JP-8 and petroleum refinery products. In a NTP plasma environment, dissociation of the JP-8 fuel molecules acts to produce a hydrogen reformate stream. The hydrocarbon feed molecules are reduced to their elemental states resulting in an effluent containing hydrogen gas and various C, S and metallic particulates. The hydrogen effluent is processed for removal of contaminates by recycling the effluent via a closed loop to the NTP cell for increased residence. To achieve ultra pure hydrogen (UPH) for fuel cell application, furthur processing, as needed, will be chemically and/or Ag/Pd Membrane Diffusion cell processed, as needed. The UPH stream is charged to an auxiliary portable SOFC (Solid Oxide) or a PEM (Polymeric Electrostatic Membrane) fuel cell deployable power unit. The Phase I Targeted objectives are focused on demonstrating feasibility for hydrogen extraction from JP-8 logistic-fuel in a compact, efficient and compatibility non-thermal (NTP) plasma cell. As currently configured, the Pioneer Industrial Technologies Co. has designed and patented state-of-the-art arc barrier discharge systems (DBD) for portable NTP units of various sizes. Pioneer's recent tests have indicated that, in the presence of gas feed-stocks, a higher order of the combustion chain is being formed. When in the presence of hydrocarbons, reformed hydrogen gas will be separated from contaminates and processed for fuel cell application. MACH I, Inc. plans to partner with Pioneer Technologies. A fuel cell company (Power & Energy Corp.) has expressed interest in working with MACH I, Inc. on the necessary steps to achieve ultra pure hydrogen (UPH) gas for fuel cell application. For a portable in-situ beta-site hydrogen generation-fuel cell capability, a Phase II development will optimize conversion efficiencies and prepare a design scale-up to 10 kW levels and commercial proto-type portable off-site (beta) for field demonstration suitable to meet AF operating parameters for Phase III commercialization.

NEW SPAN OPTO-TECHNOLOGY, INC. 9380 SW 72nd Street, B-180 Miami, FL 33173
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(305) 321-5288 Mrs. Sangyup Song AF 05-119 Awarded: 25MAR05
Title:	Development of single-cell partial oxidative reformer/solid oxide fuel cell
Abstract:	There is strong demand to develop and increase the use of electric aircraft in future military and aviation applications. All electric aircraft concepts and aircraft maintenances require reliable, compact, and efficient electric power sources. Fuel cell electric generator using JP-8 fuel is identified as the electric power source of choice. Current designs of the fuel cell systems have two major subsystems: a fuel cell itself and fuel processor that extracts clean hydrogen and/or carbon monoxide from JP-8 fuel. These fuel cell systems are unable to meet the requirements on compactness, efficiency, and compatibility. New Span Opto-Technology Inc. teaming with the fuel cell group of Dept. of Hemispheric Center for Environmental Technology of the Florida International University hereby proposes to develop an innovative single-cell catalytic partial oxidative reformer (CPOR) /solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) system. The concept integrates a burner, electrochemical promotion section for partial oxidative reforming, and tubular SOFCs in a single reaction chamber. Phase I will demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed concept. Phase II will develop a working fuel cell prototype system.

FEDERAL FABRICS-FIBERS 45 W. Adams St Lowell, MA 01851
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(978) 441-3037 Dr. Fred Geurts AF 05-120 Awarded: 01APR05
Title:	Advanced Shelter Technology
Abstract:	The ultimate objective is to produce a light weight, robust, rapidly deployable shelter that will perform reliably for the entire duration of the mission (however long that may be) and then can be simply and easily struck down (reversable)and stowed in a small cube until it is once again needed. FFF believes that with the new innovations and advances in our AirBeam shelters that this objective can be readily achieved without further modifications to the AirBeam shelter system. With this in mind the AirBeam frame and shelter will be designed to optimize the robustness of the system as a stand alone item, while allowing for the possibility to subsequently rendered the "temporary" shelter into a more permanent structure by applying a rigidifying technique. Once a shelter has been treated to render it "permanent" it must be able to withstand the forces imposed upon it by nature for the desired life span of the "building". What ever technique and materials utilized to solidify the structure they must be tested and evaluated to insure that the building will last.

KAZAK COMPOSITES, INC. 32 Cummings Park Woburn, MA 01801
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 932-5667 Dr. Mark Snyder AF 05-120 Awarded: 25MAR05
Title:	Self-Rigid Re-Stowable Composite Replacement for High Pressure Airbeam-Supported Shelter
Abstract:	Self-deploying fabric structures supported by high-pressure airbeams have significantly reduced logistical requirements compared to metal-frame shelters. They require 75% less packing volume, weigh 66% less, and reduce deployment time by 60%. Airbeam-supported shelters are, however, susceptible to unintentional deflation and degraded integrity from large cuts, tears and punctures. Dedicated inflation systems are required to maintain pressure. Some military operations require fast deployment followed by long-term use, where durability with minimal maintenance and logistical support are essential. At some point advantages of airbeam deployment become outweighed by burden of keeping beams inflated. One suggested solution is to deploy and erect a shelter using air, then rigidize beams to eliminate need for maintaining pressure. This solves one problem but introduces others, including making the task of repacking and moving to a new location more difficult. KaZaK will investigate feasibility of a new light-weight, low maintenance, self-deploying hanger-type shelter that has many advantages of fabric airbeam shelters, including dense packaging and simple erection, but once erected, is rigid. For load-carrying structure, we will modify a novel composite construction used with success by KaZaK for other difficult design problems that required a balance between deployed stiffness and compact coiling for transport.

MAINSTREAM ENGINEERING CORP. 200 Yellow Place, Pines Industrial Center Rockledge, FL 32955
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(321) 631-3550 Dr. Robert P Scaringe AF 05-121 Awarded: 25MAR05
Title:	Optimization, Design and Fabrication of a Prototype 5-Ton ECU Using Hydrocarbon Refrigerants
Abstract:	Mainstream has a long history of investigating the use of hydrocarbon refrigerants in heat pumps and air conditioners. Experimental data has demonstrated the performance of some hydrocarbon refrigerants to be about 7% better than R-410A and 10% better than HCFC-22. Experiments have also demonstrated that hydrocarbon blends can be formulated to match the saturation temperature/pressure behavior of HCFC-22. Compressor tests have shown that the hydrocarbons are compatible with conventional mineral-oil refrigeration oils. This Phase I effort proposes to: A) evaluate the performance of various hydrocarbon refrigerants and mixtures using our in-house heat pump models, B) select the optimum hydrocarbon working fluid for this Lightweight ECU application, C) experimentally determine the flammability characteristics of the potential hydrocarbon refrigerant, D) Design and Build a full-scale prototype 5-Ton Lightweight ECU, E) measure the performance of this improved ECU, and F) compare the performance, size and weight benefits to Mainstream's existing ECU which uses R-410A. Phase I also includes the delivery of the prototype 5-ton Lightweight hydrocarbon-refrigerant ECU. Our accelerated schedule not only reduces the risk to the government and provides more value, it also allows the follow-on Phase II to focus on Military Field Tests, Life Tests, and more extensive performance testing.

TIAX LLC Acorn Park Cambridge, MA 02140
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(617) 498-5821 Mr. Detlef Westphalen AF 05-121 Awarded: 25MAR05
Title:	Lightweight Environmental Control Unit (ECU)
Abstract:	An analytical model will be developed to assess air-conditioning system performance operating with hydrocarbon refrigerant. Different hydrocarbon refrigerants and blends of refrigerants will be evaluated to determine which option provides the best performance with the least flammability risk. Flammability testing will be done as required to quantify the blend's characteristics, if such information is not publicly available. A design concept will be established, consisting of preliminary selection of key components and a preliminary system layout. Targets for key system characteristics are: (1) Performance equivalent to that of the FDECU, (2) Size allowing stack of 18 units on a 463L pallet, and (3) Weight of 475 or less pounds.

SCIENTIFIC FORMING TECHNOLOGIES CORP. 5038 Reed Road Columbus, OH 43220
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(614) 451-8322 Dr. Wei-Tsu Wu AF 05-122 Awarded: 31MAR05
Title:	Efficient Superalloy Ingot Breakdown
Abstract:	Currently, all the major material suppliers use DEFORM to help understand and design their cogging process. From the perspective of the material suppliers, being able to use the modeling techniques to predict, control and optimize ingot breakdown processes to achieve the desired microstructures has been their top priority. The proposed work focuses on microstructural modeling of IN718 ingot breakdown processes. In the first phase of this SBIR project, we propose to investigate appropriate microstructural models to predict the evolution of grain size and microstructure occurring during the ingot breakdown process. We would also investigate the appropriate kinetics models for recrystallization and grain growth. At the end of the first phase, we would study and propose models for precipitate nucleation, growth and dissolution. In order to achieve an efficient ingot breakdown modeling procedure, we would evaluate domain decomposition methods and special numerical techniques to achieve a substantial increase in computational efficiency. Technical feasibility studies and investigations conducted in the first phase of this project would directly benefit in the development and implementation of microstructural models for IN718 ingot breakdown process.

VISTA ENGINEERING, INC. 2800 Milan Ct, Suite 115 Birmingham, AL 35211
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(205) 943-6720 Mr. William Carden AF 05-122 Awarded: 25MAR05
Title:	Efficient Superalloy Ingot Breakdown
Abstract:	The team proposes to make revolutionary advances in computational design tools that will accurately predict the Processing - Microstructure Relationships in the ingot-to-billet conversion processes. The capability of Vista's current MEMICc model to predict microstructure evolution in the middle stages of the ingot conversion process has been demonstrated in earlier work and is currently in the process of verification and validation. In Phase I, the prototype will be expanded and the feasibility of modeling the early stages of ingot conversion will be demonstrated. The arduous task of developing material specific constants to describe material behavior and model validation will be addressed in Phase II. The work will build on our current MEMICc prototype and our extensive experimental work already performed. The output of the project will be software tools that model/simulate the microstructural evolution during the ingot-to-billet conversion process and direct it to the optimal grain-refinement path. These products will be commercialized by Vista though the chain of turbine disc production involving billet makers, forgers, engine manufacturers and the DoD. Many non-DoD commercialization opportunities exist in private aerospace, NASA, DOE, nuclear and petrochemical industries.

H&R TECHNOLOGY, INC. 95 Rock Street, 3d Floor Lowell, MA 01854
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(978) 453-6400 Mr. Joshua Rabinovich AF 05-124 Awarded: 30MAR05
Title:	PMD In situ Repair of Ti-6-2-4-2 Structures
Abstract:	Modern military aircraft widely employ hot metallic structures comprised of thin (up to 0.160 inch) panels made of titanium alloy Ti-6-2-4-2. These hot structures are operating in harsh environmental conditions and are subjected to cyclical loads causing cracking problems. In many instances the repair and replacement of these damaged structures is extremely labor and time intensive in disassembly and reinstallation operations. In situ repair of the damaged structures would provide a cost effective solution to restoration of the damaged structures by eliminating the need in costly and time consuming disassembly and reinstallation operations potentially saving millions of dollars. The proposed advanced manufacturing process offers a low heat input metal deposition with a reliable metallurgical bond, while combining pre-and post-deposition machining operations in one automated repair process and machine. This promises to revolutionize the cost and time of repair of cracked aircraft hot structures. Recent advances with PMDT low heat input flat wire metal deposition encompasses the metal deposition and machining capabilities into one integrated system. Implementation of this technology would have significant technical and economic value for a myriad of US Government and commercial industrial applications.

KEYSTONE SYNERGISTIC ENTERPRISES, INC. 542 SW Keats Ave Palm City, FL 34990
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(772) 879-3634 Mr. Ralph Anderson AF 05-124 Awarded: 30MAR05
Title:	In-Situ Repair of Ti 6-2-4-2S Structures
Abstract:	It is well established that titanium alloy structural components will crack when exposed to excessive heat and stress. However, occasionally components are under designed for the application and premature cracking occurs in opterional aircraft. This proposed project is designed to address the issues associated with in-situ crack repair of Ti 6-2-4-6 S components using techniques that will restore near parent material microstructures and mechanical properties to the repaired area. Low temperature metal deposition techniques will be demonstrated to replace lost material in the area of the crack. Local heat treat approaches will be applied to the repair area to minimize rsidual stresses. Solid state weld repairs will be demonstrated using techniques that will enable in-situ repair procedures and evaluated to demonstrate the feasibility of the repair to retain near parent metal properties and microstructure.

LSP TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 6145 Scherers Place Dublin, OH 43016
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(614) 718-3000 Dr. David W. Sokol AF 05-125 Awarded: 25MAY05
Title:	Advanced Laser Technology for Composite Bond Evaluation
Abstract:	To reduce weight and improve fuel efficiency, bonded composites are being used in aircraft structures. Once a structure is assembled, there is no conventional NDI method available to assure that the strength of the bond is adequate for service. This program will develop processing heads and inspection techniques that will 1) allow the NDI of joints in remote locations accessible only through small access ports, 2) interrogate layered assemblies, and 3) develop techniques for inspection of thin plate structures.

SONIPULSE, INC. 4919 WINDPLAY DR, SUITE 1 EL DORADO HILLS, CA 95762
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(916) 941-7600 Mr. Robert Cribbs AF 05-125 Awarded: 16MAY05
Title:	Composite-Bonded Joint Strength Evaluation
Abstract:	This is a proposal to develop the technology to measure bond strength. The approach is to use a novel ultrasonic transducer that is capable of generating pulse amplitudes that produce strains just below the required bond strength. If the bond survives the pulse it is considered good. Previous work by others has shown the feasibility of this approach, however the equipment that was used requires a vacuum chamber and has other limitations that make it impractical for production or repair inspection. Piezoelectrics are incapable of generating ultrasonic pulses of sufficient amplitude and bandwidth for this application. The new approach sends an extended signal from a piezoelectric into a "broadband resonator". By selecting the correct input signal all frequency components arrive at the output in phase at some later time to produce the pulse. A portable, battery powered system could be developed to handle a wide range of material thickness with hand-held transducers spanning a broad range of center frequencies. The experimental plan is to fabricate specimens containing bonds of various strengths by changing the bond material characteristics, subject the bonds to pulses just below the bond strength, note any failures, then test the strength of any intact specimens with destructive tests.

BRIGHTON TECHNOLOGIES GROUP, INC. 11379 Grooms Road Blue Ash, OH 45242
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(513) 469-1800 Dr. Giles Dillingham AF 05-126 Awarded: 18MAY05
Title:	Quality Assurance of Composite Bonding Processes
Abstract:	Adhesive bonding of composite materials is a critical component of modern aircraft construction. Adhesive bonding of metals such as aluminum is well understood, and the processes currently used for manufacture of adhesively bonded metal aircraft components are robust and controllable. However, the factors responsible for obtaining strong and durable adhesive bonds to fiber reinforced composite materials are only poorly understood. Current practice usually involves abrasive blasting of the adherend surface. This is believed to improve adhesive bond strength through improved wetting of the substrate by the adhesive and by providing for mechanical interlocking of the adhesive and the substrate. While this process can result in strong and durable bonds, variations in bond performance can occur unexpectedly. Quality control techniques for ensuring reproducibility of the bond performance are needed. Our previous work has shown that surface energy of a prepared composite correlates well with the adhesive joint performance, and can potentially serve as the basis for a shop floor-level quality assurance tool. The goal of Phase I of the proposed research is to develop and evaluate at least two techniques for predicting wettability of a composite surface by a room-temperature paste curing adhesive.

SPACE MICRO, INC. 12872 Glen Circle Road Poway, CA 92064
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(858) 487-9295 Dr. Michael Featherby AF 05-126 Awarded: 15JUL05
Title:	Quality Assurance of Composite Bonding Processes
Abstract:	Composite materials are being increasing used on aircraft structures and as they are used in more critical areas, the quality of the adhesives bonds must be assured. Among the various bonding techniques, surface cleanliness is most important for adhesive bonding and especially for fluxless brazing /soldering. Similar problems arise in the painting of aircraft although structural integrity is not involved in this case. Current methods of checking the surface cleanliness leave a lot to be desired as they risk further contamination of the surface and are subject to the skill of the technician performing the test. An operator-friendly non-contact method capable of detecting any contaminant over a large area just prior to bonding is the ideal solution. Space Micro Inc. (SMI) in partnership with San Diego Composites LLC (SDC) proposes to define and develop a novel instrument for quantitatively assessing the bond surface quality of composites and structural metals. The innovation described in this proposal is to select and adapt existing equipment and technology for this application to minimize the technical risk and development time.

AURORA FLIGHT SCIENCES CORP. 9950 Wakeman Drive Manassas, VA 20110
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(304) 842-8100 Mr. Richard Guiler AF 05-127 Awarded: 24MAR05
Title:	Machining of Complex Integral Airframe Structures
Abstract:	Currently the construction of complex aircraft structures such as the skeleton within a wing is extremely time consuming and expensive. Traditionally these structures are assemblies of sheet metal parts, machined parts and composite parts, which are bonded and riveted together. Replacing an assembly of this type with a single machined part has the advantages of reducing the total number of build hours, decreasing weight, and increasing strength, but the machining techniques used for this are very expensive. There have been a number of advances in machining techniques and equipment, which may allow an entire wing skeleton type of structure to be affordably machined as one piece with a minimal number of set-ups using much smaller machines. The combination of Plunge rough cutting, Sonically tuned milling equipment, Heat shrink coupling of cutting tools, Cutting tools designed with frequency in mind, Relieved cutting tools, and the use of High-speed fluid driven or gear driven right angle heads will allow smaller machines to build affordable complex integral aircraft structures from aluminum or titanium, like those found in aircraft such as the F-35A.

BECK ENGINEERING 3319 21st Ave NW Gig Harbor, WA 98335
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(360) 876-9710 Dr. Douglas S. Beck AF 05-127 Awarded: 24MAR05
Title:	High-Speed Headstock with B-Axis for Machining Aircraft Structures
Abstract:	The Air Force needs new higher productivity, higher accuracy equipment and processes for machining integral, complex aircraft airframe structures cost effectively. Structures with simply shaped pockets and straight walls can be effectively end milled using large high velocity machine tools. However, these machines cannot efficiently mill structures with integral return flanges and other complex internal features. We propose to develop a High Speed Headstock with B-Axis (HSHBA) that will enable large high velocity machine tools to efficiently mill complex internal features. Our HSHBA mounts in the spindle nose of the large machine tools. Our HSHBA allows the cutting tool to be positioned with complex motions on a small scale while utilizing the large-scale motions of the high-velocity machine tool. The HSHBA also enables rapid end milling even when small tools with less than �" diameter are used because the miniature headstock rotates at up to 150,000 rpm and can deliver up to 5 horsepower of power to the small cutting tool. In Phase I, we will design a pre-prototype HSHBA and calculate its operating characteristics. In Phase II, we will build and test a prototype HSHBA. In Phase III, we will sell HSHBAs in the aerospace manufacturing market.

ALLCOMP, INC. 209 Puente Ave. City of Industry, CA 91746
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(626) 369-1273 Mr. Wei Shih AF 05-128 Awarded: 31MAR05
Title:	Advance Liquid-Cooled Avionics Enclosure
Abstract:	As the chip power increases, aluminum avionics enclosures (chassis) equipped with liquid-cooled cold wall are currently being proposed and qualified for advanced military fighters. There is an urgent need to further reduce the weight and to improve the performance of these enclosures. The ability to use both structural and high-conductivity carbon fiber composites materials offers a realistic possibility to achieve both performance goals at the same time. For example, an advanced fiber composite electronic enclosure equipped with advanced liquid-cooled cold wall is predicted to weigh 30 - 50 percent less than current state-of-the-art counterpart. Under this proposed program, advanced composite cold walls will be designed, fabricated and tested. These cold wall will be integrated with advanced liquid-cooled heat exchanger and be designed to dissipate large amount of waste heat. A successful demonstration of a low-cost composite cold wall will significantly enhance our ability to design, fabricate and demonstrate an all-composite enclosure at affordable cost for both military and commercial applications.

MATERIAL INNOVATIONS, INC. 15801 Chemical Lane Huntington Beach, CA 92649
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(714) 893-0367 Mr. James Calder AF 05-128 Awarded: 25MAR05
Title:	High-Performance Hybrid Electronic Enclosure
Abstract:	The objective of this proposal is to establish and demonstrate the feasibility of a low cost, high thermal performance, lightweight liquid cooled ATR chassis utilizing a hybrid of ultra high thermal conductivity graphite fibers, structural composite incorporating low cost discontinuous 3D fibers, and metallic materials where necessary. This innovation partners the conductive heat transfer capability of high modulus pitch-based graphite fibers exceeding 500 W/mK with the capacity to transmit large amounts of heat with small temperature gradients into closed looped liquid coolant system. Key technical focal points will be to establish cost effective hermetic liquid flow through while designing the system solution to minimize or eliminate internal stress at interfaces as a result of coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch. The primary technology development will be to design an enhanced low cost material and manufacturing solution and to maximize thermal performance between the card rail/slot liquid cooling paths. Cooling efficiency goals are targeted to exceed current baseline aluminum chassis configurations. Key technologies including materials and processes will be demonstrated in Phase 1. The application of this opportunity will result in implementation of a low cost manufacturing design leading to production of a full-scale qualifiable working chassis in Phase 2.

SPACEWORKS, INC. 7301 E. Sundance Trail, P.O. Box 2014 Carefree, AZ 85377
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(480) 575-1676 Mr. John DiPalma AF 05-128 Awarded: 29MAR05
Title:	High-Performance Hybrid Electronic Enclosure
Abstract:	The power levels of avionics and vetronics have increased with each successive generation of air, space and ground vehicles. The corresponding approaches to thermal management, including liquid cooling and spray cooling, have resulted in more complex designs, higher costs and increased weight. SpaceWorks will develop a lightweight avionics enclosure design to take advantage of the higher specific strength, stiffness and thermal conductivity of graphite fiber composites and pyrolytic graphite materials. A low-cost molding process will be used to produce a lightweight structural component with embedded high-conductivity pyrolytic graphite inserts and internal passages for coolant flow. The resulting single-piece item replaces several individual components for reduced weight, parts count and assembly costs. During the Phase I project, SpaceWorks will develop a conceptual design for a liquid-cooled enclosure that accommodates a standard circuit-card form-factor, such as VME, cPCI or SEM-E. SpaceWorks will fabricate a proof-of-concept part and perform thermal and structural testing to demonstrate improved thermal transport, structural integrity and reduced cost.

IBC MATERIALS & TECHNOLOGIES 902 Hendricks Drive Lebanon, IN 46052
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(416) 213-9833 Dr. L. Segal AF 05-129 Awarded: 25MAR05
Title:	Fretting Wear Elimination in Gear Box Housings
Abstract:	'IBC Materials&Technologies'is proposing to use Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) technology to apply a hard, ductile, 100-150 micrometer (.004 - .006 in) thick coating on the bearing housing wall, to be used as anti-fretting, anti-wear, anti-corrosion protection in contact with the bearing steel surface. PEO performance is superior to conventional hard anodizing or plasma spray, is applied at temperatures under 100 degC (212 degF), using environmentally acceptable electrolytes. The microhardness is in the range of 1,800 - 2, 500 HV (microhardness Vickers)and lubricated friction is very low. The porous surface can be easily impregnated with the gear box lubricant

UCT DEFENSE, LLC 7825 SW Ellipse Way Stuart, FL 34997
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(772) 223-6699 Dr. Yancy W. Riddle AF 05-129 Awarded: 29MAR05
Title:	Fretting Wear Elimination in Gear Box Housings
Abstract:	This proposal responds to the problem of fretting and galling occurring at the interface between steel inserts and A357 aluminum alloy gear box housings. UCT Defense proposes to apply Boronizing and/or Ni-B surface modifications to eliminate corrosion, fretting, and galling and to allow the steel inserts to be removed from the design, which will also reduce the weight of the system. The innovation that responds to this problem is an advancement in engineered surface finishing for galling, fretting, and corrosion resistance of aluminum alloy gearbox housings using the UltraCemT family of nickel boron coatings and/or a novel boronizing surface modification.

CFD RESEARCH CORP. 215 Wynn Dr., 5th Floor Huntsville, AL 35805
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(256) 726-4800 Dr. H.Q. Yang AF 05-130 Awarded: 25MAR05
Title:	A Comprehensive Modeling Tool for Cold Hearth Melting Processes
Abstract:	CFDRC proposes to develop a comprehensive, high fidelity commercial quality simulation tool for modeling the Cold Hearth Melting (CHM) processing of Titanium alloys. The code will accurately predict the transient temperature distribution, flow patterns, skull shape, species evaporation, and particle fates in the hearth region for a given set of dynamic operating conditions. The foundation for this tool will be the proven multi-physics package, CFD-ACE+. In Phase I, we will demonstrate parity with the current state of the art by comparison with the results of two selected models. In Phase II, we will improve the scope, speed and accuracy of the tool using an innovative combination of advanced numerical tools and expertise unique to CFDRC. These advanced tools include parallel processing, adaptive grids, advanced turbulence models, particle tracking, free surface modeling with Marangoni effects, Monte Carlo for radiative heat transport, and rarified gas dynamics with evaporation and deposition. These capabilities will be coupled and integrated into a user-friendly software package. The development will be performed in close collaboration with the industry to ensure relevance and facilitate technology transfer.

INNOVATIVE RESEARCH, INC. 3025 Harbor Lane N, Suite 300 Plymouth, MN 55447
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(763) 519-0105 Dr. Kanchan M. Kelkar AF 05-130 Awarded: 25MAR05
Title:	Computational Modeling of Cold-Hearth Melting Processes
Abstract:	The overall objective of the proposed research is to develop a comprehensive, efficient, and well-validated computational model for the prediction of the process performance and quality of the titanium alloys produced using the Electron Beam Melting (EBM) and Plasma Arc Melting (PAM) processes. The computational model will analyze all the underlying physical phenomena in cold hearth melting namely, flow, heat transfer, phase change, electromagnetics, inclusion transport, alloy element volatilization (EBM), and helium entrapment (PAM). The model will also consider the transient effects caused by the motion of the heat source and periodic freezing and melting of the conduits connecting successive hearths. The computational solution will utilize many novel features for obtaining computational efficiency. These include an efficient treatment of the coupling among the hearths, a multigrid solution technique, and use of a Lagrangian technique for the prediction of the motion and dissolution of the inclusions. The model will be validated with reference to available measurements on practical EBM and PAM furnaces. The Phase I effort will demonstrate the feasibility of developing a computational model for the EBM and PAM processes by focusing on the analysis of flow, heat transfer, alloy vaporization, and helium entrapment phenomena in a single hearth.

SURFACES RESEARCH & APPLICATIONS, INC. 8330 Melrose Drive Lenexa, KS 66214
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(913) 541-1221 Dr. Paul Sutor AF 05-131 Awarded: 28MAR05
Title:	Robust Solid Lubricant Coating for Gears of Cryogenic Fuel Turbopumps
Abstract:	Surfaces Research proposes development of a highly durable solid lubricant coating to eliminate wear and vibration problems in liquid hydrogen turbopump gears. The cryogenic turbopumps are used in rocket engines for Air Force expendable launch vehicles. Our new coating will exceed the cryopump manufacturer's goal life of twice that of the current coating. Our sound, novel approach uses three strategies to greatly increase coating wear life: a more cryogenically-durable polymer binder, a new solid lubricant adjuvant additive, and a hard coat underlayment for the solid lubricant. This approach is strongly supported by wear results at cryogenic temperatures and specifically in liquid hydrogen. We will conduct cryogenic wear life tests by the same method used to qualify the current liquid hydrogen turbopump gear coating. Our approach is particularly advantageous because. Our direct replacement for the current coating preserves the substantial investments already made by Pratt and Whitney, the manufacturer in standards and specifications, automated coating application, and predictive test methods. We are working with Pratt and Whitney to conduct gear rig and actual engine tests of our superior coating within one year of the Phase I feasibility demonstration.

TRIBOLOGIX LLC 30 Shockton Court Springboro, OH 45066
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(937) 271-3858 Mr. Andras Korenyi-Both AF 05-131 Awarded: 26APR05
Title:	Robust Solid Lubricant Coating for Gears of Cryogenic Fuel Turbopumps
Abstract:	Several advanced solid film lubricant coating processes are evaluated to be used for turbopump gears operating at high speeds and high contact pressures in an RL-10 rocket engine at cryogenic temperatures. Based on existing application data concerning the performance of the proposed advanced coatings a significant improvement in turbopump gear operation is expected. Improvements in coating uniformity, structure, wear life with a reduction in friction and vibrations yield improved turbopump operations. This study details specific characterization and cryogenic testing at appropriate loads and speeds similar to that of rocket fuel pump. Characterization includes microscopy, metallurgy and surface characterization. Cryogenic WAM testing is used to provide the proper tribological test conditions. Coating compatibility with liquid hydrogen is investigated. Advanced coatings include PVD, Spray, Burnish and Smart Surface Laser Textured solid film lubes and Soft Metallic coatings by PVD and Hybrid PVD. We deliver a reference database of the various coating properties and test results of the surface treatments as well as recommendations for treatment of the RL-10 turbopump gear based on our results with deliberate concern for economic industrial viability. Additionally we deliver a robust storage method for treated samples and gears which insures full protection from terrestrial coating degradation primarily caused by oxidation during storage, pre-assembly and ground transportation.

CULLIMORE & RING TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 9 Red Fox Lane Littleton, CO 80127
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(303) 455-3902 Mr. Mark J. Welch AF 05-132 Awarded: 18MAY05
Title:	Integrated Trajectory Shaping Vehicle Simulation for Evaluating Thermal/Structural Design Strategies
Abstract:	Stand-alone tools exist which are capable of calculating the aerothermal loads, the thermal protection system (TPS) response, and the dynamic thermal/structural response of airframes and components of hypersonic trajectory shaping vehicles (TSVs). However, a coupled design and analysis tool is needed to accurately model and evaluate thermal protection systems, airframes, and internal electronic components for the developmental TSVs. Furthermore, future missions require not just TPS sizing verification, but also rapid evaluation of candidate strategies for withstanding long term heating, which often involve vehicle-level trade-off studies. This proposal will demonstrate that an integrated design simulation capability can be readily achieved using existing technologies and in some cases even commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) CAD-integrated software packages, with the benefit of yielding self-sustaining tools. The key to our approach is assembling a unique team consisting of the developers responsible for the leading thermal, aeroheating, and TPS analysis software.

THERMAL TECHNOLOGIES, INC. P.O. Box 1936, 499 Mount Herman Road Shelbyville, TN 37162
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(931) 680-1295 Mr. Henry Moody AF 05-132 Awarded: 29MAR05
Title:	High Altitude Thermal Response Modeling of Trajectory Shaping Vehicles (TSVs)
Abstract:	Phase I shall determine if the phenomena and material performances being observed in MLBC ground tests simulating Extended Range trajectories envisioned for TSVs are representative of actual flight. In this effort, preliminary thermal-ablation models will be developed for the class of C-C currently showing great promise in TSV missions. The Catalytic Wall analytical techniques developed for NASA reentry TPS shall be applied to these thermal-ablation models and recent MLBC ground tests. From these correlations, the analyses will determine the Catalytic Wall and Kinetic coefficients of the selected materials. These coefficients and analyses shall be applied to representative points on a TSV flight trajectory to determine the importance of Catalytic Wall and Chemical Kinetics in flight. These results shall determine if the ground tests are simulating flight and if not, then what needs to be done to improve the ground test evaluation methods.

HENTZEN COATINGS, INC. 6937 WEST MILL ROAD MILWAUKEE, WI 53218
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(414) 353-4200 Dr. Robert Chiang AF 05-133 Awarded: 25MAR05
Title:	Multifunctional Aircraft Protective Coating
Abstract:	The objective of proposal is to demonstrate the feasibility of manufacturing a coating with nearly all the performance properties of a MIL-PRF-23377 epoxy primer and a MIL-PRF-85285 urethane topcoat, particularly the adhesion, corrosion, and the weather resistance properties of those specifications. Hentzen's prototype coating will also be fast curing and near zero VOC. Hentzen believes these addition properties will provide a coating that is extremely production and environmentally friendly.

LIGHT CURABLE COATINGS 6830 Bryden Court Valley View, OH 44125
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(216) 642-0626 Dr. Ben Curatolo AF 05-133 Awarded: 25MAR05
Title:	UV Curable Multifunctional Aircraft Protective Coating
Abstract:	This Small Business Innovation Research Phase I project is designed to determine the feasibility of utilizing chrome-free solvent-free zero VOC ultraviolet (UV) light curable self-priming coatings as environmentally compliant multifunctional aircraft protective coatings. UV technology has the potential to satisfy the significant need for the reduction of chromate, VOC, and hazardous air pollutant (HAP) use in the aerospace industry as well as the need for cycle time reduction for coatings application. Light Curable Coatings is a technology leader for solvent-free environmentally compliant coating systems, with proprietary technology to rapidly cure heavily pigmented coatings with UV light, including low gloss camouflage color UV coating systems. This Phase I work will identify the most promising monomer, oligomer, pigment, and photoinitiator combinations to satisfy adhesion, corrosion, flexibility, gloss, and weatherability requirements of primer and topcoat specifications MIL-PRF-23377 and MIL-PRF-85285. Properties will be determined for UV curable formulations applied to both untreated and anodized aluminum alloy 2024 panels. This research will provide the groundwork for further development, characterization, and optimization of this technology to satisfy all military primer and topcoat specification requirements with a single coat multifunctional environmentally friendly aircraft protective coating.

INNOVATIVE DESIGN & TECHNOLOGY LTD. P. O. Box 2099 West Lafayette, IN 47906
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(765) 497-3921 Mrs. Brenda S. Sadeghi AF 05-134 Awarded: 28MAR05
Title:	Microelectronical Devices for the Health Monitoring of Nonstructural Materials
Abstract:	The objective of this proposal is to take advantage of advancements in micro-electronics and develop micro-electromechanical device-based sensors (MEMS) for in-situ health monitoring and damage detection of coatings and tribological components (i.e. ball and rolling element bearings) for military aircrafts and space systems. This investigation will include: i) review of existing research on low temperature (140oC) and high temperature (300oC) radio frequency (RF) MEMS temperature and strain telemeters, ii) continued development and advancement of currently available radio temperature, strain and resistive continuity telemeters technology in Innovative Design & Technology Ltd. (ID&T) to MEMS scale and iii) and collaboration with Air Force personnel and a gas turbine engine manufacturers to determine the realistic operating conditions (i.e. speed, etc.) for application and use of our technology. Technology currently available in ID&T will provide the impetus for unique imbedded MEMS for intelligent condition based health monitoring of coatings and machine components. This technology will provide the critical knowledge necessary for smart condition monitoring, detect imminent failure, extend useful life and make obsolete scheduled maintenance. The key personnel and the PI for this project will be Mrs. Brenda Sadeghi President of ID&T who will work closely with Dr. Farshid Sadeghi, the VP of R&D at Innovative Design & Technology, Ltd (ID&T). ID&T will work closely with Professors Dimitrios Peroulis and Saeed Mohammadi of Purdue University (PU)'s Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE). ID&T plans to hire up to four new employees for Phase II of this project.

INTERSPACE, INC. 9700 Great Seneca Highway Rockville, MD 20850
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(301) 527-0606 Mr. Matthew Price AF 05-134 Awarded: 31MAR05
Title:	Microelectronical Devices for the Health Monitoring of Nonstructural Materials
Abstract:	Hydraulic systems are vital to aircraft. They are responsible for functions ranging from highly sophisticated flight controls to brakes. The Air Force uses approximately 1.5 million gallons of hydraulic fluid per year, resulting in over $15 million in procurement and disposal costs. Hydraulic fluid is usually drained from the aircraft during routine maintenance and disposed of as hazardous waste. Recently the Air Force has started purifying hydraulic fluid for reintroduction to aircraft. These purification systems require an online sensor to measure the quality of hydraulic fluid in real-time. The rapid, on-site ability to ensure hydraulic fluid contamination is at an acceptable level is essential to avoid significant delays in servicing aircraft. Although sensors are currently available to measure particulate, water, and solvent contamination, no online sensor exists to measure air content of hydraulic fluid. Air causes problems such as hotspots, cavitation in pumps, poor heat transfer, loss of power, decreased viscosity, foaming, and decreased flash point, which increase the risk of an explosion. InterSpace proposes to develop a unique sensor that noninvasively measures the percent air in hydraulic fluid. The sensor makes measurements in real-time and works with operating hydraulic systems over a wide range of temperatures and pressures.

NANOSONIC, INC. P.O. Box 618 Christiansburg, VA 24068
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(540) 953-1785 Ms. Andrea Hill AF 05-134 Awarded: 31MAR05
Title:	Polymer MEMS Nanostructured Sensors for Coating Analysis and Health Monitoring of Nonstructural Materials
Abstract:	NanoSonic proposes to develop a Polymer MicroElectroMechanical System (PMEMS) device-based sensor for the health-monitoring of wear and corrosion in coatings for this Air Force SBIR program. During Phase I, NanoSonic would design and fabricate novel electrically-conductive, nanostructured thin film sensors formed by Electrostatic Self-Assembly (ESA) to detect surface-related phenomena, such as wear and corrosion, of military aircraft non-structural components. With recent development of Metal RubberTM (MR), we now have the opportunity to implement such Polymer MEMS nanostructured sensors into coatings and materials. MRTM, a new free-standing multifunctional nanostructured material that has high electrical-conductivity, low modulus, and low weight, can be used as an in-situ sensor of chemical modifications and breakdown of surface coatings. NanoSonic has established techniques to control multiple constitutive material properties in coatings and free-standing organic/inorganic thin and thick materials using molecular layer-by-layer ESA processes, by varying the type, size, and structure of incorporated molecules. We would use this low-cost method to fabricate conformal conductive coating materials that could be easily applied on existing composite structural components. MRTM elements may be incorporated into the coating by patterning or ink-jet printing. Integrating co-located interconnected RF circuits into the coating would allow for remote RF mapping of the coating properties.

EM PHOTONICS, INC. 51 East Main Street, Suite 203 Newark, DE 19711
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(302) 456-9003 Dr. Ahmed Sharkawy AF 05-135 Awarded: 01APR05
Title:	An Efficient Method for Fabricating Three-Dimensional Photonic Crystal Structures with Engineered Defects using High Index Polymer Materials.
Abstract:	In this proposal we will develop a general method for fabricating 3D polymer based Photonic Crystal structures (PhCs) with engineered defects. The criterions of such a method include the generality of producing various periodic arrangements of 2D, 3D PhCs with or without aperiodic features, compatibility for different polymer materials and their synthetic processes, batch manufacturability for low cost duplication, integratability for tuning elements and extendibility for other fabrication approaches. In this effort, we propose such a fabrication method. Derived from the mature planar lithography, this method accomplishes 3D confined exposure with mask-controlled in-plan patterns and an absorption-controlled vertical exposure depth. Based on specially selected polymer chemistry, new polymer layer can be applied on the top of previously patterned polymer layer. 3D structure can be built up in a layer-by-layer if the above two processes are repeated for multiple times. Depending on the application, the resulted 3D PhCs can act as the final product or intermediate template for the infiltration of desired polymer material. The ability to efficiently fabricate 3D PhC structures with engineered defects will open a new paradigm for tuning the optical as well as the dispersion properties of PhCs using polymers with refractive index as low as 1.4.

HYBRID TECHNOLOGIES Baird Research Park, 1576 Sweet Home Road Amherst, NY 14228
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(716) 689-9797 Dr. Ryszard Burzynski AF 05-135 Awarded: 07APR05
Title:	Fabrication of Polymeric Photonic Crystals for Photonics Applications.
Abstract:	Hybrid Technologies proposes in this Phase I feasibility program to develop a versatile method of fabricating high refractive index contrast photonic crystal structures. In our approach we will utilize a modified holographic interference method to produce the desired symmetry in a polymeric material. An organic-inorganic hybrid resin will be developed for this purpose comprising a photosensitive polymer and inorganic high index nanoparticles. The strength of this approach is that (i) various symmetries can be achieved through appropriate holographic interference (ii) the use of nanocomposites containing high refractive index nanoparticles lends to produce high index contrast and (iii) the polymer is amenable to functionalization to bring the desired linear and nonlinear optical properties. When the method and material(s) are fully developed, the proposed technology will provide a low-cost means to manufacturing optoelectronic devices for optical communication, information processing and other applications.

OMEGA OPTICS, INC. 10435 Burnet Rd., Suite 108 Austin, TX 78758
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(512) 996-8833 Dr. Wei Jiang AF 05-135 Awarded: 05APR05
Title:	Vertically Constructed Three-dimensional Polymeric Photonic Crystals Based on Nano-Imprint Technology
Abstract:	Nanophotonics promises to have a revolutionary impact on the landscape of photonics technology. Photonic crystal based structures are anticipated to play a significant role in next generation photonic devices. Incorporating the photonic crystal nanostructures provides an unprecedented opportunity to enhance the dispersion, anisotropy, and wavelength/angular sensitivity of photonic materials, which leads to novel approaches to beam steering devices and optical true time delay devices with ultra-compact sizes, among numerous other possibilities. In this program, Omega Optics proposes to employ nano-imprint technology to fabricate three-dimensional(3D) photonic crystals where each 3D layer formation can be completed by only one step instead of 3 to 4 steps through conventional approaches. The proposed fabrication method exploits the unique nature of polymeric materials and offers high throughput, improved yield, and ample design freedom. The imprint technology also results in smooth structural interfaces, which are critical for reducing optical loss. Polymeric photonic crystal samples will be fabricated for the proof-of-concept demonstration of slow photon based true time delay lines suitable for phased array antennas, and superprism effect based beam steering applications in the Phase I program. To this end, these samples will be carefully characterized with regard to structure, group velocity dispersion, and beam steering capability.

BLUE ROAD RESEARCH Clear Creek Business Park, 376 NE 219th Ave Gresham, OR 97030
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(503) 667-7772 Mr. Eric Udd AF 05-136 Awarded: 31MAR05
Title:	Technologies for In Situ Interrogation of Damage States in Structural Materials
Abstract:	A system based on multiparameter fiber optic grating sensors is proposed that is capable of measuring multi-axis strain, pressure and temperature and axial strain and temperature simultaneously. These capabilities enable a system that is uniquely qualified to performed damage state analysis on structures.

GLOBAL CONTOUR LTD. 1145 Ridge Road West Rockwall, TX 75087
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(214) 514-4085 Dr. Jaycee Howard Chung AF 05-136 Awarded: 29MAR05
Title:	Technologies for In Situ Interrogation of Damage States in Structural Materials
Abstract:	The purpose of this SBIR Phase project is to develop a self-powering low-power consuming wireless active sensor architecture that will enable quantification of specific degradation states, failure modes, and usage conditions of structural components that simulates vehicle-operating conditions in harsh environments. Under this proposed SBIR project, the aggressive harsh environment operating active structural health diagnostic sensor/technique, viz., high-temperature piezoelectric wafer active sensors (HT-PWAS) will be developed. Ultimately, HT-PWAS is the structural health monitoring technique in aggressive harsh operating environments to make our self-powering wireless active structural health monitoring sensor architecture (Sp-WASHMS) versatile. SBIR Phase I incorporates three major functional elements, i.e., Energy Scavenging, HT-PWAS and Wireless Transceiving circuits to meet the SBIR requirements by demonstrating aggressive environment structural health diagnostic (HT-PWAS) technique. For the feasibility demonstration, structural damage active sensing at elevated temperatures will be performed on lab specimens (i.e., aircraft jet engine turbine blade and thermal protection system panel) to identify representative materials damage. Phase II is basically the full-scale development (FSD) of a robust field-use versatile Sp-WASHMS system for practical applications to aerospace vehicle power plant and structural thermal protection system (TPS).

INTELLIGENT FIBER OPTIC SYSTEMS CORP. 650 Vaqueros Ave., Suite A Sunnyvale, CA 94085
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(408) 328-8610 Dr. Behzad Moslehi AF 05-136 Awarded: 25MAR05
Title:	High-Temperature Fiber Grating Technologies for In Situ Interrogation of Damage States in Structural Materials
Abstract:	Fiber optic gratings are critical components for advanced multi-point sensor systems that can be used to assess the remaining lifetime of components in highly complex mechanical systems. . Standard gratings, however, degrade at temperatures below the melting point of glass. Thus, the gratings lose their sensing capability in thermally harsh environments. To respond to the Air Force's need for in situ harsh environment sensing technologies to interrogate material and damage states for engine, airframe, and hot structure components, Intelligent Fiber Optic Systems (IFOS) is proposing a grating writing method to significantly extend the operating range of grating-based sensors to temperatures close to the melting point of glass. IFOS will develop a robust high-temperature grating fabrication process and design a multi-point sensor system to demonstrate survivability and operation at high temperatures. The system, which will include a compact interrogator, can simultaneously measure strain, vibration, acceleration, and temperature. The system can be deployed for physical as well as chemical and bio-agents sensing, and is thus applicable to gases in combustion environments and high temperature spectroscopy. It allows for distributed and remote measurement in harsh environments. Sensor readout is accomplished at extremely high speed and high resolution using secure fiber optic links.

FIBER MATERIALS, INC. 5 Morin Street Biddeford, ME 04005
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(207) 282-5911 Dr. Alan Thomas AF 05-137 Awarded: 25MAY05
Title:	Development of Durable, Fiber-Reinforced Refractory Composites for Thermal Protection Systems (TPSs)
Abstract:	Next-generation endo/exoatmospheric hypersonic vehicles require durable thermal protection systems (TPSs) for leading edges, control surfaces and skin acreage that are resistant to impact damage. Fiber Materials Inc. (FMI) proposes a multidirectional fiber reinforced C/C-SiC TPS that demonstrates high impact durability for both low and high velocity debris. FMI's multidirectional C/C-SiC outer skin will be bonded to multiple layers of varying density foam filled with phase change material for thermal management. The developed TPS will be suitable for application in a variety of hypersonic space vehicles. A multi-phase program will be employed for development and analysis of an impact resistant TPS; results will be confirmed by testing under representative conditions. TPS prototype architectures will be fabricated; mechanical, thermal, and low- and high-velocity impact properties will be tested and analyzed.

KAZAK COMPOSITES, INC. 32 Cummings Park Woburn, MA 01801
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 932-5667 Dr. Pavel Bystricky AF 05-137 Awarded: 19MAY05
Title:	Unique Reinforcement Architecture for Impact Resistant Carbon-Carbon Leading Edge
Abstract:	The 2003 Columbia tragedy, in which impact damage to the Shuttle's reinforced carbon-carbon (RCC) leading edge thermal protection system caused later disintegration of the spacecraft upon reentry, has highlighted the need for more impact resistant carbon-carbon composite materials. It is believed that the conventional 2D carbon fiber ply architecture used by NASA may not be capable of providing adequate impact resistance. KaZaK proposes to use its expertise in manufacturing carbon-carbon composite precursors to develop and test RCC composites with a unique reinforcement architecture based on novel woven carbon fiber preforms augmented by carbon nanotube toughening. Composites manufactured from carbon fiber preforms similar to the ones proposed here have recently been shown to exhibit surprising improvements in mechanical properties over conventional composites, including 30% increase in tensile strength, greater than an order of magnitude improvement in fatigue life as well as increase in stiffness and reduction in delamination damage. KaZaK will test the assumption that impact resistance will be greatly improved over RCCs based on 2D or 2.5D conventional ply technology by the combination of more microscopically uniform reinforcement architecture and whiskerized carbon fibers (via CNT addition) in C-C composites manufactured from this novel precursor technology.

SYSTEMS & MATERIALS RESERACH CONSULTANCY 19300 Crosswind Circle Spicewood, TX 78669
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(512) 263-0822 Dr. Alan V. Bray AF 05-138 Awarded: 28MAR05
Title:	High-Temperature Integral Tank Sealant
Abstract:	Chemical modification of AMS 3277 sealants has reached a point that gains in service temperature are becoming more and more difficult to achieve while retaining important sealant properties. The proposed approach forms nanocomposite high temperature sealants from existing off-the-shelf PRC 2001 and PRC 1826 sealants, and surface modified Cloisite nanoparticles. A pre-bid experiment showed that the storage modulus PRC 2001 achieves at 320�F can be achieved in the nanocomposite at 405�F - an 85�F improvement without optimization. Using nanoparticle surface modification methods developed by our team the sealants will be optimized with a goal in Phase I of a 400�F service temperature without loss of sealant properties as defined by AMS 3277 and PRC 2001/1826 data sheets. Deliverables include a full suite of test data for each sealant with a 1 to 1 comparison against current PRC 2001/1826 properties, a Phase I specification, and sample material for independent testing. Blends of commercial sealants with 6-8 off-the-shelf nanoparticles will be made to identify those that demonstrate improving thermal stability. The best performing nanoparticles will be modified through surface and edge treatments to optimize sealant formulations for high service temperatures while retaining physical, thermal, rheological, and curing properties.

TEXAS RESEARCH INSTITUTE AUSTIN, INC. 9063 Bee Caves Road Austin, TX 78733
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(512) 263-2101 Dr. R. Moore/G. Hansen AF 05-138 Awarded: 05APR05
Title:	High-Temperature Integral Tank Sealant
Abstract:	The Air Force has a long history of utilizing integral fuel tank technology as a mechanism for lowering weight and extending flight range and payload of its aircraft. A critical element in the use of these fuel tanks is that they be well sealed to the airframe. These elastomeric seals have been a continual source of leak and degradation problems that have resulted in expensive maintenance and significant aircraft downtime. Sealant materials developed to date do not meet the requirements for high temperature fuel resistance combined with high strength and toughness required by the new generation of military aircraft. TRI/Austin is proposing to meet this need with a new type of tough, high adhesion polymer that can be formulated into a sealant that will be applied to integral fuel tanks using current processes. This polymer is expected to provide excellent inherent fuel resistance along with good strength and toughness, low and high temperature flexibility and adhesion, and good heat resistance in air and fuel vapors.

AGILTRON CORP. 220 Ballardvale St., Suite D Wilmington, MA 01887
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(978) 694-1006 Dr. Jack Salerno AF 05-139 Awarded: 25MAR05
Title:	A New Generation of Polymer Fiber Optic Image Inverter
Abstract:	In this program, leveraging our extensive experience in micro-precision fiber optic products and nano-composite engineering, Agiltron Incorporated proposes to realize high refractive index polymer fibers and associated polymer optic inverters, potentially meeting all the required level of performance. The new class of high performance polymer fiber consists of high refractive organic/inorganic composite core, organic cladding, and high efficient absorption coating. In additional to achieve the anticipated over 70% weight and cost reduction, our approach offers excellent image resolution with minimum distortion and maximum light efficiency. This is achieved through synthesizing large index refraction nano-composite polymer fiber core with unconventionally large optical collecting power. Moreover, a novel organic chromophores technology will be incorporated to produce a highly efficient stray light thin absorb layer for high clarity and resolution. Agiltron will develop the entire inverter fabrication process of polymer synthesis, fiber drawing, assembled, fused, and twist to form high resolution, vacuum tight, solid fiber arrays. This device holds a promise of replacing current glass fiber optic inverters for a new generation of night vision goggles. In Phase I, the feasibility of the proposed approach will be demonstrated.

PARADIGM OPTICS, INC. Suite B106, 14615 NE 13th Court Vancouver, WA 98685
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(360) 573-6500 David Welker AF 05-139 Awarded: 29MAR05
Title:	High-Refractive-Index Polymer Fibers for Imaging Systems
Abstract:	This Small Business Innovative Research Phase I project is focused on the design and development of novel fiber optic arrays for use as image inverters. In a collaborative effort with scientist at Pacific Northwest National Laboratories and Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory we will investigate new methods for incorporating nanoparticles into polymer optical fibers for use in these arrays. To the best of our knowledge this research will lead to the first optical fiber doped with inorganic nanoparticles. The polymer optical fibers produced as a result of this research will be optimal for imaging applications such as fiber optic inverters. Nanoparticle doping of the polymer allows for inexpensive realization of a high refractive index without adversely affecting the optical qualities of the polymer. Conventional doping or copolymerization techniques cannot achieve a high refractive index while maintaining optical quality. Nanoparticle doped polymer image inverters have several distinct advantages over their glass counterparts, including lighter weight and the ability to be doped with organic or inorganic compounds to add functionality to the fiber array and to increase image clarity and resolution of the fiber optic array (inverter).

TREX ENTERPRISES CORP. 10455 Pacific Center Court San Diego, CA 92121
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(808) 245-6465 Dr. William F. Fischer, III AF 05-140 Awarded: 25MAR05
Title:	Optimized Surface Quality of Chemical Vapor Composite Silicon Carbide Mirrors
Abstract:	With the increasing need for high performance optical mirrors, Trex will look to further optimize the as-deposited surface properties of CVC SiC. Improvement in the as-deposited surface figure or finish offers significant potential to reduce the fabrication cost and delivery time. Optimization of the surface quality of as-deposited its proprietary CVC SiC will compress the procurement schedule for CVC SiC mirrors, especially as the aperture increases towards 1.5-meter class structures.

UES, INC. 4401 Dayton-Xenia Road Dayton, OH 45432
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(937) 255-9829 Dr. Tai-Il Mah AF 05-140 Awarded: 29MAR05
Title:	Replicated Hybrid/Composite Mirror Technologies
Abstract:	This Phase I SBIR program is focused on developing engineered materials for a replicated hybrid/composite mirror that can operate in the visible optics range at ambient air or space condition and that has an areal density <7 kg/m2. The proposed replicated mirror system is based on the nano-laminates of SiC and Si3N4. The underlying concept of using SiC and Si3N4 is to construct the mirror, attachment bonding material, and SiC substructure in such a way that they all possess very close thermal expansion coefficients. The replicated SiC/Si3N4 nano-laminate mirror surface will be characterized optically to meet the requirements of the surface figure error and surface roughness (63 nm RMS and 2 nm RMS, respectively).At the end of the program, 10 cm flat replicated mirror with required optical quality will be delivered.

XINETICS, INC. 115 Jackson Rd. Devens, MA 01432
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(978) 772-0352 Mr. Jerry Weaver AF 05-140 Awarded: 25MAR05
Title:	Rapid Mirror Fabrication Using Agile Replication
Abstract:	Lightweight meter class aspheres had been limited to serial glass production prior to the advantages in cost, schedule, and production that were enabled using hybrid SiC and replicated nanolaminate technologies. The proposed program will extend the hybrid mirror advantages to all optical substrate materials. Recent actuated hybrid mirror efforts have focused on areal density, agile fabrication, areal density, natural frequency, and mirror print-through mitigation, and results indicate that highly functional regions exist for both passive and active mirrors fabricated from a host of optical materials. For those applications in a more benign environment, other substrate materials are both viable and can greatly benefit from the hybrid mirror approach. It is our intent during the proposed program to transfer the LLNL developed nanolaminate technology to industry and also develop nanolaminate formulations compatible with the thermal expansivity of other substrate materials. Analytical models developed under the Advanced Mirror Telescope (AMT) program will be used to define both passive and active design regions using alternate substrate materials. Taking advantage of both material properties and processes that exist within the present optical infrastructure, it is our vision that replicated hybrid mirrors will be made with the material that best suits the need.

ADHERENT TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 9621 Camino del Sol NE Albuquerque, NM 87111
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(505) 346-1685 Dr. Ronald E. Allred AF 05-141 Awarded: 29MAR05
Title:	High Quality Powder Towpregs and Tapes for Use with Automated Placement Processes
Abstract:	Manufacture of polymer matrix composite (PMC) jet engine parts is expensive due to the high cost of needed high temperature materials and fabrication processes currently in use. To reduce costs and improve quality, automated composite fabrication methods such as filament winding, automated tape placement, and fiber or tow placement coupled with non-autoclave processing offer great promise for use in a variety of applications. This Phase I program focuses on the development of high temperature towpregs and tapes for use in ATP methods, using ATI's high speed powder impregnation process. The materials to be evaluated will include several commercially available polyimide matrix materials on carbon fibers that are suitable for high-temperature applications, such as fan bypass ducts and front and rear augmenting ducts in jet engines. Coupled with on-line tape production, this method should dramatically reduce the costs associated with producing high-quality impregnated tows and tapes. These 100% solids materials better utilize the expensive high tempreature polyimide resins (low resin loss), provide better uniformity of the matrix resin throughout fabricated parts, and should provide improved mechanical properties in the final components. As such, this approach has the potential for reducing costs by a variety of means.

EXTRUDE HONE CORP. 1 Industry Blvd, P.O. Box 1000 Irwin, PA 15642
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(724) 864-8420 Mr. Randy Gilmore AF 05-141 Awarded: 25MAR05
Title:	Improved Manufacturing Technologies for Aircraft Engines
Abstract:	Critical components for aircraft engines are forcing increasing demands for higher accuracy, advanced materials and smaller features to enable advanced designs. The proposed effort will examine the ability of short pulse laser machining to machine aerospace materials at an acceptable throughput rate with minimal subsurface damage. Materials to be investigated will include commonly used aerospace materials, such as high-nickel alloys, single-crystal material and metallic substrates with a thermal barrier coating. Materials currently being considered for future generation aerospace engines will also be investigated, including ceramic materials. Phase I will establish guidelines for the machinability of a variety of current and future generation aerospace materials, quantify the level of damage caused by short pulse laser machining, establish beam manipulation methods best suited for aerospace geometry requirements and produce an economic model that will define cost savings for selected aerospace components.

FOPAT LLC 3155 Research Blvd Kettering, OH 45420
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(937) 259-1341 Mr. Robert Dzugan AF 05-141 Awarded: 29MAR05
Title:	Improved Manufacturing Technologies for Aircraft Engines
Abstract:	FOPAT LLC of Dayton Ohio in conjunction with Harrington Product Development Center (HPDC) of Cincinnati, Ohio have developed an advanced, dimensionally accurate, temperature-stable, energy-efficient and cost-effective material and process to manufacture patterns for the investment casting industry. Manufacturing of aircraft engine components affordably and accurately is highly dependent on the investment casting process capabilities. The present method for investment casting is "The Lost Wax" process, which is exactly that, the use of wax as a pattern material, which is then melted out or `lost' from the ceramic shell. The molten metal is then poured into the ceramic shell to produce a metal casting. This process goes back thousands of years and while there have been improvements in the wax and processing technology, the material is the same, wax. In the proposed technology, FOPAT (a FOam PATtern material) has been developed which is especially compatible with the investment casting process. FOPAT's team approach of CTM, the machine builder, HPDC, the material developer, S&A, the investment casting expert, and buyCASTINGS the commercialization outlet and program manager, will ensure that the proposed innovation is demonstrated in Phase I, commercialized successfully in Phase II, and meets Air Force's and AMPICC's cost reduction goals.

MAVERICK CORP. 11379 Grooms Road Blue Ash, OH 45242
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(513) 469-9919 Dr. Robert A. Gray AF 05-141 Awarded: 29MAR05
Title:	Improved Manufacturing Technologies for Aircraft Engines
Abstract:	The overall objective of this SBIR Phase I program is to develop a cost-effective method for manufacturing resin transfer molding (RTM) polyimide resins on a continuous basis. Specialized compounding equipment will be utilized to convert a "dry blend" of monomers into Maverick's high-temperature MM-10.8 resin system. This technology will not require the use of a solvent, and thus is considered to be an environmentally friendly process. The cost savings associated with removing the polyimide reactor and subsequent oven unit operation will be extremely significant. Experimental compounding trials will be conducted in order to determine temperature profiles and overall process parameters. Molecular weight distribution, monomer to polyimide conversion, and minimum melt viscosity will be determined on all prospective samples. Maverick plans to team with Berstorff to design the extrusion experiments, and to work with Fiber Innovations, Inc. to RTM composite panels for physical and mechanical testing. This unique collaboration will be key towards the successful development of a low-cost, high-temperature RTM system.

MIKRO SYSTEMS, INC. 770 Harris Street, Suite 104 Charlottesville, VA 22903
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(434) 244-6480 Mr. Michael Appleby AF 05-141 Awarded: 29MAR05
Title:	Improved Manufacturing Technologies for Aircraft Engines
Abstract:	This SBIR project introduces an innovative manufacturing technology that can enable advanced and affordable manufacturing of aircraft engine components. Using micro-molding and casting techniques and application-specific materials, this process has successfully produced fine-featured grids and collimators for x-ray imaging using a tungsten powder/polymer casting composite. Recently, MSI has applied the technology to casting complex 3-D ceramic structures. Preliminary results are promising. An immediate application exists for ceramic strainers used by the investment casting industry to produce precision parts for the aerospace industry. This industry is continually pressured by their customers to reduce the size and number of detectable non-metallic materials in their castings. To accomplish this, the molten metal is poured and filtered through one or more ceramic strainers during the production process. MSI's manufacturing technology provides a cost-effective process for molding and casting micro-scale structures and surfaces over large areas (>40 cm diameter). This forming technology could advance the state-of-the-art in cost-effective, high-efficiency, ceramic strainers by offering: finer pore size, increased flow rate, greater accuracy, and improved filtration performance. Phase I will create and test a number of sample strainers and evaluate the technical feasibility of this manufacturing method for this application.

ASPEN SYSTEMS, INC. 184 Cedar Hill Street Marlborough, MA 01752
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(508) 481-5058 Dr. Jae Ryu AF 05-142 Awarded: 25MAR05
Title:	Compact Water Recovery System Utilizing Permselective Membranes
Abstract:	Aspen Systems proposes to develop a highly efficient and compact water recovery system from the fuel cell exhaust stream by utilizing an innovative water permselective membrane technology. In the proposed water recovery technology, water vapor will be absorbed and transported through a superabsorbing membrane layer. From the superabsorbing membrane, water will be collected via a pervaporation or facilitated transport mechanism by using reduced pressure or air sweeping, respectively. In the proposed concept, the water recovery system and process are completely separate from the fuel cell exhaust stream by the membrane, and therefore, the process can be optimized independently and integration into the existing fuel cell system will be relatively simple. In Phase I, we will experimentally demonstrate the proposed concept of high efficiency water recovery system performance by developing nanocomposite-based water superabsorbing membranes. Based on these experimental results, we will also complete the conceptual engineering design of the prototype water recovery system, including design and performance specifications. In Phase II, we will fabricate and test the prototype permselective membrane-based water recovery system which can be easily integrated into the existing fuel cell power generation system, operating on logistic fuel reformates.

CREARE, INC. P.O. Box 71 Hanover, NH 03755
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(603) 643-3800 Dr. Michael G. Izenson AF 05-142 Awarded: 25MAR05
Title:	Compact Water Recovery for Fuel Cell Power Systems
Abstract:	Compact, efficient, and sustainable generators are needed to provide electric power for deployable military bases. Fuel cells with fuel processors that run on logistic fuel are attractive candidates due to their high efficiency. For good sustainability, these systems require compact water recovery units so they will be self-sufficient for water. We propose to develop a compact water recovery unit. In Phase I we will prove feasibility by assessing candidate technologies, recommending the optimal approach, and demonstrating the key physics in proof-of-concept experiments.

INTERMAT 389 Hill St. Biddeford, ME 04005
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(207) 283-1156 Mr. Richard McLaughlin AF 05-143 Awarded: 21JUN05
Title:	Innovative Thermal Protection Systems (TPSs) for Trajectory Shaping Vehicles (TSVs)
Abstract:	Advanced reentry vehicles desire extended time durations in oxidizing environments, at temperatures in the range of 3000�K. State of the art nosetip materials utilize a high density carbon/carbon (C/C) composite that has a carbide center core. This attribute results in maintenance of the aerodynamic shape of the nosetip for the vehicle. Intermat has produced nosetip billets with a variety of `carbide core' configurations. These cores have been made, flush with the surface of a billet, or with the `core' submerged below the surface of the final nose tip. This technology can be applied to placing carbide material within other defined regions of a parent C/C billet such that either internal or external exposure of the carbide loaded region on the final machined nosetip surfaces. This technology could produce a nosetip with a carbide surface barrier over the shoulder and body areas of the nosetip or submerged under a layer of carbon/carbon. A "shielded" nosetip design having the outer surfaces protected by a carbide layer would permit extended flight time at high altitude, preserve shape stability of the nosetip, while providing a C/C nosetip configuration with integrated core for terminal dive.

STARFIRE SYSTEMS, INC. 10 Hermes road Malta, NY 12020
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(518) 899-9336 Ms. Tatiana Russell AF 05-143 Awarded: 23JUN05
Title:	Graded CMC Structure design for TPS Leading Edge
Abstract:	The program will demonstrate a graded ceramic composite structure design and manufacturing process that supports both sharp edge and large acreage structural TPS fabrication. The ability to combine carbon fibers and silicon carbide fibers in woven reinforcements with graded fiber volume for control of thermal expansion and the ability to form complex shapes integrally into the preform will support fabrication of a graded CMC TPS Leading edge. The proposed innovation will provide a low cost, durable and lightweight CMC structure with an integral Environmental/erosion Barrier (EB) with a low CTE structurally graded CMC TPS system particularly suited for hypersonic vehicle leading edge applications with predicted use temperatures in excess of 3500�F. The grading of the fiber volume in the preform, along with the inclusion of particulates and both SiC and carbon fibers, can be accomplished using a custom gradient density 3WeaveTM 3D woven preform from 3TEX Inc.. The preform can transition from 45% fiber volume to 10% fiber volume through the thickness and the graded matrix is made possible through the use of preceramic polymers that enable the inclusion of particulates or fibers to form low CTE engineered ceramic structures ranging from stoichiometric SiC to solid solutions of HfZrSiC.

RADIATION EFFECTS RESEARCH ASSOC. 4075 Judee Dr. Bloomington, IN 47401
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(812) 388-7293 Mr. Steve Maegerlein AF 05-145 Awarded: 25MAY05
Title:	Insensitive Munitions Booster Explosives
Abstract:	This proposal will develop a booster explosive formulation with a polymetric binder system that will show output improvement over the PBXN-5 explosive performance. The development of the formulation in Phase I will include CL-20 and the polymetric binder system HyTemp 4454. Other binder systems will also be considered if they show a technological advantage. The formulation proposed for research & development in Phases' I & II of this proposal will be evaluated and tested to include a reduction of volume to be used in smaller munitions. The proposed formulation will provide a 15 % increase or better goal in output for the booster formulation without compromising the hazard classification. The team we have assembled is particularly suited to perform this work. This proposal is a joint venture between Radiation Effects Research Associates and Maegerlein Materials Investigations. Our mentoring larger business is ATK Thiokol which holds many patents for explosive formulations. Mr. Maegerlein is the Principle Investigator and has many years of experience in the testing and analysis of chemical explosive formulations. ATK Thiokol has the facilities for manufacturing and testing as described by the SBIR topic.

TRITON SYSTEMS, INC. 200 TURNPIKE ROAD Chelmsford, MA 01824
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(978) 250-4200 Dr. Keith Higginson AF 05-146 Awarded: 06JUN05
Title:	Quantum Dot Bar Codes For Target Tagging(1000-685)
Abstract:	Triton Systems Inc. will use semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) as spectral target markers for small munitions. These are high yield fluorescent materials with some unique advantages: they are resistant to bleaching, they have high quantum yields and large extinction cross sections, and their emission band is narrow but their absorption spectrum is broad. Because of this, multiple species of QDs can be used in the tag to create a unique signature which can positively identify labeled targets with a low probability for false alarms. The quantum dots will be engineered into an inorganic matrix to impart stability during the blast and during subsequent weathering. They will be interrogated with a laser and recorded spectroscopically. The feasibility of observing this from 20,000 feet and against a daylight background is considered.

CENTEYE, INC. 6 Logan Circle NW, Suite 5 Washington, DC 20005
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(202) 238-9545 Dr. Geoffrey L. Barrows AF 05-147 Awarded: 04MAY05
Title:	Multiaperture Optical Systems
Abstract:	We will develop a multi-aperture compound eye, with embedded processing, that conforms to the shape of a warhead, UAV, or other robot nose or front-end. The compound eye architecture will be an "array of arrays" structure, with individual elements comprised of low-resolution vision chips having on-chip mixed-signal processing circuitry. The compound eye structure will also include multiple processor cores, embedded in the vision chips, to support a wide variety of image processing functions. The resulting compound eye will have a low mass and volume, will have a wide field of view, and will process images at a rate of hundreds or thousands of frames per second. The compound eye will be inexpensive to manufacture in large quantities.

SPECTRAL IMAGING LABORATORY 1785 Locust St. #10 Pasadena, CA 91106
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(626) 578-0626 Dr. Francis Reininger AF 05-147 Awarded: 19APR05
Title:	Conformal Array Superposition Sensor
Abstract:	The U. S. Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) has an interest in developing a very wide field of view (FOV) sensor that can be made conformal to an aircraft surface. The new sensor should be adaptable to imaging in both the visible and the 8 - 12 micron long wavelength infrared (LWIR) regimes. The optics of the sensor will resemble the eyes of arthropods, which have evolved tiny, multi-aperture structures consisting of large numbers of independent facets on a convex surface that can collect light through a very large FOV (i.e. 180 degrees). These "compound eyes" are built as conformal structures around the outside of an animal's head in order to displace a minimal volume for maximum utility. The large FOV and small, conformal shape make these optical architectures worthy of investigation for the AFRL seeker/sensor project. The Spectral Imaging Laboratory will design large FOV, conformal superposition optics that utilize multi-aperture array optics and shaped fiber optics. The superposition architecture is desirable because it can yield a 10,000 fold increase in sensitivity over apposition optics.

LYNNTECH, INC. 7607 Eastmark Drive, Suite 102 College Station, TX 77840
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(979) 693-0017 Dr. Sorin Teodorescu AF 05-148 Awarded: 20MAY05
Title:	A Novel, Small High-power Output Biofuel Cell
Abstract:	The development of small, high-power output biofuel cells as alternate power sources are very important for stand-alone sensors, sight and illumination devices, implantable devices, and biological sensors. The biofuel cells must be lightweight, cost-effective, and provide greater power densities than currently available power sources. This Phase I SBIR proposal describes the development of a dual enzyme-based biofuel cell that contains a specially formulated polymer for each electrode. The polymers will enhance the stability of the enzymes, improve their immobilization on the substrates (electrode), increase the electron transfer rate between electrodes and boost the power output of the biofuel cell.

LUNA INNOVATIONS, INC. 2851 Commerce Street Blacksburg, VA 24060
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(540) 552-5128 Mr. Jonathan Graf AF 05-149 Awarded: 12MAY05
Title:	Dynamic Module Server for FPGA Defragmentation
Abstract:	Luna Innovations proposes to develop a Dynamic Module Server (DMS) that manages dynamically reconfigurable modules to prevent fragmentation in runtime-reconfiguring FPGA applications. The DMS will be capable of maximizing the available contiguous FPGA resources by efficiently floorplanning the modules currently running on the FPGA. While many FPGA defragmentation approaches model the FPGA as a two dimensional (2D) memory grid and the configurable elements running on the FPGA as easily distributable blocks in that grid, such modeling simplifies the real-world complexities of routing between the interrelated configurable elements and external I/O. Luna's proposed Dynamic Module Server will take into account not only fragmentation within the FPGA, but it will also provide for module interconnections and external I/O connections by pre-compiling both the modules and their interconnects. This simplifies the runtime routing of these modules because most of the work will have been performed at compile time. Optional pre-computations allow connections to be incorporated in the module's bitstream without incurring any runtime overheads. The Phase 1 effort will consist of the research and design necessary to create the DMS. At the end of the Phase 1 effort, a working first-generation DMS prototype will be demonstrated using a Xilinx Virtex-II FPGA.

SPACE PHOTONICS, INC. 700 Research Center Blvd. Fayetteville, AR 72701
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(479) 575-5221 Mr. Fred Orlando AF 05-149 Awarded: 13MAY05
Title:	Performance Enhanced Managed FPGA
Abstract:	The Managed FPGA is a system component that contains a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), System-on-a-Chip (SoC), and security features, packaged within a Multichip Module (MCM), that make this enhanced FPGA a sustainable, upgradeable component for use in DoD applications. Innovations include the use of a SoC to manage FPGA configurable logic block (CLB) defragmentation and perform security functions. The CLB defragmentation algorithm is implemented in a standard high level language (i.e., C/C++) on the SoC, easing the upgrade and maintenance cycle as new technologies become available. Security features include basic key management, programmable decryption algorithms for bit stream security, and future Anti-Tamper management. Leveraging our team's experience as one of the Nation's leading aerospace innovators and developers (FireFiberT transceivers, IEEE 1393 FireRingT network, LaserFireT laser-com link and IntelNodeT gateway), Space Photonics, Inc. (SPI) is in a unique position to successfully develop the Managed FPGA system component. Previous development efforts will also be leveraged including SPI's experience with MCM development and production for NASA, NRO and AFRL.

ACTA, INC. 2790 Skypark Drive, Suite 310 Torrance, CA 90505
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(310) 530-1008 Dr. Timothy K. Hasselman AF 05-151 Awarded: 16MAY05
Title:	Development of Multi-Hit Nonlinear Progressive Collapse Models for Fixed Targets
Abstract:	A Phase I Project is proposed to demonstrate the feasibility of developing Multi-hit Nonlinear Progressive Collapse Models for Fixed Targets. The stated objective is to develop High-Fidelity Physics-Based (HFPB) fast-running models (FRMs) for simulating the nonlinear progressive collapse of aboveground fixed target structures damaged by multiple air-delivered conventional weapons. Phase I will demonstrate the feasibility of (a) developing nonlinear resistance functions for building components (beams and columns) damaged due to air blast and fragment loading of Air Force weapons, (b) implementing these functions in a nonlinear structural analysis program for collapse analysis and (c) using energy methods to compute approximate collapse ratios efficiently for the multi-hit optimization.

WEIDLINGER ASSOC., INC. 375 Hudson St FL 12 New York, NY 10014
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(650) 229-1549 Mr. David Vaughan AF 05-151 Awarded: 16MAY05
Title:	Development of Multi-Hit Nonlinear Progressive Collapse Models for Fixed Targets
Abstract:	Weidlinger Associates Inc. (WAI) proposes to develop a High Fidelity Physics Based (HFPB) Fast Running Model (FRM) to assess the potential for Progressive Collapse (PC) of aboveground fixed structures as a result of targeting by air-to-ground munitions. Both single and multi-hit targeting scenarios will be supported. This effort will produce a prototype PC assessment tool that may be incorporated into AFRL's MEVA (Modular Effectiveness Vulnerability Assessment) software environment in a later development phase. The availability of an HFPB FRM for PC assessment will facilitate the development of optimized targeting plans that minimize the potential for collateral damage. WAI's FLEX finite element software, extensively verified and validated for blast and progressive collapse applications, will be used to provide the HFPB component of this work. A theoretical approach first explored in the ProCAT FRM tool for progressive collapse will be adapted to meet MEVA's targeting requirements and structural modeling demands. The FRM developed in this effort will have a short run time and 80% statistical reliability

KARAGOZIAN & CASE 2550 North Hollywood Way, Suite 500 Burbank, CA 91505
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(818) 303-1254 Mr. David Bogosian AF 05-152 Awarded: 12MAY05
Title:	Structural Response Models for Masonry and Stud Walls
Abstract:	An eight month, $99,918 Phase I SBIR effort is proposed for demonstrating the feasibility of generating fast-running models to predict the response of masonry walls to cased munitions effects. The models will be based on the results of high-fidelity physics based models. Project scope includes walls of brick, structural clay tile, adobe, and stone masonry, plus wood and metal stud walls. Proposed innovative features include application of combined blast and fragment loads to finite element models of masonry walls, use of finite element models to represent attachment failure for metal stud walls, and use of probabilistic three-dimensional P-I-I surfaces as the fast-running model. Phase I will primarily address validation of the high-fidelity models, definition of parameters and their ranges, evaluation of analytical options for characterizing the wall's residual capacity, and investigation of the 3D P-I-I surface methodology. The primary deliverable will be a final technical report summarizing all findings and establishing a clear work plan for Phase II.

NUMEREX 2309 Renard Place SE, Suite 220 Albuquerque, NM 87106
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(607) 277-4272 Dr. John W. Luginsland AF 05-153 Awarded: 24MAY05
Title:	Computational analysis of the physics of electrically-enhanced, high velocity impact initiation of volumetric explosives
Abstract:	NumerEx will provide computational support to on-going Air Force efforts to develop the means to robustly initiate and focus volumetric blast weapons, such as thermobarics and fuel-air mixtures, via electrified shape charge jets . Based on detailed multi-dimensional first-principle calculation, NumerEx will validate the model against experimental data, design a suitable proof-of-principle experiment to demonstrate focused blast effects, and develop an assessment of potential issues facing focused blast technology as it transitions from basic research to development, test, and evaluation.

WILFRED BAKER ENGINEERING, INC. 3330 Oakwell Court, Suite 100 San Antonio, TX 78218
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(210) 824-5960 Dr. Kelly Thomas AF 05-153 Selected for Award
Title:	Methods to Direct and Focus Blast
Abstract:	This project will determine a means of focusing blast waves from volumetric explosives such as thermobaric and vapor cloud explosions. The work will be carried out using a combination of numerical and experimental approaches and will produce a first optimization of the selected solution.

TROUT GREEN TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 9415 Burnet Rd #302 Austin, TX 78758
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(512) 873-9899 Dr. Gary Marsden AF 05-154 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Active Camouflage Techniques for Micro Vehicles
Abstract:	We propose a pair of active camouflage architectures for micro air vehicles based on optical sensors and a novel yet practical optoelectronic packaging scheme.

NANOSONIC, INC. P.O. Box 618 Christiansburg, VA 24068
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(540) 953-1785 Dr. Bradley A. Davis AF 05-155 Awarded: 13MAY05
Title:	Target Detection using a Computationally Efficient Physics-Based Modeling Tool
Abstract:	In this Phase I SBIR program, NanoSonic would apply its expertise in analytical and computational techniques in electromagnetics to implement and validate a powerful solution for detection of obscured and hidden targets. In accomplishing this program, NanoSonic has significant experience with random media propagation as well as computational techniques. In addition, NanoSonic would work with an expert from a major research university who specializes in random surface scattering and the radar systems group from a prime defense contractor. Although most current approaches use a radiative transfer method, they are either purely phenomenological or too complex for rapid solution. Alternatively, assuming independently scattering between scattering centers, it is possible to convert single-frequency models of the individual RCS of discrete constituents and the RCS per unit area for an extended surface into models for the incoherent time-dependent average scattered waveform produced under pulse illumination. We have used this impulse response approach to characterize time-domain the return from a random medium over a rough interface with a hidden target. The reduced-order model yields the returned power waveform from both the surface and volume in a convolutional form. This permits the rapid and efficient evaluation of the waveform using the FFT.

POLATIN CORP. 57 Janet Terrace New Hartford, NY 13413
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(315) 731-9433 Dr. James I. Tonnison AF 05-155 Awarded: 06MAY05
Title:	Realistic Simulation and Accurate Detection of Targets Obscured in Terrain Clutter
Abstract:	The research described in this proposal is intended to provide a basis for the development of advanced software technologies for accurate simulation and robust detection of targets obscured by natural clutter. The specific purpose of the proposed work is to: (1) develop a simulation package capable of reproducing the sensor signatures of targets obscured by environmental factors; and (2) formulate efficient algorithms to reliably detect man-made targets in clutter. Using the methodologies that are the product of this effort, it should be possible to implement a real-time processing system capable of detecting targets in a wide range of natural environments.

NANOCOMPOSIX, INC. 4336 Proctor Pl. San Diego, CA 92116
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(619) 890-0704 Dr. Steven Oldenburg AF 05-156 Awarded: 24MAY05
Title:	Transport, Compartmentalization, and Effects of Nanoparticles in the Environment
Abstract:	The inclusion of nanoparticle-based materials into advanced weapon design has raised issues concerning the fate of the nanoparticles once they are released into the environment. In order to ensure that these materials are safe, new testing methodologies are required for quantifying (1) the transport of nanoparticles through soil, water, and the atmosphere; (2) the uptake and bioaccumulation potential of nanoparticles in plants and lower organisms; and (3) the impact of nanoparticles on animals and humans. To facilitate this analysis, multi-functional nanocomposite simulant particles will be precisely fabricated that allow for control over the size, shape, density, charge, hydrophobicity, and reactive state of the particles. This new class of environmental tracer particles have high extinction cross sections and are easily identified using optical and electron microscopes. Nanoparticle release, transport, degradation, and accumulation of simulant nanoparticles will be studied in soil, water, and atmospheric testing environments.

21ST CENTURY TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 4515 Seton Center Parkway, Suite 320 Austin, TX 78759
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(512) 342-0010 Mr. Thayne Coffman AF 05-159 Selected for Award
Title:	Foveated ACquisition, Tracking, and Object Recognition (FACTOR)
Abstract:	Recently-developed foveating optical sensors like the VASI camera offer new opportunities to significantly increase the effectiveness of automated munitions, unmanned aerial vehicles, and missile defense systems. Foveating sensors reduce the bandwidth and computation required to perform image processing. Without appropriate image processing algorithms, however, these cameras cannot be effectively used. Robust algorithms for solving these problems do not yet exist. This proposal describes the Foveated ACquisition, Tracking, and Object Recognition (FACTOR) effort, which will develop the algorithms needed to demonstrate the advantages of foveating sensors on the modern battlefield. FACTOR will leverage the new sensors by developing novel algorithms for camera foveation control, and by tailoring existing target acquisition, tracking, and recognition algorithms for use on foveated imagery. FACTOR will let the U.S. Air Force exploit its new sensors to simultaneously achieve wide fields of view, high spatial resolution on multiple targets of interest, and extremely high frame rates. The result will be more effective smart munitions, lower bandwidth requirements for video transmission off of UAVs, and new opportunities for tracking extremely fast targets like incoming ballistic missiles.

ACULIGHT CORP. 11805 North Creek Parkway S., Suite 113 Bothell, WA 98011
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(425) 482-1100 Dr. Matthias Savage-Leuchs AF 05-159 Awarded: 18APR05
Title:	Fiber laser for advanced guidance research
Abstract:	The DoD requires new sources of eye safe, short pulse, laser radiation to enable the next generation laser radar (LADAR) seekers. Conventional eye safe laser sources using diode-pumped solid-state laser (DPSSL) and optical parametric oscillator (OPO) technologies have difficulties to meet the packaging requirements and to operate with constant pulse width at variable repetition rate. Also, the efficiency of DPSSL+OPO systems is two times lower compared to 1.5�Ym fiber laser systems. In Phase I of this project, Aculight will build and deliver to the DoD a prototype fiber laser that will meet the pulse duration, beam quality, and polarization requirement for the next generation LADAR lasers but at slightly reduced power. In Phase II Aculight will deliver a full power all-fiber laser transmitter meeting the DoD requirements. Our novel approach enables flexible compact packaging without the need for any free space propagation and leverages heavily from the telecommunications industry, using off the shelf fiber-optic components where available.

HITTITE MICROWAVE CORP. 20 Alpha Road Chelmsford, MA 01824
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(978) 250-3343 Mr. Michael Booth AF 05-159 Awarded: 22APR05
Title:	Guidance Research
Abstract:	Sensors used for small weapons guidance include radars operating in microwave and millimeter wave frequencies, which are built into a phased-array with T/R modules. In traditional phased-array antenna systems, a common source is connected to a power distribution network that generates RF signals for each T/R module. This proposal describes a revolutionary approach of integrating unique signal sources within each T/R module, based upon recent demonstration of a single-chip phased-locked oscillator developed at Hittite Microwave Corporation. The proposed design achieves beamsteering by a time delay circuit contained within the phase-locking loop, and it allows single-plane integration of RF circuits, thus eliminating all vertical RF connections. This approach eliminates the high-power signal generator, reduces the circuit loss, and enables low-cost assembly of planar RF modules. Hittite has demonstrated some of the basic building blocks including a totally integrated synthesizer and a time delay circuit, and developed a packaging concept for complete arrays and sub-arrays. The proposed program will lead to implementation of a miniaturized RF seeker for application in small platforms. The proposed RF seeker may be used in conjunction with electro-optic seekers with all-weather operational capabilities.

NOVA RESEARCH, INC. 320 Alisal Road, Suite 104 Solvang, CA 93463
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(805) 693-9600 Mr. Mark A. Massie AF 05-159 Awarded: 18APR05
Title:	Acquisition and Tracking Algorithms to Exploit Foveal Sensors
Abstract:	A new class of imaging sensors, "foveal sensors", have been developed recently for the purpose of providing (a) wide field of view, (b) high frame rate operation and (c) very high spatial resolution. Patterned after the model of the human visual system, these new imaging sensors will enable the development of a large new class of real-time algorithms specifically designed to acquire and track targets of interest. This proposed program will seek to exploit the new capabilities of foveal sensors by developing a suite of algorithms that efficiently detect and track moving objects in moving cluttered backgrounds. Under past and concurrent AFRL/MNGI sponsorship, the "Variable Acuity Superpixel Imager" (VASI) devices developed at Nova Sensors is just such an enabling device; it provides the capability for the user or controlling processor to change the spatial configuration of high- and lower spatial resolution pixels at the frame rate. It will be increasingly important to exploit the use of this class of imaging sensor with new algorithms that are specifically designed to make use of the spatially-tunable nature of the focal plane array (FPA).

POLARIS SENSOR TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 5710 Jones Valley Drive Huntsville, AL 35802
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(256) 824-3230 Mr. John Harchanko AF 05-159 Awarded: 16MAY05
Title:	Guidance Research
Abstract:	Traditional seeker optics are composed of domes, gimbals, and other expensive components that can be difficult to integrate into the missile. A concept in which the seeker components are more easily integrated and conformal to the missile airframe is desirable. The proposed concept utilizes a multiple non-imaging detector scheme to collect the target signature that can be wrapped around the airframe, similar to a compound eye. Placement of the sensors is much less critical allowing for optimal warhead placement which helps provide for more predictable, lethal warheads. Sensors are constructed to be low-cost and occupy a small volume. This proposal discusses our concept for these sensors, their construction, and our design approach.

TERNION CORP. 3325 Triana Blvd. Huntsville, AL 35805
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(256) 881-9933 Mr. William Brinda AF 05-159 Awarded: 09JUN05
Title:	Guidance Research
Abstract:	The purpose of the proposed effort is to study the feasibility of developing an analysis system that will optimize technological parameters within the Integrated Concept Analysis Tool (ICET) at the Air Force Research Lab's Munitions Directorate (AFRL/MN). The goal is to leverage the capabilities of advanced optimization codes such as Sandia Laboratory's Dakota Project by using the metric's collected by an ICET scenario as iterative inputs to the optimization codes.

ANYAR, INC. 891 Coldwater Creek Circle Niceville, FL 32578
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(850) 217-9938 Mrs. Lisa Radliff AF 05-160 Awarded: 13MAY05
Title:	Ordnance Research for Complex Dispensing Warheads
Abstract:	The primary purpose of this proposal is to study and demonstrate the feasibility of building a fast-running physics based simulation of a warhead that dispenses several independent submunitions from the warhead using a Windows based PC to host the simulation. In the simulation system to be designed, each submunition will "guide" itself independently to a representative above ground (or hard) target. The collection of dispensed submunitions will penetrate into dispersed target void spaces in the target model, which will allow each submunition to interact with target subcomponents such as barrels, computers, etc. To couple the evolving forces and moments on objects in the simulation, the simulation system must be designed to employ a basic 6-DOF integrator that will accurately and efficiently estimate the new state of multiple colliding, interacting objects.

MUSTANG TECHNOLOGY GROUP, L.P. 400 W. Bethany, Suite 110 Allen, TX 75013
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(972) 747-0707 Mr. David Boroson AF 05-160 Awarded: 19MAY05
Title:	Urban FAST
Abstract:	The objective of SBIR F051-160-0885 is to "demonstrate the merit and feasibility of a height-of-burst (HOB) fuze proximity sensor operating in an urban environment. Mustang Technology Group, LP has successfully demonstrated the FAST proximity sensor that meets the Air Force need for an affordable next generation height-of-burst (HOB) fuze sensor. The FAST concept offers many key system benefits including; (1) programmable 0.5 meter accuracy height-of-burst, (2) ground profiling, even with heavy foliage, (3) height-of-burst, near surface burst, and penetrator operating modes, (4) affordable design based on low cost commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components, and (5) meets production goal costs of $1500 for nose mount and $2000 for tail mount variants. This effort will consist of developing and implementing innovative algorithms that will enhance the capability of the existing FAST sensor so that it can meet the unique requirements associated with an urban environment. This will enable the key system benefits listed above to still be maintained, plus will provide a significant reduction in the collateral damage potential associated with dropping bombs in an urban environment.

TRILION QUALITY SYSTEMS 200 Barr Harbor Drive, Suite 400 West Conshohocken, PA 19428
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(610) 722-5100 Mr. Timothy E. Schmidt AF 05-160 Selected for Award
Title:	Revolutionary Materials Research Technology for High-Strain-Rate Ordnance Research
Abstract:	The development of aerospace technology is in part limited by the development and implementation of advanced materials. The challenge is to accelerate the maturation and insertion times of advanced materials to support the delivery of technically advanced systems. The precise modeling of these advanced materials and structures is only possible with accurate measurements of their real dynamic response. High-strain-rate testing of these advanced materials is limited by existing methods. Non-contact, high-speed, optical strain measurement looks to broadly extend the capabilities of the split-Hopkinson bar high-strain-rate test method, currently applicable for homogeneous, ductile materials, to be valid for the study of advanced brittle and composite materials. This capability will offer broad abilities to measure the high-strain-rate material properties at the sample, rather than inferring these properties from remote gages, reducing the limitations on materials, geometries and environments, producing better material data for the advancement of aerospace and ordinance technologies. Modern ordinace systems are operating at higher temperatures and using brittle and composite materials. This work is corner stone to the further development of these advanced materials.

PERCEPTEK 12395 North Mead Way Littleton, CO 80125
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(720) 344-1037 Mr. William Severson AF 05-161 Selected for Award
Title:	IR Algorithms for Video-Aided Navigation
Abstract:	This project will develop a FLIR-based visual odometry capability for Unmanned Air Vehicles, giving them a robust autonomous navigation capability. The system will allow UAVs to maintain an accurate estimate of their own motion in the absence of GPS, with INS drift, and in day or night operating conditions. Key aspects of our development strategy are to (1) fully exploit all available FLIR phenomenology to make the system most generally applicable, (2) consider a wide variety of navigation system sensory inputs to be useful to many UAV platforms, and (3) not be tied to a single motion estimation approach but rather evaluate several candidate approaches in the development of our preferred approach for real-time implementation and demonstration on Phase II. During Phase I we will develop feature extraction methods appropriate for FLIR and motion estimation, conduct trade studies of motion estimation approaches using FLIR features, and develop a preferred approach for Phase II.

SET ASSOC. CORP. 3811 N. Fairfax Drive, Suite 350 Arlington, VA 22203
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(301) 220-2123 Dr. Reuven Meth AF 05-162 Selected for Award
Title:	Real-Time Video Stabilization for Micro-Air Vehicles
Abstract:	Real-time stabilization of videos aquired by Micro Air Vehicles (MAVs) is a challenging problem due to unconstrained platform motion and the quality of video frames. As the potential of video exploitation using MAV platforms is being realized, real-time stabilization of MAV videos for presentation to warriors as well as for subsequent exploitation has become a key technology enabler. In this Phase I effort, SET Associates proposes to develop a real-time video stabilization algorithm appropriate for EO video cameras on MAVs. Our approach fuses two complimentary approaches: one based on optical flow and the other on tracking horizons. Both approaches are inspired by biological systems. The optical flow based approach yields real-time stabilization but suffers from lack of robustness due to errors in computing optical flow. The horizon-based approach is more accurate, but can only estimate pitch and roll. Our fusion approach achieves more robust stabilization through the use of an extended Kalman filter that incorporates error covariances of the optical flow and horizon tracking algorithms. We will demonstrate evaluate the performance of the fused algorithm on a variety of MAV video clips.

CORNERSTONE RESEARCH GROUP, INC. 2750 Indian Ripple Rd. Dayton, OH 45440
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(937) 320-1877 Mr. Christopher D. Hemmelgarn AF 05-164 Awarded: 10MAY05
Title:	Vectored-Thrust MAV for BIA Operations in Urban Environments
Abstract:	Cornerstone Research Group, Inc. (CRG), proposes to design and demonstrate a vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) micro air vehicle (MAV) with vectored thrust for high maneuverability and platform stability. CRG will design and demonstrate a MAV providing the capabilities necessary for operating in cluttered urban environments while transferring real time reconnaissance information for bomb impact assessment (BIA). The proposed multi-degree-of-freedom (DOF) MAV will use a vectored thrust propulsion system designed to allow the MAV body to remain level during all stages of flight while providing high maneuverability for collision avoidance in low-altitude operations. Lightweight structural components are essential to the design of a VTOL MAV where thrust-to-weight ratios greater than 1 are required. To accomplish this, CRG will employ its lightweight high-strength syntactic materials in the design of the MAV structure. In Phase I CRG will develop and validate performance of the vectored thrust propulsion system, design a lightweight integrated structure, and select and evaluate microelectronics for control architecture (stability, navigation, communications). In addition, CRG will fabricate and demonstrate a radio-controlled (R/C) prototype MAV.

LITE MACHINES CORP. 1291 Cumberland Ave #H West Lafayette, IN 47906
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(765) 463-0959 Mr. Paul Arlton AF 05-164 Awarded: 18APR05
Title:	Rotary Wing UAV for Bomb Impact Assessment within an Urban Environment
Abstract:	Warfare within a city is a difficult business not only because of the abundance of man-made obstacles, but because the effects of bomb strikes are difficult to measure. Reconnoitering at low altitude and close range by a manned aircraft is often prohibitively dangerous because of the lack of maneuvering room and the high probability of hostile fire. A small, unobtrusive UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) capable of transporting sensors such as a video camera to a bomb impact site would greatly assist in determining, in real-time, the efficacy of the strike without exposing the operator to danger. In this Phase I study, Lite Machines will develop a variant of its rotary-wing UAVs and will study possible launch strategies from an existing munitions platform and the effectiveness of the UAV for bomb impact assessment in a cluttered urban environment.

FIRST POINT SCIENTIFIC, INC. 5330 Derry Avenue, Suite J Agoura Hills, CA 91301
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(818) 707-1131 Dr. Rod Greaves AF 05-165 Awarded: 13MAY05
Title:	Positron Source for Enhanced Endurance Platforms
Abstract:	Antimatter offers the highest energy density of any known material; its energy density is more than ten orders of magnitude greater than conventional fuels and about 1000 times greater than possible with fusion energy. Thus, if the feasibility of a practical antimatter power source can be demonstrated, it will have a fundamental impact on the capabilities of enhanced duration airborne weapons platforms as well as many other applications. The key elements of an antimatter power system are: (1) the antimatter source; (2) antimatter storage; and (3) antimatter energy conversion. In the near term, a positron-based antimatter system is most practical based on the large amount of positron research that has been done. First Point Scientific, Inc. together with the University of California Riverside, both leaders in positron technology development, propose to provide an initial demonstration of the feasibility of a positron-based power system by developing a High Flux Positron Source (HFPS). The Phase I project will evaluate the feasibility of the technologies necessary to accomplish this, and will result in the preliminary design for an HFPS of highly advanced and scalable capabilities that will be constructed and demonstrated in Phase II.

STARVISION TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 1700 Research Parkway Suite 170 College Station, TX 77845
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(979) 458-1445 Mr. Michael Jacox AF 05-165 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	AARS: A System Solution to Autonomous Aerial Refueling of Powered Munitions
Abstract:	StarVision Technologies proposes to conduct an experimental feasibility assessment of an innovative and robust Autonomous Aerial Refueling System (AARS). The system has been developed specifically for powered munitions and will provide significant battlefield enhancements by allowing persistent and sustained air operations. The AARS proposed is the result of several years of studies and feasibility assessments and includes a novel vision-based relative navigation sensor, an Intelligent Supervisory Control system and customized refueling hardware. Leveraging prior feasibility assessments, the proposed Phase I effort will include an innovative flight experiment including the critical components of the AARS, a Boeing-donated vehicle and ground support contributions from the Texas A&M University's Flight Mechanics Lab. The proposed Phase I flight experiment will help benchmark a high fidelity simulation model of the AARS with a powered munition. The flight experiment will address key feasibility issues and mitigate risks of conducting a Phase II aircraft-to-aircraft demonstration of the AARS in a relevant environment.

ATA ENGINEERING, INC. 11995 El Camino Real, Suite 200 San Diego, CA 92130
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(858) 480-2085 Dr. Gareth Thomas AF 05-166 Awarded: 25MAY05
Title:	Development of Techniques to Reduce Jerk for High Impact Munition Fuzes
Abstract:	This proposal addresses the development of techniques to reduce the jerk experienced by electronic components mounted in high impact munitions fuzes. The general approach that will be adopted in the proposed program attacks the shock protection issue at two levels. At the warhead housing level, device concepts will be explored that dissipate energy by plastically deforming in a controlled way. This strategy will lead to lower acceleration levels throughout the system and hence reduce jerk across the board. A limitation of this method is that excessive flexibility in the housing may compromise its penetration capability. The possibility of mounting the fuze from an energy dissipation structure with a parallel load path to the main housing will be considered because of this concern. The second level of protection will be provided at the electronic component level. Careful tuning of the mounts used to support the sensitive components will help avoid damaging dynamic amplification due to ringing after impact. Insight into this issue will be generated by calculating shock response spectra in the housing level impact analyses. These analyses will be undertaken using an explicit nonlinear dynamic analysis code after preliminary analyses have been undertaken with more time-efficient tools.

LRK ASSOC. 18223 Indian Creek Drive Lake Oswego, OR 97035
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(503) 620-9977 Dr. Laurence Keefe AF 05-166 Awarded: 26MAY05
Title:	Fuse Jerk Reduction and Optimum Deceleration from a Compliant Material System
Abstract:	The potential for structural failures in fuse assemblies on hardened-target penetrators results from both the high decelerations experienced and their short duration. Fuse survivability would be enhanced by lowering the magnitude, and extending the duration, of the deceleration pulse transmitted from the weapon to the fuse. LRK Associates proposes to model and analyze the shock-smoothing performance of a compliant material system that naturally smooths rise- and fall-times to reduce jerk, and then provides a constant, optimum deceleration lower than the shock peak in between. This latter level can be set by a simple mechanical adjustment. The system is passive, requiring neither electrical power nor logic, and should be constructible from commercially available materials. The system scales well to different fuse masses, and can be used during both impact deceleration and launch acceleration. Initial analysis predicts this system allows less than 20% of the fuse displacement produced by a damped linear system subject to the same maximum acceleration.

KARAGOZIAN & CASE 2550 North Hollywood Way, Suite 500 Burbank, CA 91505
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(818) 240-1919 Mr. John Crawford AF 05-167 Awarded: 04MAY05
Title:	Development of HFPB Structural Response Models for Steel Column/Girder Construction
Abstract:	Karagozian & Case and ACTA, Inc., are pleased to propose a nine-month Phase I SBIR project to demonstrate the feasibility of capturing the fidelity of high-fidelity physics based (HFPB) models in a fast-running format suitable for predicting the response of steel column/girder construction in steel frame buildings. It is anticipated that such models will be incorporated in certain modules of the Modular Effectiveness/Vulnerability Assessment (MEVA) code, developed for and currently used by the Air Force for assessing munitions effectiveness and target vulnerability. Current engineering models employ-resistance functions, regression analysis (e.g., in the form of P-I diagrams predicting member failure states) and other simplifying analytic approaches-in ways that are unnecessarily restrictive, thereby losing the fidelity inherent in HFPB models. For predicting the response of steel frame buildings, generalizations of these accepted techniques offer the means of overcoming restrictions that have limited both the fidelity and utility of conventional engineering/fast-running models. The new modeling techniques-incorporating higher fidelity physics, enhanced response/damage visualization, and improved stochastic modeling-would include the effects of steel column/girder connections on column/girder response, including the influence of column dead load, shear failure and buckling, all of which are missing from MEVA's current steel frame model.

SET ASSOC. CORP. 3811 N. Fairfax Drive, Suite 350 Arlington, VA 22203
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(703) 298-3166 Dr. David Coombs AF 05-168 Selected for Award
Title:	Novel 3D Shape Representations
Abstract:	SET Associates proposes to identify and implement novel, real-time 3D shape representations for measured point-cloud data maximizing exploitation while minimizing computational complexity and bandwidth. The Interest in the use of 3D sensors for munitions autonomous agent applications is continually increasing. Common data sources include Laser Radar (LADAR), calibrated stereo cameras, and video utilizing structure from motion (SFM) algorithms. For each source, the sensor output is a range image combined with information on the sensor pointing direction and location at each frame. To emphasize the 3D structure and shape information, range images are normally transformed into a XYZ point cloud referenced to world or local coordinates. While point cloud representations are easily extracted from range imagery, they have various shortcomings for both supervised and autonomous target acquisition and recognition applications. Foremost, individual points in the data have no explicit connectivity with other points to help define surfaces and objects which are building blocks of human perception and Automatic Target Acquisition/Automatic Target Recognition (ATA/ATR) algorithms. This motivates a change in shape representation in most applications - either to facilitate human reasoning over the 3D data or enable robust autonomous information extraction. For a selection of specific applications, SET will investigate and develop representations optimally suited to munitions and autonomous agents such as micro air vehicles. In this context, SET's proposed candidate representations are compact, enabling transmission over low-bandwidth networks. Proposed representations are also computationally simple, enabling processing to be done on vehicle with limited available processing resources.

CHARLES RIVER ANALYTICS, INC. 625 Mount Auburn Street Cambridge, MA 02138
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(617) 491-3474 Dr. Mark R. Stevens AF 05-169 Selected for Award
Title:	Automatic Generation of Natural and Urban Scenes
Abstract:	The development and evaluation of autonomous precision strike weaponry requires high fidelity image simulation. Data collections involving moving platforms are difficult to schedule and costly to perform. Furthermore, live data collections where the weapon is being guided by an autonomous target acquisition (ATA) system cannot be performed in dense urban environments. The only solution is to develop high fidelity image and navigation simulations of realistic operating environments. Our proposed system is called Automatic Generation of Natural and Urban Scenes (AGNUS). AGNUS takes as input a collection of user specified parameters describing the variability of the desired scene (such as building and population density, street sizes, etc.) and any available mapping information such as Digital Feature Analysis Data and Digital Terrain Elevation Data. AGNUS then generates a metadata representation describing the scene. This meta-information is converted into an attributed geometry model using SAIC's INSSITE tool and output in CHAMP/FLITES data format for image simulation. The seamless combination of these technologies allows IR image generation of complex scenes containing large-scale urban environments. This allows AFRL to evaluate candidate ATA algorithms as two datasets (one for training and one for testing) can be generated that have comparable statistics but are both topologically and geometrically different.

TERRASIM, INC. One Gateway Center, Suite 2050, 420 Ft. Duquesne B Pittsburgh, PA 15222
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(412) 232-3646 Dr. Jefferey A. Shufelt AF 05-169 Awarded: 04MAY05
Title:	High Resolution Urban & Natural Background Scene Generation
Abstract:	This project will modify TerraTools(R), our COTS simulation database generation software, to generate visual databases with attribution containing relevant thermal and spectral parameters for each object or polygon in the scene. The output visual database will then be fed into existing sensor simulation systems, using a TerraSim API, to support the construction of highly-detailed and accurate visual simulations of urban environments under infrared observation.

HYTEC, INC. 110 Eastgate Drive Los Alamos, NM 87544
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(505) 661-3000 Dr. Vivek R. Dave AF 05-170 Selected for Award
Title:	Material Bonding For Lethal Air-to-Air Warheads
Abstract:	The objective of this proposal is to demonstrate a well characterized, production-friendly, bonding technique with predictable and measurable bond quality for joining zirconium to tantalum for use in lethal air-to-air warheads. Lethal warheads or kinetic energy penetrators for land-based and air-based use have been successfully implemented in military applications for almost two decades and are largely based on depleted uranium (DU). There is however controversy regarding the use of DU-based penetrators, and therefore other high density materials combinations such as tungsten and tantalum are actively being developed as substitutes. However, to enhance lethality it is desirable to combine high density with pyrophoricity, hence the desire to bond material combinations such as tantalum and zirconium. This present work proposes a novel approach to bond rods or other cylindrically-symmetric components of zirconium and tantalum based on the systematic use of inertia friction welding (IFRW), unique bond interlayer concepts, and a proven on-machine quality assurance strategy to ensure metallurgical bond integrity based on real-time manufacturing data. It is felt that is proposed approach, if successfully demonstrated, will result in a cost-effective, production friendly process that directly unambiguously characterizes bond quality and its dependence on weld parameters.

ULTRACLAD CORP. 155 River Street Andover, MA 01810
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(978) 470-1620 Dr. Joseph C. Runkle AF 05-170 Selected for Award
Title:	Material Bonding For Lethal Air-to-Air Warheads
Abstract:	The objective of this proposal is the development of a tantalum to zirconium bonding technique suitable for air-to-air warheads and other munitions. The chosen approach is hot isostatic pressing diffusion bonding. Because of related experience with HIP diffusion bonding of titanium to tantalum, and because of similarities in chemical behavior and phase diagrams, it is firmly believed that this is an eminentaly suitable approach. Full metallugical bonds have already been demonstrated between titanium and tantalum that exhibit high strength and ductility. The process can be economically scaled for production with exhisting equipment.

OBRIEN & ASSOC. 406 S. Lane St. Blissfield, MI 49228
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(517) 486-3905 Dr. James M. O'Brien AF 05-173 Awarded: 25MAY05
Title:	Material Enhancement through Cryogenic ECAP
Abstract:	Warhead liner performance is greatly affected by three liner material properties, namely, strength, ductility and circumferential symmetry. Extensive work done in the area of on-axis upset forging of round bar stock to form liner plates has demonstrated symmetry of texture which is necessary for uniform geometry during explosive formation. Additional development has focused on severe plastic deformation, using the technique of equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) of the starting bar stock, to condition the material prior to upset forging and to eliminate microstructure variations from multiple material vendors. Recent work in the rolling of copper plate at cryogenic temperatures, followed by a rapid anneal, has been found to create a duplex grain structure that produces high levels of strength and ductility simultaneously. The extension of the cryogenic temperature environment to ECAP processing, offers the possibility of warhead liners with an unprecedented combination of ductility and strength, which would provide enhancements in penetrator length and penetration depth respectively. In addition, the use of upset forging following cryogenic ECAP will generate the texture symmetry needed for uniform geometry during explosive forming. Such characteristics would offer the warhead designer the best possible material performance for a variety of applications.

IMAGINATION ENGINES, INC. 11970 Borman Dr., Suite 250 St. Louis, MO 63146
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(314) 317-2228 Mr. Dean Vieau AF 05-174 Awarded: 19MAY05
Title:	Creative Mobile Terrain Sensing Multi-Valued Behavior Robots
Abstract:	In previous investigations, we have crafted neural architectures for complex, hexapod robots that may invent clever walking strategies based upon absolutely no prior learning. Similarly, we have also shown that the same neural networks may devise variations on these locomotive strategies to propel themselves along unfamiliar surfaces. In this SBIR, we propose using similar techniques to teach a hexapod robot, equipped with a more extensive sensor suite, to not only create its own crawling strategies for non-ideal surfaces such as grassy, sandy, wet, or snowy terrains, but to associate signatures from its sensor suite with these self-invented strategies. In operation, the robot will thereby enlist the appropriate crawling behaviors stored within corresponding neural engines. Having selected an appropriate crawling behavior, the neural algorithm will further refine itself as it continuously experiments and absorbs the most successful strategies through reinforcement learning. In the final stages of this SBIR, we will devise a series of test courses over a variety of surfaces and relief features to test our advanced, neural network based navigation algorithms.

CFD RESEARCH CORP. 215 Wynn Dr., 5th Floor Huntsville, AL 35805
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(256) 726-4800 Mr. Paul Dionne AF 05-178 Awarded: 24MAR05
Title:	Non-Dissipative LES Design Tool for Turbulent Combustion and Acoustics Analysis of Gas Turbine Combustors
Abstract:	Combustion Large Eddy Simulation (LES) is a very promising approach for resolving acoustics in turbulent-reacting flows. CFD Research Corporation (CFDRC) has successfully developed and validated state-of-the-art Combustion LES software (CFD-ACE+) to analyze gas turbine acoustics, using unstructured grids with second-order temporal and spatial differencing. Still, unstructured LES has not yet matured to a practical design tool with an affordable turnaround time because very small time-steps and cell-sizes are needed to accurately resolve the small-scale acoustics physics. If the time-step or cell-size is increased in an attempt to reduce the run time, the code becomes too dissipative. Typical run times with CFD-ACE+ for accurate acoustic analysis are 40-50 days for 2M cells on 16 PCs. To make the code less dissipative, CFDRC proposes to develop a fourth-order accurate solver for unstructured grids. To our knowledge, a fourth-order solver has never been successfully developed for unstructured meshes. In Phase I, a fourth-order time-integration scheme and a fourth-order pressure interpolation will be implemented in CFD-ACE+. Significant reduction in run-time (~ 5-10 times) and numerical dissipation will be demonstrated. To further increase the accuracy and decrease run time, fourth-order spatial discretization and dynamic grid adaptation will be implemented in Phase II. At the end of Phase II, accurate combustion LES run times on 16 PCs will be 1-2 days. The software will be thoroughly validated and delivered to the Air Force.

METACOMP TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 28632 Roadside Drive, #255 Agoura Hills, CA 91301
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(818) 735-4882 Dr. Sampath Palaniswamy AF 05-178 Awarded: 24MAR05
Title:	Development of Acoustic Models for High-Performance Combustors
Abstract:	Prediction of acoustic noise generation in actual gas turbine combustors is made difficult by the interaction of fuel jet/droplet breakup, turbulent mixing and combustion with large -scale flow oscillations. Current methodologies rely either on fast and easy-to- implement, albeit less accurate, empirical curve fits or on full-scale unsteady DNS (Direct Numerical Simulation) and LES (Large Eddy Simulation). While full scale simulations are capable of higher fidelity, their effectiveness is minimized by unduly long computational turnaround times and taxing requirements on computational resources. Metacomp Technologies proposes a new simulation methodology to predict acoustic noise generation in combustors with turnaround times short enough to be an effective design tool.

KARTA TECHNOLOGIES 5555 Northwest Parkway San Antonio, TX 78249
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(210) 582-3312 Dr. Madhavrao Govindaraju AF 05-179 Awarded: 24MAR05
Title:	Thermal Barrier Coating Life Determination
Abstract:	Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are widely being used in gas-turbine engines to thermally protect metal components such as turbine blades from hot combustion gases. One of the primary concerns of using TBC as a protective coating is its long term durability. Premature failure of TBCs during service can expose the bare metal to dangerously hot gases leading to material failure. Failure to remove critical aircraft turbine engine components prior to failure can lead to catastrophic failures and premature removal is costly in terms of lowered part utilization. Therefore, it is critical to develop analytical models that could predict the remaining durable life of TBC coatings thereby significantly improving the reliability and utilization of engine components. In the proposed research, Karta Technologies, Inc. (Karta) proposes to develop an analytical approach that takes into consideration multiple NDI parameters in determining remaining durable life of TBC engine components. The proposed research involves design and development of a PC-compatible user-friendly software for estimating the remaining durable life for TBC coated turbine engine components. Karta proposed to use neural network analysis for calculating the remaining life of coatings. Results from this research program will enhance the reliability, durability, and overall performance of TBC coatings.

RESEARCH APPLICATIONS, INC. 11772 Sorrento Valley Road, Suite 260 San Diego, CA 92121
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(858) 259-7541 Dr. Jalees Ahmad AF 05-179 Awarded: 24MAR05
Title:	Thermal Barrier Coating Life Determination
Abstract:	The goal is to develop and experimentally validate a marketable methodology for remaining life evaluation of thermal barrier coated (TBCed) turbine engine components using quantitative nondestructive inspection (NDI) data. The approach will require innovative research and development (R&D) effort in Phase I to correlate NDI data with failure modes and to develop, validate and implement relevant oxidation, damage and deformation prediction models. Subsequently, these models will be used in defining a systematic development approach that would be implemented in Phase II and beyond. Phase I will directly build upon extensive research already performed by RAI and other organizations under various DoD, DOE and NASA funded programs, and by turbine engine manufacturers. Phase I deliverable will be validated mechanism based (mechanistic) modeling methods to describe TBC deformation and damage behavior under general thermomechanical loads, and thermal and environmental conditions relevant to jet engines.

INTELLIGENT AUTOMATION, INC. 15400 Calhoun Drive, Suite 400 Rockville, MD 20855
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(301) 294-5269 Dr. Frank Zhang AF 05-180 Awarded: 21MAR05
Title:	Model-Based Reconfigurable Fault Tolerant Control of Jet Engines
Abstract:	In this proposal, Intelligent Automation, Inc. (IAI) proposes a novel reconfigurable fault tolerant control (FTC) approach for advanced jet engines to realize the full potential of model-based engine control technology. The proposed FTC architecture will be achieved through the integration of the model-based engine control concept with a new nonlinear diagnostic scheme that is employed to detect, isolate, and accommodate any faults in the engine signals used for adaptation of the onboard engine model. Therefore, the onboard engine model provides a good representation of the component performance of the physical engine even in the presence of faulty signals for adaptation. The reconfigurable adaptive engine model enables real-time monitoring of engine component performance, sensor/actuator fault diagnosis and accommodation by using virtual measurements of measurable engine variables, and optimal direct thrust control for individual engine. The proposed nonlinear fault diagnosis scheme employs a new nonlinear approach to residual generation and a transferable belief model based diagnostic reasoning method, which has the capability of directly dealing with nonlinear systems/faults, unstructured modeling uncertainty, the occurrence of new or unanticipated faults. The proposed method will lead to fuel efficiency, improved safety and engine performance, and longer service life of future jet engines.

RIDGETOP GROUP, INC. 6595 North Oracle Road, Suite 153B Tucson, AZ 85704
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(520) 742-3300 Mr. Terry Fruehling AF 05-180 Awarded: 18MAR05
Title:	Improved prognostic/diagnostic tools for fault-tolerant data buses
Abstract:	Ridgetop believes the technological advances in Prognostics and Built-in Self Test (BIST) can play a pivotal role in enabling the host electronic control unit (ECU) and its subsystems to assess their own viability and make on-the-fly corrections as required, or a transfer to redundant units. For critical applications such as FADEC systems, these techniques could offer improvements in operational reliability and perform, The Objective of this SBIR is to develop efficient redundancy management architectures for electronic engine and aerospace controls. The approach explored in this proposal will be to exploit concurrent self-testing architectures (concurrent Built In Self Test - BIST) rather that than strict adherence to using multiple redundancies of either hardware building blocks or software modules. The concept vision realizes that technology now exists that can produce a Self Deterministic (SD) Electronic Control Unit (ECU) for the host application. A Self Deterministic ECU (SD-ECU) can accurately assess its own State Of Health (SOH), it does not need to have a voting process take place among multiple peer ECUs for this determination to take place This Proposal will focus on one aspect of making the SD-ECU a reality. The development of a scaleable, concurrent, Data Stream Monitor.

ARCOMAC SURFACE ENGINEERING, LLC 6575 Butler Creek Road Missoula, MT 59808
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(406) 522-7620 Dr. Vladimir Gorokhovsky AF 05-181 Awarded: 23MAR05
Title:	Plasma Surface Engineering for Bearing Wear and Corrosion Prevention in Advanced Gas Turbine Engines
Abstract:	Current engine bearing lubrication technology begins to break down at the high rotation speeds, loads and temperatures required for advanced fighter engines. Furthermore, in combat operation bearings may have to operate for short periods with no lubrication, and also resist pervasive corrosive environments. In this program the bearing material will be modified to be "slippery", more durable, resist corrosion and hold lubricant evenly on the entire contact surface. This is possible because a breakthrough in surface engineering technology can precisely control deposition of coatings at the level of vaporized atoms. This innovative technology can deposit atomically bonded, multiple layered, nanocomposite coatings combined with engineered surface texturing in a single integrated tribo-system, so coated engine bearings will perform dependably under extreme operating conditions. There is an enormous opportunity for future applications to lubricate a wide range of military and civilian mechanical components that operate in severe environments.

ORBITAL RESEARCH, INC. 4415 Euclid Avenue, Suite 500 Cleveland, OH 44103
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(216) 649-0399 Dr. Greg Shaw AF 05-181 Awarded: 23MAR05
Title:	Improved Turbine Engine Bearing Materials And Processes
Abstract:	The VAATE program and other advanced turbine engines require improved bearing materials for better resistance to fatigue, wear and corrosion. Orbital Research proposes a combination of two processing methods to ensure the optimum properties. Starting with a high strength stainless steel (Pyrowear 675) to ensure corrosion resistance, a novel heat treating method will be used that dramatically increases the surface hardness and compressive stresses relative to standard methods. The core properties are not diminished, and may be improved. The part is then coated with titanium nitride to provide enhanced wear resistance. The coating is applied using another novel method that dramatically improves adhesion so that it can withstand the high load, high speed conditions present in advanced turbine engines. In Phase I the improvement in material properties and performance characteristics will be demonstrated, and the process designed for a prototype turbine engine bearing. Properties to be measured include strength, toughness, hardness, wear resistance and fatigue resistance. In Phase II prototype bearings will be fabricated and tested. Initial testing will be completed on high speed, high load bearing test rigs. Subsequent testing will be performed in a turbine engine test stand.

UES, INC. 4401 Dayton-Xenia Road Dayton, OH 45432
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(937) 426-6900 Dr. Amarendra K. Rai AF 05-181 Awarded: 31MAR05
Title:	Development of Advanced Coatings and/or Surface Treatments for State-of-the-Art Bearing Materials
Abstract:	Advanced gas turbine engine bearings will experience high DN (bearing speed in revolution per minutes times bearing bore in millimeter), increased load and high temperatures. State-of-the-art (SOA) materials such as Pyrowear 675, CSS-42L and silicon nitride are considered as potential bearing materials for advanced gas turbine engines. Surface modification of SOA materials is considered to enhance their relevant properties for such application. UES, Inc. proposes to develop surface modification technologies and coatings for the SOA materials. A systematic test methodology will be used to evaluate the relevant properties of the surface modified and coated SOA materials. Based on the evaluation results, the proposed surface modification technologies will be validated and ranked. Highly ranked technologies will be further developed in Phase II

CFD RESEARCH CORP. 215 Wynn Dr., 5th Floor Huntsville, AL 35805
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(256) 726-4800 Mr. Matthew E. Thomas AF 05-182 Awarded: 24MAR05
Title:	Enhanced Ultra Compact Combustion Using Electrostatic Charging
Abstract:	CFD Research has demonstrated improved atomization, mixing control and lower emissions using an electrostatic charged air-blast fuel injector retrofitable within the RR501-K U.S. Navy Shipboard gas turbine engine. Without altering current configurations electrostatic fuel injection and combustion charging could further reduce emissions, improve stability, enhance ignition and/or tailor thermal profiles in recent AFRL ultra compact combustor chamber designs. Specific milestones to be achieved during Phase I include: (a) Effective electrostatic charging of JP8 fuel using injector configurations and flow rates under consideration in current AFRL ultra-compact combustor configurations. (b) Ambient test and evaluation of charged and uncharged ultra-compact high swirl combustion in a circumferential cavity. Measurements of gaseous emissions, stability and ignition will be completed. (c) Numerical prediction of the secondary atomization and vaporization advantages electrostatic fuel injection and chamber charging has in selected ultra-compact and inter-turbine combustor configurations. During Phase II CFDRC will integrate electrostatic fuel injection and combustion chamber charging into a VAATE platform to demonstrate precision controlled combustion performance enhancements at full-scale conditions. General Electric, AADC, Pratt & Whitney and/or Honeywell will all be considered as Phase II rig test partners.

BLADE DIAGNOSTICS CORP. 6688 Kinsman Road Pittsburgh, PA 15217
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(412) 901-3467 Dr. Drew Feiner AF 05-183 Awarded: 22MAR05
Title:	Field Mistuning Inspection Tool
Abstract:	Blade Diagnostics Corporation proposes to study the feasibility of developing a field mistuning tool and an associated approach for managing the mistuning problem in integrally bladed rotors (IBRs). The field inspection tool will determine the frequencies of individual blades in IBRs using the methods developed at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU). The tool will be a faster, automated version of the machine now used for this purpose at CMU and will consist of computer controlled vibrometers, software, and an internet connection to a data/knowledge base. The measurement machine will use CMU developed software to project how the IBR will vibrate when in the engine and will tell the operator that the IBR is acceptable or needs refurbishing. The machine would be used when the part is first manufactured and at regular inspection intervals. The resulting data will characterize how mistuning changes with usage and can be used with probabilistic methods for prognostics to help manage the fleet and reduce the likelihood of HCF failures.

RINI TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 3267 Progress Drive Orlando, FL 32826
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(407) 384-7840 Dr. Daniel P. Rini AF 05-184 Awarded: 23MAR05
Title:	Passive thermal Management for High-Temperature Aircraft Actuation Systems
Abstract:	The proposed program will develop an integrated passive thermal management (TM) system to support the "power-by-wire" technology originated with the Air Force Research Laboratory. The TM system can operate in a wide range of environmental temperature (from -55 to 200 C) and under a variable gravity situation (up to 9g). A cold plate impregnated with a phase change material (PCM) in channels will absorb heat during periods of peak power and high-g. A porous heat pipe (PHP) will be developed to spread heat from a heat flux of 3 W/cm^2 at the cold plate to less than 1 W/cm^2 at the aircraft skin. Microcapsulated PCM particles can function as a wick as well as provide additional thermal energy storage capability. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed concept will be demonstrated by measuring the apparent thermal conductivity and heat flux limit of the porous heat pipe over a wide range of temperature. A complete thermal management system for an electronic unit of the aircraft actuation system will then be designed in the Phase I effort.

TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT & TRANSFER, INC. 133 Defense Highway, Suite 212 Annapolis, MD 21401
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(410) 987-3435 Mr. Christopher Duston AF 05-184 Awarded: 17MAR05
Title:	Passive Thermal Management System for High-Temperature Military Aircraft Actuation System
Abstract:	Development of high-temperature, high-efficiency, and high-density power electronic component technologies as part of the more electric aircraft (MEA) effort offers opportunities for passive, compact, and lightweight thermal management systems for aircraft actuation systems. The next-generation power electronics will operate at a cold plate temperature of 200 �C making it possible to reject its heat through the structure to the ambient environment without active cooling. The thermal load averages 3 W/cm2 with peaks up to 30 W/cm2. Technology Assessment and Transfer, in association with Technology Applications, Inc. proposes to evaluate an advanced primary heat sink of phase change material filled carbon foam and to assess several heat rejection approaches, including heat pipes. At the conclusion of this program, TA&T and TAI will be prepared to design, construct and test a bench scale prototype thermal management system.

ONBOARD SOFTWARE, INC. 12621 Silicon Drive Ste 113 San Antonio, TX 78249
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(210) 477-5302 Dr. Bruce Mather AF 05-185 Awarded: 21MAR05
Title:	Integration of Engine Failure and Trending Data to Support Reliability Centered Maintenance
Abstract:	The Air Force maintains several disparate databases to support maintainability and sustainability of aircraft and aircraft engines, e.g., CETADS, CEMS, REMIS, JOAP, and IETMS. These databases, however, have been implemented in a stove piped configuration where they don't share, exchange, or integrate data with any sort of automation. It is not uncommon to manually export, email, and either import or manually reenter the data into a complementary database. This can be time consuming and error prone. Additionally, it is too cumbersome to develop Reliability Centered Maintenance tools, algorithms, and reports with this architecture and process. We are proposing the development of a methodology to integrate this disparate data as a means of producing a data warehouse which can support RCM tool development. The level of transparency of this data integration will depend upon the DMBS used, their connectivity, security, and even integrity of the data. All aspects of the listed systems will be review and considered prior to developing the integration methodology. The resulting processes and tools developed have wide application in commercial areas such as medical records and industrial maintenance, as well as other DoD organizations who suffer from, "too many databases which don't talk to each other.

SCIENTIFIC MONITORING, INC. 8777 E.Via de Ventura, Suite 120 Scottsdale, AZ 85258
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(480) 752-7909 Dr. Link Jaw AF 05-185 Awarded: 23MAR05
Title:	Integration of Engine Failure and Trending Data to Support Reliability Centered Maintenance
Abstract:	The firm proposes to conduct research on integration of engine failure and trending data to support Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM). The proposed research seeks to develop a knowledge-based software environment to host a range of analytical tools to facilitate RCM for the Air Force's engine fleet. The scope of the research in Phase I includes: system design, requirement development, conceptual design, proof-of-concept demonstration, feasibility assessment and preparation of Phase II work plan. The goal of the Phase I project is to prove the feasibility of the proposed integration concept and tools.

IMPACT TECHNOLOGIES, LLC 200 Canal View Boulevard Rochester, NY 14623
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(585) 424-1990 Mr. Gordon Scott Valentine AF 05-186 Awarded: 31MAR05
Title:	Engine Maintenance Cost Modeler
Abstract:	Impact Technologies, LLC will lead an effort that will be supported by Standard Aero, San Antonio, Texas to formulate a methodology that will extend the current maintenance cost modeling tool to account for differing time since overhauls (TSO) and differing reliabilities of engine modules. Starting with a developed and proven model supplied by Standard Aero called "TF39 Maintenance Cost per flying Hour Model" (MCPFH), the proposed effort will provide improved cost estimation techniques that will more accurately predict the Operation & Support (O&S) costs due to maintenance actions on the turbine engines. New innovations will be introduced into the cost model that enable its integration with current RCM tools available to the Air Force, efficiently utilizing populated datasets. Additionally, analysis techniques will be embedded within the cost model so that financial costs would be appropriately allocated in an environment where engine module exhibit failures with stochastic tendencies.

KNOWLEDGE BASED SYSTEMS, INC. 1408 University Drive East College Station, TX 77840
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(979) 260-5274 Mr. Michael Painter AF 05-186 Awarded: 24MAR05
Title:	Reliability Centered Maintenance Costing (RCMC)
Abstract:	The objective of this project is to develop, demonstrate, and successfully deploy a genetic algorithm-based, Reliability Centered Maintenance Costing (RCMC) tool and supporting application methodology to help users maximize propulsion system availability while simultaneously minimizing life cycle cost. Unlike on-condition maintenance (OCM), which involves repairs or replacements driven by policy (e.g., periodic maintenance schedules) and/or failure to meet specified form, fit, or function specification limits, the RCMC methodology considers the overall effects of possible maintenance actions _ or the risk of not performing those maintenance actions _ on aggregate level metrics like engine availability, performance, and life cycle cost. This effort expands the RCM concept to treat aircraft engines as part of a propulsion system that is either now, or at some point will be, part of an individual aircraft system. Using the products of this effort, users in the depot and field maintenance units will have visibility and decision support enabling them to develop effective engine maintenance plans and schedules in a user-friendly, multi-criteria optimization environment.

WEDEVEN ASSOC., INC. 5072 West Chester Pike Edgmont, PA 19028
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(610) 356-7161 Dr. Lavern D. Wedeven AF 05-187 Awarded: 22MAR05
Title:	Gear Material and Lubrication for Advanced Gas Turbine Engines
Abstract:	The design of a gear simulation test rig is proposed to evaluate gear surface durability. The design focuses on surface initiate fatigue failure modes to allow evaluation of advanced corrosion resistant gear steels, surface technologies and advanced oils. Company assets of mature tribology test machine software (WinWAM) and custom made electronics are incorporated into the new machine design. In parallel with machine design, tribology performance mapping of advance gear steels are to be tested for wear, scuffing and surface fatigue performance. These tests are conducted with existing test machines (WAM4 and WAMhs). The results of these tests support new test rig design. They also support current R&D gear material development efforts. Results of performance mapping and surface fatigue testing are to be analyzed with respect to five key tribology parameters that control lubrication and failure modes. The performance boundaries and their specific parameters will be identified to develop an empirical modeling approach.

SENTIENT CORP. 850 Energy Drive Idaho Falls, ID 83401
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(208) 522-8650 Mr. Sean Marble AF 05-188 Awarded: 18MAR05
Title:	Methodology for the Real-Time Management of Aero Gas Turbine Engine Usage Data
Abstract:	Modern turbine engine lifing approaches compute damage accumulation in real time based on actual usage, substantially increasing the useable life over a-priori cycle or hour limits based on assumed worst-case operating conditions. However, these new algorithms are complex, consume substantial computing resources, and generate enormous amounts of data that must be archived to allow data mining and/or recalculation of damage post-mission. Sentient Corporation will develop intelligent real time data reduction algorithms that preserve the only those features of the usage data that are required for accurate damage accumulation according to the physics of failure. An off-board design time tool will automatically analyze the damage accumulation models to determine the specific data and data rates required by each. This information will be used by on-board logic to optimally sample data in real time. A modular implementation will allow the system to adapt as models are updated. In Phase I, a simplified demonstration system will be assembled in Matlab with at least one model representative of each major damage accumulation mode. The output of this system in response to recorded mission data will be compared to the system without the new data reduction algorithms to quantify the gains made and show that damage accuracy is not adversely affected.

VEXTEC CORP. 750 Old Hickory Blvd, Building 2, Suite 270 Brentwood, TN 37027
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(615) 372-0299 Mr. Richard Holmes AF 05-188 Awarded: 18MAR05
Title:	Real-Time Management of Turbine Engine Usage Data
Abstract:	This SBIR program will develop a novel software methodology for the management of gas turbine usage data in real time for accurate prediction of engine life. The approach will be flexible enough to allow for re-assessment of life consumption when subsequent knowledge provides a revised understanding of the way the damage is accrued. Phase I effort will investigate at least two potential data compression methods. The first approach, similar to many conventional computer compression routines, would be based on a pattern matching look-up table. The second approach will be based on the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). A key Phase I task will be to identify an approach for signal processing or data compression without any negative effects on life prediction. Although data compression experts can be found throughout industry, the VEXTEC Team are renowned turbine engine lifing and fatigue experts.The Phase I effort will evaluate optimal data processing techniques that will need to be incorporated into engine health management as well as engine prognosis systems. The Phase II effort will further develop these techniques and demonstrate how data flows from the raw signal to a processed and compressed format.

GHIOCEL PREDICTIVE TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 6 South Main Street, 2nd Floor Pittsford, NY 14634
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(585) 641-0379 Dr. Dan M. Ghiocel AF 05-189 Awarded: 31MAR05
Title:	Bayesian Engine Reliability Development Tool
Abstract:	GP Technologies, in response to the critical need produced by the new ENSIP requirements for engine probabilistic design, with the support of Pratt $Whitney, GE Aircraft Engines and STI Technologies, proposes the development of a prototype software that will be the basis of A Graphically-Assisted Probabilistic Design System (GAPDS) for aircraft engines. This prototype software will incorporate state-of-the-art stochastic modeling and simulation tools integrated with accurate physics-based engineering tools. The proposed prototype software will also incorporate refined Bayesian techniques that are capable of updating the stochastic models based on the available statistical databases and knowledge-based information. A particular emphasis of the Phase I development will be on integrating information from different sources, such as experimental tests, computational analyses and expert opinions. To achieve the user-friendliness goal, the prototype software will be based on easy-to-use "graphically assisted" modeling tools that will be developed in the MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. The Phase I project will demonstrate the application of the proposed prototype software to the probabilistic HCF blade design problem. Two case studies will be considered: (i) a research blisk and (ii) a real designed blade. Blisk mistuning effects will be included.

IMPACT TECHNOLOGIES, LLC 200 Canal View Boulevard Rochester, NY 14623
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(585) 424-1990 Mr. Gregory J. Kacprzynski AF 05-189 Awarded: 23MAR05
Title:	A Bayesian-Based Graphical Modeling Tool for Probabilistic Reliability Analysis
Abstract:	Impact Technologies proposes to develop a Matlab/SimulinkT based Probabilistic Modeling and Analysis Toolbox (P-MAT) application that provides an intuitive and information-rich modeling environment for probabilistic reliability analysis with a powerful toolset consisting of Bayesian Update, Monte Carlo, 3rd party software integration and other modules. At the conclusion of Phase I, the USAF will be provided with prototype software that fully supports traditional probabilistic reliability analysis as well as uncertainty management via a multi-loop, iterative approach to Bayesian Updating in the presence of various forms of test data or other evidence types. While SimulinkT will act as the primary modeling and simulation environment for most analysis functions, file I/O, plotting, etc., P-MAT will also have the capability to translate some model elements into efficient routines for computationally intensive processes or for integration with 3rd party open source applications as well as perform high level project management in a front-end interface. The experienced Impact development team will work directly with the USAF TPOC to validate that P-MAT meets the USAF functional requirements and verify that it is robust and accurate by exercising it on a simple turbine blade design problem or a specific USAF case study.

VEXTEC CORP. 750 Old Hickory Blvd, Building 2, Suite 270 Brentwood, TN 37027
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(615) 372-0299 Dr. Animesh Dey AF 05-189 Awarded: 24MAR05
Title:	Turbine Engine Reliability Analysis Tool
Abstract:	Broad-spectrum analysis engineering packages have shared a potentially crippling handicap: the inability to easily couple the results from multiple analyses under a user friendly graphical interface. This deficiency is significant because individual physical phenomena are often interdependent. The mechanical failure of a part or assembly is often a function of a variety of loading conditions, material formulations or forces acting on it. Coupling multiple analyses is considered difficult in practice. This Phase I will establish feasibility for the development of a future engineering analysis tool by developing graphically based software that is capable of being used for currently needed Air Force analysis. The Phase I product will allow for integration with MATLAB, Finite Element Analysis and developed engineering algorithms. Also the software shall have limited Bayesian analysis capabilities which could be expanded during Phase II. The graphically assisted tool will provide a "drag-and-drop" approach to building a logic diagram that defines model parameters and their interaction with physical models. VEXTEC will demonstrate that the developed software can be used to predict the fatigue reliability of a gas turbine blade due to HCF, while accounting for variability in the material properties, geometry and blade loading.

INTELLIGENT AUTOMATION, INC. 15400 Calhoun Drive, Suite 400 Rockville, MD 20855
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(301) 294-5229 Dr. Eric van Doorn AF 05-190 Awarded: 25MAR05
Title:	Diligent data-power harness for high temperature wiring in engine bays
Abstract:	In this proposal, Intelligent Automation Inc., (IAI) outlines a novel ingenuous method for wiring engine bays. The proposed wiring will function in engine bays with the following advantages: Withstands temperatures greater than 1500 �F Flexible harness capable of delivering both power, and data. Non-intrusive auto switching of data and power for integrity of the wiring system Withstands engines vibrations, heat and gas abrasiveness for a long life We propose an innovative scheme involving layering of ceramics, ceramic matrix composites, metal matrix composites and fiber optics assembly with innovative ceramic fiber sheaths, based on four key innovations: 1) Selection of ceramic fabrics sheath material for insulation of adjacent wires by means of high temperature ceramic insulators. 2) A novel harness design to assemble the packaging of the data and power wires in a harness 3) Integrated Diagnostics and Prognostics by means of an aircraft wire fault detection system with demonstrated sensitivity to aging insulation. 4. Robust harness architecture: when one of the wires fails the fault detection system senses the integrity of the system and switches to a redundant wire in the harness.

UES, INC. 4401 Dayton-Xenia Road Dayton, OH 45432
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(937) 426-6900 Dr. Amarendra K. Rai AF 05-190 Awarded: 25MAR05
Title:	Development of High-Temperature Wiring for Engine Bays
Abstract:	Condition monitoring of the components of the gas turbine engine is essential. Gas turbine engines are being designed to run at sustained high temperature conditions. The limiting factor to the implementation of the control and diagnostic capabilities for health (condition) monitoring are not the devices themselves, but the temperature capability of the associated wiring. UES, Inc., in collaboration with Astro Industries, proposes to select, design and fabricate high-temperature wiring capable of sustaining the high-temperature engine environment. The suitability of the selected wire components and the complete wire in the high-temperature engine environment will be demonstrated and ranked. The highly ranked high-temperature wires will be further developed in Phase II. Also in Phase II, the developed wiring system will be integrated with the developing sensor and their suitability in the high-temperature environment will be evaluated.

ELECTRO ENERGY, MOBILE PRODUCTS, INC. 3820 S Hancock Expressway Colorado Springs, CO 80911
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(719) 392-4266 Dr. David Pickett AF 05-191 Awarded: 18MAR05
Title:	Lithium Batteries for Strategic Missile Flight Testing
Abstract:	i. Many of today's modern strategic weapons rely on antiquated battery systems, many of which are more than 40 years old. Today's lithium battery technology could make a significant positive contribution to improving this situation. However, simply trying to use commercial cells and batteries for these applications will not be successful. ii. The cell chemistries used today for strategic weapons are difficult to work with, deplete valuable rare metals, and environmentally dangerous. Lithium cell chemistry on the other hand, uses robust manufacturing techniques, inexpensive materials, and is environmentally friendly. iii. This proposal identifies strategies to incorporate bipolar wafer cell technology into battery chemistries applicable to the strategic weapons platforms. Bipolar wafer cell technology will provide the packaging expertise to make lithium battery technology successful in strategic weapons applications. iv. The advantage of the bipolar lithium ion technology is the high specific energy and the capability of the design to be either rigid or conformable. v. The proposal outlines steps for research, development, testing and evaluation of primary and rechargeable lithium batteries during the initial phase. Because there are provisions for demonstration during the initial phase, the potential risk of unacceptable results during a second phase are mitigated.

LITHIUM TECHNOLOGY CORP. 5115 Campus Drive Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(610) 940-6090 Mr. Ron Turi AF 05-191 Awarded: 25MAR05
Title:	Lithium Batteries for Strategic Missile Flight Testing
Abstract:	Lithium Technology Corporation has developed lithium ion batteries to replace silver-zinc in launch vehicle applications. These batteries utilize LTC's high-rate battery technology that also targets HEV applications for other military and commercial use. These batteries benefit from innovative cell design as well as innovative manufacturing processes for high-rate lithium ion batteries, comprising novel methods of current collector tab formation and cell sealing operations. These processes enabled LTC to sample HEV battery modules to USABC and EUCar and cells to aerospace companies and NASA. This program may utilize electrodes made with an extrusion/lamination process - exclusively available to LTC through its subsidiary in Germany. These electrodes significantly reduce cost since the production equipment enables minimal use of excipient materials and requires lower capital investment. Lockheed Martin and other customers have ordered production lots to evaluate product reliability and high-rate performance. LTC proposes to adapt its HEV 36V/7Ah battery module, composed of 7Ah Double-D cells [DD7, 320g] to the required 34V-25V for the first application [<5kg, capable of 210A peak]. For the second application, LTC proposes to substitute its high-rate 3Ah D cells [180g] for the DD7 cells [<2kg, capable of 30A peak]. LTC will provide BMS electronics, interconnects and prototype battery housing.

MATERIALS & ELECTROCHEMICAL RESEARCH (MER) CORP. 7960 S. Kolb Rd. Tucson, AZ 85706
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(520) 574-1980 Dr. Sohrab Hossain AF 05-191 Awarded: 31MAR05
Title:	Lithium Batteries for Strategic Missile Flight Testing
Abstract:	The propulsion directorate of the Air Force has recognized the need for a safe, dependable, and relatively inexpensive lithium battery for strategic missile flight testing. The Phase I SBIR project addresses to investigate the feasibility of defining the design and dimension of such lithium batteries A novel electrochemical couple is proposed for the development of a high specific energy lithium-ion battery system for strategic flight testing applications. The proposed low cost anode, which delivers 50% higher practical capacity than the state-of-the-art carbon anodes, will be used to address the safety issues. In Phase I, several lithium-ion cells of capacity 2 Ah and 4 Ah, which are required for two types of flight testing, will be designed and developed and their performance will be evaluated to demonstrate the proof-of-concept. In Phase II, prototype batteries will be produced.

ADVANCED FUEL RESEARCH, INC. 87 Church Street East Hartford, CT 06108
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(860) 528-9806 Mr. James R. Markham AF 05-192 Awarded: 28MAR05
Title:	Propulsion System Performance and Health Monitor
Abstract:	The innovation proposed is a flight-worthy optical sensor that will monitor propulsion system performance and health characteristics, including identifying the onset of combustion instability, in air-breathing engines such as turbojets and ramjets. It is an innovation for three reasons: 1) the sensing is performed in the hot exhaust flow at the back of the engine instead of at the flame-front in the combustor, so no undesired penetrations into the high-pressure, high-temperature combustor are required; 2) in addition to detecting incipient combustion instability the sensor will provide a means to monitor and diagnose the operational health of the engine; and 3) key components of the sensor include a novel optic and passive measurement method. The innovation is directly relevant and important to meeting the technology need described in the topic since it will be measuring new parameters in real-time that will provide propulsion system performance characteristics and contribute to safely expanding the flight envelope of aerospace vehicles. The technology will be attractive to the military aerospace industry since it will provide low-risk technology transfer, advanced aircraft superiority, lower maintenance costs, increased performance, and increased affordability.

COFFINBERRY & ASSOC. 8238 Lake Ridge Drive West Chester, OH 45069
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(513) 777-7369 Mr. George A. Coffinberry AF 05-192 Awarded: 30MAR05
Title:	Aeropropulsion and Power Technology
Abstract:	Electrical/electronic equipment need relatively low temperature for reliability in addition to adequate fuel heat sink for waste heat dissipation. Inefficient engine fuel pumps steal precious heat sink from these critical systems, reducing their reliability and mission capability. Aircraft engine fuel pump heat load is becoming more and more a serious problem on current military aircraft. Fuel recirculation from the engine to aircraft tanks is used as a means for reducing the localized fuel pump temperature rise in the engine. However, recirculation causes increase in tank fuel temperature and a reduction of heat sink for aircraft systems. Using Modelogics Model Engineer as a computational platform, the program will provide the computational tools needed to dramatically reduce pump power (eliminating tank recirculation) while maintaining good stability, reliability and other figures of merit. Lockheed Martin and Modelogics are currently working together to develop a vehicle-level model of the F-35 aircraft. Lockheed Martin and Modelogics have agreed to provide support to this SBIR by providing these F-35 models. Modelogics will work with Coffinberry & Associates to perform mission simulations and trade studies of various pump types and pump configurations.

DESIGN, IMAGING, & CONTROL, INC. 1421 Apple Brook La. Dayton, OH 45458
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(937) 885-4134 Mr. Ali Mazdeh AF 05-192 Awarded: 30MAR05
Title:	Aeropropulsion and Power Technology
Abstract:	We propose the development of passive radiators to be used for adding low-frequency (<1000 Hz) acoustic damping, to mitigate combustion instability in augmentors. These radiators can be viewed as tuned absorbers and will be tuned to the resonant frequency(ies) of the sympathetic mode(s). Once tuned, they will provide an effective fluid loading at their tuned frequency, i.e., the resonant frequency of a sympathetic mode. The number and locations of these radiators are design variables and will be determined so that the radiators couple well with the target mode(s) of the augmentor and thus absorb its(their) energy. We also propose to develop a software tool that assists the designers in the synthesis and analysis of stability mitigation solutions for augmentors. This design tool will be developed in Matlab/Simlink environment and will be based on two sub-systems of acoustics and combustion dynamics feeding back into each other. The modal data used in constructing the acoustic dynamics of the combustion system will be generated in ANSYS finite element analysis environment and then exported to Matlab.

ELECTRODYNAMICS ASSOC., INC. 409 Eastbridge Drive Oviedo, FL 32765
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(407) 977-1825 Mr. Jay Vaidya AF 05-192 Awarded: 21MAR05
Title:	Integration of High Speed, Compact, Efficient Generator for DEW Applications
Abstract:	Compact source of electric power is needed on unmanned combat air vehicles (UCAV) for directed energy weapon (DEW) systems. Electrodynamics proposes integration of high speed induction generator electromagnetics and controls hardware rated at 200 kW, 62000 RPM into a viable system for these applications. The generator produces controlled AC power at a frequency of about 2.1 kHz., which will be stepped up to 30000 plus volts using a high frequency transformer-rectifier-filter unit. The technology integration will be in thermal and mechanical areas. Also the electrical interface issues relating to delivery of high voltage DC power to the HPM weapons are addressed. Innovative approaches proposed are: use of low friction, oil-free air foil bearings for the generator, effective cooling techniques using air or fuel to remove heat, generator packaging in lightweight housing, use of Metglass for stator core to lower iron losses and help thermal management, compact transformer-rectifier-filter design for high voltage output, control of HVDC bus from low potential generator control loop, engine start function, and other protective functions. A team of experts is assembled to carry out the R&D activity. Phase I program will result in hardware designs and drawings for Phase II fabrication and test demonstration.

FMW COMPOSITE SYSTEMS, INC. 1200 W. Benedum Industrial Drive Bridgeport, WV 26330
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(304) 842-1864 Mr. Rob Grabow AF 05-192 Awarded: 31MAR05
Title:	Advanced Thermal Management System for Military Applications of the Scramjet Cycle
Abstract:	The recent successful flight tests of a scramjet have moved to the cycle closer to military application. One key barrier to military utilization of the scrajet is high weights in the engine. The current engine uses an inconel actively cooled wall on the engine. Recent developments in Titanium Matrix Components (TMC) offer a breakthrough potential of cutting the weight of the engine in half. FMW and Pratt Whitney propose to demonstrate an advanced thermal management system with application to a scramjet side wall. A small section will be fabricated with representative flow passage.

INNOVATIVE POWER SOLUTIONS, LLC 22 Meridian Road, Suite 7 Eatontown, NJ 07724
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(732) 544-1075 Mr. Lev Sorkin AF 05-192 Awarded: 01APR05
Title:	Aeropropulsion and Power Technology
Abstract:	High power pulsed load applications impose a great challenge to the existing power sources in military applications. Such applications include radars, Directed-Energy Weapons (DEW), and Electronic Countermeasure systems. DEW systems are being developed for both ground and airborne applications. Typically, they consist of microwave or laser powered guns. Both the microwave application and the diode based laser applications require significant amount of power. This power ranges from hundreds of kilowatts for microwave applications to Megawatts for laser applications. The laser application requires that the full power be available for short duration, with short pauses in between. High power radars require between 100kW and 300kW of pulsed power. The load frequency varies between 300Hz and 2kHz and duty cycle has a range of 10% to 50%. The decoupling of pulsed power loads from the prime power poses significant challenges, and needs to be explored. Innovative solutions need to be explored to improve the AC bus power quality while providing high-speed performance, coupled with high packing densities consistent with airborne applications, in a cost-effective manner. Innovative Power Solutions, LLC (IPS) is proposing to explore the interaction between these systems and provide an optimal solution for controlling this class of Megawatt generators.

INNOVATIVE SCIENTIFIC SOLUTIONS, INC. 2766 Indian Ripple Rd Dayton, OH 45440
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(937) 255-5179 Mr. William Lanter AF 05-192 Awarded: 31MAR05
Title:	Aeropropulsion and Power Technology
Abstract:	High energy density capacitors are vital for the mission of the Air Force in many areas. They will improve the development of advanced directed-energy weapons such as airborne lasers and high-pulse microwaves, where an increase in specific energy density will enable an increase in power, reducing the amount of time-on-target needed for destruction or increasing the range and reducing vulnerability of the systems. In this Phase I program, select carbon nitride (CNx) growth parameters, using well-controlled ion-beam assisted ion-beam sputter plasma deposition will be investigated for use as a capacitor dielectric. Flat-plate capacitors will be constructed. Surface, thermal, compositional, and electrical characteristics of the resulting thin films will be studied. During the subsequent Phase II program, the CNx film growth and dielectric properties will be optimized using the resulting CNx electrical characteristics. Additionally in Phase II, the most suitable method for scaling the size of the capacitors will be determined. Among the criteria considered for size scaling of the dielectric will be 1) determining the largest growth area with minimal defects; 2) suitability of rolling the film without introducing fractures, and 3) constructing stackable capacitors.

ODYSSIAN TECHNOLOGY, L.L.C. 3740 Edison Lakes Parkway Mishawaka, IN 46545
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(574) 257-7555 Mr. Barton Bennett AF 05-192 Awarded: 01APR05
Title:	Structurally Integrated Hybrid Battery for Improved Performance of Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (SUAV)
Abstract:	Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) have been demonstrated to be highly effective in conducting a wide array of military mission. Due to relatively recent advances in rechargeable Li-Polymer battery and brushless electric motor technology, a greater number of small UAVs are electric powered. Though the use of quiet, low vibration, fast deployed electric propulsion systems have many advantages over their gas-powered counterparts, there is a need for the improved stamina of these systems to meet challenging long endurance mission requirements. To increase the flight time of small electric UAVs, Odyssian Technology proposes to develop and demonstrate multifunctional structure having a structurally integrated hybrid battery system. Structural battery concepts are proposed that structurally integrate the battery system into the airframe of a phase I flight demonstrator. Phase I battery-structure designs will be developed having structurally integrated commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) battery cells. In addition, phase I will include the design of a structurally integrated hybrid battery system for demonstration in phase II. Odyssian Technology proposes to develop in phase II highly integrated and optimized battery-structure designs using custom battery components. The benefits of this advanced aeropropulsion design include longer flight time, increased payload capacity, and enhanced thermal performance of the battery elements.

P.C. KRAUSE & ASSOC., INC. 3016 Covington Street West Lafayette, IN 47906
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(765) 464-8997 Dr. Charles E. Lucas AF 05-192 Awarded: 01APR05
Title:	Integrated Simulation/Design/Analysis Infrastructure for SiC-based High-Temperature Power Conversion
Abstract:	In order to realize the full potential of Silicon Carbide and to facilitate its deployment in high-temperature power electronics applications, it is important to establish an integrated simulation, design, and analysis infrastructure to address the special considerations and numerous technical challenges that must be overcome and to support design at the device, subsystem, and system levels. The primary objective of this Phase I research is to demonstrate the viability of such an infrastructure. This will be accomplished in the Phase I by developing detailed two-dimensional electrical models of a PiN and SiC Schottky Barrier diode, which will be used as test beds for the Phase I research. Therein, the detailed electrical performance will be established directly from the physical parameters (geometry, doping profiles, and material properties). Concurrently, the feasibility of coupling detailed thermal and electrical models will be investigated and, because of the anticipated computational complexity of the coupled electro-thermo-dynamic equations, their partitioning for solution on a distributed computer network will be explored. Finally, due to the similarities of the underlying systems of equations, the application of this infrastructure to other branches of science and engineering, such as plasma physics, fluid dynamics, and combustion will also be investigated.

PYRODYNE, INC. 11280 Panorama Drive New Market, MD 21774
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(937) 255-5126 Dr. Lance Jacobsen AF 05-192 Awarded: 29MAR05
Title:	Vehicle Integrated Inward Turning Air Breathing Engines
Abstract:	The overall objective of this proposal is to develop a tool that integrates and optimizes the design of internal scramjet engine flowlines with external aerodynamic designs of hypersonic vehicles. The design of non-optimal, manual iteration engine-integrated inward turning scramjets with waverider vehicle shapes has already proven to be a powerful design technique. This SBIR proposal will initiate a program to further develop the flow surfaces so that a systems level optimization may be performed on the engine and vehicle flow surfaces together with the utilization of a commercial optimizer package.

SPACEWORKS ENGINEERING, INC. 1200 Ashwood Parkway, Suite 506 Atlanta, GA 30338
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(770) 379-8007 Dr. John E. Bradford AF 05-192 Awarded: 30MAR05
Title:	Innovative Aeropropulsion Technology for Future Military Assets
Abstract:	This proposal seeks to develop a system for quickly assessing the abort scenarios for a wide variety transportation concepts including space-access launchers, high-speed cruisers, sub-orbital systems, and strike vehicles with single and multistage elements utilizing air-breathing (turbine, RBCC, combined-cycle, etc.) and rocket propulsion systems. Through an exhaustive assessment of the possible failure modes, mitigation options, and flight scenarios possible along the nominal flight path, this system, called the Abort Simulation Modeler, will be able to identify sensitive areas during the mission when intact abort options are lowest or non-existent for a proposed or existing launch asset. SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) believes demand exists for this type of system. The customer base is envisioned to range from government officials wanting to assess new design concepts (e.g. DoD, NASA, FAA) to the small launch vehicle/responsive space access community wishing to determine how well their systems can meet government certification requirements.

SPIRITECH ADVANCED PRODUCTS, INC. 880 Jupiter Park Drive, Suite 8 Jupiter, FL 33458
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(561) 741-3441 Mr. Jose Gutierrez AF 05-192 Awarded: 30MAR05
Title:	CMC Combustor Liner
Abstract:	Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMC's) offer substantial weight reductions over metallic components, increasing vehicle range and/or payload, as well as reducing cooling flow requirements, thereby increasing overall engine performance and enabling high supersonic flight. Many CMC's exhibit higher mechanical strength characteristics than metals at temperatures exceeding 1600�F. However, CMC's are not homogenous materials, and therefore, their strength is design and part specific. Because of the inter-dependence between design and strength, it is proposed that CMC development be coordinated between the material developer, the designer, and the manufacturer of CMC components. This Phase I program incorporates a team approach, including propulsion system designers and material developers, to develop an innovative CMC combustor liner. This program focuses on developing the design methodology, preliminary design definition, and feasibility demonstration. In the Phase II program, the CMC combustor liner will be tested to validate the design analysis approach, address shortfalls in the material characteristics database, and address (and reduce) high-risk areas due to shortage of data and modeling techniques.

SPIRITECH ADVANCED PRODUCTS, INC. 880 Jupiter Park Drive, Suite 8 Jupiter, FL 33458
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(561) 741-3441 Mr. Eric Gamble AF 05-192 Awarded: 22MAR05
Title:	Scramjet/Ramjet Heat Exchanger Analysis Tool
Abstract:	A ramjet/scramjet heat exchanger design and optimization tool is proposed for rapid analyses of complex thermal cooling systems. In the emerging field of high-speed aerospace, it is necessary that rapid modeling of complex thermal systems be accomplished to enable the trade studies required to optimize the design for weight, cost, and performance. To meet this need, SPIRITECH proposes the development of a ramjet/scramjet heat exchanger design and optimization tool that performs a thermal analysis of the heat exchanger, assesses its structural strength, and optimizes the heat exchanger design to minimize the cooling flow requirement and the heat exchanger weight. Options for the coolant fuel, including various jet fuels and endothermic additives, will be made available so that various fuels may be evaluated. In addition, options for various material properties will also be included. The Phase I effort will focus on developing the thermal and structural models as well as the optimization routine, resulting in a working code. This code will be packaged with a user-friendly interface to simplify its use for large trade studies. The Phase II effort will provide test data for code verification and will incorporate enhancements to improve accuracy and reduce run time.

SPORIAN MICROSYSTEMS, INC. 515 Courtney Way Suite B Lafayette, CO 80026
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(303) 516-9075 Mr. Wenge Zhang AF 05-192 Awarded: 23MAR05
Title:	High Temperature MEMS Sensor Suite for Aero-propulsion and Power Technologies
Abstract:	To improve the working performance, increase efficiency, reduce pollution, reduce cost, and monitor the engine health status of gas turbine engines and advanced propulsion systems, miniaturized, robust sensors would be highly advantageous for measuring and monitoring physical parameters, such as pressure, temperature, flow. The end objective of this proposed work is to develop, single, high temperature (1300 C), MEMS, silicon carbide nitride (SiCN)-based temperature, pressure, and flow sensor suite suitable for a wide range a uses in gas turbine engines and advanced propulsion system applications. Our technical approach is to use SiCN, a new class of high temperature ceramic materials, which possess excellent mechanical and electric properties at high temperatures. In addition, the various processing technologies, such as photolithography, DRIE etching, injection molding, embossing, and precise machining can be utilized for the fabrication of the SiCN MEMS devices. Work tasks will include the evaluations of: material electrical properties, existing and new sensor designs, process techniques and suitability, and analytical and numerical modeling for design verification. Technical challenges lie in that the sensors have to survive extremely harsh working conditions, including high temperatures (as high as 3000�F), elevated pressures, pressure oscillations, corrosive environments, surface coating or fouling, and high particulate loading.

TDA RESEARCH, INC. 12345 W. 52nd Ave. Wheat Ridge, CO 80033
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(303) 940-2350 Dr. David T. Wickham AF 05-192 Awarded: 25MAR05
Title:	Additives to Improve Methane Combustion
Abstract:	Liquefied methane is a promising fuel for space launch vehicles because it has a high specific impulse, excellent cooling capacity, and is very resistant to coking and soot formation. Unfortunately, it is also a very stable molecule and therefore ignition delay times can exceed combustor residence times. Shock tube measurements show that methane must be about 200 K hotter than n dodecane (a representative jet fuel compound) to achieve similar ignition delay times. Therefore, in order to utilize methane effectively, combustors must be larger, increasing the drag and weight of the vehicle. However, additives may significantly reduce methane ignition delay times. Additives can be designed to reduce ignition delay by lowering the activation energy of the combustion process after being injected directly into the combustion chamber. Alternatively, other additives such as hydrogen and acetylene, which can be produced from methane cracking reactions, ignite at lower temperatures and reduce ignition delay times when they are mixed with methane. In this phase I Project TDA Research, Inc. will synthesize and test several additives that function either by reducing ignition delay times when injected directly into a combustor or increase the rate of methane cracking when mixed with the fuel upstream of the combustor.

TECHNICAL DIRECTIONS, INC. 1210 Oakbrook Drive Ortonville, MI 48462
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(248) 625-2990 Mr. Vern E. Brooks AF 05-192 Awarded: 23MAR05
Title:	Aeropropulsion and Power Technology
Abstract:	Small low-cost propulsion systems are required for a variety of new unmanned air vehicle applications. Turbojet engine-generator systems are considered desirable for these small aircraft applications where compact size and low-cost are critical parameters. Technical Directions Inc. has developed a family of very low-cost turbojet engines for these aircraft applications using automotive turbocharger rotating components that satisfy many of the requirements in these applications. Future aircraft are being considered with increased mission complexity and additional range requirements. With frame sizes already established in many of the small aircraft applications, finding space for additional fuel to satisfy the mission requirements becomes almost an impossible assignment. This program will create the technology for a performance upgrade to existing low-cost engines to permit a 10-20% range extension. New design methods will be explored for the aerodynamic engine components that would provide operating efficiency gains of 5-15%. In these small turbojet engines, good component efficiencies are more difficult to achieve due to the effects of additional leakage and manufacturing tolerances making the performance improvements even more challenging. Accomplishing the program objectives herein will provide the desired additional range and mission capability without the need for additional fuel.

TK ENGINEERING ASSOC., INC. 55 Merchant Street, Suite 220 Cincinnati, OH 45246
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(513) 552-5013 Mr. Tom Donohue AF 05-192 Awarded: 24MAR05
Title:	Supersonic UAV Propulsion
Abstract:	Supersonic UAV Propulsion will focus on a conceptual desgin of a Supersonic UAV unique propulsion system utilzing a common versatile core.

ZOLO TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 4946 N. 63rd Street Boulder, CO 80301
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(303) 604-5804 Dr. Andrew D. Sappey AF 05-192 Awarded: 23MAR05
Title:	Aeropropulsion and Power Technology
Abstract:	Zolo Technologies and our partner, Stanford University, propose to develop diagnostic techniques based upon multiplexed, tunable diode laser spectroscopy (TDLAS) for gas turbines in aeropropulsion and power generation applications. Multiplexed TDLAS is a powerful diagnostic technique that has proven useful for measuring temperature and species concentration in SCRAMJET and pulsed detonation aeropropulsion systems with limited spatial resolution. However, application to gas turbine engines presents unique challenges because of high pressures and limited optical access. During the proposed project, we intend to address these issues allowing multiplexed TDLAS to improve efficiency and reduce emissions from operation of gas turbine engines.

FLORIDA TURBINE TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 140 Intracoastal Pointe; Suite 301 Jupiter, FL 33477
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(561) 746-3317 Dr. Susan Cunnigham AF 05-193 Awarded: 25MAR05
Title:	Performance-Based Inspection Techniques for Turbine Engine Blades and Rotors
Abstract:	HCF is one of the leading causes of engine failure in aircraft. Preventing HCF failures requires accurate determination and avoidance of resonant frequencies in design. Designers use a combination of finite element structural analysis and modal frequency testing to identify the natural frequencies at which components resonate. However, these analyses are typically performed on nominal geometries. While each of the blades in a blade row is designed to the same nominal dimensions with close tolerances, the actual dimensions (and therefore resonant frequencies) of manufactured parts will vary a small amount from blade to blade. Methods for acquiring digital 3D dimensional data of manufactured parts are now available but the process to characterize stress from 3D scans is complex and time-consuming. Each blade requires it own mesh for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis to predict aerodynamic loading, and finite element analysis (FEA) to calculate the blade frequency and stress. The goal herein is to develop methods for streamlining the process for calculating blade vibratory stress for measured airfoils. We propose to develop the techniques to efficiently manipulate the geometry and finite element meshes in order to permit multiple blade stress calculations in much less time than it takes today.

CFD RESEARCH CORP. 215 Wynn Dr., 5th Floor Huntsville, AL 35805
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(256) 726-4800 Dr. Karl Meredith AF 05-194 Awarded: 18MAR05
Title:	A New Method for Automation and Optimization of the Curve Fit Kinetics Generating Process
Abstract:	Hydrocarbon combustion chemical kinetics are extremely complex, with detailed reaction mechanisms typically consist of thousands of reaction steps and hundreds of species. However, most reacting flow CFD simulations can only afford reduced global mechanisms with standard Arrhenius rates. Unfortunately, global mechanisms are typically only valid over limited operating ranges and cannot account for the combustion phenomenon of specific interest (e.g. NOx, CO, heat release, auto-ignition, etc.) In addition, global mechanism development is tedious and the developer often has trouble locating appropriate experimental data for the conditions of interest. In this SBIR, CFD Research Corporation proposes to develop an automated method for generating quasi-global reaction mechanisms along with their associated Arrhenius rate parameters. The current curve-fit-kinetics-generator employed by the Air Force will be incorporated into this framework and coupled with the automation and optimization algorithms. In Phase I, automatic generation of quasi-global mechanism steps and the respective species will be done via the computational singular perturbation (CSP) method. The rate parameters of the global mechanisms will be optimized to match laminar flame speed, blow out limits, and/or ignition delay as calculated from detailed kinetic models. In Phase II, the capability will be developed into a stand-alone package. The resulting model will be a community open source code that-given the desired number of steps, parameters of interest, and operating conditions-will automatically generate the optimum quasi-global mechanism and accompanying rate parameters.

COMBUSTION RESEARCH & FLOW TECHNOLOGY, INC. 6210 Keller's Church Road Pipersville, PA 18947
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(215) 766-1520 Dr. Sanford M. Dash AF 05-194 Awarded: 28MAR05
Title:	Improved Modeling Tools for High Speed Reacting Flows
Abstract:	Recent work in high speed reacting flows has identified three areas in which model improvements are needed. (1) Multi-element grid adaptation for fuel injection problems - h-refinement (cell splitting) procedures being utilized in our grid adaptation tool, CRISPr, produce large meshes after several levels of refinement. Point redistribution (r-refinement) techniques based on moving mesh concepts can improve efficiency and will be implemented. (2) Scalar fluctuation modeling for high speed flows - a generalized framework is operational which predicts local values of Prt and Sct and works with our compressibility-corrected k model. Application to basic jet/shear layer flows has indicated good overall performance, but application to fuel injection flow problems has indicated that further turbulence modeling upgrades are required, which will be addressed in this program. (3) Chemical kinetic efficiency enhancement - using point implicit methodology with an iterative chemical kinetic solver leads to load unbalances since more work is done in regions with stiff chemistry. A new "work per node" load balancing technique, has permitted us to analyze hydro-carbon chemical systems with a large number of species and reactions with much greater efficiency. We will incorporate this procedure into our multi-element unstructured code, and make it operate with grid adaptation techniques.

PYRODYNE, INC. 15020 Rolling Hills Drive Glenwood, MD 21738
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(352) 337-6623 Mr. Robert Kielb AF 05-194 Awarded: 29MAR05
Title:	Improved Modeling Tools for High Speed Reacting Flows
Abstract:	The objective of this proposal is to develop and demonstrate a framework for efficient integration of detailed numerical analysis into the design-optimization process. This will be accomplished primarily by developing an objected-oriented architecture specifically designed to book-keep and manipulate surfaces. This work wil build on the developing standards from organizatipons such as the Common Comoponent Architecture Forum (CCA-Forum). The work will integrate Gridpro (a grid generator), VULCAN (CFD code and suite of post-processing tools) and DAKOTA (optimizer toolkit and more) into a single design tool. The tool will then be applied by Pyrodyne to a range of hypersonic applications ranging from combustor design to combined cycle optimization to engine/air fram integration. The underlying architecture will be generic enough to integrate different numercial analysis codes, grid generators, and/or optimizers. Therefore, the tool will be applicable to industries outside the aerospace umbrella, such as automotive industry (reducing vehicle drag). Phase II funding will allow the tool to be developed to a point where it can be marketed not only to the aerospace industry, but to other industries that could benefit from it.

SIMMETRIX, INC. 10 Halfmoon Executive Park Drive Clifton Park, NY 12065
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(518) 348-1639 Mr. Robert O'Bara AF 05-194 Awarded: 25MAR05
Title:	Generation and Adaptive Control of Grids for High-Speed Reacting Flows
Abstract:	This project will develop and demonstrate a new generation of technologies for the creation and adaptive control of grids used in the simulation of high-speed reacting flows. The technologies to be developed will take advantage of the existing and developing Simmetrix simulation automation technologies including generalized model definitions, automatic and adaptive mesh generators, and generalized technologies to deal with tensor fields. Key technical innovations to be carried out in this project will include: Fully automatic mesh generation components that emphasize the creation of mixed topology, anisotropic grids that are easily aligned with the desired flow features. Mesh adaptation procedures that respect fully anisotropic mesh metric fields over the flow domain that are also capable of adaptively identifying and resolving, through the use of properly aligned mixed meshes, flow features anywhere in the domain. A general set of tools to deal with the interactions of meshes and solution fields that can account for key constraints as needed to support integrated vehicle simulations. These innovations will be demonstrated on various multi-speed complex flow problems of direct interest to the Air Force.

JOSEPH HEPP ENGINEERING 22323 Lanark Street Canoga Park, CA 91304
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(818) 340-2720 Mr. Joseph H. Hepp AF 05-195 Awarded: 18MAR05
Title:	REGENERATIVE/FILM/TRANSPIRATION COOLED STRUCTURAL PANEL
Abstract:	A hypersonic engine application may require a sophisticated system to maintain the hot wall structure of the combustion chamber within structural temperature limits. Ablative insulation protects the structure for single mission requirements, but regenerative cooling is required for reusability or severe flight envelopes. At the upper limits of the hypersonic engine operating envelope, transpiration film cooling may be required, possibly in indeterminate localized regions due to combustion variations or operating requirements. A hybrid hot wall cooling panel is proposed which incorporates a regenerative cooling design that will automatically add localized film cooling when the hot wall reaches a critical temperature where regenerative cooling is insufficient to maintain structural integrity. Film cooling is injected along the surface at local hot spots or throughout the panel for general high temperature operation to augment the regenerative cooling. The film coolant is injected at multiple discrete locations along the boundary layer to minimize local flow disturbances and to prolong the effectiveness of the film isolation if the hot combustion cages from the cooled wall for the longest distance; thus minimizing the amount of added coolant flow required to maintain acceptable operating wall temperatures.

ULTRAMET 12173 Montague Street Pacoima, CA 91331
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(818) 899-0236 Mr. Brian E. Williams AF 05-195 Awarded: 31MAR05
Title:	Transpiration-Cooled Hydrocarbon-Fueled Scramjet Engine
Abstract:	The Air Force is seeking advanced cooling concepts for scramjet engines for use in hypersonic cruise missiles, Mach 8-10 strike/reconnaissance aircraft, and affordable, on-demand access to space. In current work for the Air Force, Ultramet and Boeing/Rocketdyne are demonstrating the performance and manufacturing feasibility of a transpiration-cooled oxygen/hydrogen rocket engine for boost applications, based on the use of Ultramet's open-cell foam materials. The design is much less complex and offers lower weight than conventional regeneratively cooled engines. The high propellant density and high thrust-to-weight ratio associated with hydrocarbon propellants make them very attractive; however hydrocarbon propellants can cause coolant channel coking. Although pressure, flow rate, and coolant wall permeability requirements are quite different for hydrocarbon-fueled engines compared to oxygen/hydrogen engines, the potential exists to develop an innovative material and design approach for practical use of high-efficiency hydrocarbon propellants without coking issues. In this project, Ultramet will team with Pratt and Whitney to demonstrate the feasibility of a transpiration-cooled, hydrocarbon-fueled scramjet engine based on the use of advanced structural foam materials. This project will take advantage of the substantial scramjet development work performed at Pratt & Whitney and previous rocket engine materials development performed at Ultramet.

OPTISWITCH TECHNOLOGY CORP. 6355 Nancy Ridge Drive San Diego, CA 92121
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(858) 452-8787 Dr. David Giorgi AF 05-196 Awarded: 26MAY05
Title:	Device Technologies for Photonic Electrical Power Systems
Abstract:	Optiswitch Technology Corporation (OTC) proposes to investigate and demonstrate a cost effective approach for optically controlled Fly-By-Light (FBL) power switches for severe environments. Silicon carbide (SiC) devices are expected to show superior performance over Silicon and Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) devices for FBL applications which fall in the 600-1000Volt, 10-100Amp range due to superior electrical and thermal properties. Direct optical activation requires UV light for exciting electrons from the valence to conduction band in 4H-SiC (3.26eV bandgap). High power UV light is currently expensive to generate and difficult to transport. OTC is proposing the use of light activated high temperature Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) or GaAs switches to both turn-on and turn-off a SiC thyristor, GTO, BJT, MOSFET, or VJFET. Since both Silicon and GaAs have a lower bandgap than SiC, the forward voltage drop is less, making devices based on these materials very effective for shorting one or both of the emitting junctions to turn off the SiC GTO or as simple control gates for other SiC devices. With the lower bandgap, low cost laser diodes and delivery optics are available.. Commercially available SOI and GaAs devices operate at up to 300degC. OTC will be designing switches that can extend this range from 350degC to 400degC all activated by a low cost laser diode.

PETTIT APPLIED TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 34 Cessna Court Gaithersburg, MD 20879
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(301) 926-3549 Dr. John W. Pettit AF 05-196 Awarded: 17MAR05
Title:	Optically Controlled Switch Based On Wide Bandgap Semiconductors and Carbon Nanotubes
Abstract:	An optically controlled electric power switch will be designed, built and tested that is compatible with "Fly-by-Light" fiber optic networks. This switch will operate in the 600 to 1200 volt, 100 Amp power range, be controllable with the low light levels received in a fiber optic WDM channel with VCSEL light source, operate at high temperatures and withstand extremely high levels of EMI. The optical wavelength range will be from approximately 800 to 1800 nanometers. Wide bandgap semiconductors used in conjunction with carbon nanotubes form the basis for this design.

VEGA WAVE SYSTEMS, INC. 1275 West Roosevelt Road, Suite 112 West Chicago, IL 60185
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(630) 562-9433 Dr. Alan R. Sugg AF 05-196 Awarded: 23MAR05
Title:	Optically Triggered Power Transistor for Photonic Electrical Power Systems
Abstract:	Under this program Vega Wave Systems, Inc. will design, fabricate and characterize a gallium- arsenide-based optically-triggered power transistor, which has high potential of achieving high-frequency switching capability, without sacrificing switching efficiency or other critical parameters like on-resistance and breakdown voltage. Power-electronic systems comprising optically-triggered devices have the potential for significantly higher switching frequencies and power densities. The proposed device is switched through the photogeneration-recombination of carriers, without requiring any gate-oxide structure like conventional metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor. The optically-triggered power transistor provides several key advantages including increased reliability due to isolation of the switch control signals from the power devices, reduced vulnerability of the resulting power system to electromagnetic interference, higher switching speed at high power, enhanced power-added efficiency, and increased breakdown voltage. In Phase II of the program, a second-generation device will be designed to improve device performance with regard to higher switching speed, optical gain and breakdown voltage. In addition, the device will be packaged with an optical window or fiber-coupled package for testing in Air Force fly-by-light systems.

ADAPTIVE MATERIALS, INC. 4403 Concourse Drive Suite C Ann Arbor, MI 48108
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(734) 302-7632 Mr. Timothy Labreche AF 05-197 Awarded: 23MAR05
Title:	Intelligent Hybrid Power Management Device
Abstract:	Our goal is to deliver a integrated hybrid power management device to the special operations soldier to minimize the burden of carrying unnecessary weight due to various batteries. Our proposed device includes a programmable voltage output, simple user interface, and a modular design that allows the system to be tailored to specific mission profiles. The system will include an LCD text display that will provide information in real time to allow for mission vital decisions to be made immediately. The power manager will be extremely rugged in design as part of a continued commitment by AMI to produce equipment suitable for military use. It is our belief that the proposed power manager / harvester system is a technology that goes hand in hand with our ultimate goal of delivering a power system with unparalleled energy density. It is our ultimate hope that such a device makes our Solid Oxide Fuel Cell system the obvious choice for almost any military operation.

SCHAFER CORP. 321 Billerica Road Chelmsford, MA 01824
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(925) 447-0555 Mr. John Mead AF 05-197 Awarded: 01APR05
Title:	Power Manager for Special Operations Portable Power Applications
Abstract:	The Air Force is looking for an integrated power management system that can harvest/manage energy from several different energy sources, provide power to the myriad of devices that the soldier must carry, each with varying voltage and current requirements, and provide information back to the soldier with regard to the usage rate, estimate time of operation at current level, warnings and course of action alarms. Schafer proposes an integrated power management system (IPMS) utilizing state-of-the-art micro-power electronic technologies and innovative control strategies. All of the power electronic subsystems are internally connected to a common bus and the entire IPMS is contained in a field-portable belt-mounted package. This design process will provide insight into technical trade-off-issues between performance and weight. Additionally, power management communications alternatives are addressed with candidate technologies identified and preliminary designs developed.

SPACE HARDWARE OPTIMIZATION TECHNOLOGY, INC. 7200 Highway 150 Greenville, IN 47124
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(812) 923-9591 Mr. Mark Ainsworth AF 05-197 Awarded: 17MAR05
Title:	Power Manager for Special Operations Portable Power Applications
Abstract:	Today's special operations soldier must pack over 75 pounds of gear through a wide range of environmental extremes. Those 75 pounds consist of mission essential electronic devices with 25 of those pounds consigned to onetime use batteries. For issues of stealth, stamina, and sustainment, it is crucial we reduce the load on our special ops forces while enhancing their performance with state of the art mission critical systems. The SHOT Hybrid Power Manager System (HPM) is the ideal solution for this problem. The SHOT HPM System is a high efficiency, light weight, rugged hybrid power manager that can harvest energy from many different input sources while supplying multiple outputs for host equipment usage. It incorporates load sharing technology ideal for preserving battery life when operating pulse power load hardware. Additionally, it will provide the user real-time, current and collected system data and other information as necessary to optimize energy use, performance and conservation. Our design approach illustrates an HPM system that can be operated autonomously or manually depending on the needs of the user.

APPLIED PLASMA TECHNOLOGIES 7231 Woodley Place Falls Church, VA 22046
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(703) 560-9569 Dr. Igor Matveev AF 05-198 Awarded: 21MAR05
Title:	Multi-Channel Plasma Switches
Abstract:	Plasma switches are able to operate at a much higher energy density than traditional switched capacitor banks as well as handle much higher currents, and are particularly well suited for pulsed power applications. A present limitation on the implementation of open plasma switches into related technologies is the relatively short lifespan and low operational frequency at which these devices must operate. To overcome this limitation we are going to use our experience in development of plasma switches that are able to form short (rise time 5-100 ns) high voltage (15-100 kV) pulses with current up to several kilo amperes and with a repetition frequency up to several kilo hertz, and to develop a method for splitting high impulse current into many channels with spark gaps. Each spark gap will have separate storage capacitance and charging circuit with controlled and adjustable charging current. Output cathodes of all spark gaps will be connected with the same load and all channel currents will be summarized by synchronizing of the spark gaps ignition. If successful, we will develop an advanced plasma switch consisted of multiple spark gaps that will be suitable for high currents and fast rise time capabilities.

INNOVATIVE SCIENTIFIC SOLUTIONS, INC. 2766 Indian Ripple Rd Dayton, OH 45440
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(937) 429-4980 Dr. Peter Bletzinger AF 05-198 Awarded: 23MAR05
Title:	Plasma Switches for High-Repetition, High-Power Applications
Abstract:	There is a continuous requirement for high power, high rep-rate, long life switches in Air Force applications. Two application examples are high power microwave (HPM) and atmospheric pressure air plasma generation for self protection. Both require rep rates in the order of �Y 1 kHz at voltages of hundred to several hundred kV and currents into the multi kA range. Present technology uses capacitive energy storage and variations of the triggered spark gap for switching, even though they have limited rep rate capability and their lifetime is limited to the order of 105 -106 shots. These requirements exceed the capabilities of even large hydrogen thyratrons, which also require large amounts of DC auxiliary power. For several years, an alternative switch has been developed and become commercially available for lower power requirements. The pseudospark switch reduces electrode wear due to its ��super-emission�� operating mode, has demonstrated rep rates in the high kHz range and in some versions hold-off voltages in the 100 kV range. Its operating life time far exceeds that of comparable spark gap switches and it requires very little or no DC auxiliary power. Very recently miniature versions of this switch with almost the same performance as standard versions have been developed at USC. While this technology is still being actively developed in several countries, to meet Air Force needs the research will have to be focused on meeting the operating voltage, rep rate and lifetime requirements simultaneously. It is proposed to identify the areas where research is still necessary to increase hold-off voltage, rep-rate and peak current, select design parameters based on current knowledge, address specific areas and provide the improved designs. Since USC is actively involved in pseudospark research, some pilot experiments will also be conducted during phase I to validate novel design concepts.

ELECTRODYNAMIC APPLICATIONS, INC. P.O. Box 131460 Ann Arbor, MI 48113
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(734) 786-1434 Dr. Tim Smith AF 05-200 Awarded: 13MAY05
Title:	DeflectorShield: magnetic shielding for laser communications
Abstract:	In order to simultaneously characterize and mitigate spacecraft laser communication (lasercom) system performance degradation by electric propulsion (EP) plumes, we propose to develop a magnetic deflector to protect the reflective telescopes typical of lasercom systems from erosion by charge-exchange (CEX) ions. Since beam intensity losses due to absorption and Rayleigh scattering are negligible for the typical EP plume densities, sputtering is the dominant degradation mechanism for on-orbit lasercom. The DeflectorShield uses permanent magnets to set up a magnetic field perpendicular to the optical axis, deflecting CEX ions into the telescope tube before they strike the primary mirror. We will use the magnetostatic code MagNet 6.0? to design a proof-of-concept magnetic deflector, sized to fit a commercially-available reflective telescope. Phase-I will also be used to develop a build, test and evaluation plan for Phase-II. Experiments in Phase-II will compare the optical performance degradation of two telescopes (one protected, one unprotected) at opposite locations in the wings of a Hall thruster plume, permitting the separation of erosion and re-deposition effects. These experiments will permit iterative validation and improvement of the baseline design.

ADVATECH PACIFIC, INC. 2015 Park Avenue, Suite 8 Redlands, CA 92373
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(661) 266-1700 Mr. Richard Hora AF 05-201 Selected for Award
Title:	SPACE PROPULSION MODELING AND SIMULATION
Abstract:	There is a requirement for improving specific impulse and mass fraction in propulsion systems, while providing precision and predictability in thrust to enhance accuracy. These systems must be dependable and cost-effective at a high level of operational readiness. This contributes significantly to performance of systems such as Land Based Strategic Deterrent, Prompt Global Strike and Responsive Launch to Space and Responsive Satellites. Advatech Pacific (API) proposes to provide modeling and simulation of critical system elements (utilizing legitimate mathematical, aeronautical, astronautical, operational, and chemical principles, ultimately to encompass life cycle cost) in electric, chemical, and high-energy density propulsion, which will be used with laboratory research to advance the state of the art. API, working with AFRL, will create an architecture of software systems and integrate these to provide comprehensive simulation and modeling tools. Electric propulsion models (Coliseum, HPHall, Colloid) have state of the art physics, but have a basic architecture, which provides limited functionality. API is suited to the task of re-architecting and parallelizing these models. API will also support chemical propulsion technology including CFD modeling of several key experimental systems. Finally, API will develop plasma physics and high-energy propulsion tool concepts in support of a joint PRSA/PRSS effort at AFRL.

AMERICAN PACIFIC CORP. 10622 West 6400 North Cedar City, UT 84721
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(435) 865-5017 Dr. Kent Richman AF 05-201 Awarded: 27MAY05
Title:	Investigation of Ignition Delay: Novel beta-Substituted Ethylazide Derivatives as Potential New Liquid Propellant Fuels
Abstract:	Few replacements for hydrazine-based propellants have been developed over the years. One potential candidate is 2-azido-N,N-dimethylethanamine (DMAZ). Unfortunately, DMAZ-IRFNA systems have exhibited ignition delays significantly longer than MMH-IRFNA systems. We are proposing the synthesis and testing of a novel �-substituted ethylazide derivatives that will overcome the longer ignition delays of DMAZ-IRFNA systems while maintaining or even enhancing performance. Thermochemical calculations show a comparable Isp between our novel �-substituted ethylazide derivatives and DMAZ or MMH, under equivalent operating conditions. Initial QSAR calculations indicate this material is significantly less toxic than hydrazine and its derivatives. These novel �-substituted ethylazide derivatives can be prepared in a simple two-step process from readily available starting materials. By leveraging our current R&D efforts and building upon collaborations already in place, we propose, in the Phase I effort, to synthesize quantities of this new material sufficient to obtain useful energetic and ignition delay data. This data will make a significant contribution to the search for new efficient fuels, with low environmental hazards for future propulsion systems.

GARVEY SPACECRAFT CORP. 389 Haines Avenue Long Beach, CA 90814
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(714) 659-6930 Mr. John Garvey AF 05-201 Awarded: 05MAY05
Title:	Demonstration and Analysis of Reusable Launch Vehicle Operations
Abstract:	The increased use of reusable systems continues to be one of the most promising options for creating advancements in the daily maintenance of rocket systems, lowering hours for preparation and diminishing expenses for preparation. However, since the end of the DC-X/XA Delta Clipper program, flight testing of candidate reusable launch vehicle (RLV) designs, technologies and operations has come to a halt. This project provides an opportunity to quickly jump-start domestic RLV flight-based test and evaluation through the innovative use of an proven test vehicle design that has already been developed and flown by a joint industry-academic team. By leveraging previous design and development efforts, flight testing will actually commence in Phase I. This research will focus on conducting a rapid (i.e. - same day) turn-around between flights to identify and assess key operational factors. A subsequent Phase II vehicle would incorporate lessons learned from these initial demonstrations, along with more advanced technologies to expand the RLV flight research envelope. It could also serve as a prototype for an operational RLV that might eventually replace the expendable first stage(s) of small launch vehicles (SLVs) now in development.

TURBO SOLUTIONS ENGINEERING LLC PO Box 722, 16 Beaver Meadow Road Norwich, VT 05055
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(802) 649-8710 Mr. Nicholas C. D'Orsi AF 05-201 Selected for Award
Title:	Integrated Vehicle Health Management "Intelligent Engine" Turbopump Concept
Abstract:	Turbo Solutions Engineering LLC is providing this proposal for a Phase I Small Business Innovation Research Program. The technical objectives are to demonstrate the feasibility of the integration of real-time performance monitoring and diagnostics within a turbopump system, to provide operational status data, and to predict the remaining life of critical components. This Integrated Vehicle Health Management (IVHM) System would provide information regarding the behavior and condition of the turbopump equipment, which would lead to technological improvements, reduce the design cycle time and development costs, and enable the turbopumps to operate for greater durations between expensive inspections and overhaul teardowns. Turbo Solutions Engineering LLC intends to leverage existing technologies and experience from other sectors of the aerospace and industrial marketplace to develop an IVHM system specifically adapted for use within turbopump systems. The IVHM system provides direct measurement of the condition and performance of critical components including bearings, shafts, impellers, seals and casings in the turbopumps. This Phase I proposal can be leveraged in cooperation with Applied Astronautics Corporation's current AFRL Hydrocarbon-Fueled Innovative Rocket Engine (HyFIRE) program, which involves a liquid oxygen/methane turbopump development effort. The HyFIRE turbopump can serve as a future test-bed for the IVHM turbopump system.

WASK ENGINEERING, INC. 4120 Cameron Park Drive, Suite 303 Cameron Park, CA 95682
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(530) 672-2797 Mr. Wendelin M. Burkhardt AF 05-201 Awarded: 19MAY05
Title:	Integrated Engine Health Management System
Abstract:	The United States Air Force is currently investigating system concepts with global reach within an hour or two. It is also examining system concepts that have the ability to rapidly and with very high reliability deploy critical assets into space. Approaches under consideration for both of these applications include reusable, highly operable and responsive rocket based vehicles. To achieve the capabilities required of these vehicles, requires rocket engines achieve the reliability and operability goals set out by IHPRPT. Rocket engine concepts that have been developed to achieve these goals have identified an integrated engine health management system (IEHMS) as one of the most critical technology needs in the engine system. This effort will demonstrate that an engine management system can effectively employ a transient engine simulation to provide rocket engine condition monitoring and real time anomaly detection. Phase 1 of the effort will demonstrate the viability of our approach. Phase 2, if funded, will implement our approach and apply it to monitoring, not controlling, an engine, such as the IPD, during hot fire testing.

CFD RESEARCH CORP. 215 Wynn Dr., 5th Floor Huntsville, AL 35805
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(256) 726-4800 Mr. Matthew E. Thomas AF 05-202 Awarded: 28APR05
Title:	An Integrated Laser Based Rocket Chamber Ignition and Wall Diagnostics System
Abstract:	Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) has matured to the level that direct measurement of internal rocket engine chamber species and temperatures is feasible. Laser Induced Spark Technology has matured to the level that it is now under consideration as the fundamental ignition source in numerous rocket engine applications. Integration of these technologies into a single system is proposed. Phase I proof of concept demonstration will include: 1. LIBS measurement and OH species and inferred temperatures in a GOx/CH4 combustion chamber at transient ignition and steady state conditions using equivalent laser energy and pulse formatting to an existing laser based ignition system; 2. Utilization of LIBS measurements to validate Large Eddy Simulation (LES) CFD based predictions of chamber species; 3. Inference of hot gas wall temperatures, heat fluxes and velocity profiles of a GOx/CH4 rocket engine using validated CFD based methods; and 4. Identification of commercial grade components suitable for an integrated laser based ignition and diagnostics system within a LOx/CH4 rocket chamber installation. CFDRC has teamed with the University of Tennessee Space Institute and Los Alamos National Laboratory to complete LIBS measurements using laser energy and multiplexing requirements comparable to what is present in a laser based rocket ignition system during Phase I. During Phase II CFDRC will demonstrate this system in a rocket launch environment.

EN URGA, INC. 1291-A Cumberland Avenue West Lafayette, IN 47906
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(765) 497-3269 Dr. Yudaya Sivathanu AF 05-202 Awarded: 26APR05
Title:	Liquid Rocket Engine Heat Transfer Tools
Abstract:	This Phase I project will evaluate the feasibility of utilizing mid-infrared hyperspectral emission tomography for estimating the temperature of the hot gases near the wall as well as the temperature of the wall in a rocket engine combustor. The hyperspectral emission measurements at the water vapor and carbon dioxide bands will be deconvoluted using a Maximum Likelihood Estimation method of the linearized equation of radiative transfer to provide the temperatures of the hot gases near the wall. Radiation signatures from the continuum band will be used to provide a temperature map of the combustor wall. During the Phase I work, the feasibility of the system to will be evaluated using a low-pressure hydrogen/oxygen combustor. Three tasks are planned for the Phase I work: 1) Develop a suitable deconvolution algorithm to obtain wall and gas temperatures within the combustor from hyperspectral images, (2) Evaluate the feasibility of hyperspectral emission tomography for temperature estimation in a low pressure combustor, and (3) design a prototype system to obtain temperature measurements in a high pressure rocket engine combustor. During the Phase II work, a prototype system will be fabricated and evaluated using the high-pressure rocket engine facility at Purdue University.

OPTO-KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS, INC. 4030 Spencer St, Suite 108 Torrance, CA 90503
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(310) 371-4445 Dr. Nahum Gat AF 05-202 Awarded: 04MAY05
Title:	Rocket engine boundary layer temperature measurements using Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy (CARS)
Abstract:	We propose to design, build, and install a Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy (CARS) system for boundary layer temperature measurements on an existing combustion test stand at Edwards AFB. CARS is an non-intrusive, in-situ laser-based combustion diagnostic for spatially and temporally resolved temperature measurements in reacting flows. Under Phase-I we will design the complete CARS system specific to the needs and requirements of AFRL/PRSA. OKSI will design, manufacture, and deliver a modular test section compatible to the existing test stand at Edwards. In addition, we will demonstrate CARS temperature measurements through a geometrically equivalent test section using an existing operating CARS system as a proof of concept. Under Phase-II we will assemble and install the system and demonstrate boundary layer temperature measurements in the operating combustor at the Edwards AFB test facility.

JDLL, INC. 7302 S. 300 W. #305 Midvale, UT 84047
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(801) 568-3600 Dr. James E. Youngberg AF 05-203 Selected for Award
Title:	Noise and Artifact Reduction in Computed Tomography (CT) Images
Abstract:	Using experimentally-verified simulation we rank the most troublesome artifact mechanisms in high-energy 2D industrial computed tomography (CT) reconstruction. These artifacts, which include imprecise geometry, beam-hardening, sampling issues, scatter, and non-linearities, are fundamentally different from their appearance in medical and other low-energy CT implementations. We will demonstrate several new and original artifact reduction algorithms targeted at the most critical artifacts, those which hamper detection and mensuration of anomalies. We propose nine promising candidate algorithms, of which six are unique to high-energy x-ray (i.e., > 5 MeV) applications. In Phase I we will evaluate and deliver demonstrations of the most promising algorithms. The Phase II program completes all demonstrations and design, and delivers a prototype artifact reduction package incorporating all successful artifact reduction algorithms. This package will be designed for retrofit of existing HECT2 and ICT1500/2500 systems and for new high-energy CT designs. JDLL team members have accumulated unmatched depth and expertise in high-energy rocket motor CT. Our team includes project scientists/engineers from original HECT for Trident, from ICT data analysis and data structuring, and the HECT2 upgrade for Minuteman. JDLL's artifact reduction innovations have reduced imaging artifacts in HECT2 and numerous other military CT systems.

PHYSICAL OPTICS CORP. Information Technologies Division, 20600 Gramercy Torrance, CA 90501
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(310) 320-3088 Dr. Keehoon Kim AF 05-203 Selected for Award
Title:	Adaptive Artifact-Decoupling Error Corrective Reconstruction
Abstract:	To meet the Air Force need for noiseless, artifact-free X-ray computed tomography (CT) to evaluate the integrity of large solid rocket motors, Physical Optics Corporation (POC) proposes to develop a new artifact reduction CT technology based on Adaptive Artifact-Decoupling Error Corrective Reconstruction (AADECR). POC's AADECR adaptive reconstruction algorithm, designed for existing CT data from an ICT 1500/2500 system, includes a new distinct image analysis that separates pure image content from artifacts to eliminate CT artifacts quantitatively. The AADECR system will generalize an artifact-generation mechanism inherently embedded in conventional projection/reconstruction processes in a CT system, and then quantitatively compensate for reconstruction errors in images to eliminate artifacts induced by reconstruction calculations. AADECR will give better accuracy in a fraction of the time required by conventional high-cost computation methods. In Phase I POC will demonstrate the feasibility of the AADECR system, and test it on real or realistic data. In Phase II the algorithms developed in Phase I will be optimized for implementation on standalone hardware platforms capable of interfacing to CT systems installed at Hill AFB.

BUSEK CO., INC. 11 Tech Circle Natick, MA 01760
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(508) 655-5565 Mr. Lawrence Byrne AF 05-204 Awarded: 05MAY05
Title:	High Current Cathode Development
Abstract:	High power dual mode electric propulsion systems are an enabling technology for the orbit transport of DoD space assets. In the Phase I program Busek Co. will design, fabricate and test a high current center mounted cathode. The cathode will be designed to deliver electron current to a 20 kW thruster capable of both high thrust to power and high Isp operation. The proposed high current cathode will be scaled from well established hollow cathode technology, but incorporate design innovations that address challenges with discharge current scaling and lifetime requirements. In Phase I we will fabricate a prototype cathode and demonstrate high sustained current operation. Additional testing with our existing 20 kW thruster will be performed to characterize integrated performance. Our subcontractor, Boeing EDD will model the cathode design and operation using a proprietary model and make first order lifetime predictions. In Phase II, an advanced engineering model prototype will be fabricated. An extensive test program with our 20 kW thruster will be performed to verify thruster/cathode operation over the dual mode thruster operating envelope. The Hall thruster system, of which the cathode is an integral component will demonstrate the capability to exceed Phase III IHPRPT goals for electrostatic propulsion.

ELECTRODYNAMIC APPLICATIONS, INC. P.O. Box 131460 Ann Arbor, MI 48113
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(734) 786-1434 Dr. David Morris AF 05-204 Awarded: 03MAY05
Title:	Helicon Hall Thruster
Abstract:	The Hall thruster has great potential in satisfying many of the spacecraft propulsion needs of the United States Air Force for the next several decades due to its combination of high specific impulse, high thrust efficiency, and high thrust density. The USAF has recently concluded that bi-modal Hall thrusters (i.e., high thrust-to-power and high specific impulse) are attractive for future missions such as LEO-to-GEO orbital transfer vehicles (OTVs). To that end, the USAF has recently issued a contract to an Aerojet-led team to develop a 20-kW xenon-propellant Hall thruster that adheres to IHPRPT Phase III goals. Our proposal seeks to develop a new, two-stage Hall thruster that can achieve IHPRPT Phase III goals by using a helicon ionization, first-stage coupled to a state-of-the-art Hall accelerator stage. Use of the helicon ionization source, which is one of the world's most efficient, will allow high Hall thruster efficiency at low discharge voltages by reducing the ion production cost. Moreover, given the helicon source affinity for noble gases, it may be possible to develop an efficient Hall thruster that operates with propellants that are cheaper than xenon, such as argon.

STARFIRE INDUSTRIES, LLC 60 Hazelwood Drive Champaign, IL 61820
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(217) 390-2784 Dr. Robert A. Stubbers AF 05-204 Awarded: 16MAY05
Title:	High Power Planar Hall Thruster Technology Development
Abstract:	This Phase I SBIR will test the feasibility and viability of a Planar Hall Thruster (PHT) to enable high-power, modular thrusters with improved operating characteristics and lower lifecycle costs. Recent research suggests that conventional Hall thrusters may have limitations on efficiency and power scaling that are not easily overcome based on geometric factors. A planar geometry relaxes these constraints and can lead to a higher efficiency platform if a method to handle the drift current particle losses are found. This Phase I effort will address both of these issues.

INTELLIGENT AUTOMATION, INC. 15400 Calhoun Drive, Suite 400 Rockville, MD 20855
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(301) 294-5238 Dr. Chiman Kwan AF 05-207 Selected for Award
Title:	A Novel Approach to EO, IR, SAR, and Hyperspectral Sensor Fusion
Abstract:	Target detection and classification is challenging because target detection and classification cannot be effectively carried out by pure visual inspection and must rely on some automatic algorithms. Intelligent Automation, Inc. (IAI) and its subcontractor, Prof. C. Chang of the University of Maryland at Baltimore County (UMBC), propose a new hybrid framework for target detection and classification using airborne images from two perspectives: spatial and spectral. The spatial approach focuses on texture analysis. The idea is motivated by the fact that the image texture will be disturbed if targets are present. This approach is applicable to EO, IR, hyperspectral, and SAR images. The spectral approach and has two steps. First, a new automatic target generation process (ATGP) is used to generate a set of potential targets from the image data in an unsupervised fashion without using any prior knowledge. Second, an Automatic Target Detection and Classification Algorithm (ATDCA) is used to identify the potential targets. The algorithm can be used to detect anomalies (new and unknown targets) in blind environments. The algorithm is suitable for surveillance operations where the objective is to detect the presence of any potential targets.

PHYSICAL OPTICS CORP. Information Technologies Division, 20600 Gramercy Torrance, CA 90501
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(310) 320-3088 Dr. Sergey Sandomirsky AF 05-207 Selected for Award
Title:	Spectral Spatio-Temporal Image Fusion
Abstract:	To address the Air Force need for novel algorithms for fast measurement of hyperspectral imagery of transient events, Physical Optics Corporation (POC) proposes to develop a new Spectral Spatio-Temporal Image Fusion system, integrating innovative spatiotemporal helix algorithms and hyperspectral imagery filtering. The SSTIF system will identify and classify transient events with lifetimes ranging from fractions of a second to minutes by constructing spatiotemporal helixes, using sequences of spectrally filtered images. The SSTIF system will classify events much faster than artificial neural networks or clustering algorithms. In Phase I POC will develop a MATLAB prototype SSTIF system and demonstrate its feasibility with hyperspectral imagery from the IRIA infrared imagery collection. In Phase II a fully developed software utility compatible with COTS image analysis software packages will be completed, tested, and demonstrated.

SOLID STATE SCIENTIFIC CORP. 27-2 Wright Road Hollis, NH 03049
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(603) 598-1194 Dr. James E Murguia AF 05-207 Selected for Award
Title:	CTS Algorithms for Dynamic Battlefield Events
Abstract:	The objective of this program is to develop algorithms to detect, classify and identify dynamic and "surprise" events (i.e., battlefield events that are unscheduled, un-cued, or otherwise unpredicted prior to occurrence, such as missile launches, warhead explosions, artillery fire, etc.) measured from a remote platform to support future theater ISR architectures. The algorithms will be customized to operate on spectral-temporal data of surprise events in the visible, Short Wave InfraRed (SWIR), and Mid Wave InfraRed (MWIR) band anywhere within a large field of view/field of regard (FOV/FOR) at greater than video rates. The primary mission of the algorithms will be to detect, classify and identify battlefield signatures in real time using spectral-temporal discrimination, thereby improving targeting accuracy and increasing weapons effectiveness. The secondary mission will be kill assessment based on statistical unmixing of the target's destruction signature from that of the weapon. The classifiers developed will be based both on the existing library of surprise event data and on data collection opportunities that arise during the course of the contract. The classifiers will exploit target specific spectral-temporal features and be customized to support the unique aspects of spectral/temporal instrumentation.

SPACE COMPUTER CORP. 12121 Wilshire Boulevard , Suite 910 Los Angeles, CA 90025
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(310) 481-6000 Mr. Alan D.Stocker AF 05-207 Selected for Award
Title:	Algorithms for Hyperspectral Sensor Fusion of Transient Events
Abstract:	Persistent hyperspectral imaging has a number of important military applications including: 1) Rapid detection and identification of transient battlefield events (e.g., weapon launches); 2) Detection of low-observable moving targets not readily found using conventional spatial or spectral discriminants, or that move too quickly to be acquired and followed by low revisit rate HSI sensors; 3) Dynamic tracking and identification of gaseous effluent plumes associated with chemical weapons. To realize the full potential of the emerging generation of staring "video-HSI" (VHSI) sensors, it is necessary to develop data processing concepts that take full advantage of the novel data products these instruments provide. Space Computer Corporation proposes to extend techniques that have previously been employed to solve separate problems in HSI change detection, target tracking, chemical plume discrimination, and multisensor fusion, and to develop a new framework of algorithms and tools specifically tailored for VHSI sensors. The Phase I effort will define top-level VHSI operational concepts, develop algorithm approaches, and demonstrate algorithm utility for selected VHSI applications of military significance. In Phase II, we will implement the most promising algorithms in automated software running on COTS computer hardware, and conduct a technology demonstration with a prototype VHSI sensor system.

AVTEC SYSTEMS, INC. 14432 Albemarle Point Place Chantilly, VA 20151
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(703) 488-2500 Mr. Ray Ritmiller AF 05-209 Awarded: 18MAR05
Title:	High Fidelity RF Emitter Parameter Generation Capability
Abstract:	Avtec Systems, Inc. proposes creating a High Fidelity RF Parameter Generator built on the foundation of our Wideband Analog Signal Processing (WASP) Board. In order to provide the waveform reconstruction capabilities desired by the Air Force for future laboratory synthetic battlespace simulation we will need to dramatically improve the WASP's arbitrary waveform signal generation by designing the WASP-AWG with a dual Digital to Analog Converter signal chain allowing the creation of Inphase and Quadrature outputs. Additionally a flexible Single Sideband Up-converter architecture will be designed to translate the generated waveforms to the frequency band of interest. Multi-signal generation capability will be supported to allow cost effective signal recreation covering a 1 GHz bandwidth. For Phase I, Avtec will evaluate the proposed architecture's ability to implement the advanced signal generation architecture. Knowledge gained from this task will be used to validate the architecture's ability to meet the performance requirements of the High Fidelity RF Parameter Generator and to determine the hardware and firmware requirements for the Phase II prototype. Upgrades to Avtec's WASP board, FPGA firmware, and the driver and API software will be defined to ensure that all generator requirements are met.

KOR ELECTRONICS 10855 Business Center Dr., Bldg. A Cypress, CA 90630
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(516) 622-2330 Mr. Tom Brenner AF 05-209 Awarded: 18MAR05
Title:	High Fidelity RF Emitter Parameter Generation Capability
Abstract:	Today, technological advances have resulted in the ability for receivers to extract RADAR signal features from received signals resulting in Specific Emitter Identification (SEI). The problem can be summarized as follows: Today's RADAR signal receivers are able to identify the class of the radar as well as specific signature characteristics emanating from a specific radar system. Very high fidelity signal generation is required to adequately develop, test and reprogram SEI capable systems Flight tests over EW ranges and others are very costly so laboratory simulation is a highly attractive alternative. Further, laboratory simulation enables highly classified signal emissions to be contained, which is not possible while radiating on the range. Unfortunately, today's laboratory simulators cannot reproduce the requisite signal environments with sufficient fidelity in order to permit SEI signal generation for receiver development, test and library reprogramming. KOR Electronics proposes herein to research the RF parameters which can be exploited for SEI, and innovate techniques and technologies which will permit the development of a very high fidelity RF emitter parameter generation capability capable of generating these SEI parameters with sufficient resolution that will enable the highly accurate, repeatable recording, synthesis and reproduction of radar signals including fine modulations for the test and evaluation of advanced receivers.

Q-DOT, INC. 1069 Elkton Drive Colorado Springs, CO 80907
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(719) 590-1112 Mr. Michael E. Harrell AF 05-209 Awarded: 18MAR05
Title:	High-Fidelity, Delta-Sigma Waveform Generator (9695)
Abstract:	Q-DOT proposes to develop a High-Fidelity, Delta-Sigma Waveform Generator (DS WG) for high-fidelity specific emitter identification (SEI) signal simulators. This approach can be used to generate precision, pulsed waveforms mimicking unintentional modulation on pulse (UMOP). The UMOP can be any combination of amplitude, frequency, or phase. A single DS WG can generate diverse radar waveforms (e.g., linear FM, pulsed CW, PRN) and spectrally efficient communications waveforms (e.g., multi-h CPM and SOQPSK), all under software control. Its superior signal quality (100 dB SFDR, -155 dBc/Hz noise floor) is advantageous for local oscillators as well. In Phase I the capabilities of DS WG will be demonstrated. Prototype DS WG modules will be built, demonstrated, and delivered during Phase II.

3D PIPELINE SIMULATION CORP. 3414 Peachtree Road, Suite 1060 Atlanta, GA 30326
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(540) 720-6818 Mr. Lonnie Fouty AF 05-210 Awarded: 18MAR05
Title:	Collaborative Virtual Combat Simulation Technology For System of Systems Research
Abstract:	Our proposal is constructed around a mature, government-owned, distributed simulation architecture known as Joint Force Operational Readiness Combat Effectiveness Simulator (JFORCES) and a proven three-step computer-aided methodology known as Rapid Relational Modeling (RRM). The proposal includes definition, structuring and prioritizing of project goals and requirements using consensus of end-user expert groups, developed through RRM sessions, facilitated by experienced contractor staff members. Our proposed application, modification/enhancement and expansion of current JFORCES capabilities includes demonstration of integrated Network-Centric SoS concepts and demonstration of relevant capabilities; 1) to evaluate alternative C4/ISR sensors, weapons and communications concepts at the system, subsystem and component levels (at all echelons of joint service operation, including controlled environmental perturbation and reactive/adaptive OPFOR), 2) to evaluate the specific contributions of SoS elements to alternative military ops concepts, in effects-based scenario executions, and 3) to support seamless integration and synchronization of disparate real-time hardware and software simulations (such as RF emitter simulation, GPS constellation emulations, and detailed C4/ISR simulations). These functions are supported by Analytical Module tools embedded in the JFORCES testbed environment that has been successfully applied to numerous government programs for After Action Reporting (AAR) and engineering analyses.

DEFENSE RESEARCH ASSOC., INC. 3915 Germany Lane, Suite 102 Beavercreek, OH 45431
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(937) 431-1644 Mr. Ron Clericus AF 05-210 Awarded: 18MAR05
Title:	Collaborative Virtual Combat Simulation Technology For System of Systems Research
Abstract:	Current/next generation aircraft will utilize capabilities-based system of systems (SoS) concepts to enhance combat operations. SoS concepts involve seamless connectivity of external (to a combat aircraft) Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (C4ISR) assets, and internal situational awareness/threat warning systems in joint battlespace environments. Integrated laboratory capabilities provide the technologies to enable the development/evolution of SoS concepts/technologies for current and next generation aircraft through SoS synthetic battlespace simulation. These laboratory capabilities are addressing the stringent requirements for evolving/maturing/demonstrating Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) and Sensor Resource Management (SRM) technologies as an integral part of SoS concepts/solutions. Currently radar components of these laboratory configurations lack the fidelity and seamless integration/correlation to support the evolution/maturation/evaluation of advanced ISR and SRM technologies. Defense Research Associates (DRA) proposes to provide a robust, seamlessly integrated, high fidelity Collaborative Radar Environment Simulation Server (CRESS) to address the current deficiencies in existing laboratory SoS test beds. DRA will apply state-of-the-art simulation, visualization and integration tools while leveraging current national asset data (Xpatch) scattering centers to provide the required multi-mode sensor capability. The CRESS will provide the radar capabilities to support the evolution of ISR and SRM technologies and commercial capabilities to weather/meteorological training the video gaming industries.

INTELLIGENT AUTOMATION, INC. 15400 Calhoun Drive, Suite 400 Rockville, MD 20855
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(301) 294-5241 Dr. Renato Levy AF 05-210 Awarded: 18MAR05
Title:	Agent-based Collaborative Combat Simulation Tool
Abstract:	We believe that the requirements of the solicitation can best be met using autonomous software agents. Intelligent Automation, Incorporated (IAI) has been developing the theory and practice of software agents for over a decade and we are recognized leaders in this area. Our primary application of software agents has been for agent-based simulations and we have built agent-based simulations of many large distributed systems. We will adapt our past work to implement the Collaborative Virtual Combat Simulation. The work herein proposed also describes how we will integrate software agent-based real-time decision aids into our simulation using agent-based game theoretic interactions. In addition to a simulation, our systems can pro actively recommend specific courses of action based on agent interactions aimed at optimization. Our agent-based simulation is built on top of our agent infrastructure called Cybele. Cybele is available Open Source and has many users. There has not been a confirmed bug report for over six months. Cybele is also HLA compliant, and fully supports man in the loop and hardware in the loop testing. Cybele is a "light" infrastructure and Cybele nodes can execute on a hand-held PDA. Our agent-based simulations execute simultaneously on any number of computers.

SHEET DYNAMICS, LIMITED 1776 Mentor Avenue, Suite 170 Cincinnati, OH 45212
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(513) 631-0579 Dr. Adam Nolan AF 05-211 Awarded: 18MAR05
Title:	Discriminant Analysis for Electromagnetic Phenomenology
Abstract:	To address current challenges faced with synthetic database generation and utilization we are proposing a tighter coupling between ATR algorithms and the signature validation/formation process. This coupling consists of two key objectives. First, we utilize the discriminant information to selectively weight only those errors which contributed to a misclassification. Second, we perform analysis directly on the 3D scattering centers to predict the separability of particular classes prior to the implementation of an ATR for varying levels of target fidelity.

SIGNAL INNOVATIONS GROUP, INC. 2530 Meridian Parkway, Suite 300 Durham, NC 27713
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(919) 806-4479 Dr. Paul Runkle AF 05-211 Awarded: 18MAR05
Title:	Database Expansion Issues
Abstract:	Software tools will be developed that define the underlying phenomenology of greatest importance to radar CID performance, allowing a trace back to the responsible target scattering physics. The proposed research entails development of algorithms that identify the target-sensor orientations (poses) of most relevance for classifying targets of interest to AFRL. These target-sensor poses will then be traced back to the associated phenomenology, to gain an understanding of what poses (and classes of scattering physics) must be modeled accurately for optimal classification. Algorithms will also be developed that address selection of the most-relevant target-sensor poses while simultaneously defining the most-relevant features of these signatures; relevancy will be quantified in terms of CID classification performance. The sensitivity of a CID classifier will then be examined as a function of errors in rendering the most-relevant signatures and signature components. In this manner model accuracy on the most-relevant phenomenology is mapped to anticipated CID performance. The use of signature features will also be investigated, for classifier design, and for development of simplified scattering models. The linkage between most-relevant features and the accuracy of the data needed for their computation will provide a mapping between discriminative features and required model fidelity.

ANALYTIC DESIGNS, INC. 245 East Gay Street Columbus, OH 43215
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(614) 224-9078 Dr. Sean W. Gilmore AF 05-212 Awarded: 18MAR05
Title:	A Systematic Approach to Uncertainty Analysis for Physical Optics Based Radar Cross Section Prediction.
Abstract:	The model validation process in radar cross section (RCS) database production is time consuming and labor intensive. Typically, synthetically generated data is compared to measured data, which is considered to be "truth." However, one must acknowledge that time may be waisted trying to refine a target model beyond the fidelity capable of the synthetic tools or the measurement data source. Analytic Designs, Inc. proposes to develop a systematic approach to uncertainty analysis for RCS prediction. The measurement community has expended a great deal of time and energy addressing the uncertainty problem in RCS measurements; to our knowledge, no one has attempted a similar systematic analysis of the RCS prediction process. The goal is to develop a mathematical/statistical framework for uncertainty analysis based on Physical Optics (PO) theory for the Perfectly Electrically Conducting (PEC) facetized target. The overall purpose of this Phase I program is to provide tools and outline procedures to improve the efficiency of the synthetic RCS database development process.

HYPERCOMP, INC. 31255 Cedar Valley Drive, Suite 327 Westlake Village, CA 91362
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(818) 865-3713 Dr. Vijaya Shankar AF 05-212 Awarded: 18MAR05
Title:	Air to Ground Signature Database Development Technologies for Combat Identification
Abstract:	Accurate prediction of scattering and radiation behavior for broadband (tens of MHz to 20 GHz)) electromagnetic illumination over stationary and mobile ground targets with realistic material treatments in general terrain settings is a critical technology for Combat Identification (CID). The complete problem that needs to be modeled for air-to-ground signature database is electrically very large since one will have to consider all the interactions of incident illumination through foliage penetration, multibounces from the lossy ground plane, various ground scenes, and the ground target. Based on HyPerComp's strengths in CAD modeling and repair, and in high order algorithms for time-domain Maxwell's equations, we plan to team up with SAIC-DEMACO and propose to link TEMPUS (Time-Domain EM Parallel Unstructured Simulator) with clutter model routines and the high frequency Xpatch code through a hybridization process called CrossFlux to provide phenomenology modeling of scattering from stationary and moving ground targets.

JRM ENTERPRISES, INC. Suite 2606 4500 Plank Road Fredericksburg, VA 22407
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(540) 548-0922 Mr. John Helmsen AF 05-212 Awarded: 18MAR05
Title:	New Algorithms for Fast RF Synthesis of Ground Targets in Arbitrary Clutter for Combat ID and ATR
Abstract:	JRM Technologies, and it's team member SAIC DEMACO propose to develop an innovative new approach for fast, high-fidelity RF signature prediction of ground targets in arbitrarily-complex background-clutter. The Phase I effort will design an algorithmic approach for synthesizing more comprehensive XPatch scatter centers -- called universal scatter center sets (USCSs) -- that define the RF response of an object from any arbitrary transmitter or receiver (bi-static) direction. In addition, the effort will design an algorithm approach for combining these individual object USCSs into a single composite USCS that represents the coupled scene geometry, and for synthesizing the output RF signature that properly accounts for the coupling from individual objects. In this manner, USCSs for individual objects like ground vehicles, various tree types and sizes, bushes, buildings, bridges, may pre-computed and composited on the fly to produce the RF signature of real-world scenarios like a T72 tank within a deciduous forest canopy.

SHEET DYNAMICS, LIMITED 1776 Mentor Avenue, Suite 170 Cincinnati, OH 45212
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(513) 631-0579 Dr. Adam Nolan AF 05-212 Awarded: 18MAR05
Title:	Response Function Toolset for Ground Clutter Modeling
Abstract:	Currently, there is not a good model of the sensitivity relationship between physics parameters (including the background clutter model) and the resulting synthetic signature, nor are tools currently available that could apply such sensitivity information to adapt a database of synthetic signatures to various ATR applications. In this proposal we shall outline a technical approach to model the physics to signature sensitivity and present a set of methods to utilize this information to feed into ATR algorithms by: 1.Postprocessing the signature pixels to better represent the background reflectivity 2.Providing a statistical description for each pixel in the target image, based on ground clutter effects 3.Extending the statistical description to include other phenomenology assumptions.

Q-DOT, INC. 1069 Elkton Drive Colorado Springs, CO 80907
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(719) 590-1112 Mr. Thomas E. Linnenbrink AF 05-214 Selected for Award
Title:	Dual-Frequency, Active mm-wave (MMW) Electronically Scanned Antenna (ESA) (9696)
Abstract:	Q-DOT proposes to develop a dual frequency (i.e. separate transmit and receive frequencies), wide bandwidth (35 GHz � 10%) MMW ESA capable of rapidly scanning 2.3� beams � 60�. With a gain of 35dB and efficiency of 67%, the ESA will output up to 200W with EIRP of 59.8 dBw and G/T of 11.6 dB/K. A monolithic distribution network connects individual element sites to a single input and output connector. Every antenna element site comprises a transmit amplifier, a low-noise amplifier, independent transmit and receive phase shifters, filters to isolate the transmit and receive paths, and a wide (20%) bandwidth radiating element. All transmit, receive, and beam forming functions are realized on a single, 8" (200 mm) silicon wafer. The wafer will be realized in IBM's 8HP SiGe Bi CMOS process via DoD's ITAR-compliant Trusted Foundry Agreement (TFA). Signal distribution networks (corporate feeds) and antenna elements will be added to the wafer with established technology. The resulting ESA will be compact, rugged, and low-cost in production. The Phase I effort will focus on developing highly efficient, well-isolated circuitry suitable for full-duplex data communications. Fully functional antenna sites will be demonstrated in Phase II leading to full MMW ESA development in Phase III.

THINKOM SOLUTIONS, INC. 3825 Del Amo Blvd., Suite 200 Torrance, CA 90503
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(310) 371-5486 Mr. William W. Milroy AF 05-214 Selected for Award
Title:	Large-Scale Integrated MEMS-Based ESA for MMW Applications
Abstract:	The proposed project will directly and effectively enable practical near-term realization of highly efficient, reliable, and affordable Electronically Scanned Array (ESA) antennas at Millimeter-Wave (MMW) frequencies. Based on novel packaging and integration of proven innovations (from ThinKom and Memtronics) in the areas of MEMS phase-shifters, low-loss feed networks, and integrated high-efficiency CTS radiating aperture technologies, a highly modular scaleable high-gain antenna "building block," suitable for 1-D and 2-D scanning implementations, will be realized. Specific component and architecture flexibilities enable interchangeable realization of both planar and conformal (curved) antennas, thereby enabling the broadest possible range of low-profile, low-observable, low-drag configurations for a variety of terrestrial, ground-mobile, airborne, and space-based communication and sensor applications. Owing to specific innovations in the reduction of device, feed, interconnection, and radiator losses, MMW antenna efficiencies at or above 50% will be realized. In addition, a variety of cost innovations are expected to realistically support near-term cost targets at or below $10 per square wavelength. Phase I of this effort will study, trade, and design constituent components and integrated packaging of a planar (or conformal) high-gain (30 dB) 35 GHz ESA-based CTS antenna contemplated for fabrication, test, and evaluation in Phase II.

XCOM WIRELESS, INC. 2815 Junipero Ave #110 Signal Hill, CA 90755
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(562) 981-0077 Dr. Daniel Hyman AF 05-215 Awarded: 28APR05
Title:	Multi-band Electronically Configurable Feed for Ground Antennas
Abstract:	XCom Wireless is a developer of RF MEMS for tunable filters and phased array antennas, high-performance circuitry identified as critical technologies for the next generations of defense and commercial RF electronics. In this program, XCom is extending the capabilities of our RF MEMS components by employing them as critical elements in a reconfigurable antenna feed. Two approaches will be pursued: (1) employing MEMS matrices to switch between transmit and receive filters in the bands of interest, and (2) employing MEMS as embedded tuning elements in the filters themselves, which is expected to greatly enhance power handling capabilities. The performance requirements of the filters will support the present needs of Ground Mobile Terminals (GMTs) and the future needs of the Transformational Communications Architecture (TCA) to establish and maintain microwave and millimeter-wave links to airborne and mobile platforms. XCom has already released RF MEMS relay products based on a mature MEMS manufacturing process at a major domestic foundry, and has also developed a lower-cost MEMS process for use in future products, including prototypes to be performed in this program. XCom will determine which reconfigurable feed architecture and which manufacturing process will be the most appropriate to pursue in Phase II and future productization efforts.

21ST CENTURY TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 4515 Seton Center Parkway, Suite 320 Austin, TX 78759
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(512) 342-0010 Mr. Thayne Coffman AF 05-216 Awarded: 18MAR05
Title:	Passive Acquisition, Tracking, and Handoff of Ground Moving Target Indication (PATH)
Abstract:	The Passive Acquisition, Tracking, and Handoff of Ground Moving Target Indication (PATH-GMTI, or PATH) system pushes the combat capabilities of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) forward from their traditional intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance role to a more active role on the battlefield. PATH builds on existing 21st Century Technologies work to provide real-time 3D ground target tracks fully localized in a 3D model of the combat environment. PATH identifies and tracks regions of low stereo match correspondence in our passive electro-optical 3D modeling system, and identifies regions of interest (ROIs) in real-world 3D GPS coordinates. These ROIs can be caused by occlusion boundaries, imagery artifacts, or moving objects. PATH has all the information needed to easily distinguish between ROIs caused by moving objects and non-targets. Tracking in three dimensions gives PATH unique features over which to classify these ROIs, and also an improved capability to split and merge track segments. PATH increases the utility of UAVs on the modern battlefield. Ultimately, the new UAV capabilities enabled by PATH will reduce risks to American soldiers' lives and increase the effectiveness of the United States Air Force and other armed services in achieving and maintaining operational dominance on the modern battlefield.

COMPUSENSOR TECHNOLOGY CORP. 352-C Christopher Avenue Gaithersburg, MD 20879
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(301) 990-1100 Dr. Thomas Tsao AF 05-216 Awarded: 18MAR05
Title:	Detecting and Tracking Small Moving Target by using Gabor/LTG Image Stabilization Method and Saliency Analysis
Abstract:	Detecting and tracking small moving targets is a great challenge for aircraft. Passive Ground Moving Target Indicator (PGMTI) algorithms must carry out the simultaneous tasks of robust platform motion compensation, false alarm suppression, and accurate target tracking, all in real-time. CompuSensor propose using its Lie Transformation Group method of Gabor-type place token matching as the basis of image stabilization, using saliency analysis method for false alarm suppression, small moving target detection and tracking. 1) Compared with image feature correspondence method, the neurobiology inspired Gabor-type place token matching is more robust to small size perturbation factors in a dynamic scene, and through Lie transformation group method, capable of rapid and accurate motion compensation. 2) The saliency analysis based method provides a natural and generic method for false alarm suppression and small target detection. 3) A robust algorithm for tracking moving targets resulted from combination of the two methods. The proposed method is suitable for real-time operation.

DEFENSE RESEARCH ASSOC., INC. 3915 Germany Lane, Suite 102 Beavercreek, OH 45431
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(937) 431-1644 Mr. Mark Chaplin AF 05-216 Awarded: 18MAR05
Title:	Passive Ground Moving Target Indication for Gunship Aircraft Using Unmanned Airborne Vehicles (UAV-PGMTI)
Abstract:	Video sensors play an increasingly important role in surveillance and reconnaissance missions, including tactical, strategic and domestic border security. One recent example involved video from a Predator Skyball being sent via data link to an AC-130 Gunship crew for real time targeting use. The data went through D/A conversion, transmission and A/D conversion, which caused significant information loss. Consequently, the crew's ability to find small terrorist vehicles in mountains was significantly reduced. A better approach is to process the video data at the sensor. Computers at the sensors can detect and track small moving objects, which are then called to the attention of human operators to make informed decisions about whether or not to engage. The operational impacts are shorter engagement timelines and reduced crew risk from ground fire.

SET ASSOC. CORP. 3811 N. Fairfax Drive, Suite 350 Arlington, VA 22203
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(703) 725-5007 Dr. Robert J. Douglass AF 05-216 Awarded: 18MAR05
Title:	Combined Appearance-Motion Tracking for PGMTI (UAV-PGMTI)
Abstract:	SET Associates proposes a novel online appearance and motion encoded tracker for robust tracking of vehicles using a particle filter. The appearance of targets in the first few frames is modeled using a mixture of Gaussians and the tracking problem is posed as maximizing the posterior probability of finding this specific appearance using a particle filter. Robustness is achieved by combining motion and appearance in the particle filter; speed is achieved by using as few particles as are needed using the concept of asymptotic relative efficiency. The appearance model tracks the changes in vehicle appearance as it moves in the scene by updating the parameters of the mixtures of Gaussians model. We propose joint background/foreground modeling for platform motion cancellation, appearance models for false alarm suppression and real-time operation by using an efficient particle filter. A method for handling occlusion is suggested using robust statistics and predicted vehicle motion using the particle filter. We propose design concepts for representative UAVs and feasibility experiments to demonstrate detection and tracking. A Phase II plan will be formulated for implementing a real-time algorithm to demonstrate moving target tracking to support off-board target acquisition from a UAV for standoff Gunship aircraft.

ELECTRODYNAMIC APPLICATIONS, INC. P.O. Box 131460 Ann Arbor, MI 48113
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(734) 786-1434 Dr. David Morris AF 05-217 Selected for Award
Title:	REComm- ReEntry Communications system
Abstract:	We propose to solve the re-entry blackout problem through the application of electric and magnetic fields to control the hypersonic plasma layer. REComm consists of an embedded electromagnet integrated beneath a spacecraft's antenna and electrodes near the antenna. Ion acceleration in the quasi-neutral plasma layer will result from crossed electric and magnetic fields, similar to the effects used for electric propulsion. This acceleration will decrease the plasma density near the antenna sufficiently to allow communication. REComm will be lightweight and have minimal impact on the vehicle aerodynamic characteristics. Phase-I will consist of computer modeling using, with modifications, the DMSC hypersonic flow code MONACO. This will provide accurate knowledge of the plasma properties which can then be processed analytically and with the PIC code XOOPIC to determine the field magnitudes and configurations required. Simulation results will be benchmarked against the RAM-C re-entry plasma measurement experiment. The objective will be a system that causes sufficient plasma density depletion to allow L-band and S-band communication. Phase-I will culminate with a practical design which will be built and tested in Phase-II, using available Hall thrusters to generate the plasma and interferometry plasma diagnostic equipment to measure the success of the REComm system.

PHYSICAL SCIENCES, INC. 20 New England Business Center Andover, MA 01810
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(978) 689-0003 Dr. Hartmut H. Legner AF 05-217 Selected for Award
Title:	Radio Communication Through The Hypersonic Plasma Sheath
Abstract:	Hypersonic transatmospheric vehicles will become an important component of operations for the Air Force in the future. These new maneuvering aerospace vehicles will encounter many technology hurdles that were never faced by ballistic re-entry vehicles. The trajectory times will be thousands rather than tens of seconds and vehicles will not only descend (ballistically) but ascend and descend periodically during the extended flight times. Such changes will have profound effects on the vehicle performance, producing complex flowfields over three-dimensional surfaces that may either be laminar or turbulent or relaminarized. These scenarios have the potential of creating very complex electron density distributions over RF sensors during the hypersonic flight leading to plasma sheathing and the so-called "blackout problem" of reentry. In order to mitigate these undesirable effects, an innovative approach to plasma sheathing control is proposed. We will evaluate the reduction of the blackout problem in three unique ways: control boundary layer transition (BLT), inject additives into the boundary layer, and incorporate chemical species to scavenge electrons. In Phase I, these techniques will be evaluated using Physical Sciences Inc.'s reentry physics suite of codes and plasma sheathing methods will be designed. These designs will be fabricated and ground tested in Phase II.

SET ASSOC. CORP. 3811 N. Fairfax Drive, Suite 350 Arlington, VA 22203
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(703) 738-6204 Dr. John D. Gorman AF 05-218 Awarded: 18MAR05
Title:	Compact, Multi-Sensor Spectral-3D Signature Collection System
Abstract:	Recent improvements in 3D sensing and shape extraction from imaging sensors coupled with recent improvements in low-cost spectral sensing offer the promise of novel capabilities for capturing high-fidelity spectral-shape measurements of complex targets. A robust, multi-phenomenology modeling capability will be essential for the success of these new algorithms. In turn, today's model construction and validation approaches will require a new generation of "Spectral-3D" data collection technologies. SET Associates proposes a two-phase effort to design and build a low-cost, ground-based spectral-3D collection system for use in the construction and validation of multi-phenomenology physics-based target and clutter signature models. The proposed system will consist of a reconfigurable and co-boresighted array of video, ladar, and near IR (NIR) sensors mounted on a portable tower. Subsequent designs could also include an array of short, mid, and long wave IR sensors.

SURFACE OPTICS CORP. 11555 Rancho Bernardo Road San Diego, CA 92127
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(858) 675-7404 Dr. David B. Cavanaugh AF 05-218 Awarded: 18MAR05
Title:	Compact, Multi-Spectral Measurement System
Abstract:	The Compact Multispectral Measurement System (CMMS) generates accurate three dimensional models of complex target objects from sequences of photographs taken from multiple vantages around the object. The CMMS uses hyperspectral imagers that cover the VNIR through LWIR wavebands to characterize the hemispherical directional reflectance and emissivity of the surfaces of the object. All imagers in the system view the target through a common aperture to eliminate parallax and to simplify the data processing. The goal of the CMMS program is a rapid and fully automated process for creating detailed geometric models for ATR development.

AETC, INC. 8910 University Center Lane, Suite 900 San Diego, CA 92122
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(858) 450-1211 Dr. Donald Miklovic AF 05-219 Awarded: 18MAR05
Title:	Automated Exploitation of Airborne Acoustic Arrays Using Adaptive/Learning Techniques
Abstract:	The overall goal of the Sensors Directorate is to be the "Eyes and Ears of the Warfighter". The development of sensing technology has focused primarily on the extension of the sense of sight, e.g., the use of radar, infrared, E/O and laser technologies; while relatively little effort has been invested in the extension of the sense of hearing. But merely adding acoustic sensor systems to exploit sound would only add to the information overload problem, with possibly little value-added, no matter how good the fundamental sensor technology is. This proposed effort would allow the Air Force to incorporate information from advanced airborne acoustic sensors into its ISR and weapon systems without aggravating the data overload problem. The key to this effort is successful automated sound recognition technology under widely varying conditions. A combination of learning machine techniques and physics-based adaptive environmental acoustics will be used to solve this problem. Technology developed in the field of underwater acoustics for submarine detection, and recent developments in air-acoustics for enhanced situational awareness in urban operations, are highly leveraged in this effort.

CHARLES RIVER ANALYTICS, INC. 625 Mount Auburn Street Cambridge, MA 02138
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(617) 491-3474 Dr. Mark R. Stevens AF 05-219 Awarded: 18MAR05
Title:	Adaptive Learning in Particle Systems
Abstract:	Image exploitation algorithms for Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) and weapon systems are extremely sensitive to differences between the operating conditions (OCs) under which they are trained and the extended operating conditions (EOCs) in which the fielded algorithms are tested. As an example, terrain type is an important OC for the problem of tracking hostile vehicles from an airborne camera. A system designed to track cars driving on highways and on major city streets would probably not do well in the EOC of parking lots because of the very different dynamics. In this proposal, we outline a system we call ALPS for Adaptive Learning in Particle Systems. ALPS takes as input a sequence of video images and any available situational awareness data, such as geo-location, time of day, roadmaps, and terrain feature labels ("urban", "forest", etc.). The system then detects moving targets and tracks those targets across multiple frames using a multiple hypothesis tracker tightly coupled with a particle filter. In Phase I, we will develop a fully functional ALPS prototype capable of real-time performance. The Phase I evaluation will quantify improvement in performance of the adaptive approach across different operating scenarios, vehicle types, and motion patterns.

GENERAL INTELLIGENCE CORP. PO Box 7380 Bozeman, MT 59771
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(406) 582-1884 David W. Arathorn AF 05-219 Awarded: 18MAR05
Title:	Recognizing Target Variants Using Transformational Adaptivity
Abstract:	One of the greatest obstacles to robust Automatic Target Recognition (ATR) is achieving a high level of performance in operating conditions outside those for which the system is designed. The bio-mimetic map-seeking circuit (MSC) has provided remarkably simple solutions to extending operating range for recognizing 3D targets allowing recognition from any viewpoint, tolerating clutter and distractors anywhere in the field of view including near the target, up to a substantial degree of occlusion. Its performance is negligibly impaired by imagery resolution down to fewer than a dozen cycles on target. Nevertheless, map-seeking has been limited, as other model-based vision approaches have been, to recognizing targets exactly or highly similar to the stored models. General Intelligence Corp proposes, as a component of a general purpose ATR system, an extension to the map-seeking approach to 3D object recognition which will allow plausible variants of stored models to be recognized. This extension of the map-seeking circuit's abilities, termed "transformational adaptivity," will make it possible to recognize articulations, plausible morphs and aggregations of known target models on the fly. As important, this solution will be able to report the parameters of the variation for further stages of decision-making by machine or human operator.

SIGNAL INNOVATIONS GROUP, INC. 2530 Meridian Parkway, Suite 300 Durham, NC 27713
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(919) 806-4479 Dr. Paul Runkle AF 05-219 Awarded: 18MAR05
Title:	Sensor Exploitation by Adaptive/Learning Systems (SEALS)
Abstract:	Information-exploitation algorithms are proposed for Air Force sensing and weapons systems, motivated by the inevitable variability and differences seen between conventional training and testing data. Adaptive feedback is proposed, yielding an active-learning framework, wherein the algorithm actively participates in the learning process, by asking questions of the scene under test. The goal of active-learning-based feedback is to efficiently gain insight on the statistics of the testing data, and the relationship of such to the training data. The techniques proposed are based on semi-supervised algorithms. By accounting for the inter-relationships between all of the unlabeled (testing) data, as well as its relationship to the labeled (training) data, semi-supervised algorithms exploit context, providing natural adaptation to changing environments. The Bayesian algorithms yield a statistical measure of confidence in the classification decision, based on the statistical relationship between the training and testing data, and on fundamental limitations of the underlying sensor physics. Rather than simply declaring given items under test as targets or clutter, the proposed algorithms yield a measure of confidence in this declaration. The development of these state-of-the-art algorithms will provide the feedback and adaptively missing in traditional supervised classifiers, significantly advancing the performance of ISR and weapons systems.

EM PHOTONICS, INC. 51 East Main Street, Suite 203 Newark, DE 19711
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(302) 456-9003 Dr. James Durbano AF 05-220 Awarded: 18MAR05
Title:	Hardware Accelerated Simulator for Scattering from Electrically Large Objects and Scenes
Abstract:	Identifying a means of accurately simulating the scattering and radiation from large objects and scenes in a reasonable timeframe has been an active area of research for decades. Traditionally, addressing this problem has required either trading accuracy and flexibility for performance or running simulations on massive platforms such as supercomputers. Due to lingering limitations, these approaches are still limited the size and scope of the problems that can be addressed. EM Photonics proposes an alternative, the use of reconfigurable computing to run these large simulations without compromising accuracy or requiring the purchase of expensive, high-maintenance equipment. EM Photonics has successfully applied this approach to the finite-difference time-domain algorithm for simulating electromagnetic wave propagation in time. The proposed effort is intended to build on this work by implementing an accelerated method of moments (MoM) solver. The anticipated result is a desktop computer that is capable of running scattering simulations at speeds beyond that of a 100-node Beowulf cluster. This will enable not only the simulation of large problems in a reasonable timeframe but, due to the size and cost of the resulting product, allow the technology to reach the hands of more engineers.

MONOPOLE RESEARCH 739 Calle Sequoia Thousand Oaks, CA 91360
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(805) 375-0318 Dr. Elizabeth Bleszynski AF 05-220 Awarded: 18MAR05
Title:	Efficient Interaction Methodologies for Simulating the Scattering from Electrically Large Objects and Scenes
Abstract:	We intend to develop an efficient solution scheme applicable to numerical modeling of objects in large complex environments, which would provide an adequate accuracy at a cost significantly lower than rigorous solution methods based on state-of-the-art matrix compression methods (multilevel Fast Multipole Method (FMM) or Adaptive Integral Method (AIM)). During Phase I, we shall develop a self-contained software prototype, which will demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach. The algorithms and the software we propose to develop will make a significant advancement in the numerical simulation software for prediction of radar signatures and radiation patterns of object embedded in large, complex scenes. The proposed approach will overcome limitations of the conventional MoM as well as of the compressed (FMM-based, AIM-based) algorithms. The algorithms we propose will consist of the following elements: (i) a fast algorithm for the coupling between the substystem S_1 and the environment S_2 achieving its performance through the utilization of an asymptotic evaluation of the FMM-like translation operators and the full or partial parameterization of the environement in terms of basis functions defined on large supports (the proposed coupling scheme is general and can be implemented in the context of different multiple scattering expansions which were proposed in the past), (ii) implementaion of the fast coupling scheme in the context of a particular realization of rapidly convergent multiple scattering scheme based on a suitable arrangement/grouping of short-range and long-range interaction contributions.

RM ASSOC. 1211 Deerfield Drive State College, PA 16803
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(814) 865-1298 Dr. Raj Mittra AF 05-220 Awarded: 18MAR05
Title:	Efficient Interaction Methodologies for Simulating the Scattering from Electrically Large Objects and Scenes
Abstract:	In this proposal RMA describes two fresh new approaches, based on the Characteristic Basis Function Method (CBFM), as a way to handle the radiation and scattering problems of interest in this project. We offer two versions of the CBFM, one for the frequency and the other for the time domain, based on the MoM and FDTD formulations. In contrast to the Fast Multipole Method (FMM), the CBMOM solves large problem without resorting to iteration and, hence, does not suffer from convergence problems that often plague the iteration method, even when dealing with resonant structures that render the problem ill-conditioned; hence, unlike the FMM, which relies upon an iterative procedure, it is well-suited for handling multi-scale problems. Furthermore, the CBMOM handles multiple incidence angles and frequencies far more efficiently than do the iterative techniques such as the FMM. The time domain version of the CBFM, can handle complex inhomogeneous materials, including metamaterials. Incidentally, both the CBMOM and CBFDTD codes are based on algorithms that are highly parallel. Another unique feature of the CBMOM and CBFDTD algorithms is that they are both physics-based rather than being purely numerical.

NANOHMICS, INC. 6201 East Oltorf St., Suite 400 Austin, TX 78741
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(512) 389-9990 Dr. Steve Savoy AF 05-221 Awarded: 18MAR05
Title:	Compact laser detection system based on Multi-spectral Mosaic (MSM) filter arrays and DMD AoA determination
Abstract:	Compact, low-cost laser warning systems are in high demand for military and other commercial avionics platforms. This looming threat has recently gained national attention with reports of laser cockpit breaches in commercial aircraft over the past few months. Present laser warning systems (LWS) are somewhat bulky when all features are integrated as a complete laser profiling analysis system. Expansion of the Color Filter Array (CFA) beyond standard RGB or CMY sets to a mosaic pattern that included filters which could discriminate and classify all known laser threats in a single image acquisition step would be ideal. Because silicon CMOS technology is operational through the visible and near-IR (up to ~ 1050 nm), the CFA can be expanded to a mosaic pattern that would provide real-time laser threat analysis. To this end, Nanohmics proposes to develop a process for multiplex deposition of Multi-Spectral Mosaic (MSM) Filter Arrays directly on the CMOS sensor surface (e.g. narrow bandpass color and near-IR filters).

PHYSICAL OPTICS CORP. Electro-Optics & Holography Division, 20600 Gramer Torrance, CA 90501
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(310) 320-3088 Dr. Fedor Dimov AF 05-221 Awarded: 18MAR05
Title:	Battlefield Laser Detection Sensor
Abstract:	To address the Air Force need for next-generation miniature battlefield laser detectors, Physical Optics Corporation (POC) proposes to develop a new Battlefield Laser Detection (BLaD) sensor based on a nano-structured two-dimensional array of multiplexed angle- and wavelength-selective holographic optical elements fabricated on a thin DuPont photopolymer film and laminated on top of a two-dimensional array of photodetectors, which is a commercial off-the-shelf part. Only one of the 7776 multiplexed holograms responds to the particular laser wavelength coming from particular direction by creating a unique interference pattern, and these interference patterns will be processed by the electronic signal processors and OEM onboard computer in real time. This device will cover all existing battlefield lasers in the range from UV to IR. The BLaD sensor has a wide FOV and high angular resolution in a lightweight module the size of a credit card. It detects the laser beam direction, wavelength, and power by electronic signal processing that overcomes the limitations of existing battlefield laser detection systems. In Phase I POC will demonstrate the feasibility of the BLaD sensor prototype. In Phase II POC plans to develop an engineering prototype of the laser sensor, and test it under appropriate operating conditions.

BOULDER NONLINEAR SYSTEMS, INC. 450 Courtney Way, Unit 107 Lafayette, CO 80026
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(303) 604-0077 Mr. STEVE SERATI AF 05-222 Awarded: 18MAR05
Title:	SPARCE APERTURE ADAPTIVE OPTICS FOR A DYNAMIC ENVIRONMENT
Abstract:	Development of air-to-air and air-to-ground imaging LADAR systems with high resolution is a difficult problem, because transmit and receive signals are distorted by atmospheric turbulence along the beam path. The distortion has high-frequency spatial and temporal components due to the movement of the platform. To dynamically correct the turbulence viewed from a tactical platform, the adaptive optic system needs to have a fast close-loop response. Our approach is to decompose the problem, allowing the wavefront corrector to respond "immediately" to a direct input (i.e. no array processing delays). The concept makes use of high-speed components that are commercially available. In Phase I, Boulder Nonlinear Systems (BNS) will demonstrate the adaptive optics (AO) concept and integrate the technology into an imaging LADAR design. In Phase II, BNS will build and demonstrate a breadboard system.

COHERENT TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 135 S. Taylor Avenue Louisville, CO 80027
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(303) 604-2000 Carl Embry AF 05-222 Awarded: 18MAR05
Title:	Low Cost Adaptive Optics for Tactical LADAR
Abstract:	Future military aircraft will rely heavily on active laser systems to perform functions such as reconnaissance imaging, target designation, communications and directed energy. However, there is significant difficulty in overcoming the effects of atmospheric turbulence and platform vibrations. Accommodating the large aperture sizes required for high-resolution imaging is also a significant challenge. CTI proposes to design and develop an adaptive, sparse aperture system to enable high-resolution imaging and targeting in the presence of atmospheric turbulence, platform vibration, and practical aircraft space limitations. CTI proposes a complete system concept, and this Phase I/II effort develops a key sub-system: an adaptable, sparse aperture transmitter. The Phase I program includes generating system design requirements, developing a system model, performing analysis to determine component requirements, conducting a risk reduction experiment using existing hardware, and generating a preliminary system design. In Phase II the adaptive sparse aperture transmitter will be built and tested with dynamic atmospheric turbulence at the WPAFB testing tower, or other suitable government test site. The proposed novel approach meets the requirement for performing high-speed adaptive optic compensation, and has significant advantages over more conventional approaches. CTI's extensive experience with real-world ladar systems brings significant leverage to the proposed program.

ARETE ASSOC. P.O. Box 6024 Sherman Oaks, CA 91413
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(520) 571-8660 Dr. Gregory J Fetzer AF 05-223 Awarded: 08MAR05
Title:	High Bandwidth Solid State Focal Plane Array Readout for Laser Radar System
Abstract:	High-resolution LADAR imaging provides three-dimensional images that have distinct advantages in comparison to conventional two-dimensional imaging. Advantages provided by the range information are the ability to remove clutter, to discriminate decoys from targets, and to provide an additional dimension for detection and classification. High-resolution imaging (voxel sizes ~ 0.75 x 0.75 mrad x 7.5 cm) require high bandwidth (2GHz) lidar receivers with small instantaneous fields of view and many pixels in along track and cross track dimensions. Many LADAR applications require precise high-speed sampling of the return pulse over tens to hundreds of nanoseconds followed by an inactive period of as much as 100 microseconds. Arete Associates, in conjunction with its partner MYTeK, proposes research on a High Speed Electro-Optic Sensor System (HESS). The readout architecture can be used both for direct and coherent detection applications. HESS is inherently a low power, lightweight, solid-state system that can be packaged in a small volume, making it particularly relevant to military applications. The program objective is development of a compact imaging-LADAR focal-plane-array readout, capable meeting the stated spatial and temporal sampling requirements. Phase I addresses the resolution of key technical hurdles and provides a foundation for a feasibility demonstration in Phase II.

COHERENT TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 135 S. Taylor Avenue Louisville, CO 80027
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(303) 604-2000 James Schellhase AF 05-223 Awarded: 18MAR05
Title:	High Speed Readout for Photodiode Focal Plane Arrays
Abstract:	State-of-the-art wide temporal bandwidth laser radar detectors require high-speed, wide bandwidth, low noise Read Out Integrated Circuits (ROICs) to take advantage of the 1+ GHz bandwidth detectors and exploit a richer set of target signatures at increased spatial resolution. Today's CMOS semiconductor based ROICs do not support the noise/bandwidth/power requirements for emerging 1 to >10GHz bandwidth high responsivity detectors in direct and coherent detection transceiver architectures. To address the need for increased bandwidth ladar ROICs, CTI proposes to implement Indium Phosphide based integrated circuits to harness their proven advantages for simultaneous higher bandwidth, lower noise, and wider dynamic range. In Phase 1, CTI will develop circuit designs and execute critical circuit risk reduction measurements for an InP ROIC. The designs will be optimized for focal plane array detector configurations and echo/waveform capture sequences that are compatible with next-generation multifunction ladar waveforms. In Phase II, CTI will build and test the ROIC with state-of-the-art ladar transmitters. The proposed work leverages CTI's proven experience in fielding real-world ladar systems, signal acquisition and processing, and coherent/direct detection receivers.

EPIWORKS, INC. 1606 Rion Drive Champaign, IL 61822
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(217) 373-1590 Dr. Brian McDermott AF 05-223 Awarded: 18MAR05
Title:	High Speed Readout for Photodiode Focal Plane Arrays
Abstract:	The objective of this proposal is to design a high-speed readout for photodiode focal plane arrays with sub-nanosecond sampling rates. For active sensing applications, current architectures using CMOS technology can sample up to 400 MHz (2.5 ns). However, photodetectors with bandwidth over 1 GHz, and sampling rates in excess of 1 GHz (less than 1 ns), are needed for numerous battlefield applications including 3-D laser radar, and coherent vibration measurements. In addition, large arrays (at least 16 x 16) are desirable for increased resolution. Current technology bonds a diode array to a CMOS control circuit, causing the speed of the detector to be limited by the CMOS circuitry and architecture. The purpose of this proposal is to significantly increase the speed of the sampling circuit by using InP-based electronics, and monolithically integrating the circuit with an InP-based phototdiode array. This integrated PIN/HBT approach could dramatically increase the sampling rate of the ROIC well above 5 GHz (0.2 ns).

LIGHTSPIN TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 4407 Elm Street, Suite 300 Chevy Chase, MD 20824
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(508) 809-9052 Dr. Eric S. Harmon AF 05-223 Awarded: 18MAR05
Title:	High Speed Readout for Focal-Plane Array
Abstract:	A focal-plane array module will be developed including a read-out integrated circuit bump-bonded to a compound semiconductor avalanche photodiode array, supporting 3D imaging for coherent and incoherent pulsed ladars with range resolution finer than 15 cm. The ROIC, already in its fourth generation of optimization, implements a switched-capacitor array at each pixel as a 256-element analog buffer, sampling beyond 1 GSPS with < 200 electrons/sample of noise. Time-shared, 12-bit A/D converters on the ROIC then feed digital data trains out of the module's low-cost package. Merging the ROIC with high-gain APD pixels eliminates the need for preamplifiers, reserving more chip real estate for the sampler buffers. The phase I module will be used to prove that the approach is low risk and promises headroom for further improvement to range resolution, dynamic range, pixel pitch, and pixel count. It will also refine the Phase II specifications for 60 um pixel pitch.

RNET TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 555 Bryant Street , #578 Palo Alto, CA 94301
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(650) 248-3371 Mr. Ram Balasubramanian AF 05-223 Awarded: 18MAR05
Title:	High Speed Readout for Photodiode Focal Plane Arrays
Abstract:	Recent progress in the development of high energy laser pulse sources and advancements in detector array technology has enabled single LADAR systems that can generate range and image data based on the target reflection from a single pulse. Accuracy of the system depends on precise temporal data to be extracted from each pixel when the reflected pulse is received. Advanced photodiode arrays using InGaAs are able to accurately track the reflected light as a function of time by converting the light return from a laser pulse to a photocurrent pulse for each pixel. The Readout Integrated Circuit (ROIC) must be capable of accurately sampling and processing the return pulse at each pixel at intervals of 1 ns or less. A unique CMOS based architecture, called PASH ROIC, is presented, which permits sampling the photocurrent pulse of each pixel at 1-2 GHz frequencies and also includes high speed analog track and hold circuits for temporary storage of the sampled data at each pixel. The proposed PASH ROIC architecture also incorporates a high performance ADC that could be integrated as part of the ROIC to convert the analog data to digital data for real time digital processing applications.

SYSTEMS & PROCESSES ENGINEERING CORP.(SPEC) 101 West Sixth Street, Suite 200 Austin, TX 78701
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(512) 479-7732 Mr. Brad Sallee AF 05-223 Awarded: 18MAR05
Title:	High Speed Readout Focal Plane Array (HSRFPA)
Abstract:	Systems & Processes Engineering Corporation (SPEC) proposes an advanced hybridized detector Readout Integrated Circuit (ROIC) single chip solution that supports traditional sensor array and ROIC configurations of different detector wavelengths, but also an integrated detector and ROIC configuration enabling a single chip LADAR receiver solution. SPECs High Speed Readout Focal Plane Array (HSRFPA) is a high-speed capture, high-speed readout focal plane array processing chip that has internal processing block functions with configurations and timing sequences that are user selectable and controllable using external control and clocking inputs. The HSRFPA single chip detector and ROIC solution can be fabricated using a low cost standard CMOS process. The HSRFPA solution offers detection wavelengths and ROIC processing frequencies in a standard CMOS process that would normally require fabrication of diodes in an expensive Silicon/Germanium process.

AGILTRON CORP. 220 Ballardvale St., Suite D Wilmington, MA 01887
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(978) 694-1006 Dr. Jack Salerno AF 05-224 Awarded: 18MAR05
Title:	Novel Broadband Tunable Microwave Components
Abstract:	Leveraging Agiltron's recent breakthrough in manufacturing low cost fiber optic digital delay lines and variable optical attenuators as well as the drastic improvement in cost and performance of commercial optical transceivers, we propose to develop a practical fiber optic switchable microwave-bandpass filter for military radar and remote sensing applications. The proposed approach overcomes the deficiencies associated with electronic high frequency components, offering frequency independence performance with wide tunable range. Our approach provides sufficiently long time delays for the large frequency tuning range, which are beyond electronic means and previous high dispersion fiber approaches. The use of ultra-low loss optical fiber further reduces cost, weight and size, while mitigating electromagnetic interference, accommodating wide signal bandwidths. The practicality of such an optically-fed switchable microwave filtering module will be demonstrated in this program. A 4-bit testing module working at high frequency up to 18GHz is targeted in Phase I for the evaluation of the technical approach, and an 8-bit and high Q factor (> 100) tunable filtering module will be demonstrated in Phase II. Success in this program will significantly reduce mission cost and increase performance and utility of future radar systems.

EMAG TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 1340 Eisenhower Place Ann Arbor, MI 48108
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(734) 973-6600 Dr. Alex Margomenos AF 05-224 Awarded: 18MAR05
Title:	Broad Bandwidth Components for Advanced Microwave Sensors
Abstract:	Emerging military systems, such as the Air Force UAVs, require novel radar, electronic warfare and communication sensors to support global intelligence gathering, surveillance, reconnaissance and strike capabilities. These broadband RF components have to be reconfigurable, multifunctional, impervious to severe electromagnetic environments, with small size and weight, and compatible with the existing and future airborne platforms. Moreover, these sensors should exhibit low insertion loss, low power consumption, highly linear operation and power handling capability of 5 W. In response to the above need, EMAG Technologies in collaboration with Purdue University propose to develop novel, miniaturized, tunable bandpass filters covering the 2-12 GHz range. Highly linear, low-loss RF MEMS varactors will be utilized for the formation of the proposed filters both as lumped and distributed elements. The proposed architecture requires a number of novel technologies that permit excellent RF performance, limited power consumption, high reliability, low size and cost. In addition to that, on-wafer packaging and three-dimensional integration will be utilized for the hermetic sealing of the filters and MEMS varactors. This packaging scheme will be based on EMAG's already developed low-loss, hermetic package for single RF MEMS switches.

NGIMAT CO. 5315 Peachtree Industrial Blvd. Atlanta, GA 30341
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(678) 287-3981 Dr. Xiaoyan Wang AF 05-224 Awarded: 18MAR05
Title:	Advanced High Frequency Tunable Filters
Abstract:	nGimat proposes to combine MEMS switches with ferroelectric technology to design and manufacture low-loss, low-cost, monolithic, frequency-agile microwave bandpass filters that can be dynamically adjusted in frequency by the application of a DC voltage. In Phase I, nGimat will design and fabricate the circuit, optimize materials, perform modeling and simulation, and build prototype tunable filters. In Phase II, we will further optimize the circuit design, address reliability and packaging issues, and deliver functional filters to the Air Force and our collaborator that will use the component in their system.

RADANT MEMS, INC. 255 Hudson Road Stow, MA 01775
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(978) 562-3866 Dr. John Maciel AF 05-224 Awarded: 18MAR05
Title:	Broad Bandwidth Components for Advanced Microwave Sensors
Abstract:	Broadband, true time delay phase shifters based on MEMS switches provide the high instantaneous bandwidth desired for applications such as multi-frequency antenna arrays with multiple functions such as radar, communications, and ECM. MEMS based phase shifters offer significant performance advantages compared to technologies using PIN diode or MESFET switches including high linearity that does not limit the dynamic range of the receiver in a crowded signal environment. Furthermore, MEMS phase shifters offer a combination of low RF insertion loss and low switch control power consumption that is unmatched by PIN diode or MESFET technologies, giving the MEMS phase shifters a decided advantage at reducing prime power consumption in airborne or space based systems. Radant MEMS Inc., with its demonstrated 100 billion cycle high lifetime MEMS switch, will design, fabricate and test a proof-of-concept true time delay, 1-6 GHz, hybrid MEMS phase shifter that handles as close to 5 Watts as available MEMS switches allow. Radant will also create a preliminary design for a 6-bit, 5 Watt MEMS phase shifter integrated on silicon dice during Phase II, resulting in a compact, low cost phase shifter that is hermetically sealed using the same wafer capping process now employed for Radant's MEMS switches.

COLORADO ENGINEERING, INC. 3272 Silver Pine Trail Colorado Springs, CO 80920
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(719) 388-8582 Mr. Lawrence Scally AF 05-225 Awarded: 18MAR05
Title:	Next Generation Receiver on a Chip (Nexgen ROC)
Abstract:	Colorado Engineering, Inc (CEI) is a woman owned business with a wealth of engineering expertise in the development of ASICs, boards, software and systems for Digital Signal Processing receivers. In recent years a lot of signal processing applications have been implemented with a homogeneous general purpose processor environment. The driving forces for utilizing these technologies in a signal processing system have been programmability and I/O flexibility. These systems lack the processing speed, latency and reduced power that can be generated by hardware specific systems that utilize FPGAs and Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC). FPGA and ASIC technologies execute signal processing functions on data in pipelined fashion analogous to an analog receiver. In most cases, this is by far is the best implementation for performance, cost, power and size. Size, cost and power are greatly reduced, while simultaneously increasing bandwidth processing performance, in implementations that utilize Monobit sampling algorithms. Currently the Monobit receiver is capable of implementing frequency discrimination of pulsed CW signals in the Electronic Warfare arena. This currently covers a large number of applications in radar, Sigint and Elint systems. However, more and more of these systems are moving toward much more complex modulation schemes. These schemes will create large bandwidths for the Monobit receiver to handle and require new algorithm approaches for detection and classification.

CPU TECHNOLOGY, INC. 5731 W. Las Positas Boulevard Pleasanton, CA 94588
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(703) 251-2573 Mr. Daniel J. Lincoln AF 05-225 Awarded: 18MAR05
Title:	Performance Improvement of a Receiver on a Chip (ROC)
Abstract:	CPU Tech will develop algorithms for efficient signal processing for Receiver-on-a-Chip. The marriage of these technologies is possible in the desirable form factor through deep sub-micron development. The application at hand demands signal processing algorithms and system level development tools in addition to this technology. This approach, supported by advanced model generation will accurately illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms. This detailed level of support capitalizes on the extensive signal processing background of CPU Tech. Our staff has been involved in similar algorithm processing developments in the past, thus we are confident that the nature of this development will yield a highly effective solution that can be readily implemented in the desired form factor. This confidence is based upon our powerful "System Level Development Tool Suite," SystemLab (TM). CPU Tech has repeatedly demonstrated the ability to turn algorithms into physical solutions for multiple programs; this application adds the front-end sensor and related algorithms, with algorithms requiring variable parameters associated with the "signals of interest." Our staff has developed signal processing algorithms over multiple systems for the past 3-4 decades; that experience will pay signficant dividends in this application.

GITAM TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 9782 Country Creek Way Dayton, OH 45458
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(937) 775-5037 Dr. William S. McCormick AF 05-225 Awarded: 18MAR05
Title:	Performance Improvement of a Receiver on a Chip (ROC)
Abstract:	There is an ongoing USAF need for low cost, real-time, wide bandwidth Fourier transformers capable of providing precise real-time detection and parameter estimation of a broad range of radar waveforms. A current prototype, known as MONOBIT, quantizes the DFT kernel function, and it essentially performs an approximation of the DFT in real-time. However, the current configuration of MONOBIT can only process pulsed Continuous Wave Radio Frequency signals. In this project, the extendibility of the MONOBIT to a broader class of radar waveforms will be investigated. We propose systematic approach with specific algorithmic concepts and frameworks for processing general pulse-compression radar signals including Linear/Nonlinear FM, binary Phase coded and frequency staggered CW pulse sequences. We also present new results in the proposal that signify the viability of the proposed extension of the MONOBIT. These preliminary results demonstrate future directions we plan to pursue during this effort. In addition, we suggest a new approach for radar waveform classification using MONOBIT generated slices of the Ambiguity function. The proposed research will help identify algorithmic and architectural tradeoffs that may be required to broaden the scope of MONOBIT's applicability and suggest strategies to improve its parameter estimation and pulse detection capabilities.

RESEARCH ASSOC. OF SYRACUSE 6780 Northern Blvd, Ste 100 East Syracuse, NY 13057
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(315) 330-7148 Mr. Brian Moore AF 05-225 Awarded: 18MAR05
Title:	Performance Improvement of a Receiver on a Chip (ROC)
Abstract:	Considerable effort is applied in the electronic warfare field to reduce the size, cost and power consumption of receiver and detection equipment while increasing their performance. Applications include ELINT, ESM, Radar Warning Receivers, and SIGINT data gathering and processing. These types of receivers have been employed historically on airborne fighter, bomber, and ISR platforms. These receivers are becoming more complex in response to the increasing threat complexity and density. There is a need for continued size reduction, lower costs and increased performance. Of course, these simultaneous demands are at odds with each other. The recent Monobit receiver program undertaken by the Air Force has resulted in a reduced size, wideband, high speed, low bit size A/D with a reduced-complexity, high speed FFT processing core. This processing is intended to be incorporated on a single chip as a receiver on a chip. For AF05-225, "Performance Improvement of a Receiver on a Chip (ROC)", RAS proposes to determine the capability of the Monobit FFT processing core to detect/identify exotic signals. The goal is to use the basic digitized and frequency transformed signal data provided by the Monobit processing to serve as the basis for exotic signal detection.

SYSTRAN FEDERAL CORP. 4027 Colonel Glenn Highway, Suite 210 Dayton, OH 45431
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(937) 429-9008 Mr. Todd Grimes AF 05-225 Awarded: 18MAR05
Title:	Receiver on Chip Signal Techniques and Reconfigurable Simulations (ROCSTARS)
Abstract:	The latest generation of the USAF's Monobit receiver is being designed as a receiver on a chip (ROC). The ROC will consist of an analog to digital converter (ADC) and a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) unit on one silicon substrate and simulations have shown its ability to process pulsed RF signals. Systran Federal Corp. (SFC), along with Dr. Chien-In Henry Chen of Wright State University (WSU) and his associates and former associates and Northrop-Grumman Corporation (NGC), proposes a plan to simulate how the architecture will handle various signal modulation schemes. SFC's Phase I effort will consist of three areas. First we will put together a team consisting of the engineers responsible for the original and latest Monobit receiver architectures and the end user of the ROC. Second, we will use the team's input to research detection schemes that are currently being used in electronic warfare (EW) receivers and other schemes that look promising. We will then select a representative scheme or set of schemes to demonstrate. The final area will be the simulation of the chosen detection algorithm first in a simulation environment such as MATLAB and later in VHDL code aimed at the Virtex 4 platform as time allows.

BLACK RIVER SYSTEMS CO., INC. 162 Genesee Street Utica, NY 13502
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(315) 732-7385 Mr. Walter Szczepanski AF 05-228 Awarded: 14APR05
Title:	Waveforms for Simultaneous Air and Ground Surveillance Operations
Abstract:	Black River Systems Co., Inc. and L-3 Communications, Government Services, Inc. propose to develop advanced diverse waveforms and processing techniques compatible with a new Multiple Input-Multiple Output (MIMO) radar architecture that provide simultaneous surveillance of air and ground targets for overlapping regions. Advanced waveforms, compatible with the MIMO radar architecture, will be designed and validated using computer simulations during Phase I. The primary emphasis during Phase I includes: (1) defining radar waveforms incorporating spatial, temporal, frequency and polarization diversity and incorporating novel coding/modulation techniques compatible with the MIMO radar concept, enabling simultaneous multi-mode operation, (2) defining the associated signal processing techniques, (3) defining metrics and performance criteria for future multi-mode surveillance systems for a comparison baseline, (4) demonstrating the feasibility of simultaneous multi-mode operation utilizing the diverse waveforms via simulation, and (5) developing a Phase II plan addressing the research objectives and laboratory measurements necessary for proof-of-concept. Laboratory proof-of-concept experiments validating the proposed concepts are proposed for Phase II.

C & P TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 317 Harrington Avenue, Suites 9 & 10 Closter, NJ 07624
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(201) 768-6240 Dr. S. Radhakrishnan Pillai AF 05-228 Awarded: 14APR05
Title:	Waveforms for Simultaneous Air and Ground Surveillance Operations
Abstract:	In presence of targets that respond to transmitter diversity such as polarization, maximization of the output signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) in presence of signal dependent interference and noise requires joint optimization of the transmit signal vector and the receiver filter bank. The proposed work involves the design of waveforms to exploit the spatio-temporal diversity associated with an airborne multi sensor array that transmits multiple pulses to detect an airborne or ground based target. Using both horizontal and vertical polarization, it is possible to excite certain modes both for the target and clutter that are unavailable in the case of a single channel case. The cross-interference spectral matrices in fact contain much more information compared to the single channel case. This additional information can be put to use in designing the optimal transmit-receiver vector pair so as to further improve the obtainable SINR. The proposed effort will concentrate on demonstrating improvement in performance to be achieved for AMTI/GMTI applications using spatio-temporal waveform diversity and polarization diversity on an airborne array platform. Phase I efforts will concentrate on quantifying the improvement in performance by combining these methods and will be supported by analytical study and simulation results.

STIEFVATER CONSULTANTS 10002 Hillside terrace Marcy, NY 13403
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(315) 338-0932 Dr. Russell Brown AF 05-228 Awarded: 05APR05
Title:	HARDWARE DEMO FOR MULTI-MISSION WAVEFORMS
Abstract:	The goal of this project is to develop and demonstrate multi-mission waveform capability. This will require addressing three aspects of the multi-mission radar: � Advanced waveform design and generation � Multi-mission waveform transmit and receive � Processing for interference rejection and detection. Both sub-aperture and full-aperture approaches will be investigated. In the sub-aperture approach, a different orthogonal waveform is radiated from each sub-aperture simultaneously. All waveforms are received at each sub-aperture. In the full-aperture approach, orthogonal waveforms are radiated from the whole aperture simultaneously. In both cases multi-dimensional adaptive processing (spatial/beams, time/Doppler, waveform) is employed to reject interference, detect targets and/or form images. The full-aperture approach requires the development of a new waveform generation technique (Multiple Waveform Transmit/Receive) and a new T/R module (Hybrid T/R). A hardware proof-of-concept will be accomplished. A five-channel C-Band phased array will transmit simultaneous waveforms. The waveforms will be received and recorded in the far-field. The capability to independently radiate waveforms for the different missions in different directions will be demonstrated. A number of multiple waveform suites will be demonstrated to investigate the interference between the waveforms in the various dimensions (spatial, fast time/radar range, slow time/Doppler). A ground-based radar measurement for Phase II will be planned

AESOP, INC. One Merrill Crossing Bow, NH 03304
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(650) 269-0401 Mr. Chris White AF 05-230 Selected for Award
Title:	Tunable, Low Mass, Low Loss, Millimeter Wave, MEMS RF Filters
Abstract:	The feasibility of producing robust miniaturized, broadly tunable mm-wave bandpass filters for space applications is discussed. Current work by the authors has demonstrated very high-Q, broadly tunable "Octave+T" resonators in the 1.2 Ghz to 5.0 Ghz frequency ranges. These resonators have been designed using low-risk, conventional fabrication techniques that are ideally suited to making mm- to cm-sized ultra-high precision devices. At mm-wave frequencies, these resonators can best be described as tunable foreshortened coaxial resonators. The proposed mm-wave devices will have an unloaded Q of up to 2000 and full-octave tuning ranges, for example from 25 to 50 Ghz, although any full-octave tuning range up to the limitations of the packaging and interconnections can be constructed. In their present S-band configuration, Aesop's Octave+ resonators have been used to stabilize a broadly-tunable oscillator with phase noise of -132 dBc/Hz at 100 kHz offset, with a center frequency tunable from 1.2-2.6 Ghz, and a tuning speed of 1 Ghz/ms. In another configuration, three resonators were fabricated in a capacitively coupled arrangement to make a 25 Mhz bandwidth 3-pole 1.5-2.4 Ghz tunable preselect filter with 2.8 dB passband insertion loss. Aesop, Inc.'s resonators represent a proven, significant improvement over the state of the art in MEMS tunable resonator technology, combining resonator Q's of 400 and higher, octave tuning ranges, small size, low power requirements and low mass.

EMAG TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 1340 Eisenhower Place Ann Arbor, MI 48108
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(734) 973-6600 Dr. Alex Margomenos AF 05-230 Selected for Award
Title:	Tunable, Low Mass, Low Loss, Millimeter Wave, MEMS RF Filters
Abstract:	Emerging military, space and commercial communications systems, are placing a high premium on low-cost, small, light-weight RF electronic components, while at the same time increasing demands for higher functionality. Multiple communications and Radar systems are operating or being designed for the Ka-band (25-40 GHz) and above. This trend necessitates the utilization of high performance RF filters that operate well at that frequency band. In response to the above need, EMAG Technologies in collaboration with Purdue University propose to develop a novel, MEMS tunable high-Q filter. The proposed filter will be comprised of a series of evanescent mode cavities, which will be tuned with the use of a piezoelectric actuator. The proposed architecture requires a number of novel technologies that permit excellent RF performance, limited power consumption, low size and cost, high reliability and space qualification. In addition to that, on-wafer packaging and three-dimensional integration will be utilized for the hermetic sealing of the filters and MEMS varactors. This packaging scheme will be based on EMAG's already developed low-loss, hermetic package for single RF MEMS switches. The completed filter will be fabricated on a silicon wafer, thus allowing its integration with other planar active or passive components.

NGIMAT CO. 5315 Peachtree Industrial Blvd. Atlanta, GA 30341
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(678) 287-3981 Dr. Xiaoyan Sheri Wang AF 05-230 Selected for Award
Title:	Tunable, Low Mass, Low Loss, Millimeter Wave, MEMS RF Filters
Abstract:	nGimat proposed to combine ferroelectric barium strontium titanate (BST) thin film and MEMS switch technology to design and manufacture a low-cost, low-loss, millimeter wave highly tunable passband filter. A proprietary combustion chemical vapor deposition process will be used to grow the BST films. In Phase I, nGimat will design and fabricate the circuit, perform modeling and simulation, and build prototype tunable filters. In Phase II, we will further optimize the circuit design, scale-up the process, address reliability and packaging issues, and deliver prototype filters to the Air Force.

RFMEMS, LLC 2108 Brockman Blvd Ann Arbor, MI 48104
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(734) 674-7869 Dr. Andrew Brown AF 05-230 Selected for Award
Title:	Low Loss Reliable MM-Wave Tunable Filters
Abstract:	We propose to develop a low-loss RF MEMS tunable filter with very high reliability and high-Q RF MEMS tuning devices. The packaging process flow will also be investigated in this effort. Special effort will be made to integrate high-Q transmission-lines with high-Q RF MEMS devices to obtain a state-of-the-art tunable mm-wave filter. This is an un-explored but enabling technology which can open the doors to advanced mm-wave communications, radar and electronic intelligence systems.

XCOM WIRELESS, INC. 2815 Junipero Ave #110 Signal Hill, CA 90755
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(562) 981-0077 Dr. Daniel Hyman AF 05-230 Awarded: 12MAY05
Title:	Tunable, Low Mass, Low Loss, Millimeter Wave, MEMS RF Filters
Abstract:	XCom Wireless is a developer of RF MEMS for tunable filters and phased array antennas, high-performance circuitry identified as critical technologies for the next generations of defense and commercial RF electronics. In this program, XCom is partnering with Lockheed Martin Tactical Systems (LMTS) to extend the capabilities of RF MEMS by incorporating them as critical elements in novel ultra-compact tunable filters for use in next-generation communications systems. The performance requirements of the filters pursued in this program will support the future needs of the Transformational Communications Architecture (TCA). Specifically, LMTS will coordinate XCom MEMS and filter development towards the needs of the Global Information Grid - Bandwidth Expansion (GIG-BE) communications and their ability to establish and maintain microwave and millimeter-wave links to airborne and mobile platforms. In prior efforts, XCom has identified two tunable filter architectures that take advantage of our MEMS characteristics, and provide high tunability with good quality factor to microwave frequencies. These filter designs will compare the XCom hybrid flip-chip MEMS (quick development time at low cost) to a monolithically integrated approach (longer time and cost) to determine which MEMS integration scheme is most appropriate to pursue in Phase II for the selected TCA applications.

ARCHCOM TECHNOLOGY, INC. 1335 W. Foothill Blvd. Azusa, CA 91702
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(626) 969-0681 Dr. Timothy Vang AF 05-232 Awarded: 18MAR05
Title:	High Speed Double Balanced Photodetectors for Lasercom
Abstract:	For many communication applications the demand for more bandwidth is a never ending problem. Military system applications often can exceed commercial demands by an order of magnitude or more as SIGINT and IMINT data collection and transmission are keys to our National Security. Lasercom systems provide an excellent method for secure, long range communication, and maximizing the distance and bandwidth of these systems is an important goal to provide the communication backbone for many military needs. Communication systems using optical signals are a common approach for both military and commercial applications and advancements made for one application form the foundation for advancements in another application. Archcom's proposal is to extend our world's best commercially available 40 Gbps single ended optical receiver to a balanced configuration. Archcom's current single ended receiver offers 0.9 A/W responsivity, 50 GHz of bandwidth, 500 V/W conversion gain and 3 dB better noise performance over any other available 40 Gbps receiver. This will provide the foundation for Archcom to quickly and effectively provide a wideband dual detector optical receiver targeting Lasercom system performance requirements.

QUANTTERA 15560 N. Frank Lloyd Wright, Suite B4-405 Scottsdale, AZ 85260
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(602) 214-3524 Dr. Matt Kim AF 05-233 Awarded: 18MAR05
Title:	Space-Based Near-IR Monolithic Tunable Laser
Abstract:	QuantTera is developing a near-IR tunable laser for space based laser communications. We have developed a unique material system that is optimal for tuning of wavelengths from 1300 nm to 1500 nm. This platform will achieve wavelength resolution of 0.1 pm with tuning speeds greater than 100 nm/s with output powers exceeding 4 mW. The materials are radiation hard and have demonstrated long life for space applications.

SARASWATI ASSOC. 650 5th Street, Suite 505 San Francisco, CA 94107
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(415) 977-0553 Mr. James Coward AF 05-233 Awarded: 18MAR05
Title:	Space-Based Light Weight Radiation-hardened Integrated Monolithic Tunable Laser
Abstract:	We are pleased to propose a program to design and to build a high performance space qualifiable tunable laser diode to meet the stringent requirements for transformational communication systems. Saraswati has multiple contracts in the area of transformational communication sub-systems. Additionally, we have multiple government contracts and are also teaming with a system prime for photonic true time delay beamformers for RF phased array antennas. One of the enabling components in most of the innovative architectures of these subsystems is a high performance tunable laser diode based on technology from our partner which can produce 10 simultaneous independently tuned wavelengths with independent tuning speeds of greater that 100 nm per 10�s. We will give a brief discussion in the Application Section on the enabling aspects of multiple independently simultaneously tuned wavelengths for Air Force communication programs. Saraswati has been working with to develop the SPECTRA 10 laser to meet the demanding requirements for the transformational communication and RF antenna applications. The SPECTRA 10 is based on our partners commercial widely tunable laser. Saraswati currently has funding to enhancement the speed of the tuning electronics to allow microsecond scale tuning for advanced EHF transformational communication applications. The result is a laser that can attain significant performance advantages.

APPLIED RADAR, INC. 210 Airport Street, Quonset Point North Kingstown, RI 02852
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(401) 295-0062 Dr. William H. Weedon AF 05-238 Awarded: 12APR05
Title:	3-D Woven Conformal Antenna Structures
Abstract:	Applied Radar proposes to investigate a new method of incorporating microwave antenna and feed components directly into airframe structural members. This method is based on the 3-D weaving of a resin transfer molded (RTM) fiber reinforcement preform that meets both RF and structural requirements. The result will be lighter weight, higher performance radar and communications antenna arrays for both fighter and reconnaissance aircraft in the frequency bands from 30 MHz to 3 GHz and possibly above. We will build on three years of conductive fiber experience and patent pending processes to produce a functioning benchmark prototype that incorporates RF transparent quartz fiber windows, carbon fiber structural fibers for structural performance and interwoven highly conductive fibers. We will then work with our team members to convert our antenna design into a 3-D woven preform and then into a finished RTM antenna part. This structural composite antenna will then be tested for RF and mechanical performance. During Phase II the benchmark antenna will be scaled into a functioning antenna array prototype design that will demonstrate both RF and structural performance to airframe standards.

AZTEX, INC. 360 Second Avenue Waltham, MA 02451
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 622-5529 Mr. John J. Harris AF 05-238 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	High-Strength and High-Durability Radio Frequency (RF) Transparent Structures
Abstract:	CLAS Structures reduce the weight of conventional antenna systems by embedding the antennas into the load bearing composite structures. The Northrop LOBSTAR program is developing this technology for potential use on Global Hawk.This program proposes the use of a new core material developed by Aztex - K-CorT to provide a superior structural solution. CLAS structures require the use of less structurally efficient materials such as Nomex and lower modulus facesheet materials such as Astroquartz. Edge ramps and local densified areas require non-RF transparent potting compounds that degrade antenna performance. This results in lower structural efficiency and retains the inherent poor damage tolerance and environmental knockdowns associated with honeycomb. K-CorT consists of a structural array of pultruded rods in closed-cell foam. Core strength is based on the number and stiffness of the pins in the array. Properties are tailored locally to match the requirements. No potting compounds are required, truss pins extend throughout ramp transitions, local densification consists of higher density vertical pin arrays. Strength retention of impacted K-CorT is high and hot/wet properties are 92-100% of RTD. The K-CorT advantage is excellent damage tolerance, superior hot/wet capabilities, easily thermoformed and properties tailored to the requirements of the application.

NEXTGEN AERONAUTICS 2780 Skypark Drive, Suite 400 Torrance, CA 90505
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(310) 891-2807 Dr. Anna K. Stewart AF 05-238 Awarded: 18APR05
Title:	High-Strength and High-Durability Radio Frequency (RF) Transparent Structures
Abstract:	The goal of our effort is to develop RF transparent materials for conformal, load-bearing antenna structures (CLAS). In Phase I, we will focus on concept development and structural and RF properties assessment for unique composite weaves. The materials developed for this SBIR will be directed towards Northrop Grumman's LOBSTAR (LOw Band STructural ARray) program, for which we are subcontractors, tasked with design of the RF transparent control surface. The key innovation to be developed in this program is a composite fabric that exhibits superior mechanical and electrical properties achieved through hybridization of select materials. The planned work will build upon the team's extensive prior experience in conformal load-bearing antenna structures and antenna designs. Prior to founding NextGen two years ago, Dr. Jay Kudva worked at Northrop Grumman since 1980; during the last ten years, he initiated and pioneered Northrop Grumman R&D efforts in CLAS technologies. NextGen has teamed with Bally Ribbon Mills (BRM), who specialize in unique composite fabrics, and Don Chang of Spatial Digital Systems (SDS), who has in-depth expertise in antenna designs. Additionally, Edward Kuester of UC Boulder, an electrical engineer with extensive background in antenna materials, will serve as a program consultant.

KEYSTONE SYNERGISTIC ENTERPRISES, INC. 542 SW Keats Ave Palm City, FL 34990
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(772) 283-3502 Mr. Bryant Walker AF 05-239 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Macrostructure Integration of Airframe Structures via Friction Stir Welding
Abstract:	Friction Stir Welding (FSW) has been used to join smaller, inexpensive aluminum sheets to eliminate fasteners in aircraft structers. This program will focus on quantifying the design benefits of FSW of aluminum sheets of differing thickness of the same or different materials to tailor the structural properties for airframe applications. By tailoring the material/and or thickness to allow higher strength capability near stress concentrations, door or other features, weight can be reduced by using lower strength material and/or thinner product than is conventionally used, i.e., higher cost materials are used only where necessary. Additionally, angular FSW will further enhance structural design flexability to offer the potential for lighter weight structures. Under this program an analysis of potential design improvements with regard to weight and cost reductions will be completed as well as demonstrating the feasibility of the FSW process to make these types of solid-state welds by producing and evaluating subelement weldaments.

TEXAS RESEARCH INSTITUTE AUSTIN, INC. 9063 Bee Caves Road Austin, TX 78733
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(512) 263-2101 Mr. Chip Beebe AF 05-239 Awarded: 14APR05
Title:	Macrostructure Integration via Friction Stir Welding (FSW)
Abstract:	Friction stir welding (FSW) can produce stronger, lighter, and more efficient welds than any previous process. In aluminum assemblies, FSW provides improved joint strength, fatigue properties and crack resistance compared to conventional arc welded or riveted joints. One of the current barriers to widespread use of FSW is that the process generally requires the use of clamping systems that are often cumbersome, complex, and expensive. Texas Research Institute Austin, Inc. (TRI/Austin) will team with Remmele Engineering, Inc. (Remmele)to develop and demonstrate a new and innovative friction stir welding process enhancement, by which components can be efficiently friction stir welded without the need of expensive and cumbersome clamping systems. The use of the proposed new technology with FSW will offer economic advantages over the current FSW practice of using complex clamping systems. The new technology can make the FSW process more affordable by decreasing tooling costs and preparation time, and can increase assembly rates. TRI/Austin and Remmele anticipate that this new technology will facilitate the design of FSW assemblies that would otherwise be impractical due to the difficulty of clamping.

AEROSOFT, INC. 1872 Pratt Drive, Suite 1275 Blacksburg, VA 24060
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(540) 557-1909 Dr. Michael P Applebaum AF 05-241 Awarded: 13APR05
Title:	A Generalized Communication Interface for Multi-Physics Applications Applied To Reentry Flows
Abstract:	AeroSoft proposes to develop an application programming interface (API) to connect single-physics based analysis tools used in thermal protection system (TPS) sizing and assessment for trajectory-shaping and reentry vehicles. The API will be based on the message passing interface (MPI) program to allow for efficient execution in parallel computing environments. For the Phase I, the API will couple the CFD flow solver GASP with the material response code DIABLO. A trajectory sizing simulation will be performed for a reentry vehicle in order to demonstrate the proposed concept. In a Phase II, the API will be extended to support additional CFD flow solvers and material response codes. This will allow the end user to select both the CFD flow solver and material response code for use in reentry type simulations where ablation is modeled. The API may also be extended to other research areas such as aero-elasticity.

COMBUSTION RESEARCH & FLOW TECHNOLOGY, INC. 6210 Keller's Church Road Pipersville, PA 18947
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(215) 766-1520 Mr. Neeraj Sinha AF 05-241 Awarded: 12APR05
Title:	Coupling of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), Reentry Vehicle Surface Ablations, and In-Depth Conductions
Abstract:	The innovation for this Phase I program is the extension of the new Rocket Plume Flowfield Model (RPFM) to analyze Reentry Vehicle (RV) body flows. The Phase I effort provides the foundation for a highly optimized, fast-running Reentry Vehicle Flowfield Model (RVFM) for analysis of thermal protection systems (TPS). Many of the key features are already in place to expedite RV flow solutions (GUI, NS/PNS flow solvers, self-contained automated grid generation and mesh adaptation, generalized thermo-chemistry, Expert Interface, etc.). Key extensions for Phase I would be the inclusion of body ablative routines and ablative heatshield thermo-chemistry data banks, as well as modification of the GUI and the self-contained grid/adaptive methodology to RV shock layer flows. Ablative modules that the authors had developed for the Air Force sponsored REACH code will be implemented and upgraded using high-fidelity surface transpiration boundary conditions. Overlaid procedures for charged species and fluctuating electron solutions developed for RPFM will be implemented to achieve fast run times. Phase I accomplishments will be demonstrated by simulating the descent trajectory of a representative RV from an altitude of ~300 kft to ground impact.

HYPERSONICS 164 FERNE COURT PALO ALTO, CA 94306
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(650) 856-3013 Dr. Raul J. Conti AF 05-241 Awarded: 13APR05
Title:	Coupling of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), Reentry Vehicle Surface Ablations, and In-Depth Conductions
Abstract:	The proposed innovation consists of developing a stand-alone computational tool to predict simultaneously the hypersonic flowfield and the thermal response of the heatshield of vehicles entering the atmosphere at high speed, including the full coupling of the fluid an solid phenomena involved. In the past, the fluid and solid media have been analyzed separately, and their interaction has been coupled loosely. New vehicles and missions contemplated by DOD and NASA tax the capabilities of current technology, and make it desirable to integrate the various analyses into an advanced tool to address the design of thermal protection systems in a unified way. HYPERSONICS has been pursuing this goal since the mid-nineties, and has developed software components that it proposes to improve and combine to achieve the objectives stated in the present solicitation. The resulting stand-alone computer code will be capable of predicting the temperature fields in the fluid and solid media, the heat exchange occurring between them, the loss of mass and change of shape of the heat shield, and the forces acting on the vehicle along its atmospheric trajectory, all in a single computer run.

INNOVATIVE SCIENTIFIC SOLUTIONS, INC. 2766 Indian Ripple Rd Dayton, OH 45440
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(937) 255-8446 Dr. Sivaram P. Gogineni AF 05-242 Awarded: 13APR05
Title:	Diagnostic Techniques for High Speed Flows
Abstract:	The U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory has determined that a need exists for new diagnostic instrumentation capable of obtaining quantitative flow data in large scale aerodynamic facilities, with particular emphasis on the high subsonic (Mach ~0.7) to moderate supersonic (Mach ~2-3) flow regimes. This Phase I Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) proposal, offered by Innovative Scientific Solutions, Inc., in collaboration with the Ohio State University Department of Mechanical Engineering, offers a new avenue for non-intrusive instrumentation based upon the application of ultra-fast laser technology to a class of optical diagnostic known as Flow Tagging Velocimetry. Phase I will primarily focus on demonstration of the enhanced potential of the oxygen-based flow tagging method known as RELIEF (Raman Excitation + Laser Induced Electronic Fluorescence), resulting from the use of ~100 picosecond laser sources for the "tagging" step. Phase II, building upon the results of Phase I, will explore a wide range of potential flow tagging strategies, and will culminate in demonstration and delivery of a complete ultra-fast system to the AFRL Air Vehicles Directorate.

METROLASER, INC. 2572 White Road Irvine, CA 92614
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(949) 553-0688 Dr. Thomas Jenkins AF 05-242 Awarded: 12APR05
Title:	Planar Doppler Velocimetry System for High-Speed Flows
Abstract:	This is a proposal to develop a Planar Doppler Velocimetry (PDV) system for acquiring spatially- and temporally-resolved, three-component, velocity measurements around U.S. Air Force wind tunnel models, such as turrets and cavities, that have limited optical access. PDV is uniquely suited to flows in the transonic and supersonic regimes since the Doppler frequency shifts at these velocities are large and therefore easily measured. In addition, seed particles for the PDV technique can be small since they don��t have to be individually resolved, so that light from a laser sheet placed in the field of interest is scattered relatively uniformly in all directions. Consequently, the imaging cameras can be placed anywhere within a wide range of possible locations, making this technique ideally suited for analyzing flow fields around such models. The proposed system would provide instantaneous planar velocity fields that include all three components. Each image may be acquired using either a conventional pulsed Nd:YAG laser to provide a large number of pulses for a statistically significant data set, or by using an optional burst-mode laser that will provide about 30 consecutive pulses at 4 �Ys intervals for time resolved measurements.

PHYSICAL OPTICS CORP. Electro-Optics & Holography Division, 20600 Gramer Torrance, CA 90501
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(310) 320-3088 Dr. Tin Aye AF 05-242 Awarded: 11APR05
Title:	Short Pulse Holographic Interferometric Reconstruction Three-Dimensional Flow Field Sensor
Abstract:	To address the U.S. Air Force need for new diagnostic technique for high speed flows, Physical Optics Corporation (POC) proposes to develop a new Short Pulse Holographic Interferometric Reconstruction (SPHIRE) three-dimensional sensor based on short pulse light-in-flight holographic recording of the temporal sequence of a flow field. The proposed sensor will overcome the limitations of current point sensors for 3D flow field measurement, because SPHIRE is a full-field 3D optical sensor with light-speed holographic recording of an event in thousands of temporal sequence images. From these images, a highly sensitive holographic interferometric analysis can determine the temporal and 3D spatial distribution of pressure/velocity of the high speed flow field. The holographic image recording will be in real time on an erasable holographic thermoplastic thin-film recording medium in a ruggedized camera system, possibly with a fiber optic light guide and compact optics. In Phase I POC will design a SPHIRE sensor system, analyze its performance, and demonstrate the proof-of-concept by laboratory experiments. In Phase II POC will fabricate a SPHIRE system and integrate it with data collection and 3D reconstruction software. POC will demonstrate a SPHIRE prototype at an Air Force test tunnel.

AEROPROBE CORP. 1700 Kraft Drive, Suite 2413 Blacksburg, VA 24060
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(540) 951-3980 Dr. Matthew D. Zeiger AF 05-243 Awarded: 29APR05
Title:	UAV Hingeless Flight Controls Via Active Flow Control
Abstract:	Limitations of conventional hinged aerodynamic platform controls have sparked interest in new "hingeless" systems, where control is effected through use of synthetic jet actuators and pneumatic circulation control. These new systems' advantages are augmentation of the conventional flight control envelope and a decrease in radar signature during controls actuation. The proposed hingeless flight control system uses both leading-edge and trailing edge pneumatic actuation (SJA and/or continuous) coupled with a novel control system that employs multi-layered neural networks (MLNN) and radial basis functions (RBF) to give global and distributed control, with aggregate input from sensor measurements distributed over the platform. The challenge will be to properly model the aerodynamics and actuators on the proposed UAV flight platform, capturing the inherent physics of the system. Experience and current work with similar actuator and control systems will provide invaluable leverage to achieve the goal of full hingeless control on a small UAV platform.

INTELLIGENT AUTOMATION, INC. 15400 Calhoun Drive, Suite 400 Rockville, MD 20855
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(301) 294-5269 Dr. Xiaodong Zhang AF 05-243 Awarded: 29APR05
Title:	Integration of Flight Control and Flow Control
Abstract:	Past research work has shown the great potentials of active flow control by using collectively interacting synthetic jet arrays, where the actuation signals to the jet actuators were generated by open-loop strategies. In this proposal, Intelligent Automation, Inc. (IAI) and its subcontractor, Prof. Amitay of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, propose a novel approach to integrated flight control and flow control to improve the aerodynamic performance of air vehicles. The proposed approach consists of two main components. First, the degree of flow separation is controlled by using synthetic jet arrays operating at high frequencies, resulting in the formation of a quasi-steady closed recirculating flow region. Additionally, synthetic jet actuators have some unique properties including zero-mass-flux, low power consumption, and compact structure well suited for MEMS applications, etc. Second, a neural network based nonlinear adaptive control method (NAC) is designed to regulate the actuation signals to jet actuators to track a reference trajectory of the desired degree of flow reattachment. A major advantage of the proposed adaptive control scheme is its minimal dependence on an accurate model of the complicated system dynamics. In addition, a pseudo-control hedging method is used to overcome neural network adaptation difficulties due to various actuation anomalies.

ORBITAL RESEARCH, INC. 4415 Euclid Avenue, Suite 500 Cleveland, OH 44103
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(216) 649-0399 Dr. Rich Kolacinski AF 05-243 Awarded: 29MAY05
Title:	General Feedback Control for Distributed Flow Control Devices
Abstract:	ORI proposes a preliminary design of a micro air vehicle (MAV) with integrated active flow control actuators and feedback control system to control longitudinal dynamics of the vehicle without conventional flight control surfaces. The proposed hierarchical control system is composed of Intelligent Control Modules (ICMs) for regulation of local flow behavior and a Global Control System (GCS) for coordination of individual ICM actions providing necessary vehicle stability and control. Empirical data gathered during wind tunnel studies of a model MAV will provide the foundation for the proposed control system. Phase I of the program will design a micro actuator control system integrated with an MAV to control performance utilizing a proposed advanced, nonlinear hierarchical control system to direct the behavior of multiple AFC devices. Increased performance with respect to some or all of the following will be estimated: range, payload weight, payload volume, landing speed, loiter time, and maneuverability. In Phase II the MAV will be constructed and demonstrated in flight and in wind tunnel tests over a range of flight conditions. Increased performance attributable to the AFC, relative will be quantified and documented.

BARRON ASSOC., INC. 1410 Sachem Place, Suite 202 Charlottesville, VA 22901
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(434) 973-1215 Mr. Jeffrey F. Monaco AF 05-244 Selected for Award
Title:	Intelligent Control for Morphing Aircraft
Abstract:	A morphing aircraft tailors its configuration to optimize performance at very dissimilar flight conditions. To lay the foundation for a truly multi-role aircraft, research efforts are currently focusing on technologies that enable substantial changes to the wing configuration, including 200 percent aspect-ratio, 50 percent surface-area, 5 deg. wing-twist, and 20 deg. wing-sweep variations. Despite significant strides to develop wing/actuation systems that achieve such configuration changes, much work remains to effectively control these systems. The proposed Phase I research will address two significant control challenges associated with advanced morphing wing designs. First, how does one control the aircraft-wing shape itself using multiple, innovative effectors in a dynamic environment characterized by variable loads? Second, how does one integrate wing control and flight control to ensure aircraft stability during wing-state transitions? In Phase I, Barron Associates, NextGen Aeronautics, and Dr. Dan Inman of VT will develop morphing-wing and aircraft models suitable for on-line interrogation in a control law. The team will emphasize the design of real-time control architecture - made up of two integrated nonlinear controllers that exploit these models - to accomplish the stated control objectives. This research sets the stage for Phase II hardware-in-the-loop, wind-tunnel, and (possibly) flight tests of the morphing-aircraft controllers.

SCIENTIFIC SYSTEMS CO., INC. 500 West Cummings Park - Ste 3000 Woburn, MA 01801
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 933-5355 Dr. Ravi Prasanth AF 05-244 Awarded: 14APR05
Title:	Integrated Adaptive Control and Control Allocation System for Morphing Wing
Abstract:	Recent studies have shown that adapting wing geometry to meet flight load requirements yields optimal performance in disparate mission roles. Though current aircraft vary wing sweep and extend flaps to produce large scale flow changes, they have little control over the flow. Morphing aircraft structures that utilize a large number of small shape change effectors provide the degrees of freedom required for large scale flow control and the ability to meet dynamic flight load requirements. The purpose of this project is to resolve some open control system related issues by designing an integrated morphing flight control and control allocation system and implementing it in a laboratory environment. Specific issues to be considered in Phase I are actuator modeling including failures, control system design for stability and performance in the presence of failures, and control power allocation. Phase I work will also develop concepts for hardware in the loop testing in Phase II. We plan to provide a complete numerical and hardware-in-the-loop (HWIL) evaluation of a morphing wing in Phase II. Boeing Phantom Works (St. Louis) will provide technical support in modeling and hardware testing areas during Phase I and II.

ZONA TECHNOLOGY, INC. 7430 E. Stetson Drive , Suite 205 Scottsdale, AZ 85251
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(480) 945-9988 Dr. Dario Baldelli AF 05-244 Awarded: 13APR05
Title:	Practical LPV Modeling and Control Framework for Aeroelastic Morphing UAV
Abstract:	ZONA Technology proposes an R&D effort to establish a practical modeling and synthesis framework for the control of morphing elastic wing structures. The complex nonlinear dynamic behavior of the UAV during the in-flying morphing process will be approximated by linear parameter-varying, LPV, models over the flight variables and the morphing command. The proposed integrated methodology is formulated to successfully deal with both, in-plane (batwing) and/or out-of-plane (folding wing) configurations while taking into account the flexibility effects on the vehicle dynamics. Practical self-scheduled control laws are devised with special considerations on the morphing UAV model conservatism, the inherent fast dynamics and reduced-order of the LPV flight controllers. A feasibility study is proposed to validate this LPV modeling and control framework using a generic Z-wing morphing structure. Once successfully validated, the LPV flight controller developed in Phase I will be integrated with the distributed actuation system and power electronic into the morphing wing prototype to perform hardware-in-the-loop simulation in Phase II. Marketing the resulting software package will be simplified by taking advantage of ZONA's current extensive customer support. ZONA Technology's reputation and track record in supporting the aerospace industry and government with ZONA codes can assure the success of the commercialization plan.

INNOVATIVE MATERIALS SOLUTIONS 11 Hearthstone Circle Wayland, MA 01778
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(508) 650-1210 Mr. Uday Kashalikar AF 05-245 Awarded: 25MAY05
Title:	Mechanical Attachments for Advanced Thermal Protection Systems (TPS)
Abstract:	Innovative Materials Solutions will demonstrate a thermal protection system concept which facilitates rapid replacement of insulating tiles and ready access to the substructure. Our concept is based on lab-proven materials technologies. The Phase I program will involve establishing design requirements, selecting materials, and producing and testing relevant joint specimens. The follow-on Phase II program will demonstrate fabrication and testing of scaled reentry vehicle leading edge TPS. We have teamed with a major military aerospace reentry vehicle systems integrator. This will ensure development of a technology that is relevant for Air Force systems.

MSNW, INC. P.O. Box 865 San Marcos, CA 92079
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(330) 655-0839 Dr. Robert J. Price AF 05-245 Awarded: 02MAY05
Title:	Mechanical Attachments for Advanced Thermal Protection Systems (TPS)
Abstract:	In the proposed program, MSNW, Inc. will address critical materials problems associated with the hot gas seals required with two novel designs for the mechanical attachment of reusable space access vehicle thermal protection systems (TPS). The Boeing Company (Boeing Phantom Works), in conjunction with the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), has selected for near-term development two attachment designs for either carbide-based structural ceramic matrix composite TPS panels or oxide-based TPS based upon CMC-wrapped low density tiles. Both designs use Nextel 720 fabric faced gap filler seals and the limited high temperature capability of Nextel 720 (approximately 2400�F) used in the seals is currently a constraining factor. High temperature ceramic coatings and/or infiltrant materials will be investigated for their ability to limit the maximum temperature experienced by the Nextel fabric to improve the ultimate temperature capability, hot gas impermeability, erosion resistance, and long term durability of the seals. Two primary approaches will be examined: a refractory, reasonably compliant thermal barrier layer, and a high emittance treatment. Representative proof-of-concept physical and mechanical property test coupons will be prepared and tested for comparison of as-produced and post-thermal exposure properties. Testing will include limited permeability, mechanical strength, resilience and, where appropriate, emittance measurements.

AEROTONOMY, INC. 117 Herron Street Fort Oglethorpe, GA 30742
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(423) 902-8796 Dr. James Neidhoefer AF 05-246 Awarded: 12APR05
Title:	Development of an Innovative Practical UAV with no Moving Aerodynamic Control Surfaces
Abstract:	Aerotonomy, Incorporated (AI) and subcontractor Georgia Tech Research Institute (GTRI) will apply the latest knowledge in circulation control and piezo-electric synthetic (zero net mass flux) jet actuators (SJAs) to develop a practical small UAV with no hinged control surfaces. In the area of flow control, low jet momentum coefficient SJAs have been used primarily as a mechanism to keep flow attached that would normally be separated. Thus, low jet momentum coefficient SJAs located near the wing leading edge have been shown, in experimental projects such as the NASA/GTRI Stingray UAV and the Aeroprobe/Texas A&M hingeless flow control project, to be effective for producing forces and moments suitable for flight control only at high angles of attack. The innovation in this project will be to use low jet momentum coefficient SJAs in conjunction with Coanda surface trailing edges on the wings and tail surfaces to generate control forces and moments in three axes both at high and low angles of attack.

FLEXSYS, INC. 2000 Hogback Road, Suite #9 Ann Arbor, MI 48105
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(734) 975-9233 Dr. Joel Hetrick AF 05-246 Awarded: 21APR05
Title:	Meso-scale Mission Adaptive Compliant Wing
Abstract:	The flow environment of small rotary-wing and fixed-wing Unmanned Air Vehicles (meso-scale UAVs), is conducive to the formation of laminar separation bubbles which significantly degrades their performance - a phenomenon that is typical of low Reynolds number flight regimes (50,000 to 300,000). This "bubble drag" can be alleviated over a wide operational lift coefficient range and Reynolds number range by altering the geometry of the airfoil and deploying turbulators to transition the boundary layer. Properly implemented, variable geometry airfoils can potentially improve the lift-to-drag performance of meso-scale UAVs by as much as 80%. The key challenge is to physically realize these novel variable geometry adaptive structures for meso-scale vehicles with severe limitations on space, weight, and power. FlexSys, a pioneer in adaptive compliant structures technology, has successfully designed, fabricated, and tested several variable geometry flaps in recent years. Through aerodynamics analysis and experimental testing, we propose to first identify the most effective means to realize performance gains using variable geometry and deployable turbulators to reduce low Re airfoil drag over broad operating regimes. We also propose to design, fabricate, and test a "proof-of-concept" model to demonstrate the feasibility of the approach and mature variable geometry wing technology for meso-scale UAVs.

ZONA TECHNOLOGY, INC. 7430 E. Stetson Drive , Suite 205 Scottsdale, AZ 85251
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(480) 945-9988 Dr. Danny Liu AF 05-246 Awarded: 08APR05
Title:	POD/RSM Methodology for Low-Reynolds Number Aerodynamic on MAV
Abstract:	ZONA Technology proposes an R&D effort to develop a POD/RSM (Proper Orthogonal Decomposition and Response Surface Method) methodology for the prediction of low-Reynolds number aerodynamics on Micro Air Vehicles (MAVs). By operating on a set of computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) solutions computed at a few training points, the POD/RSM methodology provides a reduced order model that can rapidly and accurately generate the low-Reynolds number aerodynamic solutions at any given flight condition. This reduced order model is constructed using a few eigenmodes of the flow and can capture the complexity of the low-Reynolds number flow structures such as laminar boundary layer separation, transition and reattachment. In Phase I, a Flexible Latex Rubber Wing (FLRW) will be selected as a test bed to demonstrate the applicability of the POD/RSM methodology for MAV design and analysis. Validation will be conducted by comparing the POD/RSM solutions with the direct CFD solutions at the non-training points. The POD/RSM methodology will be used to generate aerodynamic force and moment coefficients as well as stability derivatives to asses the performance, stability, and handling quality of the FLRW.

MATERIALS RESEARCH & DESIGN 300 E. Swedesford Rd Wayne, PA 19087
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(610) 964-9000 Mr. John Podhiny AF 05-247 Awarded: 11MAY05
Title:	Design Concepts for CMC Leading Edges with Embedded Metallic Heat Pipes
Abstract:	This effort explores and assesses the options available for refractory composite leading edges cooled by embedded metallic heat pipes. Currently, the heat pipe cooled leading edges (HPCLE's) being investigated are fabricated primarily from refractory superalloys. However, even the best superalloys have a temperature limit of ~2400�F, which places substantial limitations on the possible geometry of a hypersonic vehicle's leading edge, and consequently, on its speed. With temperature capability of ~3000�F, refractory composites such as carbon/carbon (C/C) and carbon/silicon carbide (C/SiC) allow greater design flexibility and increased vehicle efficiency. The primary focus of this proposal is to analyze various forms of C/C and C/SiC that have not been previously considered as HPCLE materials. Using closed form solutions and finite element models, MR&D will investigate the thermal and structural performance of each material, and of different heat pipe cross section geometries to identify the best candidate designs. These candidate designs will also be optimized to have the lowest weight possible. Also under this effort, MR&D will design representative test articles of the candidate designs to be fabricated and tested in a Phase II effort.

ULTRAMET 12173 Montague Street Pacoima, CA 91331
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(818) 899-0236 Dr. Arthur J. Fortini AF 05-247 Awarded: 18APR05
Title:	Conformal Leading Edge Heat Pipe
Abstract:	Aerothermal heating of leading edges and nose tips on reentry vehicles creates stagnation-point temperatures that are beyond the limits of most materials. For systems that have reusability requirements, the challenge is even greater. Heat pipes offer a solution to this problem by providing a high-thermal-conductivity path from the hot leading edges to cooler areas of the reentry vehicle where heat can be radiated into space. In this Phase I program Ultramet will design, fabricate, and test a novel heat pipe that is not only high-temperature capable and reusable, but also conformal to the shape of the leading edge or nose tip. Unlike traditional heat pipes, in which the geometry is restricted to either straight or bent tubes, the low-cost fabrication technology to be used in this program, chemical vapor deposition can be used to manufacture heat pipes to virtually any shape, including conical shells and wedge shapes.

3TEX, INC. 109 MacKenan Drive Cary, NC 27511
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(919) 481-2500 Dr. Alexander Bogdanovich AF 05-248 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Novel Structural Joining Concepts Using 3-D Textile Preforms and Composites
Abstract:	Strength and durability of commonly used bonded and bolted composite-to-composite and composite-to-metal structural joints suffer from sharp geometry variations, mismatch of elastic moduli, Poisson's ratios, coefficients of thermal expansion and thermal conductivity of the adherends, altogether causing high stress concentration and premature joint failure. The proposed work introduces several novel design concepts of bonded lap joints, butt joints, integral composite D-joint elements and other similar connectors, all based on the use of 3-D woven and 3-D braided fabric preforms. Unique manufacturing processes used in production of such preforms enable to split them into two or more thinner sheets or branches, hybridize different fiber types within 3-D architectures, continuously vary cross-sectional shapes. Using complex shape 3-D textile preforms with gradual variation of thermo-mechanical properties for composite joints of interest will allow, as anticipated, to significantly reduce stress peaks and mitigate the negative effects of joining dissimilar materials. Design and manufacturing of special fabric preforms, fabrication of experimental composite joints samples and their experimental evaluation will be supported by 3-D micromechanics modeling and predictive analysis of stress/strain fields, crack propagation and thermo-mechanical response. The combined experimental and theoretical effort will be used to validate the efficiency of proposed joining concepts.

COLLIER RESEARCH CORP. 2 Eaton Street, Suite 504, Harbour Centre Bldg Hampton, VA 23669
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(757) 825-0000 Mr. Craig Collier AF 05-248 Awarded: 12APR05
Title:	Innovative, Weight Efficient, Composite/Metallic Structural Joint Analysis
Abstract:	Proposed is a new structural analysis capability specifically for designing innovative bonded and bolted joint concepts that join metallic and composite hybrid structures. Industry relies heavily on the use of bolted joints due to their successful history over many decades of operation, however they are believed to be heavier than bonded joints. The focus of this research is to quantify potential weight savings of innovative bonded and bolted joint concepts (including the Pi preform joint) while ensuring structural integrity through rapid analysis and sizing. Two primary problems to be addressed are: 1) rapid analysis with sizing capability does not exist for either bonded or bolted joints; 2) robust and general integration of bonded and bolted specialty analysis programs (those used in production design) with vehicle FEA does not exist. These problems are preventing innovative joint designs from becoming known. Lockheed Martin Aeronautics in Ft Worth, Texas believes that the research proposed will serve as a vital step to finding innovative and lighter structural joining concepts and will assist by providing engineering consultation, realistic loads, software integration support, technical review, assessment of practicality, and a checklist of certification criteria to meet in addition to static strength.

M&P TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 4870 Lake Fjord Pass Marietta, GA 30068
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(770) 993-7397 Dr. Jim M. Criss, Jr. AF 05-248 Awarded: 15APR05
Title:	Innovative, Weight Efficient, Composite/Metallic Structural Joining Concepts
Abstract:	Currently aircraft composite and metal structures are joined by fastening them in place using riveted or bolted joints. Although fastened joints largely avoid concerns associated with thermally induced stresses and strains from CTE mismatches, such designs add weight, manufacturing complexity and cost to the design. Recent advances have given rise to new opportunities to increase the integrity and performance of metal to composite joints. This effort will investigate these new technologies for their application to hybrid joining concepts. This program will design, fabricate and test specimens from one technology, which benefits from newly developed metal processing capabilities. Two other technologies will also be analyzed to determine their merit and feasibility. Design optimization will be accomplished on all three concepts by first performing an analysis of the joints using the analytical tools developed under the Composites Affordability Initiative (CAI). Optimized joints representing the most promising technology will then be fabricated and mechanically tested to validate the new joining concept and model and to demonstrate and quantify their technical feasibility. Successful completion of this program will result in new joining methods that will be used by the various DoD contractors on potentially numerous new vehicles.

CFD RESEARCH CORP. 215 Wynn Dr., 5th Floor Huntsville, AL 35805
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(256) 726-4800 Dr. H.Q. Yang AF 05-249 Awarded: 12APR05
Title:	Determination of Influence Boundaries in CFD from Acoustic Intensity Distribution
Abstract:	Using influence region technique in CFD has the advantage of simpler grid generation, fast computing time, and the facility of multiple equation sets or multiple flow solvers. We propose to develop a first principal based, graphic interactive method for the determination of influence boundaries. We will use combined a) theoretical, b) numerical solution to acoustic equation, c) correlation function; and d) rule of thumb to determine the influence boundaries. Since theoretical solutions and empirical correlations are only valid for the simple geometries and flow conditions, the proposed fast acoustic equation solver will be more fundamentally sound and reliable. In the current approach, with given free stream Mach number, angles of attack, and model geometry, a CFD solution based on coarse mesh and simple physical model will be solved along with acoustic wave equation. Isotropic value of the acoustic intensity from the solution will be used to quantify the influence regions. In Phase I, a numerical solution to the acoustic equation with high order scheme will be implemented in an existing unstructured, solution adaptive CFD-Solver with overset grid capability. The feasibility of the wave intensity factor as physics base for the determination of influence boundaries will be explored by comparing with theoretical solution and empirical correlation. In Phase II interactive software to enable the visualization and analysis of computed flowfield solutions to be used as a guide in creation of the influence boundaries will be developed. Future verification and simulation of realistic complex air vehicle geometries using influence region method will be carried out, and the developed module and its implementation in other DoD CFD codes such AVUS will also be carried out in Phase II.

INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS CO., L. L. C. PO Box 6971 Chesterfield, MO 63006
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(425) 778-7853 Dr. Chris Nelson AF 05-249 Awarded: 08APR05
Title:	Prediction of Influence Boundaries in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
Abstract:	Greater effectiveness and lower cost for tools for the USAF to defeat threats ranging from terrorism to rogue nation unpredictability require smart application of available technology. Recent advances made available by UAVs are invaluable, aircraft of all types play an important role in the master plan of a secure US position. The brute-force power of computers can be a valuable asset, but the nonlinearity and range of important scales requires intelligent approximations be chosen for each application. In supersonic and hypersonic applications the theory of the method of characteristics provides an obvious path to estimating influences of geometry, compressibility, and viscosity; however, transonic and low speed applications require a new breakthrough. We propose to use analytical advances that will provide the needed preliminary insights in estimating these same influences. This approach, combined with the method of characteristics, will create a powerful new generation of tools which complement traditional CFD applications and significantly improve their efficiency for both application and design. Moreover, these tools can be used on their own in preliminary design as a means of quickly, but with reasonable accuracy, computing important flow characteristics.

THAEROCOMP TECHNICAL CORP. P. O. Box 1527 Stony Brook, NY 11790
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(631) 285-7127 Dr. Dr. Kehinde Alabi AF 05-249 Awarded: 13APR05
Title:	A Generalized Approach to Influence Boundary Calculations in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
Abstract:	For many aerospace problems, experience has shown that geometric and/or physical model simplifications can be made with negligible influence on the overall accuracy of the solution. However, no general procedures for implementing influence boundary methods have been developed, and many calculations are still carried out in a rather ad-hoc basis. Thaerocomp Technical Corporation (TTC) is proposing to develop a generalized computational fluid dynamic (CFD)-based approach to influence boundary calculations. The proposed procedure will be developed into a software module that could be incorporated into government or third-party commercial CFD codes. The product will be the first of its kind; it will contain a robust and automatic procedure for identifying influence boundaries in realistic aerospace systems. The procedure will also automatically identify the appropriate boundary conditions in most influence boundary situations, and reconcile the CFD solution across influence boundaries that move at different speeds. An advantage of influence boundary procedures is the ability to solve the equations in each domain with a different tool that is appropriate for the physical model in the domain. TTC's procedure will allow the interchangeable use of different solvers in each influence domain, thereby accommodating third-party CFD tools.

ACCELOGIC LLC 160 Bonaventure Blvd. , Suite 306 Weston, FL 33326
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(954) 349-4996 Mr. Juan Gonzalez AF 05-250 Awarded: 05MAY05
Title:	Novel Computational Approaches for Solving Optimization Problems
Abstract:	We propose to develop novel hardware-centric "initialization" technology that enables unprecedented computational power for the solution of general optimization problems. In Phase I, we will develop a hardware prototype of an "initializer" equipped with our technology, and conduct simulation studies to quantify the improvements brought by such initializer to a variety of commercial and public domain solvers so to determine the feasibility of our approach. Three mission-critical areas to the exploratory nature (called "sampling") of a general initializer are identified, namely (1) sampling speed; (2) sampling efficiency; and (3) sampling quality. Innovative algorithmic methods and architectures aimed at boosting the effectiveness of "sampling" along each one of the three areas are proposed. In particular, we propose to use hardware acceleration for speed; computational steering for efficiency; and a compensated computation of the objective function similar to that used in the sampling of analog signals, for quality. This technology has the potential to impact a wide variety of fields in which global optimization plays an important role, including engineering design, econometrics and finance, biotechnology, molecular design, scientific modeling, among others.

MSSRC PO Box 6667 Bloomingdale, IL 60108
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(630) 837-2530 Dr. Larry A. Lambe AF 05-250 Awarded: 12APR05
Title:	A Tool for Computationally Steering Optimization Software
Abstract:	Computational steering consists of determining initial parameters for a problem and monitoring progress of software in order to stop the process if the calculation is not proceeding well. The "operator" then resets parameters based on some measure and restarts the compuutation. This process is repeated until the desired result is obtained or a critical limit is achieved. The purpose of this proposal is to produce a computational steering tool for driving optimization software.

WEIDLINGER ASSOC., INC. 375 Hudson St FL 12 New York, NY 10014
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(650) 949-3010 Dr. Victor Pereyra AF 05-250 Awarded: 18APR05
Title:	The Initialization Problem and Other Techniques for Robust Optimization
Abstract:	General optimization problems are hard to solve. Problems with expensive to evaluate goal functionals and constraints, large dimensional parameter spaces, non-convex (multi-modal), and ill-conditioned, are prevalent in many industrial applications and they are specially hard to solve in a robust, automated manner. Multi-modal, ill-conditioned problems require global optimization techniques and regularization. In high dimensional spaces the available techniques are problematic at their best and one must resort to surrogate functionals, divide and conquer techniques, and parallel computing in order to have a chance to solve the problem in a reasonable time. It is somewhat futile to expect that there is a magic bullet that will solve all problems automatically and without any a priori knowledge. On the other hand, tools can be developed to facilitate finding the best algorithm for a given problem, while allowing for the incorporation of all the known a priori knowledge and providing graphical and analysis support in a unified manner. In a separate project (A Toolbox for Optimal Design, NSF-SBIR Phase II) , we are developing such an environment for large-scale simulation guided by optimization, concentrating on Wave Propagation phenomena. In this project we will evaluate and implement techniques to make this optimization process more robust, concentrating on the problem of generating adequate initial values and some other additional techniques. With our consultant Prof. J. J. Alonso from the Aeronautics and Aerospace Department, Stanford University, we will consider the system vehicle design problem, where multiple disciplines interact within a complex analysis, thus enlarging the scope of our existing Toolbox.

KEYSTONE SYNERGISTIC ENTERPRISES, INC. 542 SW Keats Ave Palm City, FL 34990
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(772) 283-3502 Mr. Bryant Walker AF 05-255 Selected for Award
Title:	Non-Destructive Grain Orientation Verification in Directionally Solidified Nickel Superalloy Turbine Blades by XRD
Abstract:	The verification of the primary and secondary grain orientation in directionally solified and single crystal nickel superalloy turbine blades is critically important to ensure quality and to meet the intended engineering requirements in the gas turbine engine. Unfortunately their is no affordable, commercially avaialble, whole-field technique for measuring grain orientations in turbine airfoils. This proposed project seeks to demonstrate the feasibility of a non-destructive method using x-ray diffraction techniques to affordably measure primary and secondary grain orientation in high stress locations of directionally solified turbine blades. Several turbine blades will be destructively analyzed to calibrate the methodology. A small number of blades will be inspected using advanced x-ray defraction techniques and statistical data analysis and management methods applied to establish the feasibility of the methodology.

TEXAS RESEARCH INSTITUTE AUSTIN, INC. 9063 Bee Caves Road Austin, TX 78733
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(512) 263-2101 Dr. G. Matzkanin/R. Austin AF 05-255 Selected for Award
Title:	Non-Destructive Grain Orientation Verification in Directionally Solidified Nickel Super alloy Turbine Blades
Abstract:	Hot section temperatures of turbine engines have been gradually increasing over the past 50 years due to advances in cooling, materials, and processing technologies. Making nickel-alloy blades via directional solidification greatly increases thermomechanical fatigue resistance when the grain orientation is <100>. However, grains with other orientations, e.g. <110>, can be created during processing. These grains have nearly double the moduli of <100> grains, reducing fatigue resistance. There is currently no fast, affordable, completely nondestructive way to detect the presence of misoriented grains in blades, especially for the entire blade including the attachment. TRI proposes to develop a novel electromagnetic method to quickly (few seconds), accurately detect the presence of non <100> grains in complex shaped nickel and nickel alloy turbine components. The system is based on well understood physics and TRI's patent pending LAHMP system technology. The final inspection system will be portable (~5 lbs), affordable (<$10,000) and fast enough to be readily amenable to integration into a high production rate manufacturing line. TRI's proposed system has the additional benefit of estimating the number of grains present in a component.

X-RAY OPTICAL SYSTEMS, INC. 15 Tech Valley Drive East Greenbush, NY 12061
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(518) 880-1500 Dr. Huapeng Huang AF 05-255 Selected for Award
Title:	Development of a Portable XRD Grain Orientation Analyzer
Abstract:	Directionally solidified nickel superalloys are commonly used in turbine blades for high temperature aircraft and space propulsion engines and land-based, high-efficiency power generating plants. The casting of these parts does not always assure perfect crystal grain orientation which is critical for performance under high temperature conditions. Efficient and direct measurement of grain orientation in aircraft turbine blades are now of paramount importance in view of recent engine failures and aircraft mishaps. There does not exist a method to measure grain orientation non-destructively. Conventional chemical etching and visual inspection or laboratory based x-ray analysis is unsuitable for fast and accurate turbine blade quality control. X-Ray Optical Systems (XOS) of East Greenbush, NY proposes to develop a compact, low power, portable x-ray diffraction analyzer that can directly and non-destructively measuring residual stress turbine blade crystal grain orientation in factory production lines or in the field. This is enabled by novel, proprietary polycapillary x-ray optics and highly stable and reliable X-Beam x-ray sources developed by XOS which have been successfully applied to in-line measurements of crystal texture of superconducting thin films and on-line measurements of phase distributions in steel plating factories.

OPEN SOLUTIONS, INC. 1909 Inland Harbor Drive Edmond, OK 73013
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(405) 330-3038 Mr. Lloyd Norman AF 05-257 Selected for Award
Title:	Aircraft Battle Damage Assessment Tool, (Aircraft Battle Damage Repair (ABDR))
Abstract:	The capability to quickly assess and restore a damaged aircraft to a useful level of combat capability is vital to the United States Air Force. Open Solutions, Inc. proposes to develop a decision support system that makes use of airframe properties (impact location, load factor) and structural failure mode to assist Aircraft Battle Damage Repair (ABDR) teams in this process. This tool will enhance the ABDR team's ability to evaluate battle damage and develop feasible repair options and procedures, especially during war-time. It could also serve as a valuable tool for training. The proposed system will enhance existing ABDR support tools, and provide the ABDR sustainment community an intelligent simulator for analysis. Artificial intelligence and data mining techniques will be employed to mine knowledge from historic data repositories. Structural and dynamic load factors will also be considered. The underlying model will be based on heuristic and probabilistic theories. Historic data will be used to test, verify, and validate the model. This prototype system will also identify application infrastructure delivery issues including deployment communications, and system availability. Phase I will produce a limited prototype system to demonstrate the proof of concept. A more robust prototype will be delivered in Phase II.

ONMATERIALS, LLC 1425 Russ Blvd., Suite T-107E San Diego, CA 92101
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(760) 670-4530 Dr. John Freim III AF 05-258 Selected for Award
Title:	Enabling materials and processes for the subsurface injection of zero valent metal nanoparticles
Abstract:	Chlorinated solvents and toxic metals used at Tinker AFB have contaminated sub-surface groundwater. These contaminants pose a threat to the local aquifers where exposed individuals could be subjected to adverse health effects. Traditional remediation protocols are either too expensive or not practical for addressing the contaminants at this and other facilities. Recently methodologies have emerged that treat these toxic substances directly in the subsurface. One such technique involves injecting very small and highly reactive metal particles into the ground where they react with and convert trichloroethylene and other toxic compounds to innocuous products. While showing promise on a pilot scale, these nanocrystalline materials are prohibitively expensive and often difficult to produce in large quantities. To address the market need and in accordance with Presidential Executive Order 13229, Encouraging Innovation in Manufacturing, OnMaterials has developed a domestic source for lower cost, injectable zero valent metal. The Phase I program will identify contaminated sources at Tinker AFB, inject nanopowder into the subsurface, and monitor the changes in groundwater properties and composition. If successfully demonstrated in the Phase I program and scaled in subsequent efforts the concept will provide an innovative solution for decontaminating groundwater at both military and industrial facilities.

VIRTUAL TECHNOLOGY SERVICES, LLC 310 NE 28th Street, Suite 201 Oklahoma City, OK 73105
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(405) 524-1177 Mr. Dennis Paul AF 05-259 Selected for Award
Title:	Fixture Design Tool with Enhanced Input/Output Interface Capability and Internal Graphical Correlation/Reconciliation Of Engineering Data
Abstract:	Aging fleets, increased mission demands, shrinking sources, and declining technical skills are driving the United States Air Force to evaluate better methods to obtain repair parts for its depot sustainment mission. One promising solution is organic manufacturing of critically needed assets when commercial sources are not economically or timely available. This solution typically requires reverse engineering of parts, fixturing, and processes. The time and cost to design and correctly build the needed fixtures, jigs, and assembly aids are seriously limiting factors to the broad depot mission. This project develops a Manufacturing Technology System for automating and speeding the design and manufacturing process. Innovative technology coupled with standardized design methodologies developed from the best design concepts from senior engineers provide a productivity leveraging tool interfacing to the designer to his world. Multi-view graphical packages facilitate data manipulation and speeds design. Re-useable design libraries and fixture family rule sets increase the designer's quality and productivity. Innovative technology permits productivity improving interface with third party systems and software. Highly flexible, user changeable features give the designer rapid adaptability of historical designs and changing manufacturing conditions. An electronic "decision aid" for the fixture design engineer is the final product of Phase II initiative.

BLADECO LLC 6679 McLean Dr. McLean, VA 22101
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(202) 327-0879 Fred Perkins AF 05-260 Selected for Award
Title:	Advanced Technology for Improving Composite Material Ply Utilization in Aircraft Maintenance
Abstract:	Repairing composite aircraft parts is a significant and crucial task at OC-ALC and other DOD facilities. Composite repairs may be monolithic layups, foam, metal, or honeycomb core, or hybrid composite parts with metal structure or inserts. The proposed project introduces new design and analysis techniques, specifically stochastic design improvement, to improve the quality and reduce the weight and cost of composite aircraft part repairs; making them lighter while preserving structural design margins and other design goals, or by making the parts stronger while using the same amount of composite material. Stochastic design improvement is a shift toward a new 21st century design engineering paradigm, using sufficiently complex engineering models, abundant computer resources, and sophisticated automatic engineering design and development tools to remove unintentional bias and produce improved parts with better strength to weight ratios and reduced risk, maximizing return on investment for the entire manufacturing process. This process is also applicable to metal parts, but is focused here on composite parts in compliance with the SBIR work statement. The example discussed to illustrate use of this new technology at OC-ALC is a notional radome repair using composite honeycomb core. This advanced technology will seamlessly integrate into the OC-ALC environment, since it is based on the same software and manufacturing technology currently used by OC-ALC and its contractors.

KEYSTONE SYNERGISTIC ENTERPRISES, INC. 542 SW Keats Ave Palm City, FL 34990
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(772) 283-3502 Mr. Bryant Walker AF 05-261 Selected for Award
Title:	Non-Destructive Residual Stress Measurement in Nickel Superalloy Turbine Blades by XRD
Abstract:	To achieve full turbine blade life in a modern gas turbine engine, it is critically important to measure and manage the state of residual stresses in high stress areas of the blade. Unfortunately there is no affordable, nondestructive technique commercially available to measure residual stresses in complex geometries like the under side platform areas of gas turbine blades. This proposed project will demonstrate a methodology and equipment for nondestruvtive residual stress measurement in critical locations of single crystal and directionally solified superalloy turbine blade roots with complex geometries. The project will also seek to demonstrate the use of spatial statistical engineering techniques to analyze three dimensional residual stress data obtained using unique x-ray diffraction techniques. Several blades will be destructively analyzed to establish three dimensioinal residual stress plots in a typical critical high stress location of DS and single crystal turbine blades. Subsequently, a relatively small number of blades will be nondestructively inspected for compressive residual stress at a common high stress location and the data analyzed using spatial statistical techniques. It is anticipated an affordable residual stress measurement technique will be demonstrated as well as statistical methods for analyzing the data for use as a tool to establish minimum residual stress levels and distrubution in critical areas of directionally solified and single crystal turbine blades.

X-RAY OPTICAL SYSTEMS, INC. 15 Tech Valley Drive East Greenbush, NY 12061
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(518) 880-1500 Dr. Huapeng Huang AF 05-261 Selected for Award
Title:	Development of portable single crystal residual stress analyzer
Abstract:	Directionally solidified nickel superalloys are commonly used in turbine blades for high temperature aircraft and space propulsion engines and land-based, high-efficiency power generating plants. The surfaces of these parts are mechanically treated to provide compressive residual stress for deferring fatigue crack initiation which is essential to meeting the service life of the part. Efficient and direct quantitative measurements of residual stress in turbine blade surfaces and subsurfaces are now of paramount importance in view of recent engine failiures and aircraft mishaps. There does not currently exist a non-destructive method to directly measure the residual stress in turbine blades. X-Ray Optical Systems (XOS) of East Greenbush, NY proposes to develop a compact, low power, portable x-ray diffraction analyzer for directly and non-destructively measuring the residual stress in turbine blades in factory production lines or in the field. This is enabled by novel, proprietary polycapillary x-ray optics and highly stable and reliable X-Beam x-ray sources developed by XOS which have been successfully applied to in-line measurements of crystal texture of superconducting thin films and on-line measurements of phase distributions in steel plating factories.

TRITON SYSTEMS, INC. 200 TURNPIKE ROAD Chelmsford, MA 01824
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(978) 250-4200 Mr. Thomas McDonald AF 05-262 Selected for Award
Title:	Dimensional and Positional Locations for Manual Aircraft Repair Processes(1000-686)
Abstract:	Triton Systems Inc, in partnership with BAE Systems (BAES), General Electric Inspection Technologies (GEIT) and Northrop Grumman, proposes to integrate BAES' automated inspection "crawler" robot and laser tracker system with various metrology and non-destructive evaluation techniques to enable reverse-engineering and "on-wing" repair and overhaul of airframe components. The proposed TSI solution will convert the "crawler" robot coordinate data acquired via GEIT measurement devises to CAD format to create data files for reverse-engineering of aircraft components for the purpose of repair or replacement. It will also enable the opportunity to inspection and repair and/or remanufacture airframe components without the need for disassembly. The combined solution will create a system that allows a technician to map defined surfaces, relevant reference and attachment points, as well as identify surface and sub-surface defects to enable evaluation for repair or replacement. The resulting CAD file can then be used to drive a cost-effective repair process (e.g. automated welding), or fabrication of a remanufactured replacement article, all without first removing the sub-assembly in which the damage lies. Triton continues to work closely with Northrop Grumman to develop "on-wing" solutions for difficult aircraft repair problems, such as encountered with the Aft Decks on B2 "Spirit" bombers.

ANAUTICS, INC. One North Hudson, Suite 200-W Oklahoma City, OK 73102
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(405) 228-4985 Mr. Michael Johnson AF 05-263 Selected for Award
Title:	Pattern Recognition for Aircraft Maintainer Troubleshooting
Abstract:	The proposed system shall have the ability to learn from past actions and recommend best course of action for a maintainer. The proposed research is expected to benefit managers, equipment specialists, engineers, planners, schedulers, supervisors, and mechanics. Cost and flow day reduction benefits for depot should result from reduced time for diagnosis and repair, accurate information on part performance, part availability, and the ability to model and forecast. Once this information has been extracted, processed, and re-compiled it will then become a data source. To make use of this large amount of data some type of data management, algorithm based system must also be developed.

INTERNET & COMPUTER INSTITUTE 465 Haili Street Hilo, HI 96720
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(808) 969-9891 Dr. Thomas Burton AF 05-263 Selected for Award
Title:	Pattern Recognition for Aircraft Maintainer Troubleshooting
Abstract:	Proposed work addresses the stated objective "Intelligently decipher text strings and determine when one Work Unit Code is related to a National Stock Number" while also advancing toward twin higher goals: more productive maintenance and better control of part inventories. Tasks include (1) Identification of some indentured parts, (2) Integration of some maintenance databases, (3) Correlation of Work Unit Codes and National Stock Numbers, and (4) Conceptualizing a new maintenance troubleshooter. Phase-I prototypes will be tested on one group of Work Unit codes from one aircraft. Experience with semantic analysis, learning, and computer interfaces positions us well for both Phase I and Phase II.

KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS SOLUTIONS, INC. 10455 Pacific Center Court, Suite 285 San Diego, CA 92121
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(858) 657-2121 Mr. Kenneth Wolsey AF 05-264 Selected for Award
Title:	Correlation and Reconciliation of Engineering Data - Master Gage - Actual Parts in Aging Aircraft
Abstract:	The Air Force has requested research to identify and document an innovative tool-based concept, including alternative solutions evaluated for re-creating aircraft replacement part designs. The recommended solution will be documented along with the benefits and metrics used. The solution must solve the need and desire to quickly produce 3-D CAD models in CATIA and SolidWorks and to aid in the manufacturing process of replacement parts at Tinker Air Force Base. The research by will have three overriding goals: 1. Identify and document a knowledge-based approach to convert existing aircraft part data (i.e., mylar drawings, worn parts, interface measurements, OEM specifications, parametric analysis, other documents & calculations, CAD vector file) to a 3-D CAD model. 2. Maintain OEM design/dataset ownership or intent with an accurate reverse engineering process. 3. Identify and document the process for Air Force personnel to check and authorize design results.

ANAUTICS, INC. One North Hudson, Suite 200-W Oklahoma City, OK 73102
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(405) 228-4985 Mr. Michael Johnson AF 05-265 Selected for Award
Title:	Next Generation Aircraft Depot Maintenance Management Technologies
Abstract:	Anautics proposes to discover, research, and evaluate new technologies, methods and tools, as well as recommend demonstrated capabilities known to them through working with Industry, Universities, Aging Aircraft, CASI and COSSI projects. While many systems promise to integrate all aspects of your enterprise, most enterprises don't deal with Depot MRO and the government aspects in one enterprise. Both situations lend a different flavor to tailoring a system that will meet with ISO standards as well as mil specs, technical order instruction, and AFMC standards.

COMANCHE ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS, PLLC 23 E. 9 Street Suite 421 Shawnee, OK 74801
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(732) 739-1695 Dr. Turgut Aykin AF 05-265 Selected for Award
Title:	Next Generation Aircraft Depot Maintenance Management Technologies
Abstract:	Aircraft maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) organizations face the challenging task of scheduling maintenance work without knowing the full extent of the work content at the time of initial inspection. During the overhaul, new work is discovered requiring rapid re-sequencing of tasks and the need for additional resources. Current scheduling systems are designed to schedule jobs with known work content and bill of materials, making them unsuitable for the MRO environment. Comanche Engineering Solutions proposes a predictive, real-time sense-and-respond scheduling system that will take both the known portion of the work and a "forecast" of the unknown portion that may be discovered during the repair cycle in developing schedules and work item sequences. During Phase I, a web-based working prototype will be developed. The prototype will demonstrate on-floor real-time work content information gathering capability, "forecasting" capability for the unknown portion of the work content, a constraint-based scheduling approach and a sense-and-respond rescheduling capability as the known work content information changes. The prototype system will be validated by testing in the depot environment, and by review of the potential users and depot personnel.

KNOWLEDGE BASED SYSTEMS, INC. 1408 University Drive East College Station, TX 77840
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(979) 260-5274 Mr. Michael Painter AF 05-265 Selected for Award
Title:	Transformation in Maintenance and Repair (XFMR)
Abstract:	The proposed effort will provide the technologies needed to support a transformation in maintenance and repair (XFMR, pronounced "Transformer") toward a warrior-centric sustainment (WCS) enterprise. WCS is the delivery and improvement of ready assets and sustained support to warfighters, valued according to their needs as they see them. The basic tenets of WCS require: � Data realism, enabled through the capture and visibility of current and anticipated future events, both at the shop floor level and across sustainment system elements. � Responsiveness, enabled through dynamic revision/prediction of resource requirements and schedules in response to changing conditions and requirements. � Communication with and satisfaction of the customer, enabled through alignment with warfighter goals and metrics. The XFMR effort will support this transformation by providing methods and tools for dynamic dispatch planning and scheduling support, shop floor event capture, change impact assessment, back shop support coordination and management, and enhanced customer collaboration in sustainment operations.

BOSTON APPLIED TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 6F Gill Street Woburn, MA 01801
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 935-2800 Mr. Linsheng Fan AF 05-267 Selected for Award
Title:	Novel Nondestructive Evaluation for Aircraft Maintenance Part Inspection and Production
Abstract:	Non-destructive inspection (NDI) has been broadly used for mechanical health management and quality control in many fields. It is especially important for aircraft maintenance part inspection and product where any mechanical parts flaw may result a catastrophic failure. Due to current lengthy depot overhaul of aircraft maintenance and repairing, the Air Force is looking for solutions for accelerating the overhaul process and reducing deport maintenance time, returning the aircraft to service sooner and reducing overhaul costs. NDI would be a powerful technology speed up the processing. In this proposal, Boston Applied Technologies Incorporated (BATI) proposes a low cost and high performance solution by developing a smart Portable X-ray Transmission/Backscattering NDI System to solve the problems current NDI systems are suffering from. In the approach several innovative techniques will be implemented. The proposed technology could be able to collect both of the backscattering and the transmission x-ray image at the same time. A differential imaging will be used for high resolution and high signal/noise ratio. The proposed X-ray Transmission/Backscattering NDI technology, therefore, is considered as the method of choice fulfilling the requirement of Air Force aircraft maintenance part inspection and production.

PHOTON-X, INC. 4835 University Square, Suite 8 Huntsville, AL 35816
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(256) 704-3416 Mr. Blair Barbour AF 05-267 Selected for Award
Title:	3D Measurement for Aircraft Maintenance and Part Remanufacture
Abstract:	Those responsible for maintaining the operational status of the aircraft of the United States Air Force face many increasingly difficult challenges in completing their mission. With an ever aging, and yet, ever more valuable inventory of older aircraft, the maintenance depots assigned their upkeep and readiness continually work to maximize flight time and minimize costs. As a result, many are looking to technology-based solutions to improve their inspection and overhaul processes with tools for nondestructive testing and virtual parts modeling. To address these process enhancements, Photon-X proposes a non-contact, 3D measurement solution utilizing its passive, single-camera technology producing high-resolution surface map output of imaged objects. This 3D imagery is then used directly for inspection/measurement applications or output as CAD/CAM files for part-design modification and manufacturing. And, unlike current 3D imaging systems, this approach requires no special illumination, is fast in data collection/processing, is optics-independent (offering various fields of view), is small and easily transported, and is very cost-effective. During Phase I, a prototype system will be designed and demonstrated onsite, showing how the underlying technology will be ultimately used and offering a low-risk, rapid transition into a pre-production prototype to be delivered in Phase II.

GMA INDUSTRIES, INC. 60 West Street, Suite 203 Annapolis, MD 21401
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(410) 267-6600 Mr. Glenn Wright AF 05-268 Awarded: 09MAY05
Title:	Non-Intrusive 3-D Image Inspection of Multi-layer Printed Circuit Boards and Electronic Devices
Abstract:	This proposal describes efforts planned for the design and development of a non-intrusive method for the inspection of electronic systems and components using X-ray digital laminography and tomosynthesis. This approach provides a non-destructive means for the inspection of a device under test while enabling high fault coverage of all pins, which is especially applicable to today's aging electronic systems. Due to the increasing complexity of current printed circuit boards, there is a need for a more sophisticated and efficient method for the inspection and analysis of these devices. Herein lies a growing demand for a more technologically innovative images analysis system to meet these challenging advancements. X-ray inspection systems provide a non-destructive means for detecting defects in tracks, solder joints, solder fill, solder fill integrity, component misalignment, component misplacement, opens and shorts. During Phase I we create a design for our proposed approach, addressing requirements associated with materials, components, interface requirements, limitations, and expected performance criteria. In addition, we develop a functional prototype of the system to demonstrate the viability of our approach for further development during Phase II.

INTELLIGENT AUTOMATION, INC. 15400 Calhoun Drive, Suite 400 Rockville, MD 20855
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(301) 294-5229 Dr. Eric van Doorn AF 05-268 Awarded: 09MAY05
Title:	Non-Intrusive Method and System for Inspection of Aging Electronic Systems
Abstract:	In this proposal, we outline the Terahertz imaging technology to achieve low cost, non-intrusive inspection of electronic boards used in weapon systems. We describe how terahertz imaging is the best probe to detect defects like corrosion and surface failures inside electronic boards compared to other technologies like ultrasound, X-ray, etc. The Terahertz rays penetrates plastic, semiconductor or other non-metallic material while reflects metal. It responds to the chemical changes on metal and is has spectroscopic information i.e. color of the metal can be detected. So, defects like corrosion, rust, surface failures can be detected. The imaging technology also allows detection of mechanical changes that can be associated with phenomenon like electro migration. The radiation poses very few safety risks and sub-millimeter focus resolution is easily achievable. In this proposal, we describe the imaging algorithms that will be used to meet the requirements of the customer. By the end of Phase I, we will have completed investigating these algorithms for the current requirements and demonstrated this technology to detect all the defects of interest. We have also outlined the design of compact terahertz emitters and detectors that will be developed during Phase II to achieve hand held size of the hardware.

THERMOPLASTIC COMPOSITE DESIGN, INC. 7400 State RD 46 Mims, FL 32754
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(321) 264-4466 Dr. Dale E. Polk AF 05-270 Selected for Award
Title:	Low-Cost Electro Magnetic Interference (EMI) Composite Shelter
Abstract:	Many tactical shelters are designed to house electronic communications equipment and require shielding against electromagnetic interference (EMI). A thermoplastic composite, shelters can be made which meets the requirements of MIL-STD-810E, and ASTM E 1925, and also have EMI shielding. Thermoplastic Composite Design has previously developed an unique 3 piece panel with the following technical characteristics; 2.2 lbs/square foot/2.08 inch thick wall section. Metal tubes inserted to accommodate hardware attachments (resist pull out). Great flexibly in choice of skin material composition i.e., damage resistance, FST, UV resistances, cosmetics etc. Ability to insert metal mesh or ballistic cloth into the panel at manufacture It is the intent of SBIR A05-270 to design a composite shelter with EMI shielding to replace conventional metallic Military structures and shelters. The SBIR A05-270 Phase I work plan will be broken into six Main areas: EMI Panel - Metal Mesh, EMI Panel - Conductive Additives, Fabrication and Assembly of 2-3 variations, Preliminary testing in accordance with applicable sections of ASTM E1925 and MIL-STD-810E, Improvements to Manufacturing Process/Coordination and Report Generation. At the conclusion of Phase I, TCD Inc, will deliver panel sections and test results of both types of EMI panels.

TOUCHSTONE RESEARCH LABORATORY, LTD. The Millennium Centre, R.R. 1, Box 100B Triadelphia, WV 26059
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(304) 547-5800 Mr. Jesse M. Blacker AF 05-270 Awarded: 09MAY05
Title:	Carbon Foam Composites for EMI-Shielded Shelters
Abstract:	Touchstone Research Laboratory proposes to investigate use of a CFOAM core in a sandwich panel configuration for an all-composite, low-cost, lightweight, EMI-shielded Rigid Wall Relocatable Structure (RWRS). Carbon foam offers excellent EMI shielding properties due to its high electrical conductivity. An all-composite shelter would eliminate metallic components that are susceptible to environmental and chemical corrosion and their associated maintenance burden, while requiring fewer air-lift resources for transporting and having improved operational characteristics compared to similar metal/composite structures. The Phase I effort will develop a carbon foam composite panel for use in a sandwich panel for application in rigid wall shelters that will meet all critical requirements, develop a requirements test plan and engineer the processes and materials needed to manufacture a shelter to ensure low cost. Phase II will focus on designing, building, and testing a prototype demonstration of a carbon foam composite Rigid Wall Relocatable Structure.

TRITON SYSTEMS, INC. 200 TURNPIKE ROAD Chelmsford, MA 01824
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(978) 250-4200 Mr. Jacob Alexander AF 05-270 Selected for Award
Title:	Low-Cost InstaShield Technology for EMI-Shielded Composite Shelter(1000-660)
Abstract:	Triton Systems proposes to develop and demonstrate a low cost, high performance composite structure, providing electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding for the Department of Defense's next generation of tactical shelters. The composite rigid wall relocatable shelter (CRWRS) will be lightweight, corrosion-resistant, UV-resistant and environmentally-safe. Design and development requirements for the CRWRS will be taken from the shelters currently deployed in the Alaskan range, which protect EMI-sensitive electronic installations. For this effort, Triton will adapt its InstaShield� technology to the composite polymer matrix composite (PMC) panels and structure to provide EMI shielding (>60 db). Triton proposes to use its FX polyphosphonate, a novel polymer additive, for flame retardancy in the resin system. The CRWRS will reduce the cost of procurement, maintenance such as scraping, stripping and painting, and repair and will provide an environmentally-friendly alternative to chemically-treated-aluminum-skins on current shelters. The proposed CRWRS will meet the pull-out, EMI shielding, drop shock and flammability requirements under ASTM E 1925.

WEBCORE TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 2000 Composite Drive Dayton, OH 45420
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(937) 293-8698 Dr. Fred Stoll AF 05-270 Awarded: 09MAY05
Title:	Low-Cost EMI Composite Shelter
Abstract:	The primary objective of this proposal is to demonstrate the incorporation of EMI shielding solutions into TYCOR panel technology used for the development of the Composite Rigid Wall Relocatable Structures (RWRS). The need for fixed site transportable shelters (FSTS) has been demonstrated, and FSTS use encounters less strenuous load conditions. As a subclass of RWRS, FSTS will be the focus of the WebCore development in this project. EMI shielding functions to protect sensitive hardware from external electromagnetic interference and to prevent emission of detectable characteristic signals. WebCore's focus will be the system design and fabrication processes that implement existing EMI shielding technology. Because of past shelter design experience and patented panel technology, WebCore believes it is uniquely positioned to accomplish this proposed work.

ADVANCED GLOBAL SERVICES 281 Alex Drive Coppell, TX 75019
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(888) 533-5187 Dr. Michael Ioumchtyk AF 05-272 Awarded: 06MAY05
Title:	Alternative Power Sources and Technologies
Abstract:	Numerous power sources are currently in use by the US military. Over 80% of the logistics re-supply is battlefield fuel. Diesel generators have been traditionally employed for both stationary and portable power units. Where weight and volume are presently a major concern the military is seeking to build air portable units to replace diesel-based power with alternate energy sources (AES). Such sources include advanced batteries, solar power units, hydrogen and fuel cell generators, etc. and, when properly integrated into power modules (hybrid systems), can be used with field deployed missile, radar, and communication system as well as military shelters and tactical bases. Among all possible energy sources, hybrid systems provide the most versatile solutions for meeting the diverse needs of the Future Weapon Systems. This project will evaluate military power requirements and develop a detailed technical analysis of AES, outlining systems capabilities and practical use.

ICRC, INTEGRATED CONCEPTS & RESEARCH CORP. 1115 E. Whitcomb Ave. Madison Heights, MI 48071
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(248) 823-4272 Mr. John Micheli AF 05-272 Awarded: 09MAY05
Title:	Alternative Energy Sources Augmenting and/or Replacing Existing Generators
Abstract:	This SBIR proposal will develop/demonstrate the integration of advanced energy power generation and storage-units into a flexible power mini-grid allowing all future military units to interconnect and share power generation, storage and use requirements. System accepts power from a variety of sources, and provides overall power-distribution based on pre-established protocols. Small-systems will be deployed into remote communications and surveillance sites managed by HillAirForce base. Phase I, will supply a power system for a deployed-tactical-shelter comprising lightweight flexible triple junction solar panels and small wind generators interconnected to advanced lightweight NIMH batteries to carry out a specific mission requirement at 1-2 sites. Requirements/constraints required to interconnect any mobile/fixed power-source into a constantly changing network as with advancing military camps will be provided. Phase II, we add hydrogen-generation (electrolyzer) hydrogen-storage (low pressure metal hydride tanks) and fuel-cells into the mix of energy technologies being demonstrated to run a total 3 -5 deployed systems in the pacific rim. Software/hardware protocols necessary to control a limited but sophisticated network of power-sources and uses are provided. The protocols and requirements to be able expand the software to control any complexity of energy mini-grid network in subsequent work will be provided.

SCHAFER CORP. 321 Billerica Road Chelmsford, MA 01824
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(925) 447-0555 Mr. John Mead AF 05-272 Selected for Award
Title:	Alternative Energy Sources Augmenting and/or Replacing Existing Generators
Abstract:	The Air Force is looking at ways to reduce the cost of delivering fuel to field deployed diesel powered generators. Although these units have provided reliable power for many years, the cost of re-supplying diesel fuel to the battlefield can be as much as $400 a gallon, when re-supplied by airlift, or $11,000 a day. Additionally diesel generators require ongoing preventative maintenance, which often means mission critical activities must be curtailed during maintenance. To offset or eliminate dependence on diesel fuel to power field deployed equipment, the Air Force is looking for commercially available, alternative energy technologies that capture renewable energy resources. Schafer is proposing to design a transportable renewable energy source that is based upon existing commercial off-the-self technology (COTS). We propose a modular design that incorporates energy from different renewable technologies, such as solar, wind, fuel cells, and batteries, so that field deployed systems can be configured to meet specific mission requirements and provide for redundancy in power. The portable package will incorporate a power management system that will provide field personnel needed monitoring information to determine performance as well as diagnostic information on each module.

INTEGUMENT TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 70 Pearce Avenue Tonawanda, NY 14150
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(716) 873-1199 Dr. Terrence G. Vargo AF 05-273 Awarded: 07JUN05
Title:	Automated Delivery of Pigmentation for Camouflaging Patterns for Composite Shelters
Abstract:	Our team proposes to develop an advanced surface barrier protection peel and stick wallpaper (i.e., appliqu�) system that will be designed to include three dimensional camouflage patterns sublimed directly into the applique coating. The camouflage aspect of the applique will be designed with the objective of achieving desired signature reduction when incorporated onto composite structures important to the U.S. Air Force. Further, this appliqu� system will provide a fast, lightweight, reliable, and easy way to interchange selected and specific patterns comprised of defined mil colors on composite structures in the field with internally built-in capabilities for providing exceptional protection from severe environmental exposures including corrosion, chem/bio, and aging due to weathering.

KAZAK COMPOSITES, INC. 32 Cummings Park Woburn, MA 01801
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 932-5667 Mr. Thomas Heimann AF 05-273 Awarded: 09MAY05
Title:	Automated In-Line Digital Camouflage Pattern Application for Pultruded Shelter Panels
Abstract:	Composite military shelters are expected to represent an increasingly large percentage of fielded system in future years. In addition to the usual weight savings, a particular appeal of composite material shelters is their potential to greatly reduce cost of maintenance associated with corrosion of current metal shelters. Since color can conceivably be embedded in walls of composite shelters, much of the cost and waste of painting and stripping conventional surface coatings could be eliminated. KaZaK Composites, working with Aellora Digital, proposes to develop an efficient automated digital camouflage pattern application system for in-line coating of pultruded composite shelter panels and components as they move through the processing line. Pultrusion is a likely method for making composite panels used in future shelters because of the resulting low cost of panels made by this method. KaZaK Composites and our team members will perform necessary software and hardware development needed to automate pattern application in-line with a pultrusion machine producing composite panels. In Phase I auto-camouflaged application hardware will be assembled into a demonstration system, then panels will be fabricated while the camouflage pattern is dynamically varied. Durability of the resulting colored surface will be evaluated and compared to baseline conventionally painted panels.

NANOSONIC, INC. P.O. Box 618 Christiansburg, VA 24068
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(540) 953-1785 Dr. Michael Bortner AF 05-273 Awarded: 09MAY05
Title:	Inkjet Automation for Random Printing of Multifunctional Camouflage Theater Patterns
Abstract:	The purpose of the proposed Air Force SBIR Phase I program is to develop an automated inkjet based process for generation of random camouflage theater pattern appliqu�s for composite tactical shelters. Complex 2-D patterns will be fabricated via a set of computer generated graphics instructions, which can be rapidly changed "on the fly" during printing to implement pattern randomization. Inkjet printing in this manner provides an inexpensive route to precisely control pigment deposition and patterning tolerances, resulting in an automation process that minimizes environmental waste and provides significant cost and time benefits. Additionally, inkjet printing provides a method to incorporate novel ink formulations for multifunctional camouflaging, such as electrically conductive inks to provide electromagnetic shielding and thermal management inks to allow emission reduction. NanoSonic will work with large systems integrators to address specific requirements for DoD applications.

GMA INDUSTRIES, INC. 60 West Street, Suite 203 Annapolis, MD 21401
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(410) 267-6600 Mr. Ernest Keenan AF 05-275 Awarded: 09MAY05
Title:	Laser-based Broadband Spectral Imaging for Failure Detection of Printed Circuit Boards and Components
Abstract:	Electronic component failure occurs at three distinct levels: chip or device level, circuit board, and the interconnection between device and circuit board. Current non-invasive techniques for circuit board testing provide prognostic capabilities and replace the functional stimulus tests employed in electronic component performance evaluation. However, large variations in location, size and elemental composition of printed circuit board components present significant obstacles to comprehensive non-invasive testing of PCBs for failure. To address this problem, in Phase I we investigate and design a suite of multi-resolution, laser-based, non-invasive imaging techniques that utilizes a range of the frequency spectrum consistent with the requirements for probing at the resolutions indicated by the scale of component features. Each technique identifies and characterizes the material faults at a specific level (device, board, or junction) that contribute to failures. These techniques are complementary as they are laser based imaging techniques that expose various levels of resolution and failure modes that are not identifiable with any single technique. Phase II research involves the development of a prototype system containing these test technologies and is suitable for field-use.

NEOCERA, INC. 10000 Virginia Manor Road, Suite 300 Beltsville, MD 20705
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(301) 210-1010 Dr. Lee Knauss AF 05-275 Awarded: 09MAY05
Title:	A Multi-Technique Platform for Non-Invasive PCB Performance Evaluation
Abstract:	A highly sensitive magnetic microscope with submicron resolution will be used to identify and assess difference between good, defective, and failing printed circuit boards (PCB)in order to develop a non-invasive technique for automatically detecting defects in PCBs. Three sensor types, SQUID, GMR, and MTJ will be tested to determine the best sensor or combination of sensors for this application. An optimized subtraction algorithm between images acquired on standard good and failing parts will be used to classify changes associated with common defects. The magnetic sensors used will have the ability to acquire 3-dimensional information on circuit damage with resolution better than 100 nanometers. In Phase II, magnetic data will be coupled with 3-D Xray technology to acquire a complete physical and electrical profile of defects in PCBs.

RADIATION MONITORING DEVICES, INC. 44 Hunt Street Watertown, MA 02472
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(617) 668-6935 Mr. Timothy C. Tiernan AF 05-275 Awarded: 09MAY05
Title:	Multi-modal, Non-contact, Automated Test Equipment (ATE) for PCBs
Abstract:	The accurate assessment of the electrical and physical characteristics of a PCB (printed circuit board) to determine its condition, operational status and to analyze defects is a difficult challenge. Multi-function, high speed and exceedingly small PCBs point to a need for versatile new automated test equipment (ATE), with generic analysis capabilities that do not rely on the customized hardware and software associated with existing, highly expensive ATE systems. RMD proposes a bold new technology for ATE with multiple imaging modalities such as visible light imaging, NIR imaging, laser-based analysis, magnetic imaging and high speed X-ray imaging. The proposed ATE system will combine the multi-modal imaging suite with advanced, algorithm-based data analysis and data mining to permit a revolutionary new type of ATE that has the power and versatility to detect defects, and assess PCBs, without customized hardware and software. The new ATE system will allow automatic detection and analysis of both microscopic and macroscopic defects. RMD has assembled a strong team with the technical expertise and experience to successfully develop the proposed ATE technology. When fully realized, the new technology will be far superior to existing ATE systems for analyzing complex PCBs used by the DOD and private industry.

GMA INDUSTRIES, INC. 60 West Street, Suite 203 Annapolis, MD 21401
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(410) 267-6600 Mr. R. Glenn Wright AF 05-276 Awarded: 09MAY05
Title:	Automated Test Program Set Development using Integrated Circuit Electromagnetic Emissions
Abstract:	This proposal describes the automated development of a test program set utilizing electromagnetic emissions from integrated circuits to determine UUT operational status. Electromagnetic emissions from rapidly changing voltages and currents within high-speed logic and other circuits have traditionally been seen as a problematic source of electromagnetic interference that must be eliminated as much as possible. However, changes within these emissions can be a highly significant indicator that a failure has occurred within the IC as well as within adjacent circuit card paths. Further, the hardware and software requirements to capture and analyze these emissions are relatively simple in comparison to today's highly complex automatic test equipment, however this approach was previously not possible until the recent development of comprehensive analysis capability within common oscilloscopes and spectrum analyzers. Our approach requires basic power supplies, logic stimulus, programmable oscilloscope/spectrum analyzer, and simple probes with a test fixture having no active circuitry, as opposed to the large number of stimulus and response equipment commonly found in ATE. We present an approach towards capturing electromagnetic emission signatures through automated means, and ascribing failures to the circuit board as a whole, and to the individual circuit board components.

SUPPORT SYSTEMS ASSOC., INC. Marina Towers, 709 S Harbor City Blvd Ste 350 Melbourne, FL 32901
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(321) 724-5566 Mr. Hugh Pritchett AF 05-276 Awarded: 09MAY05
Title:	Automatic Development of Test Program Sets (TPS) Without a Board Model
Abstract:	Innovative approaches to digital test program development hold promise of reducing development time and costs by significant amounts. The costs related to traditional digital test development are primarily due to simulation and modeling development plus the associated support costs of the tools and processes. A concept that can eliminate simulation and modeling and associated costs has been proposed and needs to be investigated. The concept has been partially extracted from other real world development tools that are thought to provide meaningful analogy and focus for portions of the envisioned process. Artificial Intelligence concepts are employed by the new vision and are central to its success. The ideal result of the proposed investigation is a solidified and well defined specification for a tool set and process that can totally eliminate the need for digital test development using simulation and modeling.

ADVANCED GLOBAL SERVICES 281 Alex Drive Coppell, TX 75019
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(888) 533-5187 Dr. Gennady Yumshtyk AF 05-277 Awarded: 06MAY05
Title:	Corrosion Resistant Composite Bearings
Abstract:	Steel bearings are being used on numerous weapon systems currently employed by many organizations of the Department of Defense including the Air Force. Due to continuous exposure to cruel weather environments, corrosion and lack of maintenance, bearings endure pre-mature failures. Composite materials are known to provide the highest levels of corrosion protection with minimal or no requirements for lubrication. When applied as coatings, they create a corrosion barrier for the base steel alloy and the final composite structure has strength characteristics required when supporting large axial and radial loads. The PVD-based technique is developed to apply fully dense, well-adhered uniform composite coatings to surfaces of complex shapes. This deposition process has demonstrated its capacity in applying coatings to spherical surfaces as well as ODs and IDs of tubular substrates. It will be further developed to demonstrate its ability to produce dense corrosion resistant Metal Matrix Composites on surfaces of bearing balls, rollers and races targeting elevated resistance to impacts from superior loads and leveraging it with the economic hurdles associated with designing high-load solid structure composite components. Employment of composite coatings on the DoD-utilized bearings will allow "surface engineering" of durable materials to protect critical surfaces, reduce the overall life-cycle costs and will significantly increase performance characteristics of weapon systems

DIAMOND MATERIALS, INC. 120 Centennial Ave. Piscataway, NJ 08854
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(732) 885-0805 Dr. Oleg Voronov AF 05-277 Selected for Award
Title:	Carbon-based High-speed High Temperature Unlubricated Bearings
Abstract:	We propose to develop low-cost bearings utilizing our newly developed carbon ceramics derived from the high pressure sintering of fullerenes (Diamonites��). The bearings will be engineered to function without the need for lubrication and would be able to operate in chemically reactive environments. Tests have shown that these new materials are thermally stable up to 3000��C, have a hardness greater than tool steel and a coefficient of friction lower than graphite or diamond. One variety of the Diamonites, specifically Diamonite��-B that is synthesized from mixed fullerenes would be easily scalable and cost-effective to fabricate. In Phase I, we will focus on designing and developing precision ball and roller bearings. For Phase II and III, we will work in collaboration with the leading companies that produce ceramic bearings.

GOSS ENGINEERS, INC. 12333 East Cornell Avenue, Unit 19 Aurora, CO 80014
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(303) 337-4510 Dr. John Goss AF 05-277 Selected for Award
Title:	Linear Gradient Ceramic/Metal Whisker-Toughened Ball Bearing
Abstract:	This project develops an innovative and efficient ceramic/metal whisker-toughened bearing with a linear gradient in density. It includes the development of a ceramic metal composite ball/roller bearing magnetic casting process to fabricate a material that will gradually change from pure ceramic at the center to a nearly pure metal on the surface while spreading the thermal/mechanical stresses through the bearing. The bearings interface with conventional materials, maintain a lubricated state and have the high compressive strength of the ceramic. The linear gradient ceramic/metal whisker-toughened ball bearing has compressive strengths in excess of ball bearing steels, is erosion resistant at high temperatures, is resistant to chemicals, can withstand mechanical and thermal cycling, is heat and friction-resistant, can support large axial and radial loads and requires little lubrication. Slip casting subjected to vibration and magnetic fields will produce a linear distribution of the ceramic matrix. The ceramic composite ball bearing will reduce life cycle costs by extending bearing life, eliminating spares and reducing inventories. Theoretical development, solid/fluid modeling and experiments will demonstrate the feasibility of the approach. This new design can be manufactured at equivalent costs to materials currently used by the military and can be retrofitted to existing systems.

TEXAS RESEARCH INSTITUTE AUSTIN, INC. 9063 Bee Caves Road Austin, TX 78733
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(512) 263-2101 Mr. Chip Beebe AF 05-277 Awarded: 09MAY05
Title:	Low-Cost Composite Ball and Roller Bearings
Abstract:	Large steel ball and roller bearings are currently employed on many Department of Defense (DoD) weapon systems, which are typically exposed to harsh weather environments. Consequently, many of these bearings fail due to corrosion and lack of maintenance. The DoD recognizes the need to replace these corrosion-prone metal bearings with corrosion-free composite bearings that meet or exceed the fundamental design requirements of their metal predecessors. Historically, polymer-based composite structures have not been employed for bearing applications due to low bearing strengths. However, advances in material sciences have produced new material systems that can address the need for high performance, corrosion-free, low maintenance bearings. Texas Research Institute Austin, Inc. (TRI/Austin) proposes to design and validate durable, high-strength composite bearings, which are appropriate for high-speed applications and can be manufactured using new or existing materials and processes. Several innovative bearing designs will be considered and evaluated against the design requirements. Design concepts will include polymer based composite material systems, ceramic materials, and hybrid material systems. TRI/Austin's composite technology can advance the DoD's goals by making bearings more corrosion resistant and durable, thus requiring less maintenance than current bearings. The ultimate benefit of achieving these goals is lower life cycle costs.

LUNA INNOVATIONS, INC. 2851 Commerce Street Blacksburg, VA 24060
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(540) 552-5128 Dr. Martin E. Rogers AF 05-278 Awarded: 09MAY05
Title:	Hybrid Materials for Fire Resistant Composites
Abstract:	Lightweight structural materials must retain strength under fire exposure and must be made from non-flammable or flame retardant materials to limit fire spread and smoke. Significant advantages in mobility and efficiency can be achieved by identifying a material system that is lightweight, fire resistant and has sufficient strength for use in tactical shelters and other structures. Fiber reinforced polymer composites are well known for high strength and stiffness to weight ratios allowing for structures considerably lighter than steel and even aluminum. In this Phase I SBIR program, Luna Innovations will develop a pultruded fiber reinforced polymer, FRP, composite with high temperature strength and fire resistance using Luna's novel flame retardant technology. The flame retardant technology is based on a hybrid of inexpensive inorganic materials dispersed within a compatibilizing organic matrix allowing incorporation into thermoset resin systems.

WEBCORE TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 2000 Composite Drive Dayton, OH 45420
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(937) 293-8698 Dr. Fred Stoll AF 05-278 Awarded: 09MAY05
Title:	Inorganic Materials for Production of Fire-Resistant Composite Structures
Abstract:	The primary objective of this proposal is to demonstrate the incorporation of improved fire protection solutions into TYCOR composite panels for Rigid Wall Relocatable Structures (RWRS) as well as Fixed Site Transportable Shelters (FSTS). WebCore proposes to investigate both currently available and emerging fire protection solutions used for composite structures and to determine the ability to incorporate fire protection solutions into low-cost composite manufacturing and assembly processes. Both integral (active) and passive fire protection solutions will be examined. WebCore will also compare assembly issues, manufacturing compatibility issues, and repair and maintenance issues of both passive and integral fire protection options. Flammability and fire testing will be accomplished on selected fire protection options as applied to composite sandwich panel construction.

LYNNTECH, INC. 7607 Eastmark Drive, Suite 102 College Station, TX 77840
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(979) 693-0017 Dr. Brian Hennings AF 05-282 Selected for Award
Title:	A Plasma-Based Multi-Fuel Reformer
Abstract:	Natural gas is an ideal feedstock for hydrogen reformers in the United States because it is inexpensive, hydrogen rich, and readily available in the United States. Oversees, natural gas is not readily available; however JP-8, the NATO single fuel for the battlefield is readily available anywhere the Air Force would be deployed. Hydrogen reformers exist today that utilize either natural gas or JP-8 as a feedstock, but no single reformer exists that can reformer both natural gas and JP-8. Lynntech proposes to develop a multi-fuel plasma-based reformer for Air Force use. Lynntech's proposed plasma-based multi-fuel reformer will produce 80 to 90% hydrogen in the reformate stream, increasing efficiency and minimizing the effort required to purify the hydrogen to PEM fuel cell quality. Additionally, Lynntech proposes to utilize the energy of the "waste" carbon to produce electricity which will further increase the efficiency of the reformer system. Lynntech has worked in the plasma-based reformer arena for five years and is currently developing single-fuel reformers that produce 80-90% hydrogen gas in the reformate and utilize energy recovery from the carbon to increase efficiency.

NGIMAT CO. 5315 Peachtree Industrial Blvd. Atlanta, GA 30341
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(678) 287-2486 Dr. Richard Breitkopf AF 05-282 Selected for Award
Title:	A versatile, novel two-step hydrogen reforming process
Abstract:	The Air Force requires a reformer technology that can handle multiple fuels and produce fuel cell quality hydrogen on demand. These include JP-8 as well as natural gas and other hydrocarbons. Many of the current technologies require multiple steps in order to remove CO or H2S impurities from the fuel stream. This creates difficulties from fuel versatility, processing and portability standpoints. nGimat proposes a two step process that can produce pure fuel cell quality hydrogen efficiently from either natural gas or JP-8. The core technology, which creates oxygen vacancies from a mixed cerium oxide replenishes them using water vapor in a subsequent step. The resultant hydrogen is carbon monoxide and sulfur free because generation only depends on surface reaction at oxygen defect sites which are not hindered in the presence of sulfur or reacted sulfur species. Additionally, using our Nanomiser device, which can generate submicron droplets of liquid fuels including JP-8, we will achieve faster reaction and fuel vaporization rates than is otherwise obtained using competing technologies.

AEROVIRONMENT, INC. 825 S. Myrtle Avenue Monrovia, CA 91016
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(626) 357-9983 Dr. Zaher Daboussi AF 05-283 Selected for Award
Title:	Compact Integrated Hub Traction Motor and Inverter
Abstract:	Conversion of conventional powered and non-powered Ground Support Equipment (GSE) to electric and hybrid electric power requires careful consideration of safety, efficiency, weight and volume of the new electric components, while also enabling operation in demanding conditions. This is especially true of the traction motors and motor drives, which favor in-wheel (hub) technology to maximize cargo space and minimize drive train complexity. Recent advances in traction motors and power electronics technology facilitate major increases in torque density, power density, and efficiency. GSE come in all shapes, sizes, and functions. Thus, a universal, integrated hub motor/controller, that is also scalable, would allow easier conversion of existing combustion-powered and non-powered vehicles to electric-powered units. For flight line applications, the proposed motor controller is air-cooled, scalable and modular in power, and flexible in packaging. The proposed in-hub motors require especially rugged design, and are scalable in power and torque. The proposed effort will develop and demonstrate a 5kW in-hub motor/controller design for electric and hybrid GSE applications. We expect the proposed motor/controller to significantly exceed the SBIR torque density requirement of 20-30 N-m/l.

THORTEK INNOVATIONS LABORATORIES 101 River Dr. Irvine, KY 40336
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(606) 723-2289 Mr. Douglas G. Thorpe AF 05-283 Selected for Award
Title:	Compact Integrated Hub Traction Motor and Inverter
Abstract:	Contemporary electric vehicle propulsion systems are heavy, bulky, and are not efficient which results in thermal management problems plus the inverter drive-controller restricts cabin space for passengers and cargo. A high power density, robust, scalable electric traction motor that is integrated to an universal in-hub inverter drive (a Smart Wheel) is immediately needed for military and aerospace applications and is proposed. In phase I, we will refine our Axial Gap Motor Design program and motor fabrication techniques by designing and fabricating several BLDC, frameless, axial gap motors using in-house components. We will update the motor design program with the results of the characterization of these motors and examine the torque densities with different hub diameters. Thortek will design and fabricate a Smart Wheel prototype and conduct preliminary functionality tests. Thortek will build upon previous SBIR axial gap motor work to create detailed drawings of the integrated motor - controller. The proposing company and project is led by a 4 time veteran SBIR principal investigator. We have secured the talents of well renowned electric motor and controller specialists as consultants who have previously developed an in-hub 5.1hp Smart Wheel for TARDEC. This project is the basis for affordable, integrated, electric vehicle propulsion.

UQM TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 7501 Miller Drive, PO Box 439 Frederick, CO 80530
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(303) 278-2002 Mr. Josh Ley AF 05-283 Selected for Award
Title:	Compact Integrated Hub Traction Motor and Inverter
Abstract:	For the past 20 years, UQM Technologies has developed wheel motors, integrated motor/controllers, direct drive, and geared drivetrains for advanced vehicles. For example, the company is currently producing direct drive wheel motors for wheelchairs (over 45,000 manufactured to date). This experience, combined with a new three-dimensional motor topology, technology advancements in magnetic materials, and improved power electronics will be used to meet the requirements of Air Force ground support equipment. In Phase I of this effort, UQM Technologies will design an in-hub brushless permanent magnet motor and integrated controller that will eliminate a conventional drivetrain and transmission. Trade studies will include diameter versus length, two-dimensional versus three-dimensional flux paths, and direct drive versus geared solutions. Requirements will include equivalent performance to ICE-driven vehicles, equivalent or improved safety features, and cost effectiveness. The Phase I will result in a clear feasibility assessment of electric hub drives.

EXCELLATRON 263 Decatur Street Atlanta, GA 30312
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(404) 584-2475 Dr. Ji-Guang Zhang AF 05-285 Selected for Award
Title:	Advanced Lithium Ion Battery Manufacturing
Abstract:	We propose to use a high rate manufacturing technology recently developed at Excellatron to deposit all-solid-state thin film batteries on an ultra-thin substrate. The all-solid-state lithium batteries have very high cycle life (>10,000 charge/discharge cycles), a wide operating temperature range, a rapid recharge capability, and increased power densities. They are inherently safer than existing lithium-ion and lithium-polymer. Currently, their large-scale applications were mainly limited by two factors. One is that thick substrates used in the production process limited their practical energy density. Another is the high production cost due to the low deposition rate of the thin films. Proposed work will address both problems at the same time. The ultra-thin polymer substrate used in this work will largely increase the real energy and power density of the battery. The battery will be prepared by a high rate deposition technology recently developed by Excellatron. Low cost manufacturing of thin film batteries on ultra-thin substrate will be ideal to support the next generation of high power systems used in advanced vehicle applications such as electric trucks, hybrid electric step vans and buses.

INTER-COASTAL ELECTRONICS, INC. 5750 E. McKellips Road, Building 100 Mesa, AZ 85215
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(480) 981-6898 Ms. Bonnie McClure AF 05-285 Selected for Award
Title:	Advanced Lithium Ion Battery Manufacturing
Abstract:	This proposal seeks to investigate and demonstrate the advantages of novel all solid-state cells with bulk cathodes that offer the potential to dramatically improve future battery performance in the following areas: * Power densities that are a factor of 10-100 times those of today. * A temperature range of operation from the melting point of lithium (~180�C) at the upper limit, to -60�C (and even below). The upper temperature limit can be extended above the melting point of lithium by replacing the proposed lithium anode with a lithium alloy, albeit this will lower the overall specific energy and power slightly. * Recharge times that are a factor of 10-100 times faster than those of current lithium cells. * Virtually unlimited cycle life (> 10,000 cycles) with projected useful lifetimes of up to 30 years in many applications. * Fully automated, cost-effective manufacturing processes. * No toxic or flammable liquids and/or gases evolved during charge, discharge, storage or cell rupture. * Safe to transport in their as-prepared form, i.e., fully discharged. * Compatible with `on-chip' technologies, e.g., laboratory-on-chip, MEMS and integrated circuit applications. * Principles can be extended to all solid-state electrochemical cells based on, e.g., sodium, copper or silver.

LITHIUM TECHNOLOGY CORP. 5115 Campus Drive Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(610) 940-6090 Mr. Ron Turi AF 05-285 Selected for Award
Title:	Advanced Lithium Ion Battery Manufacturing
Abstract:	Lithium Technology Corporation has developed innovative manufacturing processes for high-rate lithium ion batteries comprising novel methods of current collector tab formation and cell sealing operations. These processes have enabled LTC to sample lithium HEV battery modules to USABC and EUCar and cells to aerospace companies and NASA, which responded favorably to the performance and generally approve the point design. This program may utilize electrodes made with an extrusion/lamination process - exclusively available to LTC through its subsidiary in Germany. These electrodes provide significant cost reduction through processes that enable minimal use of excipient materials during production and utilize production equipment at much lower capital investment.

C-K TECHNOLOGIES L.L.C. 116 Holloway Road Ballwin, MO 63011
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(636) 394-3331 Mr. Harold McCormick AF 05-289 Awarded: 01JUN05
Title:	Accurately Validated High-Speed Wear Prediction Code
Abstract:	The technology resulting from this effort will provide a comprehensive thermomechanical/ impact wear model. This integrated model will consider the developed thermal energy due to sliding friction and impact loading of the wear surface. In addition to the development of the theoretical model, a unique bench wear fixture will be designed, fabricated, and validated. This fixture will provide variable input conditions for validating the thermomechanical/impact wear model.

SYNCRONESS, INC. 10875 Dover St, STE 200 Westminster, CO 80021
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(303) 429-5005 Mr. Christopher Morin AF 05-289 Awarded: 01JUN05
Title:	Accurately Validated High-Speed Wear Prediction Code
Abstract:	Successful rocket sled testing stretches the limits of known science in many areas including aerodynamics, thermal heating, impact dynamics and material structural integrity to name a few. As sled speeds and payload weights have increased over recent years, the margin of tolerable error in engineering judgment has been shrinking. Computational tools for predicting aerodynamics and structural responses to these test conditions have improved dramatically and have made rocket sled testing more reliable and successful. When monorail sleds travel at high speeds, slippers begin to wear down significantly which, in turn, allows them to assume asymmetric attitudes with respect to the general body motion. This results in rolling or lifting loads which may tear the sled off the track. The Test Track engineering team requires the ability to accurately predict slipper wear as a function of numerous variables including sled speed, run duration, slipper geometry, slipper material and other possible inputs. This Phase I effort will perform the necessary research to develop the foundation for a software tool that will reliably predict slipper wear during sled testing.

VOXTEL, INC. 12725 SW Millikan Way, Suite 230 Beaverton, OR 97005
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(971) 223-5646 Mr. George Soli AF 05-291 Awarded: 14APR05
Title:	Enhanced Focal Plane Array Technology
Abstract:	A high pixel density, large format, near infrared (NIR) focal plane array, capable of response times ranging from 10 ns to DC, will be designed and demonstrated effective in reducing the uncertainty in radiometric field measurements of high-energy laser spot spatial distributions. The germanium photodetectors have excellent NIR sensitivity and are a well established NIR calibration source. The innovation lies in fabricating a large format focal plane array that is fully compatible with high volume, commercial CMOS processes and that can scale with coming generations of deep-submicron technologies. Unlike III-V based approaches, the cost-effective detector arrays have high current handling capability, are readily scaled to 2048 by 2048 resolution, and provide all of the versatility and performance advantages of visible CMOS active pixel focal plane arrays.

MARK RESOURCES, INC. 3878 Carson Street, Suite 210 Torrance, CA 90503
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(310) 543-4746 Dr. Richard L. Mitchell AF 05-293 Awarded: 10MAY05
Title:	High Speed Target Acquisition and Tracking System
Abstract:	MARK Resources proposes to develop an entirely new surveillance radar concept to detect and track multiple small objects such as bullets and rifle-launched grenades coming from any direction. It will be ideal for protection of Air Force bases and other high-value facilities, as well as personnel in the field. Our proposed radar will not only be compact, lightweight, and portable, but it will also be inexpensive as demonstrated by our ability to develop a prototype system under the budget constraints of the SBIR program.

NEW SPAN OPTO-TECHNOLOGY, INC. 9380 SW 72nd Street, B-180 Miami, FL 33173
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(305) 321-5288 Dr. Jame J. Yang AF 05-293 Awarded: 20MAY05
Title:	High Speed Wide-Field-of-View Small Target Tracking Sensor
Abstract:	Various techniques have been explored extensively to develop sensors for target surveillance and tracking applications. Radars working in electromagnetic radiation waveband have been greatly advanced. However, since the applied wavelength of these sensors is relatively large, radars are only suitable to detect and track large, far or well spaced objects, such as ballistic missiles, air or land vehicles, vessels, etc. There is a continuing need to develop innovative sensor that is able to recognize and track small, closely located and fast moving objects in real time at short to intermediate ranges, which can be applied to small projectile and gunfire locating. To resolve small objects, the applied wavelengths must be shorter than radio frequency wave, which is falling in optical wavebands. Existing optical sensors are not satisfied with all requirements for high speed wide field of view small target acquisition and tracking. New Span Opto-Technology Inc. proposes herein a novel sensor concept that is capable of simultaneously providing the required wide viewing angle and high spatial resolution with fast response. Implementation of the proposed concept will provide improved reliability, compact system packaging, and low cost. In Phase I we will demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed concept.

PHYSICAL OPTICS CORP. Photonic Systems Division, 20600 Gramercy Place, B Torrance, CA 90501
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(310) 320-3088 Dr. Ilya Agurok AF 05-293 Awarded: 01MAY05
Title:	High Speed Agile Optics Detection and Tracking System
Abstract:	Physical Optics Corporation (POC) proposes to develop a new High Speed Agile Optics Detection and Tracking System (HISAOD) based on an enhanced-gain omnidirectional agile lens (OAL), a Processing and Ultra Memory Access (PUMA) board, and image flow analysis (IFA) software. It continuously watches the omnidirectional field surrounding a ground vehicle, feeding information to the HISAOD controller. With enhanced gain, the OAL image is 20 times brighter than that in a conventional lens. This high image brightness ensures instant, reliable small objects detection. When a rocket propelled grenade (RPG) boost cloud or gun muzzle flash is detected, the wavefront corrector compensates local aberrations and forms a sharp image for bearing determination and tracking. The HISAOD mimics foveal eye vision automatically detects the target in 0.015 s, and tracks at 100 Hz. For counter-sniper use, HISAOD will perform only detection; tracking will be by a staring MWIR lens. In Phase I POC will design and develop an OAL and wavefront corrector and integrate these into the HISAOD to demonstrate feasibility. In Phase II a full-scale HISAOD prototype, including a lens redesigned based on Phase I experience, custom electronics, software, display, and operator interface will be developed and tested.

TREX ENTERPRISES CORP. 10455 Pacific Center Court San Diego, CA 92121
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(858) 646-5474 Dr. Victor Hasson AF 05-293 Awarded: 15JUN05
Title:	High Speed Target Acquisition and Tracking System
Abstract:	This SBIR addresses the need to provide a two-man portable sensor suitable for the detection, acquisition and 3-D tracking of a variety of munitions at short to intermediate stand-off ranges of several kilometers. While some radar systems have the ability to track multiple fast moving targets, they do not have the resolution to provide information on individual closely-spaced multiple targets. Conventional, large-aperture optical instruments on the other hand, can provide good angular resolution but have trouble providing 3-D tracking of multiple targets and are not capable of operating at very high slew rates. This SBIR addresses developing a prototype of a single stand-alone optical sensor that can provide detection, acquisition and accurate 3-D tracking data on multiple targets and the associated ability to rapidly project launch and impact point locations for potential timely countermeasures. Trex has extensive experience with the design of such systems. The Phase 1 effort will focus on a performance scaling analysis of our generic small-aperture systems to project performance/ scaling for detection, 2D and 3D tracking of multiple representative targets. The analysis will provide performance tradeoffs within a parameter space which encompasses target ranges, instrument fields-of-regard and effective time-lines for target detection and tracking in scenarios of interest to the Government. The analysis will provide a quantitative basis for selecting a configuration and projecting the performance of a two-man portable prototype to be developed in a phase 2 effort. The compact two-man-portable instrument will also be designed to be compatible with ground mobile and littoral platforms.

KNOWLEDGE BASED SYSTEMS, INC. 1408 University Drive East College Station, TX 77840
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(979) 260-5274 Dr. Satheesh Ramachandran AF 05-294 Awarded: 01MAY05
Title:	Separation Trajectory Analysis Tool (STAT)
Abstract:	We propose to research, design and develop an innovative Separation Trajectory Analysis Tool (STAT) to address the technical challenges faced by a separation engineer while analyzing thousands of trajectories. The main goal of the tool is to aid the user in knowledge discovery and further analysis to determine separation problems for a store and their root causes. The tool will employ advance data mining algorithms related to clustering, classification, association to isolate problem areas in a separation of a store, display results graphically for visual interpretations allowing further exploration, and help in further analyses. Use of advance techniques such as Genetic Algorithms (GA) and Monte Carlo simulation for separation trajectory analysis has facilitated in generation of large amount of useful trajectories making this field data rich. Unfortunately the advances in data exploration and knowledge discovery have not been yet put into use for analyzing separation trajectories. Currently, there exists large potential to increase the efficiency and productivity of separation engineer by incorporating advance data mining techniques in the separation trajectory analysis. KBSI will leverage on its expertise in the knowledge engineering, data mining along with technical expertise in aerospace vehicles and dynamics. The combination of domain knowledge and knowledge background augurs well for the STAT project.

OPTIMAL SYNTHESIS, INC. 868 San Antonio Road Palo Alto, CA 94303
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(650) 213-8585 Dr. P. K. Menon AF 05-294 Awarded: 05MAY05
Title:	Genetic Programming Approach to Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery from Store Separation Trajectories
Abstract:	A data mining and knowledge discovery (DMKD) methodology based on Genetic Programming is proposed for stores separation trajectory analysis. The proposed technique constructs symbolic relationships between a defined set of input variables and analysis variables using the trajectory data. These relationships can be used by store separation trajectory analysts to gain a deeper understanding of the information contained in the trajectory database. They can be used to quickly survey trajectories obtained from sources such as Monte Carlo simulations, genetic algorithm searches and flight tests, and provide important trends and direct attention to areas requiring attention. These symbolic relationships will help assist store separation analysts to select inputs for Monte-Carlo simulations to ensure that unacceptable trajectories are avoided, and will help interpret the behavior of extreme trajectories. Phase I research will develop a preliminary prototype of the DMKD software designed to work in a well-known numerical environment. Trajectory data supplied by the Air Force will be used to demonstrate the capabilities of the data mining software. Phase II research will develop the full version of the DMKD software. The DMKD techniques and the trajectory analysis software developed under the present SBIR project will be commercialized during the Phase III work.

SCIENTIFIC SYSTEMS CO., INC. 500 West Cummings Park - Ste 3000 Woburn, MA 01801
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 933-5355 Dr. Ssu-Hsin Yu AF 05-294 Awarded: 11MAY05
Title:	Matlab Data Mining Toolbox for Store Separation Engineering
Abstract:	The overall objective of our effort is to develop a Matlab toolbox that assists store separation engineers in analyzing datasets generated by the Monte Carlo simulations and the genetic algorithms using the statistical data mining approach, Bayesian learning, and multi-objective GA optimization. The statistical data mining approach not only provides a theoretically rigorous framework to analyze the data but it also makes interpretation of the results much more straightforward. The particular tasks to be conducted under this effort include (1) development of clustering algorithm functions, (2) development of statistical analysis tools for simulation and test data, (3) development of learning tools to adapt Monte Carlo results to flight test data, and (4) development of genetic algorithms for multi-objective optimization. The project team consists of Scientific Systems Company, Inc. (SSCI) as the prime contractor, and Dr. Robert Smith of The University of the West of England and Dr. Luis Roman of Worcester Polytechnic Institute as our consultants.

CSA ENGINEERING, INC. 2565 Leghorn Street Mountain View, CA 94043
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(650) 210-9000 Mr. Paul Janzen AF 05-296 Selected for Award
Title:	Dynamic Pressure Calibrator for Wind Tunnel Models
Abstract:	Current approaches to the calibration of dynamic pressure sensors used in wind tunnel testing either excite the sensor with a very low pressure level, or are not suitable for use once the sensor is installed on the test article. In this proposal, CSA describes the research and development of a portable dynamic pressure calibrator. The proposed system will enable the calibration of installed pressure sensors using realistic pressure levels and frequencies. The research will leverage a previous dynamic pressure calibration system development and apply advances in actuation, conditioning and control. CSA's proposed effort begins with requirements definition, and then proceeds to a feasibility study of two conceptual designs. In the first design, an electromagnetic actuator coupled to an acoustic cavity provides the dynamic pressure. The second design modulates the flow of compressed air using a valve and a rotating disc. The Phase I effort concludes with a prototype demonstration of the feasibility of the chosen conceptual design. In Phase II we perform the detail design, fabrication, and testing of a complete dynamic pressure calibration system. The finished system will result in more accurate data, quicker diagnostics of failed sensors, and overall reduced test costs to wind tunnel operators and users.

SCIENTIFIC APPLICATIONS & RESEARCH ASSOC., INC. 6300 Gateway Dr. Cypress, CA 90630
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(714) 224-4410 Mr. Jay Cleckler AF 05-296 Selected for Award
Title:	Dynamic Pressure Calibrator for Wind Tunnel Models
Abstract:	At present carefully arranged arrays of dynamic pressure transducers placed on, within and around wind tunnel models must be calibrated prior to testing. Failure to calibrate properly has the potential to negate some fraction of test results. Current calibration techniques are inconvenient and expensive. Products for dynamic calibration exist, but they are not hand portable and are also not amenable to testing sensors already integrated into models. Two methods with the potential for developing into compact dynamic calibrators for transducers embedded in and around wind tunnel models are proposed. One of the two concepts involves an impulse response method and the other a continuous wave calibration approach. One concept is to be chosen from among the two for `bench-top' development, testing and analysis during the first months of the Phase I effort.

PHYSICAL SCIENCES, INC. 20 New England Business Center Andover, MA 01810
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(978) 689-0003 Dr. John C. Magill AF 05-297 Selected for Award
Title:	Active Damping System to Attenuate Structural Dynamic Effects in Wind Tunnel Tests
Abstract:	Physical Sciences Inc. proposes to develop an active damping system to attenuate structural dynamics in wind tunnel mounts. These structural oscillations are driven by aerodynamic loads, and can diminish the quality of wind tunnel data and limit the speeds at which tests can be conducted safely. We propose to develop an active damping system that can be integrated into a sting or similar mounting structure component. The complete closed-loop control system will including sensors, actuators, and an embedded microcontroller. In Phase I we will select commercially-available components suitable for our damping scheme, formulate from them a conceptual design, and show through simulation that it can damp aeroelastic instabilities. We will then build a subscale sting model and demonstrate experimentally that our approach is viable. We will end Phase I with a conceptual design of the active sting system to be developed, tested, and delivered to AEDC in Phase II.

STIRLING DYNAMICS, INC. 4030 Lake Washington Blvd NE, Suite 205 Kirkland, WA 98033
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(425) 827-7476 Dr. Robert Stirling AF 05-297 Selected for Award
Title:	Reduction of Dynamic Response of a Wind Tunnel Sting Mount Using Passive Damping
Abstract:	Dynamic response of wind tunnel mounts can cause difficulties with quality of test data, timescales of production testing and tunnel safety. Development is proposed of a wind tunnel sting mount with internal passive damping which will reduce sting vibration response to transient disturbances, leading to improved data quality and wind tunnel operations. The method proposed for adding passive damping is to introduce layers of viscoelastic damping material within the sting structure. As the sting distorts in its vibration modes the shear forces generated in the damping material reduce the dynamic response of the sting. The passive damping treatment can be applied to steel stings, but it is proposed that a better solution is to use composite material, which will have similar static stiffness and modal frequencies to the equivalent steel sting. Other questions arising from the use of composite material will be addressed in the research program. Phase I is aimed at establishing basic feasibility of the concept and applying it to a specific wind tunnel sting mount selected for this project. Phase II will extend the research into a more detailed evaluations, including failure modes and actual prototype testing, in laboratory tests and in a wind tunnel environment.

VIGYAN, INC. 30 Research Drive Hampton, VA 23666
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(757) 865-1400 Mrs. Heather Houlden AF 05-297 Awarded: 01JUN05
Title:	Wind Tunnel Active Vibration Reduction System (WTAVRS)
Abstract:	During wind tunnel testing of scaled aerodynamic models, the most critical measuring device is the internal strain gage balance. Modern internal balances are intricate and precise devices, which resolve the force moment data into Cartesian components accurately. While the accuracy of the balance system is extremely high, its design is inherently elastic and prone to vibrations. The model-balance-sting and arc sector constitute a typical wind tunnel support system. These are complex elastic systems prone to vibrations excited by the local turbulence. The model-balance-sting-support system has many complex modes of vibration with different modal frequencies and radii. They represent centrifugal inertial motion of the model and balance, which add to the static aerodynamic load of interest to the experimenter. Hence modal vibrations corrupt the quality of force-moment data in many ways. ViGYAN is proposing to develop a Wind Tunnel Active Vibration Reduction System (WTAVRS) that will be an actively controlled assembly of piezoelectric actuation devices that will work together to cancel the dynamic motions sensed at the end of the sting in order to reduce the vibrations affecting the strain gage balance measurements. The proposed device will be installed and tested in the ViGYAN wind tunnel facility.

EXQUADRUM, INC. 12130 Rancho Road Adelanto, CA 92301
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(760) 246-0279 Mr. Eric Schmidt AF 05-298 Awarded: 01JUN05
Title:	Throat and Wall Materials for Hypersonic Wind Tunnel
Abstract:	Thermal barrier coating (TBC) technologies introduced and refined in the rocket industry are proposed to solve the demanding thermal environments intrinsic in high enthalpy, hypersonic wind tunnels. This innovative approach couples the knowledge base from high heat flux rocket thrust chamber material research and development and the high heat flux nozzle systems in AEDC wind tunnel facilities. The key innovative features of this proposal include refinement and optimization of vacuum plasma sprayed ceramic zirconia using proprietary interlayer materials on copper-zirconium (Cu-Zr). Empirical validation will be performed using an augmented oxygen/kerosene rocket engine to test the performance of the TBC on Cu-Zr coupons. Analysis is proposed to model the thermal environment and to correlate the empirical results with engineering computation.

MATERIALS PROCESSING, INC. 5069 Martin Luther King Freeway Fort Worth, TX 76119
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(817) 492-4446 Dr. Animesh Bose AF 05-298 Awarded: 26MAY05
Title:	Novel High Temperature, High Strength, Oxide-resistant Composites for Wind Tunnel
Abstract:	To produce a hypersonic flight vehicle, it is necessary to utilize an airbreating propulsion cycle. Most US aeropropulsion programs focus on the operation of a multi-mode engine with a ramjet and scramjet cycle that allows speeds from Mach 2 to over Mach 8. The testing of these engines is possible on the ground, in specially designed wind tunnels. The desire to simulate flight at Mach 8 or more requires the facility nozzle to be operated at pressures up to 1800 psi and temperatures around 4500 K. The development of such nozzles with moderately complex shapes and throat diameters ranging from 0.5 inch to 2.5 inches challenges the material processing community. There is the need for the development of a new class of material that will have high strength, high temperature and oxidation resistance. This proposal provides the solution to this problem through the development of a cost effective novel hybrid composite concept where the inner contour of the nozzle is made of a high temperature oxidation resistant composite which then transitions to an outer skin made of a fiber reinforced high temperature, high strength, oxidation resistant material. The success in Phase I will have far reaching implications for DoD.

SMAHT CERAMICS, INC. 181 W. 1700 S. Salt Lake City, UT 84115
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(801) 483-3100 Mr. Rama Nageswaran AF 05-298 Awarded: 31MAY05
Title:	Engineered Composite Materials for Hypersonic Wind Tunnel Applications
Abstract:	Survivability of the throat and nozzle materials employed in hypersonic wind tunnel systems is a key issue for the design and development of such testing facilities. The state-of-the-art nozzle systems materials (intermetallic alloys or refractory metals) are prone to degradation due to oxidation at high temperatures. Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs) are potential candidates for such high temperature applications due to their high temperature strength and oxidation resistance. Alumina is a valuable candidate for such applications because of its excellent high temperature chemical stability. However, alumina lacks in thermal shock resistance and toughness. The innovation that SMAHT Ceramics has envisioned and is proposing is aimed at overcoming the intrinsic limitations of Alumina by simultaneous addition of zirconia polycrystals (TZP) and SiC (chopped) fibers as minor phase toughening agents. The SiC (chopped fibers) will be dispersed in the composite in random 3-D orientations using a proprietary technique developed by SMAHT. In this manner, SMAHT offers to engineer an isotropic, reliable, and durable high temperature composite suitable for the (transient) ultra-high temperature applications in hypersonic windtunnel. For the successful commercialization of this advanced composite technology, low-cost and net-shape / production-friendly processes will be developed and utilized at SMAHT.

CMD RESEARCH, LLC 1109 9th St., #1 Golden, CO 80401
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(720) 771-6997 Dr. Joshua Robbins AF 05-299 Awarded: 25MAY05
Title:	Variable Electrochromic Devices (VEDs) for Space Simulation Testing
Abstract:	We propose to demonstrate the feasibility of an infrared (IR) beam combiner based on variable electrochromic devices. The optical properties of an electrochromic material are dependent on an applied voltage. Therefore the use of electrochromic materials will allow for significant variation of the combining mirrors' reflection and transmission properties without necessitating the swapping of components. The optical properties of six materials will be evaluated in the IR for use in these devices including: electrochromic layers (crystalline WO3, ZnO), an electrolyte (Ta2O5), and storage layers (amorphous WO3, NiO, V2O5). The infrared spectra of each material at varying levels of intercalation will be modeled to simulate optimized electrochromic behavior for IR beam combiners. Deposition of complete electrochromic devices for IR evaluation and validation of simulations will be completed. Finally quantitative evaluation of device performance at reduced temperatures through electrical impedance spectroscopy will be performed to evaluate the switching time of a device in a cryo-vacuum environment.

PHYSICAL SCIENCES, INC. 20 New England Business Center Andover, MA 01810
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(978) 689-0003 Dr. John D. Lennhoff AF 05-299 Awarded: 24MAY05
Title:	Variable Electrochromic Devices (VEDs) for Space Simulation Testing
Abstract:	Physical Sciences Inc. (PSI) proposes to fabricate two electrochromic (EC) devices during the proposed Phase I program. PSI will fabricate an EC infrared reflector based on poly(alkyl-propylene dioxythiophene) (alkyl-ProDOT). PSI has several alkyl-PProDOT compounds in stock from past EC programs that will be examined for infrared electrochromism at 120 K. The solution processable alky-PProDOTs are expected to provide 2 to 7 micron bandpass transmission contrast of 15 to 80%, for a 160 nm thick reflector overcoat film. Lower contrast can be achieved out to 12 microns using these polymers. An EC infrared beamcombiner will be constructed using a tungsten oxide based EC film. The tungsten oxide based beam combiner is expected to operate between 50/50 and up to 90/10 reflection/transmission contrast at 2 to 7 micron wavelength bandpass. Lower contrast can be achieved out to 10 microns using this tungsten oxide. These optical elements will be optimized for switching speed at 120 K, while maintaining bandpass and contrast requirements. Hermetic packaging will permit vacuum operation. A Phase II program will extend the reflector and beam combiner operation down to 20 K, and further optimize optical performance. The Phase II program will also examine the EC devices for operation using visible light.

AERODYNE RESEARCH, INC. 45 Manning Road Billerica, MA 01821
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(978) 663-9500 Dr. Paul E. Yelvington AF 05-301 Selected for Award
Title:	Chemical Quick Quench Probe for Engine Emissions Measurements
Abstract:	A need exists to determine the true chemical composition of the exhaust gases from aircraft engines, aircraft combustors and rocket engines. Measurements of these high-speed reacting flows are important for determining the combustion efficiency of these devices and guiding efforts to engineer reduced-emissions engines. Unfortunately, the sampling system used to deliver exhaust gases to the analyzer often introduces a bias because of chemical reactions occurring in the sample line. Because of this bias, emissions measurements made using existing sample probes may not be entirely representative of the true engine exhaust. In response to this challenge, this proposal describes a comprehensive probe effects study which would 1) guide development of novel extractive probes that effectively quench chemical reactions; 2) provide guidelines for the operation of current probes to minimize sampling errors; and 3) provide a tool for estimating corrections that can be applied to measurements taken with current probes. Aerodyne Research, Inc. proposes to develop a computational model of probe flow and chemistry and refine its predictive capability using data collected from previous aircraft measurement campaigns. Subsequently, the model will be used to evaluate the potential of two non-traditional quenching techniques-radical scavenging and dilution with an enhanced third-body collider.

CFD RESEARCH CORP. 215 Wynn Dr., 5th Floor Huntsville, AL 35805
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(256) 726-4800 Dr. David Black AF 05-301 Awarded: 02JUN05
Title:	Intelligent Gas Sampling Probe with Internal Diagnostics and Control Capabilities
Abstract:	For the characterization of reacting flows, it is essential to obtain accurate species measurements. Obtaining accurate measurements is difficult, due to bias introduced by continued reaction in the sample lines. A sample probe is needed that can reliably quench reactions at the probe tip, freezing the chemical composition for the downstream analyzers. Aerodynamic quenching can be very effective in freezing reactions, but achieving the necessary internal probe conditions to quench the reactions aerodynamically at various conditions can be extremely difficult. In this SBIR program, an innovative design methodology will be used to develop a smart probe configuration with diagnostic output and control characteristics that will allow reaction quenching to be monitored and the operating range of the probe extended. In Phase I, state-of-the-art numerical design techniques will be used to design a prototype probe geometry and evaluate its potential effectiveness in quenching reactions. Prototype hardware will be fabricated and tested in a laboratory setting to demonstrate probe features and operating range. In Phase II, the design will be optimized and tested at supersonic operating conditions, typical of those encountered in scramjets and the exhaust of augmented gas turbines. Testing will be performed at Virginia Tech (Joseph Schetz) and Arnold Air Force Base. Final probes will then be delivered to the Air Force.

AETC, INC. 8910 University Center Lane, Suite 900 San Diego, CA 92122
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(858) 450-1211 Dr. Donald Miklovic AF 05-304 Awarded: 31MAY05
Title:	Imaging Acoustic Signature Analyses for Plant Turbo-machinery
Abstract:	Rotating machinery is used in industrial applications, both in the US military and civilian worlds. Monitoring the health of this equipment is vital for uninterrupted operations; in a continuous-process plant, machinery downtime is very expensive. Unfortunately, machinery health is now monitored manually at routine intervals, typically months. What is needed is essentially continuous and ubiquitous monitoring. The Air Force has decided that using acoustic imaging technology is a potentially viable way to achieve this. However, using personnel to continuously monitor the acoustic results to identify potential defects is expensive, and is not a cost effective solution to the problem. The proposed effort would provide the sensors and processing to monitor machinery continuously and remotely, and the automated processing hardware and software to identify points of impending failure at the earliest possible moment. Technology developed in the field of underwater acoustics for submarine detection, classification, localization, and recent developments in air-acoustics for enhanced situational awareness in urban operations, are highly leveraged in this effort.

AVEC, INC. 306 Seminole Dr. Blacksburg, VA 24060
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(540) 357-1093 Mr. Patricio Ravetta AF 05-304 Selected for Award
Title:	Microphone Phased Array Machinery Fault Diagnostic System
Abstract:	A microphone phased array machinery fault diagnostic system is proposed. In this system, a microphone phased array is positioned such as to have a direct line of sight to the machine to be monitored. The microphone signals are recorded simultaneously and used to scan or beamform over a grid enclosing the machine to capture its acoustic signature. The acoustic image is then integrated to obtain a machine noise spectrum that is used to identify damage or faults by an automated expert system. The architecture of the proposed fault diagnostic system consists of two main separated physical subsystems. The first subsystem consists of the microphone phased array, data acquisition system, and a computer to generate the cross spectral matrix of the microphone signals. This component is a single physical unit mounted in the industrial plant. The cross spectral matrix is then transferred through a wireless link to the second subsystem which is a computer cluster to perform the beamforming, integration, and fault diagnostic of the equipment. These two subsystems are two distinct hardware setups interconnected through a wireless link, i.e. they are not physically connected.

IMPACT TECHNOLOGIES, LLC 200 Canal View Boulevard Rochester, NY 14623
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(814) 861-6273 Mr. Carl S. Byington, P. E. AF 05-304 Selected for Award
Title:	Imaging Acoustic Signature Analyses for Plant Turbo-machinery
Abstract:	Impact Technologies, in collaboration with the Penn State Applied Research Laboratory, proposes to develop and demonstrate an automated, acoustic sensing based machinery condition monitoring system for operation in a plant environment. Utilizing advanced sensor design, unique and innovative signal processing and acoustic imaging techniques, advanced beamforming, and proven data fusion for automated detection, isolation, and classification, Impact will provide a solid foundation for automated plant monitoring and enabled decision support using non-contact, multi-machine capable, acoustic arrays. Operating as a stand alone system or adding flexibility and fidelity to traditional machine-based sensing approaches, the developed sensors and associated processing applications will offer substantial and significant new potential to the current machinery prognostics and health management field. Substantial additional potential may be realized through interferometry and integration with other non-contact sensing technologies.

MECHANICAL SOLUTIONS, INC. 1719 Rt. 10 East, Suite 305 Parsippany, NJ 07054
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(973) 326-9920 Mr. William D. Marscher AF 05-304 Selected for Award
Title:	Imaging Acoustic Signature Analyses for Plant Turbo-machinery
Abstract:	The proposed acoustic evaluation technology is a major improvement over past art because, in addition to monitoring naturally occurring operational noise, it uses artificial stimulation to determine component "ring-out" frequency response. This independently establishes excitation forces separate from key component (e.g. bladed disk) natural frequencies, shifts in either of which imply different kinds of mechanical degradation. Artificial stimulation is produced by a speaker near the machine casing. Phased array microphones will allow acoustic intensity vector phase-correlated pink-noise frequency response data to be gathered over key surfaces or volumes. The acoustic intensity space-time-frequency maps would be interpreted by AI software to determine the nature of developing problems, and the remaining life of specific components, as predicted by fatigue, fracture mechanics, and tribological analytical methods. Phase I will build and test a proof-of-principle prototype using COTS hardware and software. Phase II will develop a dedicated acoustic-based diagnosis/ prognosis system which will be proof-tested in actual plant turbomachinery installations.

PROGENY SYSTEMS CORP. 9500 Innovation Drive Manassas, VA 20110
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(703) 368-6107 Mr. Seibert Murphy AF 05-304 Awarded: 25MAY05
Title:	Imaging Acoustic Signature Analyses for Plant Turbo-machinery
Abstract:	Plant machinery, as well as rotating parts within aircraft, vehicles, and ships needs to be monitored for faults for both safety and economic reasons. Performing maintenance based on hours of operation rather than actual condition can lead to high costs by early replacement of good components and/or problems when a component fails before its time. Used for years for machine health monitoring, acoustic spectral signal analysis is similar to accelerometer-based vibration analysis with the advantage that it is not limited to recording casing vibrations at select locations and the sensor does not have to be attached to the machinery being monitored. Current state-of-the-art, however, has two shortcomings: Conventional Microphone Arrays are expensive, bulky, and considerable time is consumed in setting up an array grid. Systems require an expert human operator to interpret the data from these devices, and therefore is not suitable for automated, online monitoring.Progeny proposed to address these shortcomings by combining a compact, self-steering MEMS Acoustic Sensor Array with acoustic spectral analysis and automatic fault detection algorithms. We will prove the concept and advantage of our approach in Phase I and develop a complete, end-to-end real-time prototype system in Phase II.

AEROPROBE CORP. 1700 Kraft Drive, Suite 2413 Blacksburg, VA 24060
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(540) 951-3980 Dr. Matthew D. Zeiger AF 05-307 Selected for Award
Title:	Borescopic Spatio-temporal Measurements of Droplet Size and Velocity with kHz Resolution
Abstract:	Recently our group successfully developed a Digital Particle Image Velocimetry with a sampling frequency as high as 10,000 fps capable of resolving poly-dispersed multi-phase flows simultaneously for all phases present in the flow field. We were successful in developing very sophisticated image processing algorithms and velocity evaluation methodologies that deliver velocity and size measurements with accuracy better than 0.1%. We propose to capitalize on our previous success and develop a next generation Time-Resolved DPIV system with the capability to resolve quantitatively, both velocity and size of poly-dispersed multi-phase flows and in particular, sprays in a cross-flow, with 10 kHz sampling frequency. We propose to develop new methods to improve the accuracy of the velocity evaluation and new methods to provide quantitative droplet size measurements. Most importantly, we will design, built, and test a novel endoscopic imaging module based on gradient index rod lenses, that will be integrated with the DPIV system and will allow measurements in inaccessible or hostile environments. The proposed system will deliver droplet size measurements using exactly the same hardware as a DPIV velocity measurement system therefore alleviating the need for complex inteferometric setups, reducing the number of hardware components and cost and increasing ease of operation.

METROLASER, INC. 2572 White Road Irvine, CA 92614
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(949) 553-0688 Dr. Cecil Hess AF 05-307 Awarded: 31MAY05
Title:	Endoscopic System to Measure Droplet Size and Velocity in Turbine Engine Augmentors
Abstract:	This is a proposal to develop and demonstrate the feasibility of an endoscopic system to measure droplet size and velocity distributions in high temperature sprays of turbine engine augmentors. We propose a technique that would measure with high interferometric precision the size distribution of spray droplets over an entire plane using a pulsed laser and CCD cameras. Double-pulsing the laser would yield velocity maps using PIV. The proposed droplet sizing technique derives the size measurement from intensity independent features of the scattered light and is immune to changes in the laser intensity, signal blocking, and the laser intensity profile. A special receiving endoscope would be developed during Phase I and incorporated into a breadboard measurement system. The endoscope would be designed and developed to be compatible with high temperature probes developed at AEDC. The feasibility of the proposed technique would be demonstrated in a series of controlled experiments using known-size particles from about 3 �Ym to 200 �Ym in diameter under known flow velocity conditions. The Phase I work would consist of modeling to optimize system parameters and experimental work to demonstrate system performance.

ACUITY TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 3475 Edison Way , Bldg P Menlo Park, CA 94025
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(650) 369-6783 Mr. Colin Taylor AF 05-309 Awarded: 18MAY05
Title:	Automated Learning Video Analysis (ALVA)
Abstract:	We propose to develop a system that will automatically track targets based on characteristic velocity differentials between the target and the background. We leverage our existing system for feature detection and tracking and show that it can produce recognizable discrepancies in the kinematics between a moving background and a moving target. We will augment the discriminating power of this kinematic information with visual cues extracted from the video around the tracked centroid. The resultant feature vector will be used both for finalizing the tracking and for identifying events from the video sequence. We present sample data which suggests that the kinematic information alone might be sufficient to automatically recognize the object and background from the image without additional input required from the engineer. We demonstrate an intriguing transformation in which the video data cube can be projected to substantially simpler 2D images that are amenable to further image processing. We discuss how the reduced and well formulated information stream can be processed through the use of pattern recognition and Neural Networks to recognize and segment discernable events. This report demonstrates the potential of our approach on both ground based, flight chase and cockpit video sequences.

DEVELOSOFT CORP. 1630 30th Street, Suite 121 Boulder, CO 80301
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(303) 544-1978 Mr. Mark Yager AF 05-309 Awarded: 16MAY05
Title:	Automated Tools To Detect And Track Video Events
Abstract:	Imagine a video analysis system which can be told: "This is the thing we want tracked. This is the thing we want to detect." The system learns to detect when something changes in a particular way after being shown examples. This is what we propose and this is how you're going to stop having to watch four hours for every hour of video.

PERL RESEARCH LLC 3058 Leeman Ferry Rd., Suite B Huntsville, AL 35801
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(256) 885-0077 Mr. Paul G. Cox AF 05-309 Awarded: 16MAY05
Title:	Automated Learning Video Analysis (ALVA)
Abstract:	Post-mission processing of video data in support of aircraft flight test poses an ever increasing challenge due to the enormous volume of digital data. The enormous data is a resultant of multiple sensors, increasing frame size and video rates. The analysis of video data requires an engineer to manually examine each frame in order to identify key events in each frame. In order to reduce the analysis time and labor, there is an inherent need to develop an automated processing capability in order to detect/identify/track objects from the video at high frame rates. The capability to automatically process high-frame rate video currently does not exist. In order to meet these challenges, PERL Research proposes a user-friendly software environment to address the Air Force's requirements. The key component of this software environment is an advanced learning algorithm based on statistical learning theory. Our integrated software approach includes the following capabilities: preprocessor for reducing the size of the original image; the ability to detect key events (based on previously trained data); learn new events on-line; track objects of interest; (5) and provide an intelligent output all the events detected/tracked.

SCIENTIFIC SYSTEMS CO., INC. 500 West Cummings Park - Ste 3000 Woburn, MA 01801
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 933-5355 Dr. B. Ravichandran AF 05-309 Awarded: 24MAY05
Title:	Video Analysis Using Perceptual Organization and Machine Learning
Abstract:	The objectives of this project (Phase I and II) are to develop learning type algorithms for the purpose of automated identification and tracking of events captured on video. Phase I will develop learning based algorithms for use with identifying events in digital video. Phase II will develop and demonstrate prototype software capable of automated video data analysis using an algorithm that learns what key events look like and then is able to find those events in a video stream. This will be based on a Perceptual Organization framework for motion estimation and to extract relevant features from a video stream and a Machine Learning framework for learning and event identification.

NOVASPECTRA, INC. 777 Silver Spur Road, Suite 112 Rolling Hills Estate, CA 90274
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(310) 408-3225 Dr. William S. Chan AF 05-310 Awarded: 11MAY05
Title:	Multi-spectral Projector for HWILS using Micro Interferometer Arrays
Abstract:	We propose to develop a multi-spectral projector system capable of projecting complex scenes in the long-wave infrared (LWIR, 8-10 micron), mid-wave infrared (MWIR, 3-5 micron), visible (V) and ultra-violet (UV) spectral regions simultaneously onto missile seekers for hardware-in-the-loop simulation (HWILS). Consisting of four 640x480 micro interferometer arrays, the system projects scenes in the multi-spectral regions that are perfectly registered and synchronized at a frame rate of at least 100 frame/s and a dynamic range of no less than 12 bits. Each array, fabricated by commercial MEMS (microelectromechanical system) and CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) foundries, consists of a 2-D format of micro interferometers, each is dynamically and individually tuned to modulate a laser beam in a specific spectral range of interest. The arrays are highly producible by conventional CMOS and MEMS processes for low-cost mass production. Phase I will analyze and design the array structure and layout, delineate the processes for fabrication and fabricate a simple structure to demonstrate its fabricability. Phase II will fabricate and test the arrays for scene projection.

OPTRON SYSTEMS, INC. 3 Preston Court Bedford, MA 01730
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 275-3100 Mr. Jeremy Hui AF 05-310 Selected for Award
Title:	Multi-spectral MEMS projector for testing imaging seekers
Abstract:	The goal is to explore and develop physical modifications to Optron's MEMS-on-VLSI membrane-mirror spatial light modulator technology to demonstrate feasibility of a novel, portable, flickerless multi-spectral (UV, visible, and infrared) projector system for testing imaging seekers. The proposed technology approach employs a spatially continuous deformable mirror surface that does not produce the diffraction and scattering artifacts of discrete pixels. The proposed device offers continuous analog gray-scale light modulation that gives a more realistic rendition of the scene than the pulse-width-modulation scheme offered others. In the final system, three devices are combined for true simultaneous multi-spectral projection. The Phase I program: (1) investigates modifications to our existing high-voltage integrated circuitry, (2) redesigns and models the modified MEMS-on-VLSI modulator for UV, visible and infrared readout, (3) designs, fabricates and tests an efficient beam combiner for simultaneous UV/visible/IR projector operation, (4) develops scene-generation software and hardware interfaces needed to project simultaneous multi-wavelength scenes, (5) analyzes and optimizes the trade-space parameters for various scene projection needs, and (6) determine the feasibility of system development for Phase II. Phase II projector performance goals include: 2,000:1 contrast ratio in the IR, 1024 x1024 pixels, 120 Hz framing rate and flickerless operation with at least a 6� field of view.

AGILTRON CORP. 220 Ballardvale St., Suite D Wilmington, MA 01887
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(978) 694-1006 Dr. Jack Salerno AF 05-311 Awarded: 05MAY05
Title:	Independently Controlled Broadband IR Source Array
Abstract:	Based a proprietary micro-mechanical optical attenuator that directly integrated on fiber tip, we propose an unconventional broadband independently controlled IR source array for the next generation IR scene generator. The device design is very simple and overcomes the major shortcomings of the current devices, offering high grayscale and a non-flickering image. The design utilized proven commercial optical technology to reduce the program risk, offering intrinsic advantages in speed, operation band, apparent temperature, spatial resolution, background temperature and noise, reliability, and potentially cost as compared with the competitive approaches. In the Phase I program, we will demonstrate a functional prototype 5x5 individually controlled IR light source array having high contrast ratio, fast response, continuous gray scale change, and high apparent temperature. This experimental result will define our innovative design concept, leading to a fully functional system in Phase II.

ION OPTICS, INC. 411 Waverley Oaks Road, Suite 144 Waltham, MA 02452
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(781) 788-8777 Dr. James T Daly AF 05-311 Awarded: 06MAY05
Title:	Extended-area IR Emitter Arrays
Abstract:	Independently-controllable extended-area (up to 4 x 4 inch) IR emitter arrays are needed to adequately test critical performance parameters (algorithms, optics, sensors) of missile seekers and targeting systems. Current technology is limited in temperature, crosstalk, refresh rate, controllability, heat dissipation and packaging. Ion Optics is the emerging technology and product leader for small, low-power (single-element) IR sources for use in infrared gas sensors and as IR beacons for IFF, night vision and other military applications. In 2004, we shipped about 25,000 of these (�-inch, 1W) light sources, mostly to OEM gas sensor customers. For this program, we propose to assemble and demonstrate a 4 x 4 inch array of our IR emitters. We will test its performance relative to the Air Force's stated requirements. We will then refine the array design and re-fabricate and re-test large-are panel. By the end of Phase 2, we expect to be able to demonstrate a large-area (4 x 4 inch) array of ~� inch pixels (64 x 64 elements) operating at temperatures to 800C and with refresh rates of at least 200 Hz. The arrays will be packaged in modular fashion with self-contained drive circuitry so that any number of modules can be placed side-by-side to make even larger image panels.

KLAB CORP. 50 Green Ave. Belle Mead, NJ 08502
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(908) 904-1400 Dr. Kaiyan Zhang AF 05-311 Awarded: 06MAY05
Title:	Very compact, high performance IR emissive source array
Abstract:	Generation of extended IR scenes without flicker is critical to many DoD applications. The current technology is limited in temperature, crosstalk, refresh rate, controllability, heat dissipation, and packaging. Source technology advancements are needed to create IR source elements that can be independently controlled in frequency, temperature, and emission duration. K Lab Corporation, proposes to develop a novel thin film IR source array by using wide bandgap SiC and unique thermal barrier structure. This IR source array will possess many novel properties for this application which are high temperature operation of up to 1000�C, temperature rise and fall rate in the range of 1ms and 10s ms, minimized crosstalk at level of 1%. Another advantage of the array will be its ability to scale down to very small element size. Array size of 40x40 on a 4"x4" emitting area with a fill factor of 50% can be easily achieved using the design. In Phase I, K Lab will demonstrate the proposed concept using 4x4 small emitter array. A fully functional 4"x4" array containing up to 40x40 elements in a densely packed configuration will be demonstrated in the Phase II of the program.

TOYON RESEARCH CORP. Suite A, 75 Aero Camino Goleta, CA 93117
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(805) 968-6787 Dr. Jerry C. Wyss AF 05-311 Awarded: 09MAY05
Title:	Independently Controlled Extended Infrared Source Array
Abstract:	Infrared (IR) sensors have expanded rapidly into many defense and commercial markets. The testing of IR sensors requires the ability to generate extended IR scenes without flicker. The current state of the art in IR scene generation technology typically utilizes a `reverse bolometer' to create IR images using individually heated resistor elements attached to a cooling system. Toyon has devised a new technology that create IR scenes rapidly over a wide viewing surface and at relatively low cost. With wide dynamic temperature range, both intense objects such as flares as well as lower intensity clutter can be simulated rapidly an accurately.

DATASOFT CORP. 1711 W. Greentree Drive, #112 Tempe, AZ 85284
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(480) 763-5777 Mr. Jeff Lenschow AF 05-312 Awarded: 06MAY05
Title:	Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS) Wideband Network Waveform (WNW) Host Simulator
Abstract:	A WNW Host Simulator (WHS) can be considered an indoor open-air range in which a JTRS radio is given the various electronic stimuli it needs to 'think' it is in flight operation over a geographic area. The JTR Set and its waveforms are then 'operated' in simulated conditions and its performance and integration with the host platform measured. The goal is to reduce the risk to flight testing by ensuring the JTR Set is ready for flight and properly integrated with the host platform. The WHS can gather test data not possible in a range environment. Use of the WHS prior to flight greatly reduces the risk of incurring nonproductive flight test hours. It can be used to identify 'problem' areas requiring more attention and can be used to troubleshoot and isolate platform issues during integration. Another benefit of the WHS is the ability to precisely control and repeat test events. Developing a simulator to support the JTRS AMF program poses technical, cost, and schedule challenges due to evolving design of the program and continued development of WNW functionality. DataSoft has devised an innovative approach to significantly reduce this risk and develop a simulator to support critical AMF test phases.

TACTICAL COMMUNICATIONS GROUP, LLC 900 Technology Park Drive Billerica, MA 01821
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(978) 932-0120 Mr. William Brock AF 05-312 Awarded: 11MAY05
Title:	Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS) Wideband Network Waveform (WNW) Host Simulator
Abstract:	The planned deployment of the Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS) and its integration with the Wideband Networking Waveform (WNW) will require test and diagnostic tools to evaluate platform implementation and interoperability. This project will identify and analyze the requirements for a PC based test tool to be used for this function. The analysis will evaluate the feasibility of existing Internet protocols and identify any new protocols needed to support JTRS WNW missions. The product of the Phase I effort will be a system specification and an outline design for a test tool prototype to be developed in Phase II.

ADVANCED FUEL RESEARCH, INC. 87 Church Street East Hartford, CT 06108
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(860) 528-9806 Dr. James J. Scire, Jr. AF 05-313 Awarded: 09MAY05
Title:	Distributed System for Field Detection of Stray Energy from Laser Weapons
Abstract:	A number of high-energy laser weapons currently under development by and for the U.S. military will provide our armed forces with capabilities that are unmatched by conventional armaments. Laser weapons allow targets to be destroyed from remote locations without the delays associated with the transit of typical missiles and artillery shells. However, during engagement the laser radiation reflected from the target must be controlled to prevent damage to unintended targets. Here we propose the development of a distributed sensor system for monitoring reflected laser radiation in a large-area open-air test range. The system is composed of a network of smart, hemispherical-imaging, laser-scattering detectors that are distributed throughout the test range. Each scattering detector utilizes a hemispherical optic, an array detector, and an image processing computer to locally detect stray laser energy. A central control computer utilizes processed image data from the network of detectors to reconstruct stray radiation patterns throughout the test range. The prototype system, to be delivered to the Air Force after Phase II, will provide knowledge that will enable the Air Force to increase the effectiveness and safety of high-energy laser weapons.

SENSING STRATEGIES, INC. 114 Titus Mill Road Pennington, NJ 08534
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(609) 818-9801 Dr. Richard Preston AF 05-313 Awarded: 06MAY05
Title:	Open-Air Range Scattered Laser Light Detectors
Abstract:	The proposed effort will develop a system architecture for providing an "optical fence" around a test range to monitor potentially hazardous stray reflections from open air high energy laser tests. The system will detect aerosol scattered radiation from the stray radiation, identify the beam's direction, and estimate its power level. Calculations in the proposal prove the feasibility of exploiting this observable, for both day and night operations. The proposed effort will lead to an optimized design for the test range monitoring problem and a prototype device will be fabricated and operated at a test of opportunity. This test will be used to validate the observables predictions as well as the sensor performance. An overall architecture including concept of operations, approaches for remote sensor operation and data handling, and processing requirements will be defined.

KNOWLEDGE BASED SYSTEMS, INC. 1408 University Drive East College Station, TX 77840
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(979) 260-5274 Dr. Ronald Fernandes AF 05-314 Awarded: 10MAY05
Title:	Intelligent System for Abstraction and Integration of Instrumentation Hardware
Abstract:	KBSI proposes to design, develop, and deploy technologies to radically re-engineer how instrumentation and flight test engineers perform various design, validation, development, verification, and management of aircraft T&E instrumentation subsystem. Our focus is to use the concept of hardware abstraction for specifying, interconnecting, and testing various hardware components. In particular, we propose to develop the Instrumentation Hardware Abstraction Language (IHAL), an XML-based instrumentation hardware abstraction language that can support the definition of functional characteristics of any instrumentation subsystem at any functional or physical hierarchy as well as the physical, electrical, and protocol characteristics of digital interfaces among these components. We will also develop a prototype component-based Intelligent System for Abstraction and Integration of Instrumentation Hardware (ISAIIH) that will allow the user to specify an instrumentation system or subsystem in terms of IHAL. ISAIIH will also support the mixing and matching of existing COTS and GOTS hardware components based on their characteristics and the overall requirements of the required instrumentation that is being designed. Finally, we will demonstrate integration of ISAIIH components into commercial Instrumentation support systems and will document the methodological changes required by instrumentation engineers in using IHAL and ISAIIH.

VOSS SCIENTIFIC, LLC 418 Washington St., S.E. Albuquerque, NM 87108
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(505) 255-4201 Dr. Clifton C. Courtney AF 05-314 Awarded: 09MAY05
Title:	Development of an Instrumentation Hardware Abstraction Layer Specification and Workbench
Abstract:	Traditionally, T&E engineers specify instrumentation attributes through Instrumentation Support Systems (ISS), which in turn load these attributes into the instruments using custom software instrument drivers. Though this process works, it demands time consuming and costly development of ISS-specific user interfaces as well as instrument and vendor-specific load module generators, in order to accomplish the desired instrument configuration and resulting data collection. The problem with this method is that every ISS must support every instrument with custom interfaces and instrument drivers. A better approach is to communicate with the instruments through a Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL). In theory the HAL specification defines a common interface to various instruments, without specifying the particular instrument or instrument vendor, obviating the need for custom instrument drivers altogether. The objective of this effort is to determine the feasibility, and development of a HAL specification and development of a HAL Workbench. The Workbench will enable and support instrumentation developers and manufacturers to develop HAL instrument drivers, and check the HAL compatibility and compliance of their products. In Phase I, Voss Scientific's technical team (including EMC Corporation and Teletronics Technology Corporation) will produce a preliminary HAL specification and demonstrate first order hardware abstraction.

CAMBRIDGE ENVIRONMENTAL, INC. 58 Charles Street Cambridge, MA 02141
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(617) 225-0810 Dr. Stephen Zemba AF 05-316 Awarded: 09MAY05
Title:	Health and Environmental Simulation
Abstract:	Air Force personnel maintaining or servicing aircraft can be exposed to hazardous concentrations of air contaminants, even if removed some distance from the emission-generating activities. Traditional industrial hygiene measurements can be costly or impractical, and common air pollutant dispersion models are not designed to estimate contaminant concentrations close to their point of origin. Improved simulation tools would benefit the industrial hygiene field. Seizing this opportunity, computational fluid dynamics (CFD), a sophisticated modeling tool now capable of simulating environmental flows, will be applied to predict contaminant concentrations within the vicinity of a release (including distances as close as 2-25 feet that cannot be considered by existing models). Case studies will be developed and validated in conjunction with contaminant measurements collected by the Air Force in the vicinity of aircraft maintenance activities. Phase I research will primarily focus on predicting contaminant dispersion. Conceptual approaches will also be developed to conduct exposure and risk assessment to support decision analysis. Phase II research will implement the methods and frameworks developed in Phase I within user-friendly health and environmental simulation software for use by the Air Force and others tasked with evaluating, assessing, and mitigating chemical exposure in the workplace.

CFD RESEARCH CORP. 215 Wynn Dr., 5th Floor Huntsville, AL 35805
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(256) 726-4800 Dr. William J. Coirier AF 05-316 Awarded: 09MAY05
Title:	A Coupled Transport and Fate Model for Health and Environmental Effects
Abstract:	A coupled transport, fate and human effects model is proposed that may be used to better understand and minimize the occupational exposure encountered during the maintenance of aircraft and other associated weapons systems while improving their operational efficiency. In Phase I a Computational Fluid Dynamics-based, micro-scale transport and dispersion model will be integrated with lung deposition and diffusion models. This integrated transport, inhalation, and dose model will first be assessed and calibrated by comparison to existing in-field test data, and then demonstrated by evaluating changes in operating procedures and prevailing conditions and their effect upon health and environment. The transport and inhaled dose of hazardous chemicals generated during the maintenance of modern weapon system maintenance, such as Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and aerosolized heavy metal particulates will be modeled. A comprehensive visualization capability will be demonstrated, showing the hazard plume and danger and safety areas and their spatial relationships to the maintenance personnel. The work proposed for the Phase I directly leads to a more complete model in Phase II, where more detailed toxicology and transdermal and transmucosal exposure can be included.

CFD RESEARCH CORP. 215 Wynn Dr., 5th Floor Huntsville, AL 35805
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(256) 726-4800 Dr. Essam Sheta AF 05-318 Awarded: 10MAY05
Title:	Advanced Multidisciplinary Tool for Dynamic Loads Analysis of Aerospace Vehicles
Abstract:	Modern aerospace vehicles operate at high angles of attack and perform aggressive maneuvers, which lead to flow separation, turbulence, high dynamic loads problems such as buffet and flutter. Accurate CFD model-based simulation of these problems requires careful attention to fluid-grid movement, fluid-structure interfacing and turbulence. CFDRC proposes to develop and validate a novel structural-based "brick analogy" for dynamic grid movement and remeshing for unsteady computational aeroelasticity. In the proposed brick analogy, the structural Navier equation is applied both to structures deformation and to deforming portion of the CFD mesh, and all are solved by FEM. To preserve the grid smoothness and orthogonality, the nonlinear, large deformation with small strain rate theory is proposed. The proposed geometrically nonlinear "brick analogy" can sustain shear deformation due to the fact that the equilibrium is set up for a solid element instead of truss. In Phase I, the proposed brick analogy methodology will be developed, validated and assessed for CFD grid movement, and conservative-consistent fluid-structure interfacing will be adapted for data transfer between fluids and structures. In Phase II, the technique will be extended to couple the proposed technology with general purpose FEM structural codes and CFD codes and development of advanced unsteady turbulence modeling to analyze aerospace vehicle dynamics.

CMSOFT, INC. 566 Glenbrook Drive Palo Alto, CA 94306
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(650) 283-8401 Dr. Thuan Lieu AF 05-318 Awarded: 10MAY05
Title:	Buffet and Dynamic Loads Analysis
Abstract:	CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics)-based nonlinear computational aeroelasticity methods have been successfully demonstrated for the flutter analysis of complete aircraft configurations in subsonic, transonic, and supersonic airstreams, at low to moderate angles of attack, for clean wing configurations, and when viscous effects can be neglected. It is proposed to research and investigate the feasibility of two enabling computational technologies for expanding the scope of these methods to high-angle of attack, viscous aeroelastic applications such as buffeting. These two technologies are computationally efficient algorithms for updating dynamic CFD grids that are robust in the boundary layer and also viable for modeling the deployment of control surfaces, and time-accurate implementations of suitable turbulence models on moving grids. It is also proposed to identify pathways for integrating these computational technologies in comprehensive, CFD-based, transient, nonlinear aeroelastic codes.

PRINCETON SATELLITE SYSTEMS 33 Witherspoon Street Princeton, NJ 08542
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(763) 561-9246 Mr. Joseph Mueller AF 05-319 Awarded: 09MAY05
Title:	Autonomous Control System for High-Altitude Data Relay Stations
Abstract:	Lighter-than-air vehicles are an attractive solution to the military's need for a long-endurance, mobile data relay station. By sustaining its lift primarily through buoyancy, the airship requires much less energy than a traditional dynamic-lift aircraft. This makes it possible for renewable energy sources to provide all required power, thereby extending the vehicle's endurance. The unmanned airship must operate in extreme environmental conditions with autonomous software and a host of new technologies. Given the high priority of minimizing down-time, it is important to develop a control system for the airship that is robust for all operating conditions, minimizes power consumption, and provides maximum visibility and control for the remote operator. This proposal is for the development of a comprehensive system for the control and monitoring of a high-altitude data relay station. The proposed concept combines three key innovations: (1) a robust, gain-scheduled control law that spans the entire flight envelope and accommodates different levels of autonomy, (2) online trajectory optimization that utilizes the wind and sun-angle to enhance energy efficiency, and (3) a highly adaptable software architecture that provides a flexible command and control interface and enables run-time modifications to be made safely from a remote location.

CREARE, INC. P.O. Box 71 Hanover, NH 03755
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(603) 643-3800 Dr. Anthony J. Dietz AF 05-320 Awarded: 10MAY05
Title:	Flight Test Assistant
Abstract:	Flight testing relies on accurate records of aircraft, system and environmental data. However, custom instrumentation extracts a high cost in both time and money due to modification approval, installation, calibration, and post-test removal tasks. Tests in uninstrumented aircraft require a high pilot workload and remain largely inefficient. Creare proposes a Flight Test Assistant (FTA) that will reduce the time and cost required for flight test operations by (1) reducing the need for custom aircraft instrumentation modifications, (2) reducing test pilot workload, (3) providing feedback on data quality, and (4) providing guidance on optimum test profiles. The FTA supplements data from sensor modules carried by the pilot with data recognized from pilot voice inputs. Remaining data voids are filled with data derived from aircraft, system, or environmental models, which are calibrated and tuned in flight. A portable interface module is configured before the flight and then used on board to acquire, analyze, and report the test results. In Phase I we will implement a rapid prototype version of the system and test it in a simulator to demonstrate the feasibility of the FTA concept. In Phase II we will develop the complete system and evaluate its performance during representative flight tests.

KUTTA CONSULTING, INC. 2525 W. Greenway Road, Suite 332 Phoenix, AZ 85023
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(602) 896-1976 Mr. Douglas Limbaugh AF 05-320 Awarded: 10MAY05
Title:	Personal Issue Flight Test Data Recorder with Display
Abstract:	Kutta uses a proven methodology and input from an impressive list of partners including The Boeing Company, to define the functions and determine the specifications for a wireless Personal Flight Data Recorder (PFDR) device. The company's iterative Rational Unified Process (RUP) identifies, rationalizes and details the system's functions. In the first stage of this process, Kutta identifies and prioritizes potential PFDR functions. In the second stage, Kutta rationalizes the identified functions using a risk/benefit analysis. In the third stage, Kutta details the selected functions and develops software specifications using its expertise in developing high-reliability certifiable avionics software. Kutta delivers a wireless prototype device that interfaces to a simulation at the end of Phase I. Kutta's PFDR system utilizes light-weight wireless gyros and accelerometers found in today's small unmanned aerial vehicles, as well other wireless sensors. The PFDR's user interface gives flight test engineers the ability to create modular multi-page displays with dials, gauges and strip charts. The flight test pilot interacts with the device in a hands-free environment and views the data displays on a full color VGA screen.

RAIN MOUNTAIN SYSTEMS, INC. PO BOX 180272 Hawaii National Park, HI 96718
Phone: PI: Topic#:	(808) 967-8230 Mr. Eugene L. Duke AF 05-320 Awarded: 10MAY05
Title:	FT-PDA: Flight Test Personal Digital Assistant
Abstract:	RMSI proposes to build FT-PDA---a personal digital assistant (PDA) for flight test data collection, display, analysis and report test generation in real time. Additionally, FT-PDA will provide maneuver quality assessment and make recommendations in real-time to fly more efficient test profiles including suggestions on re-flying, reordering, or modifying maneuvers. The FT-PDA system accommodates hardware that presses the limits of low resolution, sampling rate, and variable installations. Sensors may be low dynamic range, mounted temporarily, unaligned to aircraft axes, or even reside in a pilot's clothing. The accommodation of such sensor systems is mitigated with intelligent software, capable of learning, adapting to new environments, and performing dynamic calibrations. The packaging needs is inexpensive and modular enough for individual pilot or flight test engineer issue, hand carried to varied aircraft for sorties. FT-PDA also includes a modular design of both hardware and software components that allow easy upgrade as newer sensors, computer hardware, and software tools and techniques become available. The cockpit display shows data in formats ranging from raw data (strip charts) all the way to reduced, calibrated, and normalized graphs typically seen in final test reports. The FT-PDA software system is based on open source software and commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) hardware.